TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PULCHOWK CAMPUS

DESIGN OF HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

AND ESTIMATION OF COST BENEFIT BY INTEGRATING IT WITH
THERMAL STORAGE INSIDE PROPOSED BUILDING

By
Amrit Tiwari (072 BME 604)
Anamol Pokharel (072 BME 605)
Deepak Sapkota (072 BME 614)
Sunil Sharma (072 BME 644)

Supervisor
Susan Bajracharya

A MID-TERM REPORT
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LALITPUR, NEPAL

MAY, 2019
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to Associate Professor Susan
Bajracharya, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE for
supervising our project. We appreciate his valuable suggestion and guidance throughout
the project.

We are deeply grateful to Associate Professor Sunil Risal and Er. Viswa Prasanna
Amatya for their valuable suggestions during the project work. We would also like to
thank Architect Bijesh Gautam for providing the architectural drawings for our project
work.

We would like to express our great gratitude to Associate Professor Nawaraj Bhattari,
HOD, and Lecturer Sanjay Neupane, Deputy HOD, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, IOE.

Last but not the least we would like to thank to Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Pulchowk Campus, IOE, TU and all colleagues who helped us in various ways.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................ii

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... v

LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................vii

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Statement of Problems ............................................................................................ 2

1.3 Objective of project ................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Limitations .............................................................................................................. 2

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................... 3

2.1 Thermal Comfort .................................................................................................... 3

2.2 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ............................................... 4

2.3 Load Calculation ..................................................................................................... 6

2.3.1 Peak Load Computation .................................................................................. 6

2.3.2 Cooling load .................................................................................................... 6

2.3.3 Heating load..................................................................................................... 8

2.4 Ducting and Piping ............................................................................................... 10

2.4.1 Duct design .................................................................................................... 10

2.4.2 Pressure loss in Duct and Duct fittings.......................................................... 11

2.4.3 Piping design ................................................................................................. 12

2.4.4 Pressure loss in Pipes and fittings ................................................................. 15

2.5 Thermal Storage Air Conditioning System .......................................................... 16

2.5.1 Types of Ice Storage Technologies ............................................................... 16

2.5.2 Operating and Control Strategies .................................................................. 18

2.5.3 Design of Thermal Storage ............................................................................ 18

2.6 Time of Day Rates in Nepal ................................................................................. 19

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CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 20

3.1 Site and Building Description ............................................................................... 20

3.2 Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 20

3.3 Design Condition .................................................................................................. 21

3.4 Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) for load calculation ..................................... 21

3.5 Calculation of Thermal Load ................................................................................ 23

3.6 Duct sizing and Layout ......................................................................................... 24

3.7 Pipe sizing and layout ........................................................................................... 25

3.8 Equipment Selection ............................................................................................. 25

3.9 BOQ and Cost Benefit analysis ............................................................................ 26

CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 27

4.1 Cooling Load ........................................................................................................ 27

4.2 Latent and Sensible load ....................................................................................... 28

4.3 Heating Load......................................................................................................... 30

4.4 Equipment Selection ............................................................................................. 31

4.5 Cooling Load Profile ............................................................................................ 33

CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION ................................................................................... 35

5.1 Work Accomplished ............................................................................................. 35

5.2 Works Ongoing ..................................................................................................... 35

5.3 Work Remaining ................................................................................................... 35

5.4 Progress Chart ....................................................................................................... 35

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 36

APPENDIX A CLIMATE DATA.................................................................................. 38

APPENDIX B OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COFFICIENT CALCULATION ...... 40

APPENDIX C COOLONG LOAD ................................................................................ 44

APPENDIX D HEATING LOAD.................................................................................. 55

APPENDIX E PIPING LAYOUT

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3. 1 Design Condition for summer ....................................................................... 21

Table 3. 2 Design condition for winter ........................................................................... 21
Table 4. 1 Cooling load at different time ....................................................................... 28
Table 4. 2 Sensible and Latent load................................................................................ 28
Table 4. 3 Heating Load for different floor .................................................................... 31

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2. 1 Schematic Diagram of Series Loop ............................................................. 12

Figure 2. 2 Schematic diagram of one pipe main ........................................................... 13
Figure 2. 3 Schematic diagram of two pipe direct return ............................................... 13
Figure 2. 4 Schematic diagram of two pipe reverse return............................................. 14
Figure 2. 5 Schematic diagram of three pipe system...................................................... 14
Figure 4. 1 Variation of cooling load with time of day .................................................. 27
Figure 4. 2 Comparison of Latent and Sensible cooling loads at 4 pm .......................... 29
Figure 4. 3 Heating load of different floor (in KW) ....................................................... 30
Figure 4. 4 Cooling Load Profiles Over a Day ............................................................... 34
Figure 5. 1 Progress Chart .............................................................................................. 35

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AHU Air Handling Unit

ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning

Engineers

BF Ballast Factor

BOQ Bill of Quantities

CFM Cubic feet per minute

C/HW Chilled or Hot Water

CLF Cooling Load Factor

CLTD Cooling Load Temperature Difference

DBT Dry Bulb Temperature

FA Fresh Air

FCU Fan Coil Unit

FPM Feet per minute

FPS Feet per second

GI Galvanized Iron

GPM Gallons per minute

LM Latitude Month factor

NEA Nepal Electricity Authority

SC Shading Coefficient

SHGF Solar Heat Gain Factor

TOD Time of Day

TR Tons of Refrigeration

TES Thermal Energy Storage

RH Relative Humidity

WBT Wet Bulb Temperature

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 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Humans are homoeothermic machines who can hardly tolerate a change of 5F in
internal body temperature. Internal body temperature change of 8F can lead to death.
Hence, to maintain internal body temperature within limit, the temperature of the
environment we live must be controlled. Therefore, to create a healthy environment
inside any building, indoor comfort condition is one of the main considerations during
construction. Supply of enough oxygen, maintenance of air purity, removal and
addition of heat as per requirement made Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) important for all indoor activities.
HVAC system serves to create a healthy and comfortable indoor environment through
addition of necessary heat or removal of unnecessary heat and by conditioning of air
maintaining relative humidity, oxygen level and purity of air. Designing of HVAC
system for the building is as crucial as the designing the building itself. We should
consider the important factor to select the system of proper tonnage and specifications
so that we can ensure comfort at reasonable cost. The building we have chosen is the
proposed building of Innovation Centre for Institute of Engineering (Ground floor
area: 2500m2) where we are designing the complete air conditioning system.
Since in recent years it is seen that air conditioning comprises a hefty share in
electricity bill. Integrating the AC system with Thermal Energy System helps in
optimize the operation cost and also reduce the installation cost.
Thermal storage air conditioning system activates heat pumps during the night when
energy demand is low, in addition to daytime hours when the building is supplied
with conditioned air , to store thermal energy in the form of chilled water, ice and hot
water so that they can be used during the day. In our project we are considering
Thermal energy storage (TES) as a method by which cooling is produced and stored
at one time period for use during a different time period. Water is cooled by chillers
during off-peak hours and stored in an insulated tank. This stored coolness is then
used for space conditioning during hot afternoon hours. Electricity cost peaks during
the day when demand is at its highest and is significantly less during evening hours
when demand is low. TES is considered to be one of the most preferred demand side
management technologies for shifting cooling electrical demand from peak daytime
hours to off peak night hours.
1.2 Statement of Problems
 The cost for operating an HVAC system is high.
 At part load conditions, traditional chillers become inefficient.

1.3 Objective of project

Main objective
 To design conventional Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
system and estimate the cost benefit by integrating it with Thermal Storage
System inside proposed innovation center building of IOE.

Specific Objectives:
 To calculate thermal loads for the building.
 To select equipments for HVAC system in the building.
 To carry out piping and ducting network design.
 To design Thermal Energy Storage system.
 To estimate the cost for two systems of air conditioning and find out the cost
benefit analysis.

1.4 Limitations

 The project will not cover economic analysis part of the project.
 The project will not have separate provision for humidification and
dehumidification system.
 Insulation design will not be done in the project.

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 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Thermal Comfort

Thermal comfort is that state of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal
environment. (ASHRAE Standard 55).
The conscious mind appears to reach conclusions about thermal comfort and
discomfort from direct temperature and moisture sensations from the skin, deep body
temperatures, and the efforts necessary to regulate body temperatures (Berglund
1995).
In general, comfort occurs when body temperatures are held within narrow ranges,
skin moisture is kept low, and the physiological effort of regulation is minimized.
The thermal comfort is influenced by four parameters that constitute the thermal
environment (air temperature, radiant temperature, humidity and air speed), and two
personal parameters (clothing and activity level, or metabolic rate).
Skin temperature greater than 45°C or less than 18°C causes pain (Hardy et al. 1952).
Skin temperatures associated with comfort at sedentary activities are 33 to 34°C and
decrease with increasing activity (Fanger 1967).In contrast, internal temperatures rise
with activity. The temperature regulatory center in the brain is about 36.8°C at rest in
comfort and increases to about 37.4°C when walking and 37.9°C when jogging. . An
internal temperature less than about 28°C can lead to serious cardiac arrhythmia and
death, and a temperature greater than 43 °C can cause irreversible brain damage.
Therefore, careful regulation of body temperature is critical to comfort and health.
The one of the prime requirement in respect of the indoor climate in a building is that
room temperature should be at a comfortable level, regardless of the weather
conditions outside. The basic purpose of an HVAC system is to provide interior
thermal conditions that will be acceptable for majority of occupants. Intermittently
this can be simply done by the movement of the air with adequate velocity to enhance
convective cooling and evaporation from the skin. However, much frequently,
providing for occupant comfort will require that an HVAC system add or remove heat
to or from building spaces, in addition, with the addition and removal of moisture too.
The heat and moisture control are the main functions of HVAC systems.

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2.2 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and
vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and
acceptable indoor air quality.
Ventilation is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide high
indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen replenishment, and
removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and
other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture,
introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation
of the interior air.
Air conditioning is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an
occupied space, to improve the comfort of occupants. This process is most commonly
used to achieve a more comfortable interior environment, typically for humans and
animals; however, air conditioning is also used to cool/dehumidify rooms filled with
heat-producing electronic devices, such as computer servers, power amplifiers, and
even to display and store some delicate products, such as artwork.
Due to the technology advancement, industrial growth and urbanization, buildings
were started construction in a closed area. Also ambient temperatures are changed
drastically due to pollution and concrete structure. Hence air conditioning has become
an essential commodity for residential/office building.
Air conditioners often use a fan to distribute the conditioned air to an occupied space
such as a building or a car to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Electric
refrigerant-based AC units range from small units that can cool a small bedroom,
which can be carried by a single adult, to massive units installed on the roof of office
towers that can cool an entire building. The cooling is typically achieved through
a refrigeration cycle.
The AC system can be broadly classifies as ducted and duct less system.
Ductless system
Window unit air conditioners, which come as a single unit, are installed in an open
window. The interior air is cooled as a fan blows it over the evaporator. On the
exterior the heat drawn from the interior is dissipated into the environment as a
second fan blows outside air over the condenser.
Packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC) systems are also known as wall-split air
conditioning systems. PTACs, which are frequently used in hotels, have two separate
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units, the evaporative unit on the interior and the condensing unit on the exterior, with
an opening passing through the wall and connecting them. This minimizes the interior
system footprint and allows each room to be adjusted independently. PTAC systems
may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric
strip, gas, or other heater, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and
draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. While
room air conditioning provides maximum flexibility, when used to cool many rooms
at a time it is generally more expensive than central air conditioning.

Central (ducted) air conditioning

Central (ducted) air conditioning offers whole-house or large-commercial-space
cooling, and often offers moderate multi-zone temperature control capability by the
addition of air-louver-control boxes. In central air conditioning, the inside heat-
exchanger is typically placed inside the central furnace/AC unit of the forced
air heating system which is then used in the summer to distribute chilled air
throughout a residence or commercial building.

Multi-split and Central chilled water system

A multi-split system is a conventional split system and allows cooling or heating of
several rooms with one external unit. In the outdoor unit of this air conditioner there is
a more powerful compressor, ports for connecting several traces and automation with
locking valves for regulating the volume of refrigerant supplied to the indoor units
located in the room.
A large Multi Split System is called a Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system and can
be used instead of a central air conditioner system, as it allows for higher energy
efficiency but it is more expensive to purchase and install. The initial costs for VRF
systems are an additional 5 to 20 percent over those for chilled water systems;
however, they are roughly 30 percent more efficient than comparable HVAC systems.
Alternative to VRF is water chilled systems in which is central system chills water
which is then transported to the various rooms and the air handling units (AHU) are
installed on each individual system exchanges heat with the water to cool or heat the
air. Large commercial buildings that require a substantial amount of cooling often use
water chillers because they are cost effective and there is a reduced hazard by not
having refrigerant piped all over the building.
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2.3 Load Calculation

2.3.1 Peak Load Computation

The peak or maximum load (block load) of each zone or space must be calculated as
the process and requirement of load may vary for each zone for the proper selection of
selection of size of cooling unit (Wang, 2000). The maximum temperature may occur
outside at 1 or 2 pm. The maximum heat gain of the room may occur at 3 or 4 pm. due
to direct solar radiation through glass at west side, or even later due to the time lag for
the heat transfer though the structure. Similarly, during the summer, building may
have maximum cooling load at 7 pm due to time lag, but since only few occupants
would be present at that time, the time for load calculation may be taken as 4 or 5 pm.
(Wang, 2000).

