MCN
ARL: 11619
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT ORGAN
SYSTEM (p.g 180)”milestone”
STEM CELL
Totipotent stem cell- zygote, during 4 days of
life. Undifferentiated they have the potential
to grow into any cell in the human.
Termed pluripotens stem cell- slated to
become specific body cells,such as nerve,
brain, or skin cells.
Multipotent- cell grow in specific. They cannot
be dettered from growing into a particular
body organ such as spleen or liver or brain.
ZYGOTE GROWTH
Cephalocaudal (head-foot)- head dev’t occurs
1st, middle and lower body parts.
PRIMARY GERM LAYERS
-fetus grows, body organ system develop
from specific tissue layers.
-Germ layer:
Ectoterm- CNS (brain and spinal
cord), PNS, skin, hair, nails, toothe
enamel, sense organs, mucouse
membrane of anus, mouth and nose,
Mammary gland, Sebacecceous
glands.
Endoderm/Entoterm-lining of
pericardial, pleura and peritoneal
cavities. Lining of the GIT, RT, tonsils,
parathyroid, thyroid and thymus gland.
Low urinary system (bladder and
urethra).
Mesoderm- Supporting structure of
the body (connective tissue, bones,
cartilage, muscle, ligament &
tendons). Upper portion of the urinary
system (kidneys & ureters).
Reproductive system. Heart, lymph,
&circulatory systems & bld cells.
“German Measles/ Rubella infxn serious
among pregnancy capable of infecting 3 germ
layer”
8th weeks gestation- all organ systems are
complete, at least in rudimentary form(end of
embryonic period).
Organogenesis(organ formation)- growing
structure is most vulnerable to invasion by
tetratogens ( factor that effect the fertilized
ovum, embryo or fetus infxn toxoplasmosis,
cigarrete smoking, alcohol ingestion).
“terato” means monster.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
-one of the 1st systems to become functional
intrauterine life.
16th day- simple bld cells joined to the walls of
the yolk sac progress to become network of
bld vessels and single heart tube form.
24th day- heart start to beat
6th or 7th day-septum divide the heart into
chamber.
10th-12th week pregnancy-hearth beat my
hear by Doppler instrument.
11th week- ECG may be recorded on fetus but
not accurate.
20th week- conduction is more regulated,
stethoscope.
28th week- sympathetic nervous system
matures, heart rate stabilizes, 110-160
beats/min is assessed.
FETAL CIRCULATION
-delivered the highest available oxygen
concentration.
-fetus derives oxygen and excretes carbon
dioxide not from gas exchange in the lungs
but from exchange in placenta.
-Bld enters the fetus through umbilical vein.
-bld flows from the umbilical vein to the
ductus venosus, accessory vessel that
discharges oxygenated bld into the fetal liver.
“TORCH can cause congenital”
Toxoplasmosis, Other infection, Rubella,
Cytomegallo virus, Herpes Simplex/HIV.
Foramen Ovale- bulk of bld is shunted as it
enters the right atrium into the left atrium
through an opening in atrial septum.
-from left atrium, follows the course of adult
circulation into the left ventricle then into the
aorta and out to body parts.
Vena Cava- small amt of bld that returns to
heart. And leave to adult by circulatory route.
“infant 02 saturation lvl 95%-100%. PR 80-
140beats/min. mixing bld into fetus o2
saturation lvl of fetal bld reaches about 80%.
Normal PR 110-160beat/min
Ductus Arteriosus- large portion of bld
shunted away from the lungs.(kidney &low
extremities).
Ductus Venosus- liver
FETAL HEMOGLOBIN
Newborn: 17.1 g/100 ml, hemocrit 53%
Adult: 11 g/100 ml, hemocrit 45%
MCN
ARL: 11619
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
3rd week of intrauterine life- Respiratory and
Digestive tract exists as single tube.
4th week- septum begins to divide the
esophagus from trachea. Lung buds appear
to trachea.
7th week- diaphragm does not completely
divide the thoracic cavity from the abdomen.
“if the diaphragm fails to close completely, the
stomach, spleen, liver, or intestines, may be
pulled up into the thoracic cavity. This
causes the child to be born with intestine
present in chest(i.e diaphragmatic hernia).
12th week/ 3months- spontaneous respiratory
practice movement.
24th week (Surfactant)- a phospholipid
substance, is formed and excreted by the
alveolar cells of the lungs. Decreases
alveolar surface tension on expiration,
preventing alveolar collapse and maintain the
baby in homeostasis outside environment.
2 SURFACTANT COMPONENT:
1. Lecithin
2. Sphingomyelin- chief component. 35
weeks, there is surge in the
production of lecithin, w/c then
becomes the chief component by a
ratio of 2:1.
Amniocentesis technique- breathing
movements mixes with amniotic fluid.
Analysis of the
lecithin/sphingomyelin(L/S). Primary
test for fetal maturity.
Respiratory distress syndrome –
severe breathing disorder, develop if
lack of surfactant or not change in
mature form.
“Any interference with the blood
supply to the fetus such as placental
insufficiency or maternal
hypertension, may raise steroid levels
in the fetus and enhance surfactant
development”.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
3rd week gesatation- Neural
plate(thickened portion if the
ectoderm). Form the CNS
(brain&spinal cord) and neural crest
w/c will develop into the PNS.
5 or 6 years of age- all parts of the
brain(cerebrum, cerebellum, pons and
medulla) growth continues at high
levels.
8th week- Brain waves can be
detected by
(EEG)electrocephalogram.
24th weeks- ear is capable of
responding to sound & eyes exhibit a
pupillary reaction.
Neurologic system is prone to insult during
early weeks of the embryonic period & can
result in neural tube disorders:
Meningocele(herniation of meninges), lack of
folic acid(w/c contained green leafy vegies
