21st Literature
works.
Modernism
- Allows manipulation of form
- Stream of consciousness
Stream = Self
Consciousness = fragmentation
- Subjective
- Knowledge is “not” absolute
- Embodies world’s sense of
contradiction and paradoxes.
- Embrased multiple features of modern
sensibly
- See revolution and conservation
Concervation = looking back
- Loss of sense dominance of technology
- A time of radical shifts as well as
enduring artistic spirit
Harlem Renaissance
Lorraine Hansberry
- Writers who are identified as
“modernists” reflected new sense of
isolation and displacement in their
- Hemingway observes “a man can be
destroyed but not defeated” might be
identified characteristics of literature in
this century
Post Modernism
- A term used to refer to the culture of the
advanced capitalist societies
TECHNOLOGICALY
Producers – Product – Consumers
People ≠ Machines
 Lost identity
 Disconnectedness
 Alienation
 Isolation
= Empowered
- This culture has undergoes a profound
shift in the “structure of feeling.”
- A whole new way of thinking and being
in the world.
 The society is characterized by:
 New type of consumption
(NEW PRODUCT)
 Planned obsolescence
  Even more rapid rhythm of METAFICTION
fashion and styling changes
PASTICHE
= TRENDS
 The penetration of  FRAGMENTATION
advertising, television, and  Depiction
media.  Temporal Distortion ( non-
 The replacement of the old linear narration)
tension between city and  Flashback/ Flash forward
country, center and province,  PARODY
by the suburb and by the  Imitation of a writer, artist,
universal standardization subject, or genre in such a
- The term postmodern has been applied way as to make fun of or
to a style. comment on the original
- Started 1972 work.
- “POP ART”  Often exaggerated in the
 Cheap art way they imitate the
 Low art original in order to produce
 Blurring of distinction a humorous effect.
 High and low art  INTERTEXUALITY
- Meaning = form  TEXT ← TEXT
(new) (old)
BINARY OPPOSITE
 West side story
ORDER – DISORDER = Romeo & Juliet
 1. Adopts
 2. Extension
FRAGMENTATION  METAFICTION

PARODY  emphasizes its own

constructedness in a way that
INTERTEXUALITY continually reminds the

LUDDISM reader to be aware that they

 are reading or viewing a FOLK SONGS
fictional work.
- are songs that have been handed down
 PASTICHE
verbally through generations.
 Genre/ element
(Sang Verbally)

The greatest liberating features of - Embody faith, joy, the varied hopes and

postmodern writing has been the mixing of odds of life.

writings and intertexual reference. - Reflect the various aspects of life and
activities of people.
PRE COLONIAL TEXT  PURPOSE
o Sung to lighten the cares of life or
to kill boredom.

UYAYI OR HELE – Lullaby song for

babies and children

TALINDAW – Seafarer’s song (for

fishermen

KUMINTANG – War song

MALUWAY – Collective labor song

KUNDIMAN – Melancholic love song

(Someone in love)
PANANAMBITAN – Courtship song
PAMAMANHIKAN – Song of asking a
woman for marriage (Not to be confused
with the actual pamamanhikan)
FOLK SONGS can be classfied as:
- Life Cycle Songs
- Work and Activity Songs
- Ritual and Religious Songs
- Nature Songs
- Humorous Songs
FOLK NARRATIVES
- consist of primarily of myths, legends,
folktales treasured for their didactive
value.
Didactive = reading value
► BIBLICAL CREATION MYTH
o 7 day-creation Myth
o Light & Dark
o Sky
o Land and Seas/ Vegetation
o Sun, Moon, & Stars
o Living creatures on Air and
Water
o Animals on Land/ HUMANS
► MYTH
- Fictional explanations of the natural
world.
- Time is set long, long ago
- Events break natural laws
- Involves supernatural beings
- Often metaphoric in nature
- Values of the society are propagated
- DUALITIES often play a vital role in
the story.
Binary Opposite
- Are two concepts/elements that is
mutual in meaning.
Function of Myth
- Define the world.
- Explain natural phenomena, past
events, or beliefs
- Make the environment less fearsome.
►EPICS (ETNOEPICS)
- From Greek, epikos, meaning a word,
song or speech.
- “A long narrative poem in a dignified
style about the deeds of a hero(es)”
- Classic examples from our country
include Indarapatra at Sulayman,
Tawaang and Lam-Ang, Ibalon.
 ARSENIO MANUEL (1962) ►FOLK TALES (folk narrative)

- 19 myths
- Narratives sustained length
- Based on ORAL TRADITION
(chanted or sung). –one tone
- Revolve around SUPERNATURAL
EVENTS/ HEROIC DEEDS.
- Verse form
- Embody and validates the BELIEFS,
CUSTOMS, IDEALS or LIFE-
VALUES.
- Broad
- “kwentong bayan”
- Prose narratives primarily told for
amusement and individual
entertainment and instructional value,
dealing w/ events set in an indefinite
time and place.