2.3.2 Cooling load

Cooling load is the rate at which sensible and latent heat must be removed in summer
from the space to maintain a constant space dry-bulb air temperature and humidity.
The building design, internal equipment, occupants, and outdoor weather conditions
may affects the cooling load in a building using different heat transfer mechanism
(Arora & Domkundwar, 1989). Heat gain into the space occurs into the space through
structural components (wall, floors, ceilings), through windows, caused by infiltration
and ventilation and due to the occupancy, lighting, equipment.

a. Conduction through exterior wall, roof and glass

The basic conduction equation is
Q= U× A× (CLTD)c
Where
Q= sensible cooling load in Btu/hr
U= heat transfer coefficient for roof in Btu/hr.ft2.ᵒF
A= area of the roof surface in ft2
CLTDc = corrected cooling load temperature difference
CLTDc=CLTD + LM + (78-TR) + (Tom – 85)
For glass
CLTDc=CLTD + (78-TR) + (Tom – 85)
Where,

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CLTD = cooling load temperature difference for an indoor temperature of 78 F and
outside average temperature of 85 F for July 21 taken at latitude of 40°N.
LM = correction factor for latitude and month
TR = temperature of conditioned space
Tom = average temperature of outside environment
Tom = Tmax – daily range/2 (Thapa, et. al., 2011)

b. Conduction through interior surface

Interior surfaces are partitions, windows in interior structures, doors.
Q = U × A × dT
dT = temperature difference between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.
If the temperature of the unconditioned space is not known, an approximation often
used is to assume that it is at 5 F less than the outdoor temperature. (Pita, 2002)

c. Solar radiation through glass

The solar radiation entering from transparent glass produces heating effect inside the
room which is calculated using solar heat gain factor (SHGF) and cooling load factor
(CLF). The heat addition due to this solar radiation is
Q = A × SC × SHGF × CLF
Where,
SC = Shading coefficient
SHGF = Solar heat gain factor
CLF = Cooling load factor

d. Lighting load
Electric light use sensible heat equal to the amount of the power consumed. Most of
the heat is liberated as heat while rest of the energy as light and eventually becomes to
heat after multiple reflections (ASHRAE handbook Fundamentals, 1997).
After wattage is known, the calculation of heat gain is done as follows
Q = 3.4 × W × BF × CLF
Where,
W= watts input from electric lighting load in watt
BF = Ballast factor = 1.25
CLF= cooling load factor for lighting
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e. Occupancy load
Heat is added from people in the form of sensible heat and latent heat.
Sensible heat Qs = N × qs × CLF
Latent heat Ql = N× ql
Where,
N= no of people in space.
qs, ql = sensible and latent heat gain from occupancy
CLF = 1 =cooling load factor by hour of occupancy.

f. Equipment load
Many appliances contribute both sensible and latent loads. Heat due to equipment is
calculated as
Q = W × Fl × CLF
Fl = load factor which is the product of usage factor and radiation factor
CLF = Cooling load factor which depends on the scheduled hours and housing of
equipment

g. Ventilation
Ventilation air is the amount of outdoor air that fills the space for the air leaving the
space due to equipment exhaust, exfiltration, or in order to maintain indoor air quality
for the occupants. Cooling load due to ventilation are
Sensible heat Qs = 1.1 × n × CFM × dT
Latent heat Ql = 0.68 × n × CFM × dw
Where,
n = no. of people
CFM = ventilation air flow rate
dT = temperature difference between outside and inside space
dw = humidity difference between outside and inside space

2.3.3 Heating load

From our own experiences, we know that if the heating system in a building stops
functioning in winter, the indoor air temperature soon drops. This temperature
decrease occurs for two reasons: heat transfer from the warm inside air to the cold

8
outside air through walls, windows and other parts of the building envelope and
leakage of cold air through openings in the building (infiltration). To counteract these
heat losses, heat must be continually added to the interior of the building in order to
maintain a desired air temperature. This heat that must be added in the room to
maintain a constant room temperature is called the Heating load. In our considerations
of the heating load, we don’t consider the infiltration because ventilation is provided
in the room so there is exfiltration but not infiltration.
These various heat loss from the conditioned area were calculated as follows:

a. Building Heat Transfer Loss

Building heat transfer loss is the sum of heat loss due to transfer from outer walls,
glazing surface, partition wall, doors, windows, etc. Heat loss depends in the area, U-
value and temperature difference between the outside region and conditioned region
which is given as
Q = A × U × dT

U = overall heat transfer coefficient

A = heat transfer area

dT = temperature difference between outside region and conditioned region

b. Ventilation
Ventilation air is the amount of outdoor air that fills the space for the air leaving the
space due to equipment exhaust, exfiltration, or in order to maintain indoor air quality
for the occupants. Cooling load due to ventilation are

Sensible heat Qs = 1.1 × n × CFM × dT

Latent heat Ql = 0.68 × n × CFM × dw

Where,

n = no. of people

CFM = ventilation air flow rate

dT = temperature difference between outside and inside space

dw = humidity difference between outside and inside space

9
c. Heat loss from floor

When a floor is on the ground, the heat loss is greatest near the outside edges
(perimeter) of the building and is proportional to the length of these edges, rather than
the area of the floor. Heat loss is calculated as
Q= Fp × P × dT
where
Q = heat transfer loss through floor on grade, BTU/hr
Fp = edge heat loss coefficient, BTU/hr-F per ft of edge length
P = total length of outside (exposed) edges of floor, ft
dT= design temperature difference between inside and outside air, F

2.4 Ducting and Piping

Proper ducting is required for circulation of the conditioned or unconditioned air
around rooms for proper operation of the air conditioning system. Good piping is
necessary to efficiently send hot/chilled water to condition the air. In air-water air
conditioning system, function of ducts is to carry fresh air and supply/return the air
from/to AHU/FCU.

2.4.1 Duct design

Design of ducts should be done in such a way that required quantity of air can be
transported from the fan to the conditioned space with minimum loss and at
economical size. Velocity of air in duct should be high enough to reduce the size of
ducts but low enough to reduce the noise and pressure loss so that the power
consumption for the running system is lower. Around 20 to 30% of the cost of system
is due to ducting and piping, so it needs to be properly designed (Pathak et. al. 2011).
Commonly used material for ducts is GI sheet. They are usually fabricated in
rectangular or round shape. Round ducts are more efficient in material usage as the
perimeter required for same flow is less, and also they offer less frictional resistance.
But rectangular ducts better fits to the building construction. They are easier to install
between joints and studs. Thus rectangular ducts are selected for the design.

Commonly used methods for duct design are.

 Equal friction method

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 Static regain method

Equal Friction Method

The equal friction method of designing ducts is quite easy and the most popular
method. In this method, the size of the duct is designed such that the friction loss in
equal lengths is same throughout the pipe. The friction loss rate is chosen to result in
an economical balance between duct cost and energy cost. It works fine for networks
that do not have large distances between first and last outlets. But, if there is long
distance between the inlet and outlet of the duct, then the ducts near the fan will be
over pressured.

Static Regain Method

The static regain method of sizing ducts is most often used for high velocity systems
with long duct runs, especially in large installations. In this method the pressure at all
outlets is made same by equalizing the pressure loss in various branches. With this
method, an initial velocity in the main duct leaving the fan is selected at first. Then
velocities are reduced so that frictional loss in next section equals the pressure rise. It
leads to balancing of duct layout but system size is large.

2.4.2 Pressure loss in Duct and Duct fittings

Air suffers pressure loss due to friction in straight section and also loss occurs
whenever there is change in speed and direction of flow through duct. The dynamic
loss occurs due to change in direction of flow in bends and elbows and sudden change
in cross section area of flow due to enlargement and contraction of duct, damper
controls and suction and discharge points.

Pressure loss in ducts is found by looking at the graphs by locating the flow rate and
the size of duct. Pressure loss in duct fittings can be expressed in two ways (i)
equivalent length method and (ii) loss coefficient method. Under the loss coefficient
method, pressure loss can be calculated as

Hf = C x Hv = C x (V/4000)2

Where,

Hf = Pressure loss at the fitting [in. w.]

C = Loss coefficient of the fitting

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Hv = Velocity pressure at the fitting [in. w.]

V = velocity [ft/min]

2.4.3 Piping design

In hydronic system, pipes circulate the required hot or chilled water around the
building to cool and heat the air for maintaining the proper room temperature within
comfortable range. Noise should also be considered while designing piping. Noise is
unacceptable if the velocity of the water in the pipe is higher than 5 FPS. So this
aspect should also be considered and pipe size should be increased if this happens.
In hydronic system the hot/cold water carrying pipes can be connected to the terminal
units in six different ways:
1. Series Loop
2. One-pipe main
3. Two-pipe direct return
4. Two-pipe reverse return
5. Three pipe system
6. Four pipe system

Series Loop
In this system the entire water supply flows through each terminal unit and returns to
the generator and pump. In this system the units cannot be isolated and the
maintenance or repair of any terminal units requires shutdown of the entire system.
Series loop arrangement is simple and cheap and is limited to small, low budget
application.

Figure 2. 1 Schematic Diagram of Series Loop

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One-pipe main
In this arrangement, there is one main pipe as in the series loop through which the
water flows, but instead of being in series with this main, each terminal unit is
connected by a supply and a return branch pipe to the main. By the help of valves in
the branch line, each unit can be separately controlled and serviced.

Figure 2. 2 Schematic diagram of one pipe main

Two-pipe direct return

It is also called parallel piping arrangement. There are two mains, one for supply
water and one for return. Each terminal unit is fed by an individual supply branch; a
return branch carries the water back to the return main. In this manner, all units
receive water directly from the source. In this pipe arrangement the return main is
routed to bring the water back to the source by the shortest distance. The path the
water takes from the pump to the first units near to pump and back is shorter than that
from the pump to the units further away from the pump. Since flowing water prefers
the path with the least resistance, there will be too much water going to the units
nearest the pump and too little going to the units furthest from the pump. This
problem in direct return is largely solved by reverse return.

Figure 2. 3 Schematic diagram of two pipe direct return

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Two-pipe reverse return
In this arrangement the circuit length out to each terminal and back is made
approximately the same to overcome the balancing problem. With this arrangement, it
is a relatively simple process to balance the flow rates. The relative costs of the direct
return and reverse return piping arrangements depend on the building shape and
location of terminal units. In some cases, the costs are not significantly different; in
others, the reverse return piping may be more expensive.

Figure 2. 4 Schematic diagram of two pipe reverse return

Three pipe system

This type of system is used when the simultaneous heating and cooling is required.
There are two supply mains, one circulating chilled water, and the other hot water.
Three-way control valves in the branch to each terminal unit will determine whether
the unit receives hot or chilled water. The return main receives the water from each
unit. The connections to units can be made either by direct or by reverse return. Due
to the mixing of hot and chilled water, the three pipe system can waste energy.

Figure 2. 5 Schematic diagram of three pipe system

14
Four pipe system
The four-pipe system is actually two separate two pipe systems, one for chilled water
and one for hot water, and therefore no mixing occurs. This is an ideal arrangement,
but of course it is expensive.

2.4.4 Pressure loss in Pipes and fittings

Friction is a resistance to flow resulting from fluid viscosity and from the walls of the
pipe or duct which results in pressure loss. This loss is to be overcome by pump to
send water to required units.
For the type of flow usually existing in HVAC systems, called turbulent flow, the
pressure loss or drop due to friction can be found from the following equation (called
the Darcy-Weisbach relation)
Hf = f ×L×V2 / (2×D×g)
Where,
Hf = pressure loss (drop) from friction in straight pipe
f = a friction factor depending on the roughness of the pipe or duct wall
L = length of pipe or duct
D = diameter of pipe or duct
V = velocity of fluid
Rougher surfaces will cause increased frictional resistance. This means that by using
and maintaining smooth surfaces, friction decreases and less energy is used. Lower
velocities and larger diameters reduce H (and therefore result in lower energy
consumption), although the pipe or duct cost then increases.
Pressure loss also occurs in the fittings and valves due to turbulence and change of
direction and speed. These losses are called dynamic losses and these losses are
expressed by the method of equivalent length. Equivalent length of a fitting of a given
size is the length of the straight pipe of same size that would have the same pressure
drop as that of the fitting. Appropriate friction loss chart is used to find the actual
pressure drop through the fitting.