&pregnancy * at birth). Vulnerable to damage
if anoxia(X-O2) occur.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Fetal pancreas produces insulin
needed by the fetus(insulin does not
cross the placenta from mother to
fetus).
Thyroid and parathyroid gland play
vital roles in fetal metabolic fxn and
calcium balance.
Fetal adrenal glands supply a
precursor necessary for estrogen
synthesis by the placent.
Thyroid and parathyroid gland play
vital roles in fetal metabolic fxn and
calcium balance.
Fetal adrenal glands supply a
precursor necessary for estrogen
synthesis by the placent.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
4TH week- respiratory separate from digestive
tract.
Atresia (blockage) or Stenosis(narrowing)-
common anomalies & develop if either the 1st
or 2nd canalization does not occur.
6th week- intestine become too large to be
contained by abdomen.
10th week intrauterine- abdominal cavity has
grown large enough to accommodate the
bulky intestine.
“instetine must rotate 180 degs, failure to do
can result adequate mesentery attachment
(helps in storing fat and allowing blood
vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to supply the
intestines, among other functions), possible
leading to volvulus of intestine in newborn.”
Omplalocele- a congenital anomaly, intestine
remain outside abdomen in the base of cord.
Gastroschisis- original midline fusion that
occurred at the early cell stage is incomplete.
Meconium- collection of cellular waste, bile,
fats mucoprotein, vernix caseosa(lubricate
substance that form on fetal skin), etc.
-accumulate by 16th week.
-appear black/green(color from bile pigment).
“GIT sterile before birth, cause vit. K
necessary for blood clotting, synthesis action
of bacteria.”
32weeks gestation- sucking and swallowing
reflexes. Weighs 1500 g.
36 weeks- ability of GIT to secrete enzymes
essential for carbohydrate(CHO) and
protein(CHON) digestion is mature.
3 months- amylase, enzyme found in saliva
and digestion complex starches. No develop
lipase(fat digestion).
“liver is active throughout intrauterine life,
fxning as filter between the incoming blood
and the fetal circulation and as a deposit site
for fetal stores such as iron and glycogen.”
MCN
ARL: 11619
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
2 weeks- cartilage prototypes provide position
and support to fetus.
12th week to adulthood- ossification
occur(cartilage develop).
11th week - fetus can be seen to move on
ultrasoundnography. Mother not usually feel
this movement (quickening) 16th-20th week.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
8th week- chromosomal analysis ( X or Y)
6th week after implantation- gonad form.
Absence of testosterone female organ form.
Mullerian (female), Wolffian(male)
34th – 38th week- testes form in the abdominal
cavity and donot descend intro the scrotal sac.
URINARY SYSTEM
4th week– rudimentary are present; kidneys
does not appear to be essential for life before
birth because placenta clear the fetus of
waste product.
12th week- urine formed.
16th week- urine excreted into amniotic fluid.
500ml/day- fetal urine.
Oligohydramnios- < amniotic fluid.
Patent urachus- clear, acid pH fluid from
umbilicus.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
36TH week- skin appears thin and almost
translucent until subcutaneous fat begin.
Lanugo- skin covered by soft downy hairs,
preserve warmth in utero..
Vernix caseosa- cream cheese like,
lubrication and for keeping the skin from
macerating(skin pregnant) in utero.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
20th week-Ig maternal antibodies cross
placenta into fetus.
24th week- give fetus temporary passive
immunity against dses for w/c mother has
antibodies. (i.e. poliomyelitis, rubella(german
measles, rubeola(regular measles),
diphtheria, tetanus, mumps, hepa B &
pertussis.
“IgA & IgM antibodies cannot across placenta,
their presence in a newborn is proof that the
fetus has been exposed to an infxn.”
MILESTONE OF FETAL GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Fetus measured from the time of ovulation or
fertilization, but the length of pregnany is
more commonly measured from the first day
of the last menstrual period.
Ovulation and fertilization take place about 2
week after LMP(gestational period).
Ovulation and gestational age are lunar
months (4week periods) or in trimester
(3month period)
Lunar month- total pregnancy is 10
months(40weeks or 280 days) long,
3 full trimester- fetus grows in utero for 9.5
lunar months (38weeks or 266 days).
END OF FOURTH GESTATION WEEK:
Embryo 0.75 cm, weight is 400 mg.
Spinal cord is formed
Head is large proportion, 1/3 of the
entire structure.
Rudimentary heart appears as a
prominent bulge on anterior surface.
Rudimentary eyes, ears, and nose are
discernible.
END OF EIGHT GESTATIONAL WEEK:
Fetus is bout 2.5cm (1inch); weight is
20g.
Organogenesis complete
Heart w/ septum and valves beats
rhythmically.
Facial features, arm and legs
developed.
External genitalia forming, but sex is
not yet distinguishable by simple
observation.
Abdomen bulges forward, cause fetal
intestine grow rapidly./
Sonogram shows gestational sac
END OF 12TH GESTATIONAL WEEK
(FIRST TRIMESTER)
Fetus length is 7-8cm; weight 45g.
Nail beds forming
Spontaneous movement are possible
Some reflexes “Babinski reflex”
Bone ossification
Tooth buds are present
Sex is distinguishable on outward
appearance.
Urine secretion begins.
Heart beat is audible through
Doppler tech.
END OF 16TH WEEK GESTATIONAL
WEEK
Fetus is 10-17cm; weight is 55-120g.
Lanugo is well formed.
Fetal heart sound are audible by
stethoscope.
MCN
ARL: 11619

