i

IMAGE CLASSIFICATION …1 - 7

CONTENTS
Composite Bands
Supervised Classification 1988
Supervised Classification 2006
…2
…3
…4
Un-Supervised Classification 1988 …5
Un-Supervised Classification 2006 …6
Area Transformation …7

LAND SURFACE EXTRACTION INDECES …8 - 16

TOA Reflectance Transformation – NDVI …9

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index …10
TOA Reflectance Transformation - NDBI …11
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index …12
TOA Reflectance transformation- NDWI …13
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index …14
TOA Radiance transformation- LST …15
Brightness Temperature, LSE- LST …16
Land Surface Temperature …17
VECTOR DATA ANALYSIS …18 - 24
Model Builder …19
Community Water Taps …20
Buffer Analysis …21
Served & Un-Served Buildings …22
Topography …23
3D Elevation …24 CONTENTS ii
IMAGE CLASSIFICATION 1
Image classification
Image classification - assigning pixels in the
image to categories or classes of interest

Supervised classification
Supervised classification uses the spectral
signatures obtained from training samples to
classify an image.
Unsupervised classification
Unsupervised classification finds spectral
classes (or clusters) in a multiband image
without the analyst’s intervention.

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Supervised Classification Un- Supervised Classification
1988: 1988:
Area (Sq.Km) Area (Sq.Km)
11% 12%
Built 7.14 39%
BuiltUp Built 7.94 BuiltUp
Agriculture 45% Agriculture
Vacant 1.84 Vacant Land Vacant Land 2.09
50% 43% Vacant Land
Agriculture 9.20 Agriculture 7.95

2006: 2006:
Area (Sq.Km) 17% Area (Sq.Km)
BuiltUp 22%
Built 8.17 BuiltUp
45% Agriculture Built 8.51
48% Agriculture
Vacant Land 3.13 Vacant Land
38% Vacant Land 3.84 Vacant Land
Agriculture 6.68 30%
Agriculture 5.63

Transformation: Transformation:
Supervised Classification 1988-2006 Un-Supervised Classification 1988-2006
10 9
9
9.2 8 8.51
8 7.9 7.95
8.17 7
7
7.14 6
6 6.68
5 5.63
5
4
4
3.84
3 3
3.13
2 2
2.09
1 1.84
1
0 0
BuitUp Agriculture Vacant Land BuitUp Agriculture Vacant Land
1988 2006 1988 2006

Submitted By:
IMAGE CLASSIFICATION Aswitha Bachala Application of Geo Page No.

Bapatla Municipality
Reg. No. 2180400082
II Sem – M.Plan (URP)
Informatics 7
LAND FEATURE EXTRACTION INDECES 8
 NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE
VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI)
NIR – Red Band 5 – Band 4
NDVI = =
NIR + Red Band 5 + Band 4
Band Spectral Wave Length Resolution
No. Band (µm)
Band 4 Red 0.63-0.68 30 m
Band 5 InfraRed 0.845- 0.885 30 m

Top- of – Atmosphere (TOA)

Reflectance Transformation
Digital numbers (DNs) of bands 4 & 5 were converted
to top of atmosphere (ToA) reflectance using
Equations (1) and (2),

ρλ' = Mρ Qcal + A ρ …(Equation 1)

ρλ = ρλ’ …(Equation 2)
sin(θSE)
Where,
• ρλ’ ToA planetary reflectance, without
correction for solar angle
• Mρ Band-specific multiplicative rescaling factor
from the metadata
(REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_x, where x is the
band number)
• Qcal DNs of the band being processed
• A ρ Band-specific additive rescaling factor from
the metadata (REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_x,
where x is the band number)
• ρλ ToA planetary reflectance, with correction for Page No.

solar angle 9
• θSE Local sun elevation angle. The scene center
sun elevation angle in degrees is provided in the
metadata (SUN_ELEVATION)
Index
0 to -1 Water bodies
0- 0.1 Barren Areas of Rock, sand, snow
0.1- 0.2 Soils
0.2- 0.3 Shrub & Grass Lands
0.3- 0.6 Dense Vegetation
0.6- 0.8 Temperate & Tropical Forests

Page No.