15
2.5 Thermal Storage Air Conditioning System
Different systems and attempts have been made to improve the efficiency of the air
conditioning systems. Thermal energy storage systems are one of the systems which
reduce load on the peak hours and reduce the bill of electricity.
An ice Thermal Energy Storage (TES) has operating phases, namely, a charging
phase where (typically at night) heat is removed from water to produce ice, and a
discharging phase, where, when the building requires cooling, heat is removed from
the building and added to the ice. The melted ice is reused during the next charging
period. The advantage of this cooling scheme is that the main electrically driven
device in cooling systems, namely, the compressor, is operated during low-electrical
cost periods, i.e. at night (Prathibha Bharathi V V, 2017).
Dincer (2002) did a cost benefit analysis in HVAC systems of Malaysia and found out
that full storage strategy can reduce the annual costs of the air conditioning system up
to 35 percent.
The offset in electricity demand is accompanied by an improved system performance
and reduced total cost of the installation of the system. Ice making at night is also
easier due to lower night time temperatures which can reduce energy consumption.
Ice storage system consists of a factory assembled ice making plant and a storage tank
containing mixture of ice and chilled water. Ice thermal storage system can provide
nearly instantaneous response to short term cooling needs. This system can change its
mode to chilled water generation from ice generation in accordance to the load
conditions.

2.5.1 Types of Ice Storage Technologies

Ice storage technologies can be classified as static and dynamic storage technologies
based on whether the frozen ice is stored at the point it froze or some other point in
the tank. Ice ball type and ice on coil type are static storage technologies whereas ice-
debris sliding type and ice-crystal type are dynamic storage technologies. Ethylene
glycol is used as secondary refrigerant for making ice as the freezing point of glycol is
below 0 oC.

Ice ball type

In this system water is stored in number of spherical shells that are arranged in order
to form cool storage device. Secondary refrigerant (ethylene glycol) at low
16
temperature flow between the gap of these balls thus taking the heat of water. The
water supercools and ice crystals are formed inside the shells and eventually freezes.
During discharging cycle warm ethylene glycol flow again in the gaps making the
heat exchange with ice which decreases the temperature of glycol which is sent for
cooling needs in air conditioning needs.

Ice-on-coil type
In this method, long length of coil is made inside the tank in which the ice is to be
made. For making ice secondary refrigerant ethylene glycol at low temperature flows
in the coil and cycles continuously taking the heat of the water. This process results in
the formation of ice on the outside surface of the coils.
Based on the method of ice melting, ice-on-coil type is divided into two types:
Extermal melting ice-on-coil type and internal melting ice-on-coil type. For external
melting ice-on-coil type, while melting ice, the backwater with a higher temperature
of air-conditioner flows into ice-storage tank and gets heat transfer with the ice in it
by direct contact, making the ice melt from outside to inside. External melt ice
systems are capable of high instantaneous discharge rate, and maintain constant low
discharge temperatures through most of the discharge cycle.
For internal melting ice-on-coil type, the secondary refrigerant with a higher
temperature in the tube get heat transfer for the second time with the ice outside to
melt it.
The major drawback of static ice storage technologies is that the rate of ice production
slows down as the thickness of ice increases. This problem is not seen in dynamic
storage technologies.

Ice-debris sliding type

This technology uses a vertical flat plate evaporator in which water is circulated over
the evaporator. Water flows down like a membrane from top to bottom along the
surface of evaporating plate. Water freezes over the plate forming a thin layer of ice.
Thickness of the ice of ice debris increases with time and when the thickness reaches
a certain value de-icing process begins. During de-icing, portion of hot refrigerant gas
enters into evaporating plate and ice slightly melts at surface, loses adhesion and
slides into the storage tank. While melting ice, the hot backwater from conditioning is

17
sprayed into the tank. This melts some portion of ice making chilled water. This
chilled water is then pumped for air conditioning.

Ice-crystal cool storage type

In this method, supercooling phenomenon is used to make ice crystals. At first,
secondary refrigerant which is cooled below 0 centigrade is sent to subcooler where
filtered water at 0 centigrade makes heat transfer with secondary refrigerant to form
supercooled water. This water is removed from supercooled state by supercooling
removing device and ice crystals are formed. These ice crystals are sent to the storage
tank. During day time, mixture of ice crystals and ethylene glycol is used to replace
the chilled water in the traditional air-conditioning system.

2.5.2 Operating and Control Strategies

TES systems can be designed for different operating strategies.
• Full storage
• Partial Storage
Full storage systems means the whole of cooling requirement is stored as ice. This
strategy requires chillers to run only at night not during day time. Since all cooling
load is stored as ice the chiller capacity and also the storage capacity should be high.
Partial storage systems store a portion of cooling requirement as ice. This requires
chiller to run during both night and day time at full capacity. During day time the
excess cooling than chiller capacity is extracted from ice.

2.5.3 Design of Thermal Storage

TES systems mainly comprise storage tank and refrigeration equipment. Secondary
refrigerant may be needed depending on the type of storage tank. Thermal storage
tank should have enough structural strength to withstand the hydrostatic force of
water or ice water mixture. They are usually made of steel, concrete or plastic. They
may be fabricated in the site or found prefabricated in small sizes. They should be
provided with enough insulation on the outside of tank to reduce heat transfer which
accounts for 1 to 5 % losses from tank. Insulation from the inside of tank is avoided
because the continuous frosting and defrosting of ice damages the insulation.

18
Chillers selected for the TES should be based total amount of cooling required not on
the maximum cooling load. The sum of chiller daytime and night time capacity (ton
hours) should be equal to the total amount of cooling required (ton hours).

2.6 Time of Day Rates in Nepal

There is provision of Time of Day (TOD) rates in Nepal. TOD means the rate of
electricity per unit is not fixed, but changes with time. The charge of electricity is
high during peak hours and low during off peak hours. Nepal Electricity Authority
(NEA) is currently providing TOD rates to customers using medium and high voltage
lines (11 KV and above). NEA has categorized TOD as Normal time (5 am to 5 pm),
Peak time (5 pm to 11 pm) and Off-peak time (11 pm to 5 pm) during wet season
(Baisakh to Mangsir). During dry season (Paush to Chaitra), Normal time is 11 pm to
5 pm and peak hour is 5 pm to 11 pm.
NEA is also currently working to install smart meters on new domestic installations.
These smart meters will have provision of TOD tariff rates.

19
 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY

3.1 Site and Building Description

The site is located in Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk, Lalitpur. The site is inside
the Pulchowk Campus area on one side of the Electrical Department and behind the
ICT Building. It is at the present Robotics Club Area. The site is nearby the Patan
City core.
Masters Hostel of Pulchowk Campus and Department of Road in on the immediate
west and Department of Architecture in the south. In the west is thus academic area
with road office. Typical building pattern in the site neighborhood is modern. 6m
wide road runs along the eastern boundary of the site
Pedestrian and Vehicular movement occurs along the boundary and direct connection
between pedestrians and building can be made.
Site Area: 70,000 sq.ft (12 Ropani)
Floor Area: 28,000 sq.ft
Coordinate: 27°40'N 85°19'E
Elevation: 1,308 meters above sea level
Orientation: North-South Long axis
Political Zone: Lalitpur Sub- Metropolitan, Bagmati Zone (State no. 3)

Building is constructed by using brick wall with plaster in both sides. Windows are of
glass type with aluminum frame. Brick wall and glass are used for partition. Indoor
Doors are mainly made of wood and outdoor doors are made up of glass with
aluminum frame. Floor height is 4 m.

3.2 Data Collection

The climatic data of the past seven years (2011-2018) of the site is taken from the
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology and through internet surveying. The
climate data are presented in appendix.
We found that Pulchowk Campus is in Non-Commercial Medium voltage (11 KV)
consumer category of NEA. Under this category TOD is applied at different rates
during different rate of year. From Baisakh to Mangsir, cost per unit of electricity for
this category is Rs 12.25 during normal time (5 am to 5 pm) and Rs 7.15 during Off-

20
Peak hours (11 pm to 5 am). During Paush to Chaitra normal time is from 11 pm to 5
pm (no off peak hours).

3.3 Design Condition

From climatic data, we found that maximum temperature is in June which is 92o F and
minimum temperature is in January which is 33o F. Relative humidity for June is 72%
and for January it is 67%. Daily range of temperature is taken as a difference between
average maximum and average minimum temperature from 2011 to 2018. Hence
daily range for June is 17.0 0F which is used in calculation of corrected cooling load
temperature difference (CLTDc). This condition is taken as an outdoor design
condition. The outdoor design condition is selected as 92o F in summer and 50o F in
winter. Winter outdoor design condition is set a higher than minimum temperature as
our building operates only during day time.

For summer

Table 3. 1 Design Condition for summer

Design condition DBT (F) WBT (F) RH (%) W (gr/lb)

Indoor 75 62.6 50 65.1
Outdoor 92 83.66 72 165.34

For winter

Table 3. 2 Design condition for winter

Design condition DBT(F) WBT(F) RH(%) w(gr/lb)

Indoor 73 60.89 50.00 60.64
Outdoor 50 44.86 67.25 35.92

3.4 Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) for load calculation

Building is constructed with brick wall, glass, partition with wall and glass, door with
different thickness. So for each of them, U value is calculated separately.

U-value for cooling load calculation

1. For outer wall

Thickness of brick Xb, (inch) 8

21
Thermal conductivity of brick Kb, (Btu/hr ft F) 0.4

Thickness of plaster Xp (inch) 0.5

Thermal conductivity of plaster Kp (Btu/hr ft F) 0.43

Inside convective heat transfer coefficient hi vertical (Btu/hr ft2 F) 1.47

(R=0.68 heat flows in horizontal direction)

Outside convective heat transfer coefficient ho (Btu/hr ft2 F) 6

(R=0.17 heat flows in any direction)

1/U= 1/hi +1/ho +Xb/Kb + 2×Xp/Kp

= 2.792

U= 0.358Btu/hr ft2 F

U= 0.358 Btu/hr ft2 F

Similarly the U value for other components are calculated details of which is shown in
appendix B.

2. For inner wall

U= 0.419 Btu/hr ft2 F

3. For roof (for top floor)

U= 0.456 Btu/hr ft2 F

4. For ceiling (for other floor)

U= 0.338 Btu/hr ft2 F

5. For floor (for all except in contact with soil and outside air)

U= 0.427 Btu/hr ft2 F

6. U value for glass (for outer wall with aluminium frame)

U = 1.01 Btu/hr ft2 F

7. U value for door (for outer wall)

U = 0.451 Btu/hr ft2 F

8. U value for door (for inner wall)

22
 U = 0.377 Btu/hr ft2 F

U-value for heating load calculation

For heating load all the parametric values are same except the outside convective heat
transfer coefficient is 6 Btu/hr ft2℉. Hence using this value we calculated heat
transfer coefficient for heating as

1. For Outer Wall

U=0.368 Btu/hr ft2 F

2. For inner wall

U=0.417 Btu/hr ft2 F

3. For outer door

U=0.468 Btu/hr ft2 F

4. For inner door

U=0.377 Btu/hr ft2 F

5. For ceiling

U=0.338 Btu/hr ft2 F

6. For roof

U=0.474 Btu/h ft2 F

3.5 Calculation of Thermal Load

The time of day in which maximum cooling is required was not known. So
calculation of cooling load was done for 1 pm to 5 pm to find out the time at which
maximum cooling is required in the building and the maximum cooling load. Also
total amount of cooling required for the whole cooling period i.e. in our case 10 am to
5 pm is calculated. This data is needed for the selection of chiller and storage tank.

Heat gain for cooling load was calculated using the CLTD method and other formula
given in Literature. Extreme condition of temperature was considered. It was assumed
that 15 CFM of fresh air is needed per person inside the conditioned space (ASHRAE,

23
2007). Cooling load contribution is given by conduction, radiation, ventilation, people
and equipment.

Heating load do not require time wise calculation. Conduction and ventilation
contribute to the heat losses. For the calculation of heating load we considered the
extreme situation in which no heat was gained through solar radiation, lighting,
people and equipment. Thus, only heat loss due to conduction and heat required to
condition fresh air supply was calculated.