Liver and pancreas are fxning Iron stores. Provide to breast

Actively swallows amniotic fluid, urine
is present.
Sex can be determined by ultrasound.
END OF 20TH GESTATIONAL WEEK
Fetus is 25 cm; weight is 223g.
Spontaneous movement can be feel
by mother.
Hair, forms of head; vernix caseosa
begins to cover skin.
Meconium is present in upper intest.
Brown fat, temperature regulation,
begins to form behind the kidney,
sternum and posterior neck.
Passive antibody transfer from mother
to fetus.
Quickening
Definite sleeping and activity patterns
are distinguish the fetus.
END OF 24TH OF GESTATION WEEK
(SECOND TRIMESTER)
Fetus is 28-36 cm; weight 550g.
Active lung surfactant begin
Fetus practice breathing
Foot prints & finger prints are forming.
Meconium is present as far the
rectum.
12th week eyelids fused; now open,
“PERLA”.
Hearing can be demonstrated by
response to sudden sound.
When 24th weeks 500-600g. they
have achieved a practical low end-
age of viability. If they are cared.
Hand reflex
mill after birth are beginning
to built.
Fingernails reach the end of
fingertips.
Birth positioned may be
assumed.
END OF 36TH GESTATIONAL WEEK
Fetus 42-48cm; weight 1,800-2,700g
(5-6 lbs)
Body stores of glycogen, CHO and
calcium
Additional SubQ fat are deposited.
Amount of lanugo begins to diminish
Sole of the foot has only one or two
crisscross.
Most fetuses turn into vertex(head
down)
END OF 40TH GESTATIONAL WEEK
(THIRD TRIMESTER) FULLTERM
Fetus is 48-52 cm (crown to
rump,35-37cm); weight is 3,000 g
(7-7.5lbs)
Fetus kick actively
Fetal hemoglobin begins its
conversion to adult hemoglobin.
Vernix caseosa(protection to baby)
starts to decrease.
Finger nails extend over fingertips.
Creases on the soles of the feet
cover at least two thirds of the
surface.
Lightening- fetal announcement that the
fetus is in ready position and birth is
nearing.

END OF 28TH GESTATION WEEK

90 percent chance of survival
Fetus is 35-38cm; weight 1,200g.
Lung alveoli mature.
Testes beging to descend into scrotal
sac.
Bld vessels of retina are formed but
thind and extremely susceptible to
damage from high O2 concentration.

END OF 32ND GESTATION WEEK

Fetus is 38-43cm; weight
1600g.
SubQ fats begins to deposited
(little old man appearance is
lost).
Fetus responds by movement
to sounds outside the
mother’s body.
Active Moro reflex present.
MCN
ARL: 11619