Lesson I: 인터넷으로 한국어를 배울까 해요

-(으)ㄹ까 하다: ‘(I’m) thinking of doing’

This pattern ‘-(으)ㄹ까 하다’ is used with an action verb and it indicates a speaker’s consideration or indecisiveness

about a matter. The meaning of ‘-(으)ㄹ까 하다’ is similar to the pattern ‘-(으)려고 하다’, but ‘-(으)려고 하다’

expresses stronger intention of the speaker.

예) 내일 그 남자를 만날까 합니다. : I’m thinking of meeting him tomorrow.

예) 내일 그 남자를 만나려고 합니다. :I intend to meet him tomorrow.

-아(어/여) 지다 : ‘is getting or is becoming + Adj.’

The pattern ‘-아(어/여) 지다’ is combined with an adjective and and it indicates the situation which describes the

preceding adjective gradually changing.

예) 날씨가 점점 추워 집니다. : It’s getting cold.

-더니: since, and now

‘-더-’ expresses an act of recollection and ‘-니’ a sense of explanation. The meaning varies depending upon the

context of its usage.

1)The first clause describes the reason or the base of the second clause: the second clause describes a result of what
has been taking place in the first clause. Usually, the subject is the third person and the subject of the first clause is
same as the second one.

예) 마이클이 공부를 열심히 하더니 시험에 합격했어요.

Michael studied hard and then he passed the exam.

(Since Michael studied hard, he passed the exam.)
2) The first clause describes how it was previously: the second how it is now or changed
since the time of the first clause.

예) 어제는 날씨가 춥더니 오늘은 따뜻해요. : It was cold yesterday, but it’s warm today.

예) 바람이 불더니 이제는 비까지 와요. : It was windy, and it’s even raining now.

3) -았(었/였)더니

The first clause has already and actually taken place and it describes the cause of the second clause: the second clause
describes a consequence of the first clause. Usually, the speaker is the subject of the sentence and the subject of the
second clause is not the same as that of the first clause.

예) 아까 전에 전화 했더니 집에 없더라. : I called you, but you were not at home.

-(으)ㄹ 테니(까): ‘(one) will do…, so…’

The pattern ‘-(으)ㄹ 테니까’ is a contracted form of ‘-ㄹ + 터 + -이- + -니까’. When ‘-(으)ㄹ 테니까’ is used with

action verbs, it indicates the speaker’s planning or intention. If the speaker is the subject of the sentence, the
speaker’s will may be implied.

예) 맛있는 저녁을 사 드릴 테니(까) 꼭 오세요. : I'll treat you to dinner, so by all means come.

예) 내가 지금 갈 테니(까) 기다려! : I’m coming now, so wait for me!

-처럼: ‘as ….as’, ‘like’

예) 나는 마이클 처럼 똑똑하지 않다. : I am not smart like Michael.

-때문에: ‘because of’

We already studied ‘-기 때문에’ means 'because' in the lesson 4 in Novice Korean II. While this connective is used

with verbs and adjectives, the form `- 때문에' (without the `-기') is used with nouns and has the same meaning.

예) 비 때문에 안 가고 싶어요. : Because of the rain, I don't want to go.

예) 무엇 때문에 오셨어요? : What makes you come here? (Because of what, did you come here?)

-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 지
The connective ‘-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 지’ indicates the result of the verification of an action or a state. It is often used

with an interrogative pronoun, such as ‘누가, 어디, 언제, 왜, 어떻게’ and so on.

예) 누가 그 파티에 갔는 지 모르겠어요. : I don’t know who went to the party.

예) 어떻게 이 기계를 작동하는 지 알고 싶어요. : I want to know how to work this machine .

-(으)ㄹ 생각/계획/예정/작정이에요
: have a thinking, plan or intention…

‘-(으)ㄹ’ is used with an action verb and means the action has not been completed.

‘-(으)ㄹ’ is used with ‘생각/계획/예정/작정이에요’ and indicates a speaker’s thinking of the future, planning or an

intention.

예) 내일 집에 갈 생각이에요. : I have a plan to go home tomorrow.