3.6 Duct sizing and Layout

At first, the fresh air CFM requirement in each room to be conditioned will be
calculated based on the number of occupants. After finding the required CFM for each
room, proper duct sizing will be done. Equal friction method will be used because of
its easiness. Constant friction loss of 0.08 inches of water per 100 ft will be used to
determine the equivalent circular diameter of the duct. Then the velocity and the
friction loss for the duct will be found from the friction chart for the equivalent
circular diameter. Now the rectangular cross section will be determined from the
equivalent circular diameter.
Duct layout will be drawn for transporting fresh air to each conditioned room.
Ducts are designed to only bring fresh air into the room in our system as our system is
water based. The fresh air ducts don’t need to be insulated as the air is not
conditioned. This eliminates our work of the insulation design. The fresh air for one
side of the building is taken at a place and air is transported around to different rooms
up and down so that there are several places of fresh air intakes around the building.
A single intake for one floor is avoided in our building because rooms are scattered
around and this causes large duct lengths and more losses which increases the cost of
our design.
The exhaust ducts for removing the air are not required in our system design because
of the exfiltration of air out of the room through the cracks around the doors and
windows and their frequent openings during the passing of people in and out of the
room.

24
3.7 Pipe sizing and layout
Pipe sizing will be done by the equal friction method. At first flow required for each
terminal unit will be found out. Then the flow required for each floor will be
determined and flow in each section of the riser will be determined. A friction loss
rate of 3.5 ft of water per 100 ft of pipe will be chosen. Then from the friction chart
diameter of pipe required is determined for the flow rate and friction loss rate.
Whenever the pipe size is not standard, higher pipe size will be selected. Then
velocity and the friction loss for the flow and pipe size will be determined.
Piping layout is two pipe reverse return type. Reverse return was chosen to minimize
over pressurizing at some terminal units or maintain hydronic balance. It is also kept
in mind not to complicate the piping design and disturb the aesthetics of the building
during piping.
The piping material chosen will be schedule-40 steel pipe. Chilled/ hot water will be
generated by two heat pump type water chillers. The main supply pipe is branched
into three risers which carries the C/H into each floor in the building.
Based on the design procedure described above, size of the pipes will be determined.
The system and riser layout and schematic drawing of the piping layout are given in
the sheets in Appendix.

3.8 Equipment Selection

Based on the amount of maximum cooling and heating load that is required in the
building after applying the diversity factor, chillers were selected. The chiller of heat
pump type are selected which can cool in summer and heat in winter condition.
The indoor units selection was also done according to the required maximum cooling
and heating required in the room.
All the equipment selection was done by observing catalogues of different companies
that produce equipments related to Water chilled air conditioning system.
Tank design and chiller selection for the TES will be done according to the tank
storage strategy. The design will be done for both partial and full storage strategy of
TES.

25
3.9 BOQ and Cost Benefit analysis
BOQ preparation of the system will be done on basis of current market price of
HVAC equipments and accessories. Separate BOQ will be prepared for the two
systems and their cost will be estimated. Installation and operating costs will be
recognized for the two systems and comparison will be done between them to find out
the cost benefits if TES system is chosen over the traditional chiller system.

26
 CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Cooling Load

The cooling load for the building was calculated for 1 pm, 2 pm, 3 pm, 4 pm and 5 pm
to understand how the value of cooling load fluctuates over different time across a
day. The load calculated is shown in the bar chart below.

Cooling Load Fluctuation

225.00

220.00
Cooling Load (TR)

215.00

210.00

205.00

200.00

195.00
1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
Time
Figure 4. 1 Variation of cooling load with time of day

From the bar chart above, we observed that the cooling load was maximum at 4 pm
which was 219.8 TR out of which 87.7 TR is sensible cooling load and 132.1 TR is
latent cooling load. The share of latent load is found high in the building because of
the 15 CFM of fresh air supply per person and high number of people in building. The
cooling load was maximum at 4 pm because of thermal storage effect of the brick
walls in the building which absorb the heat at early times of the day and transmit
inside the building during late afternoon.
The total cooling loads calculated floor wise at these five different times are given in
Table below.

27
 Table 4. 1 Cooling load at different time

Floor 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm

Ground 36.9 37.5 38.1 38.4 38.3
First 98.8 102.0 104.7 106.5 106.7
Second 26.3 27.8 29.0 29.9 30.2
Third 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.4 9.1
Fourth 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.4 9.1
Fifth 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.4 9.1
Sixth 14.5 15.4 16.2 16.8 16.9
Total 203.4 210.5 216.2 219.8 219.5

From Table 4.1, we see that the total cooling load for first floor was maximum i.e.
106.5 TR.

4.2 Latent and Sensible load

Sensible cooling load is the heat generated due to temperature difference, equipment
heat and lighting. Sensible cooling load corresponds to the dry bulb temperature. For
summer condition humidity must be considered while selecting the equipment and the
latent load must be calculated. Latent cooling load occur due to the phase change of
water. They increase with the increase of water vapor which also increases humidity.
Conduction through walls, glass, floor and roof, Solar radiation through glass and
lighting load are pure sensible loads. Sources of cooling load like people, ventilation,
and infiltration through micro cracks in the building doors and window are part
sensible and part latent. Equipment loads can be pure sensible or combination of
latent and sensible depending upon the type of equipment used.

Table 4. 2 Sensible and Latent load

No of Latent Sensible
Floor Area Total
people Load Load
Ground 5361.5 198.0 19.4 19.0 38.4
First 14959.8 492.0 48.3 58.2 106.5
Second 7105.6 72.0 7.1 22.8 29.9
Third 3161.1 29.0 2.8 6.6 9.4
Fourth 3161.1 29.0 2.8 6.6 9.4
Fifth 3161.1 29.0 2.8 6.6 9.4
Sixth 2563.3 45.0 4.4 12.3 16.8

28
The comparison between the sensible and latent loads for the different floors is given
in figure below. This show that high amount of latent loads is seen in the ground and
first floors. The reason for this is very dense occupancy. People give out sensible as
well as latent loads. In our design, the portion of latent load is high as we have
provided fresh air flow rate of 15 CFM per person which drastically affects the latent
load.
We see that ratio of sensible to latent heat in second and sixth floor is seen more. This
occurred because of the addition of the sensible heat to the rooms through roof.

Comparison of latent and sensible load

70.0
Latent
60.0 Sensible

50.0
Load (TR)

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0
Ground First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth
Floors
Figure 4. 2 Comparison of Latent and Sensible cooling loads at 4 pm

Since all rooms do not usually have the full occupancy of people and cooling is not
required at times where there are no occupants, we have to consider certain diversity
factor to account for this condition. Diversity factor of 85% is chosen for our building
and the load is found as 186.8 TR after applying this correction. We set this as our
required maximum cooling capacity during chiller selection.

29
4.3 Heating Load
Heating Load is the heat that must be added to compensate for the heat loss occurring
in the building in winter. The total heating load of our building is found to be 360.2
KW (102.4 TR) during January. This is found to be quite less than the cooling load.
The reason for this is that the building operates only during daytime during which the
temperature of surrounding is higher than the average temperature.
The comparison of the cooling load of different floors is shown in the figure below.
From this we see that the heating load of the first floor is very high as compared to the
other floors (46.42 TR, 163.25 KW). This is about 45% of the total heating load. Main
reason for this high load is large number of people which requires high amount of
ventilation. Thus ventilation load is the major load in the heating load of our building.
From our observation we see that heating load is comparatively lower than the
cooling load, about half.

Heating Load
180
160
140
120
Load (KW)

100
80
60
40
20
0
Ground First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth
Floor

Figure 4. 3 Heating load of different floor (in KW)

30
 Table 4. 3 Heating Load for different floor

Heating Load
Floor
TR KW
Ground 17.81 62.62
First 46.39 163.15
Second 15.41 54.21
Third 5.00 17.59
Fourth 5.00 17.59
Fifth 5.00 17.59
Sixth 7.81 27.45
Total 102.42 360.19

4.4 Equipment Selection

The equipment selection done up to now is given below.

Ceiling Cassette Selection

Model of Ceiling Cassette 1
Model
Make
Cooling Capacity
Heating Capacity
Number of Units
: FWPMM7A(Z)V1
: Daikin
: 6.62 KW
: 8.85 KW
: 14

Model of Ceiling Cassette 2

Model : FWMH8A6(Z)V1
Make : Daikin
Cooling Capacity : 7.8 KW
Heating Capacity : 13.081 KW
Number of Units : 4

Model of Ceiling Cassette 3

Model : FWMH10A6(Z)V1
Make : Daikin

31
Cooling Capacity
Heating Capacity
Number of Units
Model of Ceiling Cassette 4
Model
Make
Cooling Capacity
Heating Capacity
Number of Units
Model of Ceiling Cassette 5
Model
Make
Cooling Capacity
Heating Capacity
Number of Units
Model of Ceiling Cassette 6
Model
Make
Cooling Capacity
Heating Capacity
Number of Units
Model of Ceiling Cassette 7
Model
Make
Cooling Capacity
Heating Capacity
Number of Units
: 8.8 KW
: 14.78 KW
: 11
: FWMH12A6(Z)V1
: Daikin
: 10.7 KW
: 19.171 KW
: 3
: FWPMM14A(Z)V1
: Daikin
: 13.1 KW
: 16.09 KW
: 1
: FWPMM16A(Z)V1
: Daikin
: 15.18 KW
: 19.14 KW
: 6
: FWMH2AN6(Z)V1
: Daikin
: 2.2 KW
: 3.5 KW
: 4
32
FCU Selection
Model of FCU 1
Model : YGFC14CC4SEFX-LEH
Make : York
Cooling Capacity : 14.14 KW
Heating Capacity : 23.67 KW
Number of Units : 10

AHU Selection
Model of AHU 1
Model : YDM 20 X 30
Make : York
Cooling Capacity : 30 KW
Number of Units : 2

4.5 Cooling Load Profile

Cooling load Profiles were done for a day for month of June taking the average
temperature over a month. It was found that total cooling required in a day is 1655
Ton-hours. This is the amount of total heat energy that enters into the building during
the working hours that must be rejected to create a comfort environment. This total
amount of cooling required helps us to size our tank and chillers based on the storage
strategy.

33
 Cooling Load Profiles over a day
225.00
219.78 219.47
220.00 216.25
215.00 210.53
210.00
Load(TOR)

205.00 203.43
200.00 195.82 197.59
195.00 192.46
190.00
185.00
180.00
175.00
10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
Time

Figure 4. 4 Cooling Load Profiles Over a Day

34
 CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION

5.1 Work Accomplished

 Building Description Analysis
 Collection of data
 Calculation and analysis of Thermal Loads

5.2 Works Ongoing

 Literature Review
 Ducting and piping design and layout
 Equipment Selection

5.3 Work Remaining

 Equipment Selection
 Ducting and Piping
 Thermal Storage design
 BOQ preparation and cost benefit estimation

5.4 Progress Chart

The progress of our project is shown in the following progress chart. The project will
be completed before the final defense in August.

Literature Review
Building Analysis
Thermal load calculation
Equipment selection
Ducting and piping design
Thermal Storage System Deisgn
BOQ Preparation and cost…
Documentation

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Completed Remaining

Figure 5. 1 Progress Chart

35
 REFERENCES

 Arora, S., & Domkundwar, S. (1989). A Course in Refrigeration and Air

conditioning. Delhi: Dhanpat Rai & Sons.
 ASHRAE. (2010). Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2010.
 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals. (1997).
 Berglund, L.G. (1995). Comfort Criteria: Humidity and Standards. Proceedings
of Pan Pacific Symposium on Building and Urban Environmental Conditioning in
Asia vol. 2. pp. 369-382. University of Nagoya, Japan.
 Chaudhary, B. B., Shrestha, B., Gautam, D. & Kafle, G.(2018). A Case Study on
Improving and Upgrading Existing HVAC System of TU Teaching Hospital.
Pulchowk.
 Dorgan, C. E. & Elleson, J. S. (1993), Design Guides for Cool Thermal Storage.
 Fänger, P.O. (1967). Calculation of Thermal Comfort: Introduction of a Basic
Comfort Equation. ASHRAE Transactions 73(2):III.4.1.
 Hardy, J.D., H.G. Wolf, and H. Goodell. (1952). Pain Sensations and Reactions.
Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore.
 İbrahim Dinçer, M. A. (2002). Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and
Applications. London: John Wiley and Sons.
 Kang, Z. et. al. (2017), Research Status of Ice-storage Air-conditioning System.
 Nepal Electricity Authority. (2018) A year in review.
 Nepali Telecom (2018-08-18) Retrieved from
https://www.nepalitelecom.com/2018/09/nea-smart-meters-electricity-
kathmandu.html
 Paneru, N., Manandhar, N., & Manandhar, S. (2004). Design of Heating,
Ventilating and Air conditioning and Financial Analysis. Pulchowk.
 Pathak, B., Adhikari, B., Subedi, P. & Shrestha, S. (2011). Design of Heating,
Ventilation, and Air Conditioning system and study of various parameters on
cooling load of a hospital building in Dhulikhel. Pulchowk.
 Pita, E. (2002). Air Conditioning Principles and Systems. Ohio: Prentice Hall.
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Residential/Office Building.

