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8.4 8.5
Combination of Combination of
Bending and Shear Torsion and Bending
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
z x
z
F
My diagram
z
x F2
y
y
Mz diagram
zx Principal Plane x Loads do not act at
the same plane Bending Moment Mz Diagram
z
My diagram FAy
xy Principal Plane F2y
F1 FBy
B
Loads act at the same A
x
y plane L1 L L2
xy Principal Plane
But this plane is not
x y
a principal plane Mz diagram
Centroid My
Max Stress at a Cross-
Section Certain Point My E My Mz E Mz
Mz
Max
Tension
z
Compression
OT (y1 ;z1 )
point OT
OT y 1 z1 Tensile Stress
Iz Iy at the point OT
y-coordinate of M
point OT
OT OS M z y 2 y z2 Maximum
Compressive Stress
Iz Iy at the point OS
z
Design Stress for Tension
Maximum
Strength Conditions
Compressive
Stress Cross-Section diagram
OS (y2 ;z2 ) NEUTRAL Mz My
y
LINE
OT y 1 z 1 Tension
I z I y
OS My
y-coordinate of Mz
z 2 Compr
z-coordinate of
point OS point OS y
OS I
2
I
NB! The signs (+/-) of both bending moments z y
z
+
Where in particular th critical points OT and OS are
+ located, depends on the loading
+ Mz
OT + + + + + + + M Wz Value of Maximum Bending Stress
y
Wy Critical points are My Mz
always located at the Max Min
diagonal corners of the Wy Wz
My y My
rectangle
Wy diagram At the critically At the critically
tensioned point OT compressed point OS
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 8
Special Case – Circular Section
Stresses of Circular Section
M
Mz diagram
Maximum W Neutral Line
W Compressive Stress
Mz diagram OS
Neutral Line
is also a
z principal axis
+
+ M
Mz z
+ W
My W + + Circle has an infinite
W + + number of principal
+ +
y Critical points are always + + O+T centroidal axes
My y
My diagram located diametrally on the Maximum Tensile Stress
W
perimeter of the section
Value of Maximum Normal Stress
Bending Moment
RESULTANT BENDING MOMENT – M
can be calculated for CIRCULAR M M y2 M z2 Max Min
section only W
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 9
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
x F F ey
x
ez
z y
Section
Axial Force N (compression) is
shown at both principal planes Cross-Section
Internal Forces N (-) Axial Force
TENSION (+) or N (-)
My (-) Mz (-)
COMPRESSION (--) N F
BENDING may be three- M y Fe z Bending Moment
M z Fe y
dimensional (My 0 AND Mz 0)
Signs of bending moments My ja
or planar (My = 0 OR Mz = 0) Mz depend on the directions of
axes y ja z
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 12
Normal Stresses due to Eccentric Load
Cross- Diagrams of Cross-Section’
N Section Normal Stresses
N Axial Force
A Cross- N diagram N
Section Area
Axial Stress of Compression
Cross-section Points
Mz
Max
Tension
Cross-Section
My Mz Bending Moment
My z Mz y
Iy Iz Coordinate of a Point
Compression
Bending Stress at a Point Cross-Section Moment of Inertia
z
Axial Stress and Bending Stress are normal stresses, i.e
they both act perpendicular to the cross-section – this is
ONE-DIMENSIONAL stress state
Resultant of an axial and two bending stresses at MzMin Centroid Load
My
Min
some point (y; z) equals to their algebraic sum: Mz diagram
Tension
N My M Compression
N My Mz z z y y diagram
A Iy Iz My
Max
My
point OT A Iz Iy Compressive
Stress at the
z-coordinate of Point OS
point OT
DesignStress for Tension
h
Minimum
z b/3
h/3
z
OS b
diagram OS diagram Circle’ Core
y OS Core
Centroid
Maximum Cross-Section
y O2
OS Maximum
Compressive Stress CORE Compressive Stress
D
Determination of the
Cross-section’ CORE = area around the centroid core is usually not