Lesson II: 성격이 내성적인 편이에요

-(으)ㄴ/는 편(이다): "a tendency to be a certain way"

This pattern ‘-(으)ㄴ/는 편(이다)’ is used with verbs to show inclination or a tendency of aspects

or qualities. Usually, ‘이다' or '-이 아니다’ is used in conjunction with ‘편'. '-(으)ㄴ 편이다 ’ is attached to

adjectives in the present tense and '-는 편이다' is used with verbs.

예) 저는 키가 작은 편입니다. : I'm on the short side.

예) 존 씨는 용감한 편입니다. : John is pretty brave.

예) 미나 씨는 책을 많이 읽는 편입니다. : Mi-Na is the kind of person who reads a lot of books.

-(이)든(지) -(이)든(지): "(regardless) whether…or, either…or"

The pattern ‘-(이)든(지) -(이)든(지) ’ is used in paired phrases with contrastive meaning. It indicates alternative

possibilities or an indirect question involving alternatives.

예) 오든지 말든지 마음대로 하세요. : It's up to you whether you want to come or not.

예) 그 사람이 학생이든 선생이든 상관 없어요. : I don't mind whether the person is a student or a teacher.

-지 않아요? / -지 않을까요?: "Isn't it? Don't you think it is…?"

The pattern '-지 않다' is a pattern to make Negation, but if it is used as an interrogative, it can be used as a strong

positive form like rhetorical questions. '-지 않아요?' usually expresses the speaker's opinion, but '-지 않을까요?' is

used if a speaker wants to ask the listener's opinion.

예) 이 김치가 맵지 않아요? : This Kimch'i is hot, isn't it?

예) 너무 비싸지 않을까요? : Don't you think it is too expensive?

-에 비해서/ -에 비하면: "(as) compared to"

The pattern '-에 비해서/ -에 비하면' indicates similarities or differences between values or qualities and it means

'compared to' or 'in contrast with'.

예) 건강이 전에 비해서 좋아 졌어요 : Compared to before, my health has been better.

예) 동생에 비하면 형이 아주 작아요. : Compared to his younger brother, his older brother is much bigger.

-곤 하다: "used to (do)"

The pattern '-곤 하다' is used mostly with action verbs, and indicates an action which one does from time to time, on

a semi-regular but infrequent basis.

1) When '-곤 하다' is used in the present tense, it means '(one) does something every now and then'. It is used mostly

with words such as '가끔(from time to time)' or '이따금(occasionally)'.

예) 저녁에 가끔 개하고 산보하곤 합니다. I sometimes go for a walk with my dog in the evening.

예) 가끔 그 분을 만나곤 합니다. I meet him every once in a while.

2) When '-곤 하다' is used in the past tense, it means '(one) used to do something every now and then'.

예) 할머니 집에 가서 놀곤 했어요. I used to go to my grandmother's home to play.

예) 어렸을 때, 동생과 싸우곤 했어요. When I was a child, I used to quarrel with my younger brother.

Lesson III: 책상은 컴퓨터를 놓을 수 있을 만큼 커요

-던 / -았(었/였)던
The pattern '-던' is a contracted form of '-더-' and 'ㄴ', the form to modify Nouns. If the speaker recollects past events

or asks another person of his/her experience about an action or event in the past, '-던-' is used. '-았(었/였)던'

expresses the experience completed once, whereas '-던' expresses repetitive experiences.

예) 제가 자주 가던 술집이에요. : This is the bar where I went to many times.

예) 제가 갔었던 술집이에요. This is the bar where I went to once.

-(으)ㄹ 만큼
The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 만큼' is used after verbs only and conveys the meaning of comparison of extent, a degree or a

measurement.

예) 우리가 다 들어 갈 만큼 방이 넓었어요. : The room was big enough for us all to go into.

예) 그 사람은 좋은 차를 살 수 있을 만큼 돈이 많아요. : The man is rich enough to buy a nice car.

 -(이)랑
The particle '-(이)랑' connects a Noun with another Noun and it can be changed to '-와/과' or '-하고'.

예) 교실에 의자랑 책상이 많아요. : There are many chairs and desks in the classroom.

= 교실에 의자와 책상이 많아요. = 교실에 의자하고 책상이 많아요.