36
 Rismanchi, B. et. al. (2011), Cost-benefit analysis of using cold thermal energy
storage systems in building applications.
 Silvetti, B. (2002), Application Fundamentals of Ice Thermal Storage. ASHRAE
Journal 2002.
 Thapa, P., Pokhrel, S., & Regmi, S. (2011). Design of HVAC and Fire Protection
System for Commercial Building. Pulchowk.
 The News (2006-08-18) Retrieved from
https://www.achrnews.com/articles/100644-the-benefits-of-ice-thermal-storage
 Wang, S. (2000). Handbook of Air conditioning and Refrigeration. McGraw-hill.

37
 APPENDIX A CLIMATE DATA
Extreme minimum temperature of Lalitpur

Year / Average Average

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
Month (0C) (0F)
Jan 0.0 2.2 1.4 1.0 -2.0 0.0 0.5 -0.2 0.4 32.7
Feb 3.0 4.5 3.4 2.8 2.5 3.0 1.3 2.9 2.9 37.3
Mar 9.0 4.6 7.5 6.5 6.0 2.8 8.5 6.4 43.5
Apr 12.0 9.4 12.0 9.0 8.5 9.4 10.2 9.0 9.9 49.9
May 14.0 10.2 14.0 12.4 13.0 11.5 10.0 12.3 12.2 53.9
Jun 18.0 18.0 13.5 17.4 16.0 17.6 16.6 16.2 16.7 62.0
Jul 20.0 19.5 19.5 18.2 19.0 19.6 19.0 19.2 19.3 66.7
Aug 2.0 17.9 18.5 19.0 16.4 18.9 19.0 19.5 16.4 61.5
Sep 18.0 17.5 16.8 15.0 15.5 17.0 17.0 16.6 16.7 62.0
Oct 9.0 11.0 10.4 10.2 11.4 7.6 10.4 10.0 10.0 50.0
Nov 7.0 6.9 5.6 7.0 5.0 4.6 6.2 3.6 5.7 42.3
Dec 1.0 2.8 4.4 0.0 1.7 0.5 1.3 1.5 1.7 35.0

(Department of Hydrology and Meterology,2019)

Extreme maximum temperature of Lalitpur

Year/ Average Average

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
month (0C) (0F)
Jan 21.0 20.0 22.5 20.4 22.0 21.5 22.0 24.0 21.7 71.0
Feb 23.0 26.2 27.6 23.9 29.2 28.0 27.4 27.5 26.6 79.9
Mar 29.0 28.5 29.5 28.6 31.5 31.0 33.0 32.2 30.4 86.7
Apr 30.0 30.7 34.2 29.3 33.5 33.4 31.7 31.5 31.8 89.2
May 31.0 31.6 33.5 33.0 33.4 34.0 31.4 33.7 32.7 90.9
Jun 32.0 32.0 31.5 35.0 32.3 32.0 35.2 34.4 33.1 91.5
Jul 33.0 31.5 30.5 34.6 31.5 30.6 31.3 30.6 31.7 89.1
Aug 30.0 32.4 32.1 31.2 31.2 31.2 32.1 32.6 31.6 88.9
Sep 30.0 30.2 31.2 31.8 31.5 32.3 31.4 31.4 31.2 88.2
Oct 28.0 30.6 31.5 29.6 30.5 30.0 31.2 30.5 30.2 86.4
Nov 25.0 26.5 25.6 25.2 24.2 25.7 27.0 28.0 25.9 78.6
Dec 20.0 23.4 22.6 22.3 22.5 22.0 21.6 22.7 22.1 71.8

(Department of Hydrology and Meterology,2019)

38
Relative humidity of Lalitpur

Year / 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Average
Month (%)
Jan 70.0 68.0 74.0 73.0 69.0 55.0 63.0 66.0 67.3
Feb 64.0 66.0 65.0 73.0 67.0 53.0 53.0 52.0 61.6
Mar 59.0 66.0 61.0 71.0 62.0 49.0 43.0 47.0 57.3
Apr 65.0 61.0 49.0 71.0 47.0 46.0 46.0 49.0 54.3
May 73.0 72.0 71.0 67.0 58.0 58.0 45.0 62.0 63.3
Jun 80.0 76.0 80.0 72.0 69.0 71.0 59.0 67.0 71.8
Jul 87.0 84.0 87.0 84.0 78.0 78.0 75.0 75.0 81.0
Aug 88.0 86.0 82.0 86.0 85.0 79.0 71.0 73.0 81.3
Sep 82.0 80.0 84.0 81.0 84.0 74.0 71.0 73.0 78.6
Oct 73.0 74.0 77.0 77.0 80.0 76.0 59.0 62.0 72.3
Nov 74.0 73.0 72.0 76.0 79.0 70.0 53.0 64.0 70.1
Dec 73.0 70.0 72.0 74.0 76.0 70.0 59.0 62.0 69.5

(timeanddate.com, 2019)

Daily Temperature Range of June

Daily Range for
Year June
2011 18.7
2012 20.0
2013 17.8
2014 19.1
2015 16.6
2016 14.0
2017 14.9
2018 14.8
Average 17.0

39
APPENDIX B OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COFFICIENT CALCULATION

U-value for cooling load calculation

For inner wall

Thickness of brick Xb, (inch) 4

Thermal conductivity of brick Kb, (Btu/hr ft F) 0.4

Thickness of plaster Xp (inch) 0.5

Thermal conductivity of plaster Kp (Btu/hr ft F) 0.43

Inside convective heat transfer coefficient hi vertical (Btu/hr ft2 F) 1.47

(R=0.68 heat flows in horizontal direction)

Outside convective heat transfer coefficient ho (Btu/hr ft2 F) 1.47

(R=0.68 heat flows in any direction)

1/U= 1/hi +1/ho +Xb/Kb + 2×Xp/Kp

= 2.3868

U= 0.419Btu/hr ft2 F

For roof (for top floor)

Thickness of concrete Xc, (inch) 6

Thermal conductivity of concrete Kc, (Btu/hr ft F) 0.54

Thickness of plaster Xp (inch) 0.5

Thermal conductivity of plaster Kp (Btu/hr ft F) 0.43

Inside convective heat transfer coefficient hi horizontal (Btu/hr ft2 F) 1.0869

(R=0.92 heat flows in downward direction)

Outside convective heat transfer coefficient ho (Btu/hr ft2 F) 4

(R=0.25 heat flows in any direction)

40
1/U= 1/hi +1/ho +Xc/Kc +Xp/Kp

= 2.193

U= 0.456Btu/hr ft2 F

For ceiling (for other floor)

Thickness of concrete Xc, (inch) 6

Thermal conductivity of concrete Kc, (Btu/hr ft F)

0.54

Thickness of plaster Xp (inch) 0.5

Thermal conductivity of plaster Kp (Btu/hr ft F)

0.43

Inside convective heat transfer coefficient hi horizontal (Btu/hr ft2 F)

1.0869 (R=0.92 heat flows in downward direction)

Outside convective heat transfer coefficient ho horizontal (Btu/hr ft2 F)

1.0869 (R=0.92 heat flows in downward direction)

1/U= 1/hi +1/ho +Xc/Kc + 2× Xp/Kp

= 2.959

U= 0.338 Btu/hr ft2 F

For floor (for all except in contact with soil and outside air)

Thickness of concrete Xc, (inch) 6

Thermal conductivity of concrete Kc, (Btu/hr ft F)

0.54

Thickness of plaster Xp (inch) 0.5

Thermal conductivity of plaster Kp (Btu/hr ft F)

0.43

Inside convective heat transfer coefficient hi horizontal (Btu/hr ft2 F)

1.639

41
(R=0.61 heat flows in upward direction)

Outside convective heat transfer coefficient ho horizontal (Btu/hr ft2 F)

1.639

(R=0.61 heat flows in upward direction)

1/U= 1/hi +1/ho +Xc/Kc + 2× Xp/Kp

= 2.339

U= 0.427 Btu/hr ft2 F

U value for glass (for outer wall with aluminium frame)

U = 1.01 Btu/hr

U value for door (for outer wall)

Thickness of wood Xd, (inch) 1

Thermal conductivity of wood Kd, (Btu/hr ft F)

0.065

Inside convective heat transfer coefficient hi vertical (Btu/hr ft2 F)

1.46

(R=0.68 heat flows in horizontal direction)

Outside convective heat transfer coefficient ho (Btu/hr ft2 F) 4

(R=0.25 heat flows in any direction)

1/U= 1/hi +1/ho +Xd / Kd

= 2.216

U = 0.451 Btu/hr

U value for door (for inner wall)

Thickness of wood Xd, (inch) 1

Thermal conductivity of wood Kd, (Btu/hr ft F)

0.065

42
Inside convective heat transfer coefficient hi vertical (Btu/hr ft2 F)
1.46

(R=0.68 heat flows in horizontal direction)

Outside convective heat transfer coefficient ho (Btu/hr ft2 F)

1.46

(R=0.68 heat flows in any direction)

1/U= 1/hi +1/ho +Xd / Kd

= 2.651

U = 0.377 Btu/hr

For heating load all the parametric values are same except the outside convective heat
transfer coefficient is 6 Btu/hr ft2℉. Hence using this value we calculated heat
transfer coefficient for heating.

43
 APPENDIX C COOLONG LOAD
Load Calculation(TR)
Floor Area No. of
Floor Room Equipments 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
(sq.ft) People
General Enquiry 327.9 4 2 Computers 1.56 1.76 1.97 2.11 2.15
1 Data Projector , 2
Conference hall 1349.7 105 15.85 15.85 15.86 15.87 15.89
Speakers
Control room 209.3 2 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58
1 Data Projector , 2
Seminar hall 1024.4 30 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.01 5.02
Speakers
Ground Office (Wood Workshop) 142.8 5 1 Desktop ,1 idle printer 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.28 1.24
2 Desktop ,
Account 157.5 6 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.28
2 continuous printer
Staff room 543.6 19 4.03 4.19 4.35 4.43 4.40
Cafeteria Dining Space 1357.4 20 5.15 5.38 5.59 5.70 5.66
Office( Metal Workshop) 249.0 7 2 Desktop ,2 idle printer 2.22 2.21 2.19 2.15 2.06
Total 5361.5 36.92 37.53 38.09 38.40 38.27

Training Hall 629.3 17 10 desktop 4.65 5.40 6.19 6.71 6.82

Office 133.3 5 1 desktop 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.16
Director's Room 277.9 5 1 desktop 1.67 1.90 2.12 2.26 2.26
Deputy Director's Room 217.6 6 1 desktop 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.24 1.21
Cafeteria Dining Space 1935.8 25 6.72 6.90 7.06 7.11 7.02
Leisure Room N 277.6 4 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27
Maker Space N 2883.5 25 4 laptops 7.96 7.93 7.88 7.81 7.61
Lecture Room1 409.9 25 4.08 4.08 4.08 4.08 4.08
Lecture Room 2 409.9 25 4.18 4.18 4.18 4.17 4.15
First
Lecture Room 3 489.4 38 6.06 6.05 6.03 6.02 5.97
Lecture Room 4 432.2 25 4.08 4.08 4.08 4.08 4.09
Lecture Room 5 432.2 25 4.13 4.13 4.14 4.14 4.13
Maker Space S 1102.1 13 3 laptops 4.60 4.65 4.62 4.49 4.23
Leisure Room S 304.0 4 1.31 1.35 1.35 1.30 1.22
1 Data Projector,
Auditorium Room 5025.1 250 1 interactive white 45.74 47.68 49.28 50.66 51.51
board, 5 speakers
Total 14959.8 98.85 102.01 104.69 106.49 106.74

Cafeteria Dining Space 1536.7 25 8.03 8.64 9.11 9.49 9.66

Maker Room N 2883.5 25 5 Laptops 7.11 7.13 7.13 7.13 7.05
Leisure Room N 277.6 4 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27
Second
Maker Room S 2106.9 15 3 Laptops 8.30 9.08 9.69 10.21 10.39
Leisure Room S 300.9 3 1.55 1.66 1.74 1.81 1.81
Total 7105.6 26.27 27.79 28.95 29.90 30.19

Leisure Room 277.6 4 1.37 1.55 1.74 1.83 1.82

Third Maker Space 2883.5 25 7.60 7.69 7.70 7.58 7.32
Total 3161.1 8.97 9.25 9.44 9.41 9.13

