HISTORY OF MAGNETISM

Magnetism was first discovered in the ancient world, when people noticed
that lodestones, naturally magnetized pieces of the mineral magnetite, could
attract iron.[1] The word magnet comes from the Greek term μαγνῆτις
λίθος magnētis lithos,[2] "the Magnesian stone,[3] lodestone." In ancient
Greece, Aristotle attributed the first of what could be called a scientific discussion
of magnetism to the philosopher Thales of Miletus, who lived from about 625 BC
to about 545 BC.[4] The ancient Indian medical text Sushruta Samhita describes
using magnetite to remove arrows embedded in a person's body.[5]
In ancient China, the earliest literary reference to magnetism lies in a 4th-
century BC book named after its author, The Sage of Ghost Valley.[6] The 2nd-
century BC annals, Lüshi Chunqiu, also notes: "The lodestone makes iron
approach, or it attracts it."[7] The earliest mention of the attraction of a needle is
in a 1st-century work Lunheng (Balanced Inquiries): "A lodestone attracts a
needle."[8] The 11th-century Chinese scientist Shen Kuo was the first person to
write—in the Dream Pool Essays—of the magnetic needle compass and that it
improved the accuracy of navigation by employing the astronomical concept
of true north. By the 12th century, the Chinese were known to use the
lodestone compass for navigation. They sculpted a directional spoon from
lodestone in such a way that the handle of the spoon always pointed south.
Alexander Neckam, by 1187, was the first in Europe to describe the
compass and its use for navigation. In 1269, Peter Peregrinus de Maricourt wrote
the Epistola de magnete, the first extant treatise describing the properties of
magnets. In 1282, the properties of magnets and the dry compasses were
discussed by Al-Ashraf, a Yemeni physicist, astronomer, and geographer.[9]
In 1600, William Gilbert published his De Magnete, Magneticisque
Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure (On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies,
and on the Great Magnet the Earth). In this work he describes many of his
experiments with his model earth called the terrella. From his experiments, he
concluded that the Earth was itself magnetic and that this was the reason
compasses pointed north (previously, some believed that it was the pole star
(Polaris) or a large magnetic island on the north pole that attracted the compass).
An understanding of the relationship between electricity and magnetism
began in 1819 with work by Hans Christian Ørsted, a professor at the University of
Copenhagen, who discovered by the accidental twitching of a compass needle
near a wire that an electric current could create a magnetic field. This landmark
experiment is known as Ørsted's Experiment. Several other experiments followed,
with André-Marie Ampère, who in 1820 discovered that the magnetic field
circulating in a closed-path was related to the current flowing through the
perimeter of the path; Carl Friedrich Gauss; Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart,
both of whom in 1820 came up with the Biot–Savart law giving an equation for
the magnetic field from a current-carrying wire; Michael Faraday, who in 1831
found that a time-varying magnetic flux through a loop of wire induced a
voltage, and others finding further links between magnetism and
electricity. James Clerk Maxwell synthesized and expanded these insights
into Maxwell's equations, unifying electricity, magnetism, and optics into the field
of electromagnetism. In 1905, Einstein used these laws in motivating his theory
of special relativity,[10] requiring that the laws held true in all inertial reference
frames.
Electromagnetism has continued to develop into the 21st century, being
incorporated into the more fundamental theories of gauge theory, quantum
electrodynamics, electroweak theory, and finally the standard model.

TYPES OF MAGNETISM

Diamagnetism: All materials display diamagnetism, which is the tendency to be

repelled by a magnetic field. However, other types of magnetism can be stronger
than diamagnetism, so it is only observed in materials that contain no unpaired
electrons. When electrons pairs are present, their "spin" magnetic moments
cancel each other out. In a magnetic field, diamagnetic materials are weakly
magnetized in the opposite direction of the applied field. Examples of
diamagnetic materials include gold, quartz, water, copper, and air.

Paramagnetism: In a paramagnetic material, there are unpaired electrons. The

unpaired electrons are free to align their magnetic moments. In a magnetic field,
the magnetic moments align and are magnetized in the direction of the applied
field, reinforcing it. Examples of paramagnetic materials include magnesium,
molybdenum, lithium, and tantalum.

Ferromagnetism: Ferromagnetic materials can form permanent magnets and are

attracted to magnets. A ferromagnet has unpaired electrons, plus the magnetic
moments of the electrons tend to remain aligned even when removed from a
magnetic field. Examples of ferromagnetic materials include iron, cobalt, nickel,
alloys of these metals, some rare earth alloys, and some manganese alloys.

Antiferromagnetism: In contrast to ferromagnets, the intrinsic magnetic moments

of valence electrons in an antiferromagnet point in opposite directions (anti-
parallel). The result is no net magnetic moment or magnetic field.
Antiferromagnetism is seen in transition metal compounds, such as hematite, iron
manganese, and nickel oxide.
Ferrimagnetism: Like ferromagnets, ferrimagnets retain magnetization when
removed from a magnetic field but neighboring pairs of electron spins point in
opposite directions. The lattice arrangement of the material makes the magnetic
moment pointing in one direction stronger than that pointing in the other
direction. Ferrimagnetism occurs in magnetite and other ferrites. Like
ferromagnets, ferrimagnets are attracted to magnets.

SCIENTIST INVOLVED IN THE STUDY OF MAGNETISM

MICHAEL FARADAY – 1791 – 1867 English,

 Discovered electromagnetic force, named it magnetic field.

 Experimented with creating electric currents using magnets.

JOSEPH HENRY – 1799 – 1878 American

 He creates a more powerful electromagnet by using a horeshoe-

shaped insulated iron bar that held in the heat from the electric
current running through the wire (better than William Sturgeon’s.
WILLIAM STURGEON – 1783 – 1850, English

 Created the first practical electromagnet by using a bar of soft iron

inside wire coil.

HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED – 1777 – 1851, Danish

 1819 – accidentally discovered E and M are connected when he

brought a compass near a wire with an electric current flowing
through it.
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL – 1847 – 1922

 March 10, 1867 he made the first phone call. He also invented the
hearing test machine and fax machine.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON – 1847 – 1931

 Inventor – light bulb – phonograph movie projector. World’s first

central electric light power station.
MAGNETIC FIELDS are created whenever there is a flow of electric current. This
can also be thought of as the flow of water in a garden hose. As the amount of
current flowing increases, the level of magnetic field increases. Magnetic fields
are measured in milliGauss (mG).

ELECTRIC FIELD occurs wherever a voltage is present. Electric fields are created
around appliances and wires wherever a voltage exists. You can think of electric
voltage as the pressure of water in a garden hose – the higher the voltage, the
stronger the electric field strength. Electric field strength is measured in volts per
meter (V/m). The strength of an electric field decreases rapidly as you move away
from the source. Electric fields can also be shielded by many objects, such as trees
or the walls of a building.

POWER GENERATED MACHINERIES

Power generation On board (Ship)

The generator consists of a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on

an iron core. This is known as the stator. A rotating magnet called the rotor turns
inside this stator producing magnetic field. This field cuts across the conductor,
generating an induced EMF or electro-magnetic force as the mechanical input
causes the rotor to turn.
Features: Fully developed system readily adapted to any turbine design. Fully
compliant with the provisions of the relevant international standard specifications,
including IEC.

Description

BRUSH has extensive experience in the design, service and repair of a broad
range of motors. Regardless of the original equipment manufacturer BRUSH can
provide a complete range of engineering services to support the customer’s
needs.

Synchronous AC motors
Subsea motors
Traction motors (including Low speed motors up to 6.5MW)