ROI NOssssessesssseeenseee MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE GWALIOR-05 1° Yr. Bech Examination (Sem- If) Jan-Jun2019 Subject Code: 100201 Subject: Engineering Physies (AU/BT/CE/CM/ME) Time: 3 hrs. Max Marks:70 ‘Note: 1. Answer all 05 questions. Al questions carry equal marks. 2. In each question a,b,c are compulsory & part d has internal choice. Out of which, part a carry 2 mark, b carry 2 marks, e carry 3 marks and part d or e carry 7 marks. 3. Allparts of each questions are to be attempted at one place. 4. Assume suitable value for missing data, any Question No. OF Marks | COs a | Define phase velocity and group velocity. a hi b_ | State and prove Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle. @ 2 ¢ | Show that the de-Broglie wavelength for an electron is found to be equal to (12.26/VV) A. 03 zy ‘@_| Explain the construction and working of a Cyclotron with a well labeled diagram. oF fas 1 or @ | Derive Schrodinger’s Time Dependent equation, 7 fae ‘Question No, 02 dently the difference between constructive and destructive interference. 2 {Tt 6 ‘When thin films are exposed to white Tight, beautiful colors are observed. Give reasons to [02 | 2 Justify your answer. ¢ | Ina Newion’s ring experiment, the diameter of the 10 ring changes from 1.40 em to 1.27 em | 03 3 ‘when a liquid is introduced between the lens and the plate, Calculate the refractive index of the liquid. a [Discuss the Newion's Ring experiment for detennining the wavelength of incident }O7 [45 ‘monochromatic light along with a well labeled diagram, or | Explain Brewster's Law. Use this law to prove that when light is incident on a transparent [07 | 4.6 substance at the polarizing angle; the reflected and refracted rays are at right angles. ‘Question No. 03 | \a__| Distinguish between p-type and n-type semiconductors. T ‘| Define the term Critical Temperature in Superconductors. 7) 2 ¢ | Define Fermi Level. Draw the Fermi Level diagrams for P-Type and N-type semiconductors. 03 3 @_| Explain how a Zener diode can be used to maintain a constant voltage across the Toad along | 07 | 45 with a circuitry diagram. SRE “ffs pro] ‘Question No, 04 7 I | Siate the principle of a photodiode. oO T | b _| Distinguish between Top-Down and Bottom-Up approach in formation of nano-materials; ro 2 ¢ | Fora solar cell, V,.=0.54 Volts, 0.024 Amperes. The open-cirouit voltage is 0.62 Volts and | 03 3 the short circuit photocurrent is 25 milli-Ampere. Calculate the Fill Factor, d_ | Explain the construction and working of a Light Emitting Diode with a well labeled diagram, 07 45 oF Explain the construction and working of a Liquid Crystal Display Also draw a wall Tabeled | 07 46 diagram, Question No. 05 a | Define the terms Coherence and Monochromaticity 02 L b ifferentiate between spontaneous and stimulated emission Process, 02 2 e- | For an optical fiber refractive index of the core is ny= 1.55, reftactive index of the ‘Cladding | 03 3 ,=1.50. Determine the Numerical Aperture. d_ | Explain the construction and working of a Ruby laser using a well labeled diagram. 07 45 oF € | Derive the correlation between Einstein's A and B coefficients, 07 46MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Cwarior-os- BPE See eteet ee : = ia PY Sear B Tech Examninaton ( Sern DL) Jan-Jun 2019 neering Phy sit Sobdion of by Edu A. 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Ig Ww B.C. input voltage from rectifier or smoothing circuit Vin (Vs) “The resistor, Re is connected in series with the zener diode to limit the current flow through the diode with the voltage source, Vs being connected across ‘the combination. The stabilised tutput voltage Vis taken from across the zener diode. The zener diode is connected with is carpatde emninal connected to the positive rail of the DC supply so itis reverse biased and will be operating in its ‘preakdown condition. Resistor Rg js selected so to limit the maximum current flowing in the circuit With no load connected to the circuit, the load current will be zero, (Iu=0), and all the circuit current passes through the zener diode which in tum dissipates its maximum power. ‘Also a small value of the series resistor Rs will result in a greater diode current when the load resistance Ry, is connected and large as this will increase sre power dissipation requirement of the diode so care must be taken when selecting the tnpropriate value of series resistance so that the zener's maximum power rating i5 not exceetied under this no-load or high-impedance condition. ‘The load ig connected in parallel with the zener diode, so the voltage aeross Ry is always the same as the zener voltage, (Vr = Vz). Q.4 (a). Photodiode: A special type of PN junction device that generates current when exposed to light is known as Photodiode. It is also known as photodetector or photosensor. It operates in reverse biased mode and converts light energy info electrical energy. Principle of Photodiode It works on the principle of Photoelectric effect.