D/4
Centroid
needed in strength
analysis
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 16
Extremities of Eccentric Loading Cases
Increasing distance between the
More resemblance of the case to Neutral line is located
load application point and the
that of bending (two bendings) nearer to the centroid
centroid
Stress Distribution of Stress Distribution of Two
Two Signs Bendings
OT OT Neutral Line is infinitely distant from the Centoid
Stress Distribution of
ONE Sign Stress Distribution of
Axial Load
z z
OS OS
diagram diagram
y OS y OS
z z
Neutral Line crosses the Centroid
OS diagram diagram
Load (Force) is applied infinitely distant from the centroid
y OS y
Nearer the load application More resemblance of the case Increasing distance between
point to the centroid to that of axial loading the neutral line and the centroid
Min A Wy Wz
Maximum
OT + + + + + + Wz
My
Wy Critical points are always Min N
My
Mz
located at the diagonal A Wy Wz
corners (or in one corner)
Max
My y My diagram
Wy At the critical point of
compression OS OR tension OT
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 18
Special Case – Circular Section
Stresses of Eccentrically Loaded circular Section
N diagram N diagram M diagram M Critical points are
N always located
Mz N W Neutral
A Line
W A
This axis
diametrally on the
MaximumOS perimeter
Mz diagram Compr. +
is also a
principal
Stress + centroidal
z axis
+ + M
z Resultant
Mz + + W
+ bending
My W + Circle has an infinite
+ + + O+ number of principal moment is
W T centroidal axes
y Maximum Tensile Stress calculated only
My y My diagram for circular
W sections
Maximum Normal Stress Values
At the critical point of tension OT
OR Max N M
compression OS
Min A W Bending Moment
At the critical point of compression OS Min N
M M M y2 M z2
OR Max A W
tension OT
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 19
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
THREE_DIMENSIONAL
Classical Strength Condition PLANE and ONE-
and ONE-DIMENSIONAL
DIMENSIONAL stresses
ACTUAL STRESS DESIGN STRESS stresses CAN NOT be
CAN NOT be compared
compared
Design stress (Permissible stress) for one-dimensional case Stress states of equal criticality
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 22
General Principles of Strength Theories
STRENGTH THEORY (or Limit State Theory) = Theoretical concepts for the
stress state criticality analysis
• is based on some hypthesis for limit state appearance:
STRENGTH THEORY
“What kind of stress state causes the material limit
state to occur?”
Hypothesis of limit state • gives a formula for equivalent stress value calculation
occurance depends on the
type of limit state and the
stress state in question
STRENGTH THEORIES
Malleable Ductile
Steel
Yielding Fracture
Stress-Strain Diagram
Brittle
Temperature
HYPOTHESIS:
Brittle material fractures, when the principal stress of maximum absolute value
exceeds a certain limit value, independent on the values of other principal
stresses at that point
Ultimate Strength of that material, from the ordinary tensile test
Verified in practice by tensile
Value of Equivalent Stress and pure torsion tests
According to I (first)
Strength Theory
if 1 3
Eq
I
1
3 if 1 3
Strain, that corresponds to the Ultimate Strength of that material, from the ordinary tensile test
According to II (second)
Maximum Strains of the Stress State
Strength Theory
1 Values of Equivalent Stress
1 2 3
2 3 if 1 3
1
E
1 Eq
II
1
3 3 1 2
E 3 1 2 if 1 3
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 26