INFERENCE:
10
Red & Orange - Barren Areas (No Vegetation)
Yellow & Light Green – Soils (very less vegetation)
Green & Dark Green – Shrub & Grass lands (Crop Lands)
 NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE BUILT INDEX
NIR – SWIR Band 5 – Band 6 (or) 7
NDBI = =
NIR + SWIR Band 5 + Band 6 (or) 7
Band Spectral Wave Length Resolution
No. Band (µm)
Band 5 InfraRed 0.845- 0.885 30 m
Band 6 Short Wave 1.560- 1.660 30 m
InfraRed 1
Band 7 Short Wave 2.10- 2.30 30 m
InfraRed 2

Top- of – Atmosphere (TOA)

Reflectance Transformation
Digital numbers (DNs) of bands 5, 6 & 7 were
converted to top of atmosphere (ToA) reflectance
using Equations (1) and (2),
ρλ' = Mρ Qcal + A ρ …(Equation 1)

ρλ = ρλ’ …(Equation 2)
sin(θSE)
Where,
• ρλ’ ToA planetary reflectance, without
correction for solar angle
• Mρ Band-specific multiplicative rescaling factor
from the metadata
(REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_x, where x is the
band number)
• Qcal DNs of the band being processed
• A ρ Band-specific additive rescaling factor from
the metadata (REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_x,
where x is the band number) Page No.
• ρλ ToA planetary reflectance, with correction for
solar angle
11
• θSE Local sun elevation angle. The scene center
sun elevation angle in degrees is provided in the
metadata (SUN_ELEVATION)
Index
0 to -1 Water bodies
0- 0.05 Built Up (High Range)
0.05- 0.1 Built Up (Moderate Range)
0.1- 0.2 Low Range Built Up (Barren Lands)
0.2- 1 Vegetation Ranges

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INFERENCE:
12
Red - High Range of Built Up Area
Shades of Red – Moderate Range of Built Up Area
Shades of Green – Vegetation - Shrub & Grass lands (Crop Lands)
 NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE WATER
INDEX (NDWI)
Green – NIR Band 3 – Band 4
NDWI = =
Green+ NIR Band 3 + Band 4
Band Spectral Wave Length Resolution
No. Band (µm)
Band 3 Green 0.525- 0.600 30 m
Band 5 InfraRed 0.845- 0.885 30 m

Top- of – Atmosphere (TOA)

Reflectance Transformation
Digital numbers (DNs) of bands 3 & 5 were converted
to top of atmosphere (ToA) reflectance using
Equations (1) and (2),

ρλ' = Mρ Qcal + A ρ …(Equation 1)

ρλ = ρλ’ …(Equation 2)
sin(θSE)
Where,
• ρλ’ ToA planetary reflectance, without
correction for solar angle
• Mρ Band-specific multiplicative rescaling factor
from the metadata
(REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_x, where x is the
band number)
• Qcal DNs of the band being processed
• A ρ Band-specific additive rescaling factor from
the metadata (REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_x,
where x is the band number)
• ρλ ToA planetary reflectance, with correction for Page No.

solar angle 13
• θSE Local sun elevation angle. The scene center
sun elevation angle in degrees is provided in the
metadata (SUN_ELEVATION)
NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE WATER INDEX
Index
0 to -0.1 Low Water Content
-0.1 to -0.2 Moderate water content
-0.2 to -0.3 High water content
-0.3 to -0.6 Seas & Oceans
-0.6 to -1 Deeper Water
0 to 1 No Water

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INFERENCE:
14
Shade of Blue - Water content ranging from 0 to -0.25
Shades of Green – Low Water content
Dark Green – No water content
 LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE (LST)
Band Spectral Wave Length Resolution
No. Band (µm)
Band Thermal 10.6- 11.2 100 m
10 InfraRed
Sensor 1
Band Thermal 11.5- 12.5 30 m
11 InfraRed
Sensor 1

TOA (Top of Atmospheric)

spectral radiance
DNs of thermal bands 10 and 11 were first converted
to ToA radiance (Equation (1)) and later processed to
obtain at-satellite brightness temperature in degree
Celsius (°C) through Equation (2) (USGS 2013)

TOA (L) = ML * Qcal + AL …(Equation 1)

Where,
• ML = Band-specific multiplicative rescaling factor
from the metadata (RADIANCE_MULT_BAND_x,
where x is the band number).
• Qcal = corresponds to band 10.
• AL = Band-specific additive rescaling factor from
the metadata (RADIANCE_ADD_BAND_x, where
x is the band number).