Leisure Room 277.6 4 1.37 1.55 1.74 1.83 1.82

Fourth Maker Space 2883.5 25 5 laptops 7.60 7.69 7.70 7.58 7.32
Total 3161.1 8.97 9.25 9.44 9.41 9.13

Leisure Room 277.6 4 1.37 1.55 1.74 1.83 1.82

Fifth Maker space 2883.5 25 5 laptops 7.60 7.69 7.70 7.58 7.32
Total 3161.1 8.97 9.25 9.44 9.41 9.13

Sixth Researcher's Library 2563.3 45 4 laptops, 8 Desktops 14.48 15.45 16.18 16.76 16.87

Grand Total 39473.6 203.43 210.53 216.25 219.78 219.47

44
 Cooling load at 4pm
Floor Area No. of Latent Sensible Total Cooling
Floor Room
(sq.ft) People Load Load Load
General Enquiry 327.9 4 0.39 1.72 2.11
Conference hall 1349.7 105 10.30 5.57 15.87
Control room 209.3 2 0.20 0.38 0.58
Seminar hall 1024.4 30 2.94 2.07 5.01
Office Wood 142.8 5 0.49 0.78 1.28
Ground
Account 157.5 6 0.59 0.68 1.27
Staff room 543.6 19 1.86 2.57 4.43
Cafeteria Dining Space 1357.4 20 1.96 3.74 5.70
Office Metal 249.0 7 0.69 1.46 2.15
Total 5361.5 198 19.43 18.97 38.40

Training Hall 629.3 17 1.67 5.04 6.71

Office 133.3 5 0.49 0.66 1.15
Director's Room 277.9 5 0.49 1.77 2.26
Deputy Director's Room 217.6 6 0.59 0.65 1.24
Cafeteria Dining Space 1935.8 25 2.45 4.65 7.11
Leisure Room N 277.6 4 0.39 0.87 1.27
Maker Space N 2883.5 25 2.45 5.36 7.81
Lecture Room1 409.9 25 2.45 1.62 4.08
First
Lecture Room 2 409.9 25 2.45 1.72 4.17
Lecture Room 3 489.4 38 3.73 2.29 6.02
Lecture Room 4 432.2 25 2.45 1.63 4.08
Lecture Room 5 432.2 25 2.45 1.69 4.14
Maker Space S 1102.1 13 1.28 3.21 4.49
Leisure Room S 304.0 4 0.39 0.91 1.30
Auditorium Room 5025.1 250 24.53 26.13 50.66
Total 14959.8 492 48.28 58.22 106.49

Cafeteria Dining Space 1536.7 25 2.45 7.03 9.49

Maker Sapce N 2883.5 25 2.45 4.67 7.13
Second Leisure Room N 277.6 4 0.39 0.87 1.27
Maker Space S 2106.9 15 1.47 8.74 10.21
Leisure Room S 300.9 3 0.29 1.51 1.81
Total 7105.6 72 7.06 22.83 29.90

Leisure Room 277.6 4 0.39 1.44 1.83

Third Maker Space 2883.5 25 2.45 5.13 7.58
Total 3161.1 29 2.85 6.57 9.41

Leisure Room 277.6 4 0.39 1.44 1.83

Fourth Maker Space 2883.5 25 2.45 5.13 7.58
Total 3161.1 29 2.85 6.57 9.41

Leisure Room 277.6 4 0.39 1.44 1.83

Maker space 2883.5 25 2.45 5.13 7.58
Fifth Total 3161.1 29 2.85 6.57 9.41

Sixth Researcher's Library 2563.3 45 4.42 12.34 16.76

Total 39473.6 87.72 132.06 219.78

45
 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

Floor Ground Design condition DBT(F) WBT(F) RH(%) w(gr/lb)

Room Account Indoor 75.0 62.6 50.0 65.1
Outdoor 92.0 83.7 72.0 165.3

CLTDc RSHG Qs=U*A*CLTDc (Btu/hr),Qs=U*A*dT

Direction U Net area A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm dT 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 0.36 16.15 16.65 17.15 18.15 18.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ESE 0.36 18.43 19.93 21.43 22.93 23.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Wall SSW 0.36 8.35 8.85 10.35 11.35 13.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WNW 0.36 15.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 0.36 351.33 12.65 12.65 12.65 13.65 14.65 1591.07 1591.07 1591.07 1716.84 1842.62
NNE 1.01 13.50 14.50 15.50 15.50 14.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ESE 1.01 13.50 14.50 15.50 15.50 14.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass
SSW 1.01 13.50 14.50 15.50 15.50 14.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(Conduction)
WNW 1.01 13.50 14.50 15.50 15.50 14.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 1.01 13.50 14.50 15.50 15.50 14.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Roof 0.46 35.93 45.93 53.93 60.93 64.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Qs=U*A*dT
Floor

brick 0.42 171.72 12.00 863.41 863.41 863.41 863.41 863.41

Partition
glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Door
wood 0.38 28.92 12.00 131.86 131.86 131.86 131.86 131.86
CLF RSHG Qs=A*SC*SHGF*CLF
Direction SHGF A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm SC 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 125.30 0.00 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.23 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Solar glass ESE 183.25 0.00 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.15 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SSW 66.05 0.00 0.78 0.84 0.80 0.66 0.46 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WNW 211.45 0.00 0.22 0.43 0.65 0.8 0.84 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 51.60 0.00 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.75 0.78 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BF CLF Installed Wattage Qs=3.4*W*BF*CLF
Light
1.00 1.00 158.00 537.20 537.20 537.20 537.20 537.20
q n CLF Qs=q*n*LCF , Ql=q*n
People Qs 245.00 6 1.00 1470.00 1470.00 1470.00 1470.00 1470.00
Ql 155.00 6 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00
Equipment 1804.54 1804.54 1804.54 1804.54 1804.54 1804.54
factor n CLF dT dw CFM Qs=f*n*CLF*CFM*dT,Ql=f*n*CLF*CFM*dw
Ventilation Qs 1.10 6 1.00 17.00 15.00 1683.00 1683.00 1683.00 1683.00 1683.00
Ql 0.68 6 100.24 15.00 6134.69 6134.69 6134.69 6134.69 6134.69

Total 15145.8 15145.8 15145.8 15271.5 15397.3

TOR 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.28
Latent 7064.7 7064.7 7064.7 7064.7 7064.7
Sensible 8081.1 8081.1 8081.1 8206.9 8332.6

46
 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

Floor Ground Design condition DBT(F) WBT(F) RH(%) w(gr/lb)

Room General Enquiry Indoor 75.0 62.6 50.0 65.1
Outdoor 92.0 83.7 72.0 165.3

CLTDc RSHG Qs=U*A*CLTDc (Btu/hr),Qs=U*A*dT

Direction U Net area A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm dT 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 0.36 16.15 16.65 17.15 18.15 18.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ESE 0.36 18.43 19.93 21.43 22.93 23.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Wall SSW 0.36 8.35 8.85 10.35 11.35 13.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WNW 0.36 108.72 15.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.50 603.29 583.83 603.29 622.75 681.13
Shaded 0.36 289.22 12.65 12.65 12.65 13.65 14.65 1309.79 1309.79 1309.79 1413.33 1516.87
NNE 1.01 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ESE 1.01 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass
SSW 1.01 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(Conduction)
WNW 1.01 116.04 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 1565.14 1682.34 1799.53 1799.53 1682.34
Shaded 1.01 26.59 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 358.66 385.52 412.37 412.37 385.52
Roof 0.46 35.93 45.93 53.93 60.93 64.93
Qs=U*A*dT
Floor

brick 0.42 678.00 12.00 3408.98 3408.98 3408.98 3408.98 3408.98

Partition
glass 1.01 54.89 12.00 665.27 665.27 665.27 665.27 665.27
Glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Door
wood 0.38 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CLF RSHG Qs=A*SC*SHGF*CLF
Direction SHGF A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm SC 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 125.30 0.00 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.23 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Solar glass ESE 183.25 0.00 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.15 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SSW 66.05 0.00 0.78 0.84 0.80 0.66 0.46 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WNW 211.45 116.04 0.22 0.43 0.65 0.80 0.84 0.44 2375.05 4642.14 7017.18 8636.53 9068.36
Shaded 51.60 26.59 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.75 0.78 0.44 537.29 519.18 495.03 452.77 470.89
BF CLF Installed Wattage Qs=3.4*W*BF*CLF
Light
1.00 1.00 328.00 1115.20 1115.20 1115.20 1115.20 1115.20
q n CLF Qs=q*n*LCF , Ql=q*n
People Qs 245.00 4.00 1.00 980.00 980.00 980.00 980.00 980.00
Ql 155.00 4.00 620.00 620.00 620.00 620.00 620.00
Equipment 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
factor n CLF dT dw CFM Qs=f*n*CLF*CFM*dT,Ql=f*n*CLF*CFM*dw
Ventilation Qs 1.10 4.00 1.00 17.00 15.00 1122.00 1122.00 1122.00 1122.00 1122.00
Ql 0.68 4.00 100.24 15.00 4089.79 4089.79 4089.79 4089.79 4089.79

Total 18750.5 21124.0 23638.4 25338.5 25806.3

TOR 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2
Latent 4709.8 4709.8 4709.8 4709.8 4709.8
Sensible 14040.7 16414.2 18928.7 20628.7 21096.6

47
 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

Floor First Design condition DBT(F) WBT(F) RH(%) w(gr/lb)

Room Cafeteria Dining Space Indoor 75.0 62.6 50.0 65.1
Outdoor 92.0 83.7 72.0 165.3

CLTDc RSHG Qs=U*A*CLTDc (Btu/hr),Qs=U*A*dT

Direction U Net area A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm dT 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 0.36 400.349 16.15 16.65 17.15 18.15 18.65 2314.70 2386.36 2458.02 2601.35 2673.01
ESE 0.36 202.3615 18.43 19.93 21.43 22.93 23.93 1334.81 1443.47 1552.14 1660.81 1733.26
Wall SSW 0.36 8.35 8.85 10.35 11.35 13.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WNW 0.36 125.73 15.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.50 697.67 675.17 697.67 720.18 787.69
Shaded 0.36 697.62 12.65 12.65 12.65 13.65 14.65 3159.29 3159.29 3159.29 3409.04 3658.78
NNE 1.01 442.6805 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 5971.12 6418.23 6865.33 6865.33 6418.23
ESE 1.01 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass
SSW 1.01 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(Conduction)
WNW 1.01 89.54885 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 1207.88 1298.33 1388.77 1388.77 1298.33
Shaded 1.01 145.414 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 1961.42 2108.29 2255.16 2255.16 2108.29
Roof 0.46 35.93 45.93 53.93 60.93 64.93
Qs=U*A*dT
Floor

brick 0.42 247.5699 12.00 1244.78 1244.78 1244.78 1244.78 1244.78

Partition
glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Door
wood 0.38 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CLF RSHG Qs=A*SC*SHGF*CLF
Direction SHGF A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm SC 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 125.30 442.68 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.23 0.44 8786.11 8542.05 7809.88 6833.64 5613.35
Solar glass ESE 183.25 0.00 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.15 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SSW 66.05 0.00 0.78 0.84 0.80 0.66 0.46 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WNW 211.45 89.55 0.22 0.43 0.65 0.80 0.84 0.44 1832.92 3582.52 5415.44 6665.16 6998.41
Shaded 51.60 145.41 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.75 0.78 0.44 2938.32 2839.27 2707.21 2476.11 2575.15
BF CLF Installed Wattage Qs=3.4*W*BF*CLF
Light
1.00 1.00 1936.00 6582.40 6582.40 6582.40 6582.40 6582.40
q n CLF Qs=q*n*LCF , Ql=q*n
People Qs 245.00 25.00 1.00 6125.00 6125.00 6125.00 6125.00 6125.00
Ql 155.00 25.00 3875.00 3875.00 3875.00 3875.00 3875.00
Equipment 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
factor n CLF dT dw CFM Qs=f*n*CLF*CFM*dT,Ql=f*n*CLF*CFM*dw
Ventilation Qs 1.10 25.00 1.00 17.00 15.00 7012.50 7012.50 7012.50 7012.50 7012.50
Ql 0.68 25.00 100.24 15.00 25561.20 25561.20 25561.20 25561.20 25561.20

Total 80605.1 82853.9 84709.8 85276.4 84265.4

TOR 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.0
Latent 29436.2 29436.2 29436.2 29436.2 29436.2
Sensible 51168.9 53417.7 55273.6 55840.2 54829.2

48
 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

Floor First Design condition DBT(F) WBT(F) RH(%) w(gr/lb)