Theory of Maximum Shear Stress
Applicable for DUCTILE MATERIALS, if the limit A.K.A. III (third) Strength
state is yielding Theory
R. von Mises, 1913 E. Beltrami, 1903 M.T. Huber, 1904 Metals, incl. Steels
H. Hencky, 1925
HYPOTHESIS:
Ductile material starts to deform plastically or yield, when the strain
energy density of the stress state exceeds a certain limit value
Strain energy density, that corresponds to the elastic limit stress of that material, from the ordinary tensile test
Strain Energy of a Three-Dimensional Stress State Strain Energy of Equivalent Stress State
1 2
uD
3E
1 22 32 1 2 2 3 3 1 uD
1 2
Eq
3E
Value of Equivalent Stress
According to IV (fourth) Strength
Theory
Eq
IV
2
1 22 32 1 2 2 3 3 1
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 28
Mohr’ Strength Theory
Applicable for both DUCTILE and BRITTLE materials
Phenomenological
C.O. Mohr, 1835…1918 Does not have theoretical hypothesis Theory
compression test
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 29
y x y
2
1 x xy
2
2 2
2
x y x y
3 xy
2
2 2
Eq
IV
2
1 32 1 3 Eq
IV
x2 y2 x y 3 xy
2
y 4 xy
Normal Stress Shear Stress
Eq
III
1 3 Eq
III
x
2 2
Longitudinal Section
Normal Stress
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
x Shear Stress
z Max
Q QSy
y
M
M diagram
epüür Q
K Iby
y
MMax Stresses of IPE-Section
Q diagram
Q epüür
Bending Moment
Shear Force Thinwalled Section
Equivalent Stress
Stresses
x M Principal Stresses at a Point
xy Q M M
2
1 Q
2
y 0 2 2
According to the maximum Shear Stress Theory (Tresca) 2
M M
2 2 2 Q
2
Eq
III
1 3 Eq
III
M2 4 Q2
According to the Strain Energy Theory (von Mises)
Eq
IV
2
1 32 1 3 Eq
IV
M2 3 Q2
Solution
1. Dimensioning for BENDING
6 IPE - Beam
2. Check for adequate strength under the
combination of bending and shear
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 35
O2 0 Max
O3 z
O2
O2 0
Critical
O2 Points
Critical points O1
O1 Max O1 Max O2
y
O1 0
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 37
z
Max
Q Check for adequate strength under bending
Maximum Bending Stress at the Points O1
y O1 78 M 6 10 3
O1 Max 6
77.6 10 6 Pa 78 MPa
W 77.3 10
Factor of Safety at the Points O1
y 235
S 3.01 3.0 S 2.5 Strength is adequate at the
Max 78 critical points O1
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 38
Example: Strength Analysis of a IPE-
Beam (5)
Check for adequate strength for SHEAR at the critical points O3
of the IPE 140 cross-section Maximum shear stress is
Stress Distributions of the IPE 140 Cross-Section acting at the critical Normal stress
points O3 is absent
73 (b) diagram, MPa
78
diagram, MPa
Check for adequate strength under shear
6.9 (t)
4.7 (s)
Maximum Shear Stress at the Points O3
140 (h)
QS0.5 20 10 3 42.9 10 -6
34 O3 Max
O3 z Is 541 10 8 0.0047
33.76 10 6 Pa 34 MPa
S0.5 s t bt h t
2 2
1 14
2
Strength is adequate at the
0.47 0.69 7.3 0.69 14 0.69 42.87 42.9 cm3
2 2
critical points O3
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 39
4.7 (s)
140 (h)
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
At the points
O1 and O2
Stresses
x ΜMax
xy ΤMax
y 0
According to the Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Tresca) According to the Strain Energy Theory (von Mises)
Eq
III
x y 4 xy
2 2
Eq
IV
x2 y2 x y 3 xy
2
M y2 M z2 T 2 M y2 M z2 0.75T 2
III
Eq Max 2
Μ 4 Max 2
T
W
IV
Eq
Max 2
Μ 3 T
Max 2
W
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 44
Equivalent Bending Moment
Maximum Equivalent Stress for a Circular Section
M y2 M z2 T 2 M y2 M z2 0.75T 2
III
Eq IV
Eq
W W
