Learning Area: Transportation

Content Standard: 3.2 Blood Circulatory System

Learning Standard: Justify the importance of
maintaining a healthy heart

Group Members: Yong Zi Ying (040518100994)

Desiree Ho (040227140486)
Chloe Seow (040628140794)
Class: 3 Browser
1. Type of heart diseases……………………………. 1-4
2. Causes of heart diseases………………………….. 5
3. Ways to prevent heart diseases…………………… 6-9
4. Ways to overcome heart diseases………………… 10
5. References…………………………………………. 11
 Congenital heart disease
This is a general term for some
deformities of the heart that have
been present since birth. Examples
include:

 Septal defects: There is a hole

between the two chambers of the
heart.
 Obstruction defects: The flow of
blood through various chambers of
the heart is partially or totally
blocked.
 Cyanotic heart disease: A defect in the heart causes a shortage of oxygen
around the body.

Arrhythmia

Arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat.

There are several ways in which a heartbeat

can lose its regular rhythm. These include:

 tachycardia, when the heart beats too fast

 bradycardia, when the heart beats too slowly
 premature ventricular contractions, or
additional, abnormal beats
 fibrillation, when the heartbeat is irregular

1.
Arrhythmias occur when the electrical impulses in the heart that coordinate
the heartbeat do not work properly. These make the heart beat in a way it
should not, whether that be too fast, too slowly, or too erratically.

Irregular heartbeats are common, and all people experience them. They feel
like a fluttering or a racing heart. However, when they change too much or
occur because of a damaged or weak heart, they need to be taken more
seriously and treated. Arrhythmias can become fatal.

Coronary artery disease

The coronary arteries supply

the heart muscle with nutrients
and oxygen by circulating
blood.

Coronary arteries can become

diseased or damaged, usually
because of plaque deposits that
contain cholesterol. Plaque
buildup narrows the coronary
arteries, and this causes the
heart to receive less oxygen and
nutrients.

Dilated cardiomyopathy

The heart chambers become dilated as a

result of heart muscle weakness and
cannot pump blood properly. The most
common reason is that not enough
oxygen reaches the heart muscle, due to
coronary artery disease. This usually
affects the left ventricle.

2.
Myocardial infarction

This is also known as a heart attack, cardiac infarction,

and coronary thrombosis. An interrupted blood flow
damages or destroys part of the heart muscle. This is
usually caused by a blood clot that develops in one of
the coronary arteries and can also occur if an artery
suddenly narrows or spasms.

Heart failure

Also known as congestive heart failure,

heart failure occurs when the heart does
not pump blood around the body
efficiently.

The left or right side of the heart might

be affected. Rarely, both sides are.
Coronary artery disease or high blood
pressure can, over time, leave the heart
too stiff or weak to fill and pump
properly.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

This is a genetic disorder in which the

wall of the left ventricle thickens,
making it harder for blood to be
pumped out of the heart. This is the
leading cause of sudden death in
athletes. A parent with hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy has a 50
percent chance of passing the disorder
on to their children.

3.
Mitral regurgitation

Also known as mitral valve regurgitation,

mitral insufficiency, or mitral
incompetence, this occurs when the mitral
valve in the heart does not close tightly
enough. This allows blood to flow back into
the heart when it should leave. As a result,
blood cannot move through the heart or the
body efficiently.

People with this type of heart condition often

feel tired and out of breath.

Mitral valve prolapse

The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle does not fully close, it
bulges upwards, or back into the atrium. In most people, the condition is not
life-threatening, and no treatment is required. Some people, especially if the
condition is marked by mitral regurgitation, may require treatment.

Pulmonary stenosis

It becomes hard for the heart to pump blood from the right ventricle into the
pulmonary artery because the pulmonary valve is too tight. The right ventricle
has to work harder to overcome the
obstruction. An infant with severe
stenosis can turn blue. Older children
will generally have no symptoms.

Treatment is needed if the pressure

in the right ventricle is too high, and a
balloon valvuloplasty or open-heart
surgery may be performed to clear an
obstruction.

4.
 Heart disease is caused by damage to all or part of the heart, damage to the
coronary arteries, or a poor supply of nutrients and oxygen to the organ.

Some types of heart disease, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, are genetic.

These, alongside congenital heart defects, can occur before a person is born.