Room Lecture Room 1 Indoor 75.0 62.6 50.0 65.1
Outdoor 92.0 83.7 72.0 165.3

CLTDc RSHG Qs=U*A*CLTDc (Btu/hr),Qs=U*A*dT

Direction U Net area A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm dT 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 0.36 0.00 16.15 16.65 17.15 18.15 18.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ESE 0.36 18.43 19.93 21.43 22.93 23.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Wall SSW 0.36 0.00 8.35 8.85 10.35 11.35 13.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WNW 0.36 15.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 0.36 265.65 12.65 12.65 12.65 13.65 14.65 1203.06 1203.06 1203.06 1298.17 1393.27
NNE 1.01 0.00 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ESE 1.01 0.00 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass
SSW 1.01 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(Conduction)
WNW 1.01 0.00 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 1.01 76.64 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 1033.75 1111.15 1188.56 1188.56 1111.15
Roof 0.46 35.93 45.93 53.93 60.93 64.93
Qs=U*A*dT
Floor

brick 0.42 174.15 12.00 875.62 875.62 875.62 875.62 875.62

Partition
glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Door
wood 0.45 53.18 12.00 287.20 287.20 287.20 287.20 287.20
CLF RSHG Qs=A*SC*SHGF*CLF
Direction SHGF A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm SC 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 125.30 0.00 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.23 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Solar glass ESE 183.25 0.00 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.15 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SSW 66.05 0.00 0.78 0.84 0.80 0.66 0.46 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WNW 211.45 0.00 0.22 0.43 0.65 0.80 0.84 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 51.60 76.64 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.75 0.78 0.44 1548.61 1496.41 1426.81 1305.01 1357.21
BF CLF Installed Wattage Qs=3.4*W*BF*CLF
Light
1.00 1.00 410.00 1394.00 1394.00 1394.00 1394.00 1394.00
q n CLF Qs=q*n*LCF , Ql=q*n
People Qs 245.00 25.00 1.00 6125.00 6125.00 6125.00 6125.00 6125.00
Ql 155.00 25.00 3875.00 3875.00 3875.00 3875.00 3875.00
Equipment 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
factor n CLF dT dw CFM Qs=f*n*CLF*CFM*dT,Ql=f*n*CLF*CFM*dw
Ventilation Qs 1.10 25.00 1.00 17.00 15.00 7012.50 7012.50 7012.50 7012.50 7012.50
Ql 0.68 25.00 100.24 15.00 25561.20 25561.20 25561.20 25561.20 25561.20

Total 48915.9 48941.1 48949.0 48922.3 48992.2

TOR 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1
Latent 29436.2 29436.2 29436.2 29436.2 29436.2
Sensible 19479.7 19504.9 19512.8 19486.1 19556.0

49
 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

Floor First Design condition DBT(F) WBT(F) RH(%) w(gr/lb)

Room Maker Space S Indoor 75.0 62.6 50.0 65.1
Outdoor 92.0 83.7 72.0 165.3

CLTDc RSHG Qs=U*A*CLTDc (Btu/hr),Qs=U*A*dT

Direction U Net area A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm dT 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 0.36 0 16.15 16.65 17.15 18.15 18.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ESE 0.36 160.3823 18.43 19.93 21.43 22.93 23.93 1057.91 1144.03 1230.16 1316.28 1373.70
Wall SSW 0.36 141.0072 8.35 8.85 10.35 11.35 13.35 421.51 446.75 522.47 572.95 673.92
WNW 0.36 15.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 0.36 341.35 12.65 12.65 12.65 13.65 14.65 1545.85 1545.85 1545.85 1668.05 1790.25
NNE 1.01 0 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ESE 1.01 300.3131 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 4050.79 4354.10 4657.42 4657.42 4354.10
Glass
SSW 1.01 300.3131 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 4050.79 4354.10 4657.42 4657.42 4354.10
(Conduction)
WNW 1.01 0 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 1.01 99.9752 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 1348.52 1449.50 1550.47 1550.47 1449.50
Roof 0.46 35.93 45.93 53.93 60.93 64.93
Qs=U*A*dT
Floor

brick 0.42 198.8955 12.00 1000.05 1000.05 1000.05 1000.05 1000.05

Partition
glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Door
wood 0.38 24.9938 12.00 113.97 113.97 113.97 113.97 113.97
CLF RSHG Qs=A*SC*SHGF*CLF
Direction SHGF A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm SC 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 125.30 0.00 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.23 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Solar glass ESE 183.25 300.31 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.15 0.44 6537.85 5811.42 5084.99 4600.71 3632.14
SSW 66.05 300.31 0.78 0.84 0.80 0.66 0.46 0.44 6807.61 7331.27 6982.16 5760.28 4014.74
WNW 211.45 0.00 0.22 0.43 0.65 0.80 0.84 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 51.60 99.98 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.75 0.78 0.44 2020.15 1952.06 1861.27 1702.38 1770.47
BF CLF Installed Wattage Qs=3.4*W*BF*CLF
Light
1.00 1.00 1102.00 3746.80 3746.80 3746.80 3746.80 3746.80
q n CLF Qs=q*n*LCF , Ql=q*n
People Qs 245.00 13.00 1.00 3185.00 3185.00 3185.00 3185.00 3185.00
Ql 155.00 13.00 2015.00 2015.00 2015.00 2015.00 2015.00
Equipment 358.27 358.27 358.27 358.27 358.27 358.27
factor n CLF dT dw CFM Qs=f*n*CLF*CFM*dT,Ql=f*n*CLF*CFM*dw
Ventilation Qs 1.10 13.00 1.00 17.00 15.00 3646.50 3646.50 3646.50 3646.50 3646.50
Ql 0.68 13.00 100.24 15.00 13291.82 13291.82 13291.82 13291.82 13291.82

Total 55198.4 55746.5 55449.6 53843.4 50770.3

TOR 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.2
Latent 15306.8 15306.8 15306.8 15306.8 15306.8
Sensible 39891.6 40439.7 40142.8 38536.6 35463.5

50
 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

Floor First Design condition DBT(F) WBT(F) RH(%) w(gr/lb)

Room Audiotorium Hall Indoor 75.0 62.6 50.0 65.1
Outdoor 92.0 83.7 72.0 165.3

CLTDc RSHG Qs=U*A*CLTDc (Btu/hr),Qs=U*A*dT

Direction U Net area A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm dT 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 0.36 0.00 16.15 16.65 17.15 18.15 18.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ESE 0.36 18.43 19.93 21.43 22.93 23.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Wall SSW 0.36 1214.17 8.35 8.85 10.35 11.35 13.35 3629.52 3846.85 4498.86 4933.53 5802.88
WNW 0.36 15.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 0.36 12.65 12.65 12.65 13.65 14.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
NNE 1.01 0.00 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ESE 1.01 0.00 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass
SSW 1.01 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(Conduction)
WNW 1.01 0.00 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 1.01 0.00 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Roof 0.46 5026.00 35.93 45.93 53.93 60.93 64.93 83057.16 106176.76 124672.44 140856.16 150104.00
Qs=U*A*dT
Floor

brick 0.42 3113.49 12.00 15654.62 15654.62 15654.62 15654.62 15654.62

Partition
glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Door
wood 0.38 344.74 12.00 1572.01 1572.01 1572.01 1572.01 1572.01
CLF RSHG Qs=A*SC*SHGF*CLF
Direction SHGF A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm SC 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 125.30 0.00 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.23 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Solar glass ESE 183.25 0.00 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.15 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SSW 66.05 0.00 0.78 0.84 0.80 0.66 0.46 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WNW 211.45 0.00 0.22 0.43 0.65 0.80 0.84 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 51.60 0.00 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.75 0.78 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BF CLF Installed Wattage Qs=3.4*W*BF*CLF
Light
1.00 1.00 5026.00 17088.40 17088.40 17088.40 17088.40 17088.40
q n CLF Qs=q*n*LCF , Ql=q*n
People Qs 245.00 250.00 1.00 61250.00 61250.00 61250.00 61250.00 61250.00
Ql 155.00 250.00 38750.00 38750.00 38750.00 38750.00 38750.00
Equipment 2132.46 2132.46 2132.46 2132.46 2132.46 2132.46
factor n CLF dT dw CFM Qs=f*n*CLF*CFM*dT,Ql=f*n*CLF*CFM*dw
Ventilation Qs 1.10 250.00 1.00 17.00 15.00 70125.00 70125.00 70125.00 70125.00 70125.00
Ql 0.68 250.00 100.24 15.00 255612.00 255612.00 255612.00 255612.00 255612.00

Total 548871.2 572208.1 591355.8 607974.2 618091.4

TOR 45.7 47.7 49.3 50.7 51.5
Latent 294362.0 294362.0 294362.0 294362.0 294362.0
Sensible 254509.2 277846.1 296993.8 313612.2 323729.4

51
 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

Floor Second Design condition DBT(F) WBT(F) RH(%) w(gr/lb)

Room Maker Room N Indoor 75.0 62.6 50.0 65.1
Outdoor 92.0 83.7 72.0 165.3

CLTDc RSHG Qs=U*A*CLTDc (Btu/hr),Qs=U*A*dT

Direction U Net area A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm dT 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 0.36 246.41 16.15 16.65 17.15 18.15 18.65 1424.67 1468.78 1512.88 1601.10 1645.21
ESE 0.36 676.10 18.43 19.93 21.43 22.93 23.93 4459.66 4822.72 5185.79 5548.85 5790.90
Wall SSW 0.36 8.35 8.85 10.35 11.35 13.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WNW 0.36 15.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 0.36 1475.75 12.65 12.65 12.65 13.65 14.65 6683.23 6683.23 6683.23 7211.55 7739.87
NNE 1.01 184.15 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 2483.92 2669.91 2855.90 2855.90 2669.91
ESE 1.01 236.68 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 3192.47 3431.52 3670.56 3670.56 3431.52
Glass
SSW 1.01 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(Conduction)
WNW 1.01 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 1.01 123.20 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 1661.79 1786.22 1910.65 1910.65 1786.22
Roof 0.46 35.93 45.93 53.93 60.93 64.93
Qs=U*A*dT
Floor

brick 0.42 215.33 12.00 1082.68 1082.68 1082.68 1082.68 1082.68

Partition
glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Door
wood 0.38 23.62 12.00 107.71 107.71 107.71 107.71 107.71
CLF RSHG Qs=A*SC*SHGF*CLF
Direction SHGF A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm SC 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 125.30 184.15 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.23 0.44 3654.92 3553.40 3248.82 2842.72 2335.09
Solar glass ESE 183.25 236.68 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.15 0.44 5152.55 4580.04 4007.54 3625.87 2862.53
SSW 66.05 0.00 0.78 0.84 0.80 0.66 0.46 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WNW 211.45 0.00 0.22 0.43 0.65 0.80 0.84 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 51.60 123.20 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.75 0.78 0.44 2489.45 2405.53 2293.65 2097.85 2181.76
BF CLF Installed Wattage Qs=3.4*W*BF*CLF
Light
1.00 1.00 2884.00 9805.60 9805.60 9805.60 9805.60 9805.60
q n CLF Qs=q*n*LCF , Ql=q*n
People Qs 245.00 25.00 1.00 6125.00 6125.00 6125.00 6125.00 6125.00
Ql 155.00 25.00 3875.00 3875.00 3875.00 3875.00 3875.00
Equipment 597.00 597.00 597.00 597.00 597.00 597.00
factor n CLF dT dw CFM Qs=f*n*CLF*CFM*dT,Ql=f*n*CLF*CFM*dw
Ventilation Qs 1.10 25.00 1.00 17.00 15.00 7012.50 7012.50 7012.50 7012.50 7012.50
Ql 0.68 25.00 100.24 15.00 25561.20 25561.20 25561.20 25561.20 25561.20

Total 85369.3 85568.0 85535.7 85531.7 84609.7

TOR 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
Latent 29436.2 29436.2 29436.2 29436.2 29436.2
Sensible 55933.1 56131.8 56099.5 56095.5 55173.5

52
 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

Floor Third Design condition DBT(F) WBT(F) RH(%) w(gr/lb)