“The operating principle of the photodiod> is such that when the junction ofthis ewo tering Semiconductor device is illuminated then electric current starts flowing through it. Only uinosity current flows through the device when the certain reverse potential is applied to 4b). Breaks the massive problem into Solves the fundamental low-level smaller sub problems. problem and integrates them into a larger one. Sub modules are solitarily analysed. oriented Object-oriented programming Stracture/procedural programming languages Le, C) languages (like C++, Java, ete.) follows the bottom-up approach. follows the top-down approach. Module documentation, test . case creation, code implementation. and debugging. ue»), Fill factor = 22% 4c) Fill factor = Fa = 5 4(@). Construction of Light Emitting Diode ‘The construction of light emitting diode is so much simple, it is made by depositing the three layers of semiconductor material on a substrate. These three semiconductor material layers are made three regions which are called a P-type region which is top one, active region which is middle one and N-type region which is bottom one. The figure 2 shows all of three semiconductor material regions. Free stectron photo credit Figure 2 The Construction Diagram of Light Emitting Diode As Per the figure 2 the P-type region have the holes, N-type region have the elections and active region have both electron and holes. In normal condition when there are no any voltages are applied at anode and cathode then all the holes and electrons are present at their places but when the voltages are applied at this light LED then it is forward biased. Then the holes from p-type region and electrons from n-type region are pushed up towards the active region, which is also called the depletion region. Because the holes have positive charge and electron have negative charge then the light is produced by the recombination of these opposite polarity charges. Working Principle Light Emitting Diode ‘The light LED works on the same principle of simple PN junction diode means when the anode is connected to positive terminal of de supply and cathode is connected to the negative terminal of de supply then the PN junction is forward biased. When the PN junction is forward biased then the holes’ form P-type region and electrons from N-type region are recombined then the conduction band is formed for emitting the light energy in the form of light energy photons. This whole phenomenon is called electroluminescence phenomena and this light energy depends upon the amount of current absorbed by the LED. In other words, this light energy is directly proportional to the absorbing current means when it absorbs more current then the light would be high similarly when it absorbs low current then the Tight would be low. All the absorbing current not converted into light energy some of the portion of this current is converted into heat which is dissipated by the light emitting diode during light emitting into external environment. This heat is known as electron dissipate energy and this dissipate energy also depends upon the semiconductor material of light emitting diode. The inner working diagram of this light emitting diode is also shown in figure 3. \conduction band == Fermi tevel end gay ‘ferkidden band) ‘aleniee band 4. (©. Aliquid crystal display or LCD draws its definition from its name itself. It is combination of two states of matter, the solid and the liquid, LCD uses a liquid crystal to produce a visible image. Liquid crystal displays are super-thin technology display screen that are generally used in laptop computer screen, TVs, cell phones and portable video games. LCD's technologies allow displays to be much thinner when compared to cathode ray tube (CRI) technology. Liquid crystal display is composed of several layers which include two polarized panel filters and electrodes. LCD technology is used for displaying the image in notebook or some other electronic devices like mini computers. Light is projected from a lens on a layer of liquid crystal. This combination of colored light with the grayscale image of the crystal (formed as electric current flows through