BT = (K2 / (ln (K1 / L) + 1)) − 273.15 …(Eq 2)

where:
• K1 = Band-specific thermal conversion constant
from the metadata (K1_CONSTANT_BAND_x,
where x is the thermal band number). Page No.
K2 = Band-specific thermal conversion constant
from the metadata
15
• (K2_CONSTANT_BAND_x, where x is the thermal
band number).
• L = TOA
Proportion of Vegetation Pv

( )
NDVI – NDVImin
Pv = Square
NDVImax – NDVImin (… Eq 3)

Land Surface Emmisivity (LSE)

ε = 0.004 * Pv + 0.986 (… Equation 4)

Where,
0.986 corresponds to a correction value of the
equation

It is recommended to use Band 10 in

quantitative analysis because Band 11 is
significantly more contaminated by stray light
than Band 10.

Land Surface Temperature (LST)

LST = (BT / (1 + (0.00115 * BT / 1.4388) * Ln(ε)))

(… Equation 5)

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INFERENCE:
Land Surface Temperature of Bapatla Municipality varies from 22°C to 32°C
VECTOR DATA ANALYSIS 18
 Objective: To identify the Buildings/Areas that are served and not served by the Community water taps/ PSPs/ HSCs

Process:
• Step 1: Union of Slums and areas which are not served by HSCs, which should be served by Household individual water service connections.
Result: Union (Slums+ Unserved areas) = Unserved areas slums Union
• Step 2: Buffer of PSPs/ Community water taps with a range of 100 m and 200 m accessibility.
Result: Buffer 1 (PSPs) = PSPs Buffer 100 m; Buffer 2 (PSPs) = PSPs Buffer 200 m
• Step 3: Intersection of buffer of PSPs with the unserved areas layer to find out which are the areas yet to be served by HSCs.
Result: Intersect 1 (Unserved areas slums union + PSPs Buffer 100 m) = PSPs Buffer 100 m Intersect
Intersect 2 (Unserved areas slums union + PSPs Buffer 200 m) = PSPs Buffer 200 m Intersect
• Step 4: Erase the buffer of PSPs (which are served with in range of 200 m) from the Unserved areas slum union layer to identify the unserved
areas which are neither served by PSPs nor by HSCs.
Result: Erase( Unserved areas slum union – PSPs Buffer 200 m) = Unserved Areas Erase
• Step 5: Identity: To identify buildings which are served in 100 m and 200 m range of PSPs.
To identify buildings which are neither served by PSPs/ Community water taps/ HSCs.
Result: Identity(Buildings+ Unserved areas slums union) = Unserved Buildings
Identity(Buildings+ PSPs Buffer intersect) = Buildings Identity 100 m; Buildings identity 200 m.
Submitted By:
MODEL BUILDER Aswitha Bachala Application of Geo Page No.

WATER SUPPLY – Bapatla Municipality

Reg. No. 2180400082
II Sem – M.Plan (URP)
Informatics 19
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INFERENCE:
Bapatla Municipality has the Individual Household Water Service Connections(HSCs) provided by the municipality.
There are around 60 PSPs which are serving the slums and some of the unserved areas which do not have HSCs.
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INFERENCE:
According to the standards of water supply, a community water tap should be accessible within 100 m in a high dense residential area
and 200 m in a medium dense residential area.
Abuffer of 100 m and 200 m from the PSPs is generated to overlay with the unserved areas and slums which are not having HSCs.
No. of Properties

Buildings Served within 100 m 1261

Buildings Served within 100 m 1210 30%
41%
Un-Served Buildings 1722
Total 4493
29%
Total No. of Households 22465

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

Total HHs Un-Served Buildings

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INFERENCE:
Among the areas which are not having Household Water Service Connections and the slums, Buildings are
identified which are served by the community water taps in a range of 100 m and 200 m accessibility.
Buildings which are not served by both community taps or HSCs are identified.
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OBJECTIVE:
To generate 3D contour of Bapatla Municipality, for analyzing flow of drains in the town.
INFERENCE:
Bapatla Municipality has the topography varying from 4 m to 30 m from the mean sea level.
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INFERENCE:
Generated Tin model of contours through 3D analyst tool and exported to Arc Scene which will help in analyzing flow
direction of water supply and sewerage.