►Legends (folk narrative)

- Fiction and facts

- Prose narrative accounts of an
extraordinary happening believed to
have actually occurred.
- Tell of an encounter with marvelous
creatures which the folks still believe
in—fairies, ghosts, water spirits, the o Fables
devil, and the likes.  “animal tales”
 Short tales involving animals
Function of Legends
to convey a message or
- Explain the origin of things (more virtue.
recent events)  Usually, there is comparison
- Propagation of common marvellous between two animals to
beings (sirena, aswang, tiktik, etc.) emphasize the moral (The
- Used in teaching a lesson Monkey and the Turtle).
Spanish Rule in the Philippines
Spanish
Monarchy
Spanish
@ 1565 Priest
CONVERT POWER
& RULE
PAGANS
→ Condemn
CATHOLIC
Spanish Literature is classified as:
☼ Spanish Literature
1. Religious and Poetry
2. Secular Prose and Poetry
PATTRIOTIC
☺Doctrina Christina
- First book ever publish in the
Philippines by the Dominicans
- Printing press
- Controlled by Religious order
☺Ladinos
- Few Filipinos tried learning Foreign
Language: Specially Latin
- Pedro Bucaneg
(one of the earliest Ladinos) credited w/
☻Published a copy of Lam-ang
♣ Oral Literature was Christianized
Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Kristong
Hispani-
Mahal (Gaspar Aquino de Belen)
zation
of the - Crucifixion
Philippine
(Religion - Starting last supper
&
Culture) - Intended to be sung
- A narrative poems
- Hero – Jesus
- Journey – Passion
Attempts to replace the ethnogenics
♠Religions Text
- Pasyon
- Sinakulo
- Komedya
= advocates obedience to the crown &
to the cross.
◘ Dalit
- No fixed meter rhyme scheme
- Tone is solemn
- Highly spiritual
- Octo syllabic syllable
☺ Urbana at Felisa Modesta de Castro
(1864)
- Correspondents between sisters
- Hispanized manners, choosing a
husband, behaving at parties. =Aspects
of common life ( Norms of Society)
2. Secular Prose and Poetry ♥ Dead Stars by Paz Marquez –Benitez

- Metrical Romances - Alfredo = lawyer

- Inverse format - The one = Esperanza , 4years
- Awit - Reputation
= Docecasylla Bic Quatrains - Julia ( Calle Luz)
- Corido - Peoples Judgement
= Octosyllabic Quatrains - Reputation & Peoples Judgement =
Norms/ Traditional Moral/ Palabra
Awit & Corido = same in terms & concepts
Honor
- Love → Dead Stars
= can fade
☺Florante at Laura
- Life – Mechanical
- Love (and the heartbreaks) of - The feeling of Alfredo died
Florante at Laura in the fantasy - Theme : Love Impermanent
kingdom of Albanya - Romantic Love – 18th century
- Subtle Rebellion - Beautifying the ugly
- Proverb – line text = knight
= prince charming
Ibong Adarna
= happily ever after
- Adventure of finding the cure of the = Pastels in distress
king Fernando’s illness
Gave birth to Philippine Literature in
- Love for one’s country and
English
discontent w/ Spanish
- Patriotic Poems - Paz Marquez Benitez

Metrical Romance

- Urgently
- Related by Religion
- Copying and Imitate

English – young language

 - Americans offers free language - Craftsmanship
- English of a medium of instruction = “Art for art’s sake”
- Explore local color
Exhibited a Filipino temperament
= culture
- Culture
- Tradition
Romantic • utopic
Philippine Literature During American Idealism
Period

►Education and Culture

Romantic • distopic
Realism
- Liberal
- Anthologized
Ancient= preserving
= compile in a published book
Spanish = religion
►Period of Apprenticeship
American = movement
- Fiction
Japanese = dialect
Dead Stars

- Landmark of the maturity of the

Filipinos

People of Emergence

- Jose M. Hernandez
- Experimenting
= writers consciously and
purposefully to create national
literature
- Self-discovery
- National Identity
- Social Consciousness
= social status, social injustices