Room Maker Space Indoor 75.0 62.6 50.0 65.1
Outdoor 92.0 83.7 72.0 165.3

CLTDc RSHG Qs=U*A*CLTDc (Btu/hr),Qs=U*A*dT

Direction U Net area A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm dT 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 0.36 246.41 16.15 16.65 17.15 18.15 18.65 1424.65 1468.76 1512.87 1601.08 1645.19
ESE 0.36 676.10 18.43 19.93 21.43 22.93 23.93 4459.67 4822.74 5185.81 5548.87 5790.92
Wall SSW 0.36 346.50 8.35 8.85 10.35 11.35 13.35 1035.78 1097.80 1283.87 1407.92 1656.01
WNW 0.36 15.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 0.36 337.28 12.65 12.65 12.65 13.65 14.65 1527.44 1527.44 1527.44 1648.19 1768.94
NNE 1.01 184.15 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 2483.90 2669.89 2855.88 2855.88 2669.89
ESE 1.01 236.68 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 3192.43 3431.47 3670.52 3670.52 3431.47
Glass
SSW 1.01 313.98 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 4235.07 4552.19 4869.30 4869.30 4552.19
(Conduction)
WNW 1.01 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 1.01 44.23 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 596.63 641.30 685.98 685.98 641.30
Roof 0.46 35.93 45.93 53.93 60.93 64.93
Qs=U*A*dT
Floor

brick 0.42 473.66 12.00 2381.59 2381.59 2381.59 2381.59 2381.59

Partition
glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Door
wood 0.38 23.63 12.00 107.74 107.74 107.74 107.74 107.74
CLF RSHG Qs=A*SC*SHGF*CLF
Direction SHGF A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm SC 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 125.30 184.15 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.23 0.44 3654.90 3553.38 3248.80 2842.70 2335.08
Solar glass ESE 183.25 236.68 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.15 0.44 5152.48 4579.98 4007.48 3625.82 2862.49
SSW 66.05 313.98 0.78 0.84 0.80 0.66 0.46 0.44 7117.31 7664.80 7299.80 6022.34 4197.39
WNW 211.45 0.00 0.22 0.43 0.65 0.80 0.84 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 51.60 44.23 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.75 0.78 0.44 893.78 863.65 823.48 753.18 783.31
BF CLF Installed Wattage Qs=3.4*W*BF*CLF
Light
1.00 1.00 2884.00 9805.60 9805.60 9805.60 9805.60 9805.60
q n CLF Qs=q*n*LCF , Ql=q*n
People Qs 245.00 25.00 1.00 6125.00 6125.00 6125.00 6125.00 6125.00
Ql 155.00 25.00 3875.00 3875.00 3875.00 3875.00 3875.00
Equipment 597.00 597.00 597.00 597.00 597.00 597.00
factor n CLF dT dw CFM Qs=f*n*CLF*CFM*dT,Ql=f*n*CLF*CFM*dw
Ventilation Qs 1.10 25.00 1.00 17.00 15.00 7012.50 7012.50 7012.50 7012.50 7012.50
Ql 0.68 25.00 100.24 15.00 25561.20 25561.20 25561.20 25561.20 25561.20

Total 91239.7 92339.0 92436.9 90997.4 87799.8

TOR 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.3
Latent 29436.2 29436.2 29436.2 29436.2 29436.2
Sensible 61803.5 62902.8 63000.7 61561.2 58363.6

53
 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

Floor Sixth Design condition DBT(F) WBT(F) RH(%) w(gr/lb)

Room Researchers Library Indoor 75.0 62.6 50.0 65.1
Outdoor 92.0 83.7 72.0 165.3

CLTDc RSHG Qs=U*A*CLTDc (Btu/hr),Qs=U*A*dT

Direction U Net area A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm dT 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 0.36 226.57 16.15 16.65 17.15 18.15 18.65 1309.94 1350.50 1391.06 1472.17 1512.72
ESE 0.36 321.00 18.43 19.93 21.43 22.93 23.93 2117.39 2289.77 2462.14 2634.52 2749.44
Wall SSW 0.36 353.84 8.35 8.85 10.35 11.35 13.35 1057.73 1121.06 1311.07 1437.75 1691.10
WNW 0.36 15.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 0.36 382.08 12.65 12.65 12.65 13.65 14.65 1730.31 1730.31 1730.31 1867.09 2003.87
NNE 1.01 214.75 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 2896.69 3113.59 3330.49 3330.49 3113.59
ESE 1.01 593.50 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 8005.43 8604.86 9204.30 9204.30 8604.86
Glass
SSW 1.01 88.49 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 1193.56 1282.94 1372.31 1372.31 1282.94
(Conduction)
WNW 1.01 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 1.01 44.18 13.36 14.36 15.36 15.36 14.36 595.86 640.47 685.09 685.09 640.47
Roof 0.46 2563.32 35.93 45.93 53.93 60.93 64.93 42360.14 54151.42 63584.43 71838.32 76554.83
Qs=U*A*dT
Floor

brick 0.42 935.78 12.00 4705.12 4705.12 4705.12 4705.12 4705.12

Partition
glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass 1.01 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Door
wood 0.38 22.20 12.00 101.25 101.25 101.25 101.25 101.25
CLF RSHG Qs=A*SC*SHGF*CLF
Direction SHGF A 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm SC 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm
NNE 125.30 214.75 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.23 0.44 4262.29 4143.90 3788.71 3315.12 2723.13
Solar glass ESE 183.25 593.50 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.15 0.44 12920.52 11484.90 10049.29 9092.22 7178.07
SSW 66.05 88.49 0.78 0.84 0.80 0.66 0.46 0.44 2005.86 2160.16 2057.29 1697.27 1182.94
WNW 211.45 0.00 0.22 0.43 0.65 0.80 0.84 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Shaded 51.60 44.18 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.75 0.78 0.44 892.62 862.54 822.42 752.21 782.30
BF CLF Installed Wattage Qs=3.4*W*BF*CLF
Light
1.00 1.00 2563.00 8714.20 8714.20 8714.20 8714.20 8714.20
q n CLF Qs=q*n*LCF , Ql=q*n
People Qs 245.00 45.00 1.00 11025.00 11025.00 11025.00 11025.00 11025.00
Ql 155.00 45.00 6975.00 6975.00 6975.00 6975.00 6975.00
Equipment 2268.95 2268.95 2268.95 2268.95 2268.95 2268.95
factor n CLF dT dw CFM Qs=f*n*CLF*CFM*dT,Ql=f*n*CLF*CFM*dw
Ventilation Qs 1.10 45.00 1.00 17.00 15.00 12622.50 12622.50 12622.50 12622.50 12622.50
Ql 0.68 45.00 100.24 15.00 46010.16 46010.16 46010.16 46010.16 46010.16

Total 173770.5 185358.6 194211.1 201121.0 202442.5

TOR 14.5 15.4 16.2 16.8 16.9
Latent 52985.2 52985.2 52985.2 52985.2 52985.2
Sensible 120785.4 132373.4 141225.9 148135.9 149457.3

54
 APPENDIX D HEATING LOAD
Floor Area No. of Heating Load Heating Load
Floor Room
(sq.ft) People (TR) (KW)
General Enquiry 327.9 4 1.21 4.26
Conference hall 1349.7 105 6.33 22.27
Control room 209.3 2 0.35 1.23
Seminar hall 1024.4 30 2.18 7.68
Office (Wood Workshop) 142.8 5 0.50 1.75
Ground
Account 157.5 6 0.72 2.53
Staff room 543.6 19 2.12 7.46
Cafeteria Dining Space 1357.4 20 3.12 10.98
Office( Metal Workshop) 249.0 7 1.26 4.45
Total 5361.5 17.81 62.62

Training Hall 629.3 17 2.36 8.30

Office 133.3 5 0.66 2.33
Director's Room 277.9 5 0.96 3.38
Deputy Director's Room 217.6 6 0.57 2.01
Cafeteria Dining Space 1935.8 25 3.73 13.13
Leisure Room(north) 277.6 4 0.80 2.82
Maker Space (north) 2883.5 25 4.58 16.10
Lecture Room1 409.9 25 1.75 6.14
First
Lecture Room 2 409.9 25 1.77 6.22
Lecture Room 3 489.4 38 2.44 8.58
Lecture Room 4 432.2 25 1.75 6.16
Lecture Room 5 432.2 25 1.74 6.13
Maker Space South 1102.1 13 2.58 9.08
Leisure Room (south) 304.0 4 0.74 2.61
Auditorium 5025.1 250 19.95 70.17
Total 14959.8 46.39 163.15

Cafeteria Dining Space 1536.7 25 4.54 15.96

Maker Room North 2883.5 25 4.16 14.61
Leisure Room(north) 277.6 4 0.80 2.82
Second
Maker Room South 2106.9 15 4.98 17.51
Leisure Room (south) 300.9 3 0.94 3.31
Total 7105.6 15.41 54.21

Leisure Room 277.6 4 0.85 2.97

Third Maker Space 2883.5 25 4.15 14.61
Total 3161.1 5.00 17.59

Leisure Room 277.6 4 0.85 2.97

Fourth Maker Space 2883.5 25 4.15 14.61
Total 3161.1 5.00 17.59

Leisure Room 277.6 4 0.85 2.97

Fifth Maker space 2883.5 25 4.15 14.61
Total 3161.1 5.00 17.59
0.00
Sixth Researcher's Library 2563.3 45 7.81 27.45

Grand Total 39473.6 102.42 360.19

55
 Heating Load Calculation

Floor Ground Condition DBT(F) WBT(F) RH(%) w(gr/lb)

Indoor 73.00 60.89 50.00 60.64
Room Account
Outdoor 50.00 44.86 67.25 35.92

Q= U*A*dT
Conduction U Net Area(ft) dT (F) (BTU/hr)
Outer walls 0.37 351.33 23.00 2973.66
Glass 1.01 0.00
Brick 0.42 171.72 11.50 823.48
Partition
Glass 1.01 0.00
Roof 0.47 0.00
Door 0.38 28.92 23.00 252.76
Coefficient, Fp Exposed
Floor (Btu/h ft) perimeter, P(ft) dT (F) Q=Fp*P*dT
0.68 50.36 23.00 787.63
Qs=f*n*cfm*dT
Ventilation factor n cfm dT dw Ql=f*n*cfm*dw
Qs 1.10 6.00 15.00 23.00 2277.00
Ql 0.68 6.00 15.00 24.72 1513.05
Total Heating load 8627.58
TR 0.72

Heating Load Calculation

Floor First Condition DBT(F) WBT(F) RH(%) w(gr/lb)

Indoor 73.00 60.89 50.00 60.64
Room Lecture Room 5
Outdoor 50.00 44.86 67.25 35.92

Q= U*A*dT
Conduction U Net Area(sq.ft) dT (F) (BTU/hr)
Outer walls 0.37 290.06 23.00 2455.07
Glass 1.01 69.03 23.00 1603.57

Brick 0.42 174.15 11.50 835.14

Partition
Glass 1.01 11.50 0.00
Roof 0.47 0.00

Door 0.38 53.18 11.50 232.40

Qs=f*n*cfm*dT,
Ventilation factor n cfm dT dw Ql=f*n*cfm*dw
Qs 1.10 25.00 15.00 23.00 9487.50
Ql 0.68 25.00 15.00 24.72 6304.37
Total Heating load 20918.03

TR 1.74

56
 Heating Load Calculation

Floor First Condition DBT(F) WBT(F) RH(%) w(gr/lb)

Indoor 73.00 60.89 50.00 60.64
Room Maker Room North
Outdoor 50.00 44.86 67.25 35.92

Q= U*A*dT
Conduction U Net Area(sq.ft) dT (F) (BTU/hr)
Outer walls 0.37 2398.26 23.00 20298.87
Glass 1.01 544.03 23.00 12637.82

Brick 0.42 215.33 11.50 1032.62

Partition
Glass 1.01 11.50 0.00
Roof 0.47 11.50 0.00
Door 0.38 23.62 11.50 103.22
Qs=f*n*cfm*dT,
Ventilation factor n cfm dT dw Ql=f*n*cfm*dw
Qs 1.10 25.00 15.00 23.00 9487.50
Ql 0.68 25.00 15.00 24.72 6304.37
Total Heating load 49864.39

TR 4.16

Heating Load Calculation

Floor First Condition DBT(F) WBT(F) RH(%) w(gr/lb)

Indoor 73.00 60.89 50.00 60.64
Room Researcher's Library
Outdoor 50.00 44.86 67.25 35.92

Q= U*A*dT
Conduction U Net Area(sq.ft) dT (F) (BTU/hr)
Outer walls 0.37 1283.48 23.00 10863.37
Glass 1.01 940.91 23.00 21857.34

Brick 0.42 935.78 11.50 4487.53

Partition
Glass 1.01 11.50 0.00
Roof 0.47 2563.32 23.00 27945.31
Door 0.38 22.22 11.50 97.10
Qs=f*n*cfm*dT,
Ventilation factor n cfm dT dw Ql=f*n*cfm*dw
Qs 1.10 45.00 15.00 23.00 17077.50
Ql 0.68 45.00 15.00 24.72 11347.86
Total Heating load 93676.02

TR 7.81

57
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