the crystal) forms the colored image. ‘This image is then displayed on the screen. LCD Layered Diagram ‘How LCDs are constructed? Simple facts that should be considered while making an LCD:hanye the polarized light visa} both ofthe operation to wansmit also able s mentigned above that we need to fake two polarized lass pieces filter in the malking of the liquid erysta rubbed with a speeial polymer The glass which does not have a polarized film on the surface of j1 must be luich ill ereate microscopi ‘coves on the surface of the polarized slass Hltet The proves must be in the same direction of the polarized film. Now c have to add a coating of pneumatic Hiquid polarized filter of ter th ized el orientation. W! en the right any appears at the first laver piece, we should add a second piece of glass with the polarized film, The fist filter will be naturally polarized as the light strikes it at the starting stage. Thus the fight travels through each layer and guided on the next with the help of molecule. The molecule tends to change its plane of vibration of the light in order to match their angle When the light reaches to the far end of the liquid crystal substance, it vibrates at the same that of the final layer of the molecule vibrates. The light allowed to enter into the device only if the second layer of the polarized glass matches with the final layer of the molecule, How LCDs Work? ‘The principle behind the LCD's is that when an electrical eurrent is applied to the Hauid crystal molecule, the molecule tends to untwist, This causes the angle of light which is passing through the molecule of the polarized glass and also cause a change in the angle of the top polarizing filter. As a result a litle light is allowed to pass the polarized glass through a particular area of the LCD. Thus that particular area will become dark compared to other. “The LCD works on the principle of blocking light. While constructing the LCD's, a reflected tmitror is arranged at the back. An electrode plane is made of indium-tin oxide which is kept on top and a polarized glass with a polarizing film is also added on the bottom of the device. ‘The complete region of the LCD has to be enclosed by a common electrode and above it should be the liquid erystal matter. Next comes to the second piece of glass with an electrode in the form of the rectangle on the bottom and, on top, another polarizing film. It must be considered that both the pieces are kept at right angles. When there is no current, the light passes through the front of the LeDit will be reflected by the mirror and bounced hack. As ihe electrode is connected to a baitery the current from it wil cause the liquid crystals between the common-plane electrode and the anelectrode shaped like a rectangle to untwist. Thus the light is blocked from passing through. ‘That particular rectangular area appears blank. Q 5. (a) Coherence: two wave sources are perfectly coherent if they have a constant phase difference and the same frequency, and the same waveform. Coherence is an ideal property of waves that enables stationary (i.e. temporally and spatially constant) interference. Monochromaticity: Monochromaticity represents the single color. If a light (radiation) have only one wavelength, It is called as monochromatic light. Ex. — Sodium lamp. 5(b). Difference between spontaneous emission and stimulated emissi Spontaneous emission does not require an external electromagnetic stimulus to release energy, whereas stimulated emission does requite extemal electromagnetic stimuli to release energy. + During spontaneous emission, only one energy wave is released, but during stimulated emission two energy waves are released. + The probability of stimulated emission to take place is higher than the probability for spontaneous emission to take place as extemal electromagnetic stimuli increases the probability of attaining the dipole transition state. « By properly matching the energy gaps and incident frequencies, stimulated emission can be used to greatly amplify the incident radiation beam; whereas this is not possible when spontaneous emission takes place. 5(0). 