Critical section of a uniform circular bar is located, where the equivalent bending moment has
maximum value
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 45
D D
D2 M cf f 2 f c - 1 2
M M
F2 f 2
D1
f 2
2 c - 1D
F cf
F2 Twisting moment is Caused by the Difference
of Belt’ Sides’ Tensioning Forces
M 32 z
It is assumed, f2 2 2 581.8 582 N
c - 1D2 2.1 1 0.10
D1
T A T B M 32 Nm y
Mz diagram, Nm
Reactions at the 151
bearings can be Bending Moment Diagram on x-z Plane
determined using the Torque Diagram
M M FBz
equations of equilibrium FCz FDz
A C D B A C D B
NB! In this problem, x x
III
M Eq M y2 M z2 T 2
32
32
Neutral Line
Maximum Torsional Stress for Cross-Section C
T 16 T 16 32 z
Ο1 TMax 10.4 10 6 Pa 11 MPa
W 0 D 3 0 025 3 Ø 25
Maximum Equivalent Stress for Cross-Section C y O1 101 11
Eq
III
O1
2
4 O1
2
1012 4 112 103.3 10 6 Pa 104 MPa Check for Adequate strength via
Normal Stress
Check for Adequate Strength via
Y 355
3.51 3.5 S 2.5
Equivalent Stress
S
Y 355 MMax
101
S 3.41 3.4 S 2.5
Eq
III
104
Check for Adequate Strength
via Shear Stress
All strength conditins are fulfilled
Y 0.5 355
S Max 16.1 16 S 2.5
Answer: Diameter of that shaft must be 25 mm T 11
Priit Põdra 8. Strength of Components under Combined Loading 51
O2 O2 : Mz
Max
; Th
Max
- Combination of maximum
z Max
Th Middle Point of bending stress and
h
O1 O3 Mz
Max O3 : My
Max
; Tb
Max - Combination of maximum
y Max
bending stress and
My Middle Point of
maximum torsional stress
Shorter Edge
My diagram This is PLANE stress
My
Max Critical points are
Tb diagram always located at the A point of equal criticality is
corners and at the located symmetrically to the
TbMax
middle of edges critical points above
III O
Ekv 2
Max 2
My
4 TMax
h
2
Plane Stress
4
States
Ekv
III
O3 Max 2
Mz
Max 2
Tb
Problems
The box
Viltu is skewed
paiknev kast
Viltu
The paiknev kast
box is skewed
The sub-frame
Deformeerunud
is deformed
raam/vaheraam
Kallutatav
Tipper ForceFFTõste
Tõstejõud
Lifting Lift
veokast
Box
Hydraulic cylinder
Tõstesilindri telg
axis must be
on külgsihis
strictly vertical
vertikaalne
Hydraulic
Tõstesilinder
Cylinder
Hydraulic
Cylinder for
Tõstesilinder
Tipper Box
Lifting
Tipper box
Veokast
initial Superstructure
Pealisehituse raam
algasendis
position Frame
ehkor Sub-Frame
vaheraam
Kallutatav
Tipper Tõstejõud FTõsteF
Lifting Force Lift
Hydraulic cylinder veokast
Box
Tõstesilindri telg on
axis is inclined
külgsihis vertikaali
aboutkaldu
suhtes vertical
Tõstesilinder
Hydraulic Cylinder
FKülg
Lateral
Force FLat
Külgjõud
Hydraulic
Tõstesilinder
Cylinder
Vaheraami
Rear Part of
tagaosa on–
Sub-Frame
Veokast liigend
Tipper Box pöördunud
Twisted relative
raamiattagaosas
Hinge the Rear esiosa suhtes
to the front
Veokast
Tipper box of Sub-Frame
algasendis
initial Pealisehituse raam
Superstructure Vaheraami
Front Part of
position ehk vaheraam
Frame or Sub-Frame esiosa
Sub-Frame
Volvo nõuded
Requirements of vehicle
pealisehituse
manufacturer
konstruktsioonile
for
superstructure design
Required
Põiksideme
position of
nõutav asukoht
cross-bar
Kasti stabilisaatori
Required position of box
kinnituse nõutavfixing
stabilizer asukoht Required length
Tagumiste and design of
diagonaal-
Kasti stabilisaatori diagonal
sidemetereinforcement
nõutav ulatus
Actual position of box
kinnituse tegelik fixing
stabilizer asukoht
Actual length
Tagumiste and design
diagonaal-
sidemete tegelik ulatus
of reinforcement
Pealisehituse
Superstucture
raam
Frame ehk
of Sub-
vaheraam
Frame
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
THANK YOU!
Questions, please?