There are a number of lifestyle choices that can increase the risk of heart
disease. These include:

 high blood pressure and cholesterol

 smoking
 overweight and obesity
 diabetes
 family history
 a diet of junk food
 age
 a history of preeclampsia during
pregnancy
 staying in a stationary position for extended periods of time, such as sitting at
work

Having any of these risk factors greatly increases the risk of heart disease.
Some, such as age, are unavoidable. For example, once a woman reaches 55
years of age, heart disease becomes more likely.

5.
 Ways to Prevent Heart Diseases

Control your blood pressure. High blood pressure is

a major risk factor for heart disease. It is important
to get your blood pressure checked regularly - at
least once a year for most adults, and more often if
you have high blood pressure

Keep your cholesterol and triglyceride levels under

control. High levels of cholesterol can clog your arteries and raise your risk
of coronary artery disease and heart attack. Triglycerides are another type
of fat in the blood. High levels of triglycerides may also raise the risk of
coronary artery disease, especially in women.

Stay at a healthy weight. Being overweight or having obesity can increase

your risk for heart disease. This is mostly because they are linked to other
heart disease risk factors, including high blood cholesterol and triglyceride
levels, high blood pressure, and diabetes.

6.
Eat a healthy diet. Try to limit
saturated fats, foods high in sodium,
and added sugars. Eat plenty of
fresh fruit, vegetables, and whole
grains.

Get regular exercise. Exercise has many benefits, including strengthening

your heart and improving your circulation. It can also help you maintain a
healthy weight and lower cholesterol and blood pressure. All of these can
lower your risk of heart disease.

Limit alcohol. Drinking too much alcohol can

raise your blood pressure. It also adds extra
calories, which may cause weight gain. Both of
those raise your risk of heart disease. Men
should have no more than two alcoholic drinks
per day, and women should not have more than
one.

7.
Don't smoke. Cigarette smoking raises your blood pressure and puts you at
higher risk for heart attack and stroke. If you do not smoke, do not start. If
you do smoke, quitting will lower your risk for heart disease. You can talk
with your health care provider for help in finding the best way for you to quit.

Manage stress. Stress is linked to heart disease in many ways. It can raise
your blood pressure. Extreme stress can be a "trigger" for
a heart attack. Also, some common ways of coping with
stress, such as overeating, heavy drinking, and smoking,
are bad for your heart. Some ways to help manage your
stress include exercise, listening to music, focusing on
something calm or peaceful, and meditating.

Manage diabetes. Having diabetes doubles your risk of diabetic heart

disease. That is because over time, high blood sugar from diabetes can
damage your blood vessels and the nerves that control your heart and blood
vessels. So, it is important to get tested for diabetes, and if you have it, to
keep it under control.

8.
Make sure that you get enough sleep. If you don't get enough sleep, you
raise your risk of high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes. Those three
things can raise your risk for heart disease. Most adults need 7 to 9 hours of
sleep per night. Make sure that you have good sleep habits. If you have
frequent sleep problems, contact your health care provider. One
problem, sleep apnea, causes people to briefly stop breathing many times
during sleep. This interferes with your ability to get a good rest and can
raise your risk of heart disease. If you think you might have it, ask your
doctor about having a sleep study. And if you do have sleep apnea, make
sure that you get treatment for it.

9.
Ways to Overcome Heart Diseases
 Stop smoking.

Smoking promotes blood clotting and it constricts the blood

vessels. Once you quit, the effects tend to go away quite
quickly.

 Get on a healthy diet.

Good nutrition, eating foods low in fat and high in fruits and
vegetables is an important way of controlling cardiovascular
disease. Ask your health care provider for specific
recommendations. Or get a referral to a nutritionist. Depending
on your condition, you may need to reduce the salt in your diet
as well.

 Get more physical activity.

You should always check with your healthcare provider before

starting a new exercise routine. But physical activity is key for
people fighting cardiovascular disease. The American Heart
Association recommends gradually working up to 30 to 60
minutes of physical activity on most days of the week.

10.
1. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/23719
1.php
2. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-
20353118
3. https://medlineplus.gov/howtopreventheartdisease.
html
4. https://www.webmd.com/heart-
disease/features/overcoming-cardiovascular-
disease#1
5. https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart/what-is-
heart-disease/types-of-heart-disease

11.