7 2 NABL= PNA)" = (No) = [CL 55)* — 50)? = 0.1525 5,(d). Ruby Laser: A ruby laser is a solid-state laser that uses the synthetic ruby erystal as its laser medium, Ruby laser is the first successful laser developed by Maiman in 1960. Ruby laser is one of the few solid-state lasers that produce visible light. It emits deep red light of wavelength 694.3 nm. Construction of ruby laser |A raby laser consists of three important elements: laser medinm, the pump souree, and the optical resonator. WwLaser medium or gain median in ruby laser Ina ruby laser, a single crystal of ruby (AlzO3: Cr) in the form of cylinder acts as a laser medium or active medium. The laser mediuin (ruby) in the ruby laser is made of the host of sapphire (AlOs) whieh is doped with small amounts of chromium ions (Cr). The ruby has good thermal properties. Fully reflecting Partially mirror reflecting mirror Laser output Laser medium (Ruby) © ‘Pump source or energy source in ruby laser ‘The pump source is the clement of a ruby laser system that provides energy to the laser medium, In a ruby laser, population inversion is required to achieve laser emission. Population inversion is the process of achieving the greater population of higher eneray ste then the lower energy state. In order to achieve population inversion, we need to supply ‘energy to the laser medium (ruby). In aruby laser, we use feshtube as the energy souree of pump source, The Mashtube supplies energy to the laser medium (ruby). When lower energy state electrons in the laser medium nin sufficient energy from the feshtube, they jump into the higher energy state or excited state. Optical resonator ‘The ends of the cylindrical ruby rod are flat and parallel. The cylindrical ruby rod is placed etween two mitrors. The optical coating is applied to both the mirrors, The process of depositing thin layers of metals on glass substrates to make minor surfaces is called silvering. Each mirror is coated or silvered differently. ‘At one end of the rod, the mirror ig fully silvered whereas, at another end, the mirror is partially silvered. iwThe fully silvered mirror will completely reflect the light whereas the partially silvered mirror will reflect most part of the light but allows a small portion of light through it to produce output laser light. Working of ruby laser The ruby laser is a three level solid-state laser, In a ruby laser, optical pumping technique is used to supply energy to the laser medium. Optical pumping is a technique in which light is used as energy source to raise electrons from lower energy level to the higher energy level. Consider a ruby laser medium consisting of three energy levels Ey, Eo, Es with N number of electrons. We assume that the energy levels will be E: < Ex < Es. The energy level E, is known as ground state or lower energy state, the energy level Ez is known as metastable state, and the energy level Es is known as pump state, Let us assume that initially most of the electrons are in the lower energy state (E1) and only a tiny number of electrons are in the excited states (Ep and Es) @ @ eee E 2 ABB S2. 5, Photons enema Ex at Selee cae c, { t t Population Physics and Radio-Electronics oe ‘When light energy is supplied to the laser medium (ruby), the electrons in the lower energy state or ground state (E1) gains enough energy and jumps into the pump state (Es), ‘The lifetime of pump state E3 is very small (10° sec) so the electrons in the pump state do not stay for long period. After a short period, they fall into the metastable state Bz by releasing radiationless energy. The lifetime of metastable state Fz is 10° see which is much greater than the lifetime of pump state Es, Therefore, the electrons reach E2 much fester than they leave E>. This results in an increase in the number of electrons in the metastable state E> and hence population inversion is achieved. Dy @Afier some period, the electrons in the metastable state E) falls into the lower energy state E; by releasing energy in the form of photons. This is called spontaneous emission of radiation, When the emitted photon interacts with the electron in the metastable state, it forcefully makes that electron fall into the ground state E). As a result, two photons are emitted. This is called stimulated emission of radiation. ‘When these emitted photons again interacted with the metastable state electrons, then 4 photons are produced. Because of this continuous interaction with the clectrons, millions of photons are produced. Iman active medium (ruby), a process called spontaneous emission produces light. ‘The light produced within the laser medium will bounce back and forth between the two mirrors. This stimulates other electrons to fall into the ground state by releasing light energy. This is called stimulated emission. Likewise, millions of electrons are stimulated to emit light. Thus, the light gain is achieved. ‘The amplified light escapes through the partially reflecting mirror to produce laser light. 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