-다면
The pattern '-다면' is a contracted from '-다고 하면', so it indicates indirect discourse and the conditional.

예) 그 분이 간다면 가겠어요. : If he says he is going, I'll go.

예) 미나 씨가 먹는다면 같이 먹겠어요. : If Mi-Na says she is going to eat, I'll eat.

c.f.) 그가 지금 뛰고 있어요. : He is running now.

-아(어/여) 있다
The pattern '-아(어/여) 있다' expresses the existence of a certain state or fact. As we already studied in Novice-

Korean II, the pattern '-고 있다' on the other hand indicates a kind of process or continuing action.

예) 미나가 의자에 앉아 있습니다. : Mi-Na is sitting on a chair.

예) 칠판에 글씨가 써 있어요. : Some writing is on the blackboard.

-(으)ㄹ 만하다
The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 만하다' indicates sufficient value or worth. It can be 'to be well worth (doing)' or 'It is enough

(to do)'.

예) 이 영화는 볼 만합니다. : This movie is worth watching.

Noun + -을/를 통해(서)

The pattern '-을/를 통해(서)' is attached to a Noun and it means 'through', which indicates medium or agency. At

this time, the Noun must be people or media instruments, such as newspapers, TV or Internet.

예) 동생을 통해서 이 소식을 들었어요. : I heard this news through my younger brother .

-고 나서
The pattern '-고 나서' indicates a sequence of action; the second action is performed after the first action is

completed.

예) 저녁을 먹고 나서 운동했어요. : I exercised after I had dinner.

예) 숙제를 다 하고 나서 놉시다. : Let's play after doing our homework.

-기(를)/길 바라다
The pattern '-기(를) 바라다' expresses desire, expectation or longing. It can be contracted to the form '-길 바라다'.

예) 행복하시길 바랍니다. : I hope that you will be happy.

Lesson IV: 예약을 좀 하고 싶은데

-(이)라서: 'because, so'

The connective '-(이)라서' is used for indicating reason or cause and is attached directly to nouns. The tense and

negation are not expressed with this connective.

예) 안나 씨는 의사라서 매일 바빠요. : Because Anna is a doctor, she is always busy.

예) 월요일 아침이라서 교통이 복잡해요. : The traffic is always bad on Monday mornings.

그리, 전혀, 별로, 여간, 이만 저만 + Negative

The adverbs '그리, 전혀, 별로' are always used with the negative '-지 않다'.

예) 저는 바쁘지 않아요. : I am not busy.

예) 저는 별로 바쁘지 않아요.: I am not very busy.

예) 저는 전혀 바쁘지 않아요. : I am not busy at all.

But especially, when the adverb '여간/ 이만 저만' is used with '-지 않다', this pattern indicates an uncommon state

or condition.

예) 날씨가 여간 덥지 않아요. = 날씨가 매우 더워요. : The weather is really hot.

예) 저는 요즘 이만 저만 바쁘지 않아요. = 저는 요즘 매우 바빠요. : I am extremely busy.

-(아/어/여) 놓다: 'to do something in advance/preparation'

The Pattern '-(아/어/여) 놓다' which indicates an action done in preparation or anticipation of later use or benefit is

always used with verbs.

예) 저는 지난 주에 표를 사 놓았어요. : I bought a ticket in advance last week.

예) 숙제를 미리 해 놓아서 내일 같이 여행갈 수 있어요. : We can take a trip together, because I did my homework

in advance.

'-(아/어/여) 놓다' is interchangeable with the pattern '-(아/어/여) 두다' without a change in meaning.

예) 저는 지난 주에 표를 사 두었어요. : I bought a ticket in advance last week.

N + 정도(로): 'about, approximately, in degree'

The number classifier '정도' means degree, extent, grade etc. and it is used with the noun which is preceded by

numbers.

예) 파티에 10 명 정도 올 거예요. : About 10 people will come to the party.

예) 수업에 10 분 정도 늦을 거예요. : I'll be about ten minutes late to class.

예) 맥주를 10 병 정도 마셨습니다. : I drank about 10 bottles of beer.

-짜리: '(a thing) worth'

The particle '-짜리' is used always with the money classifier '-원' or counting classifier '-개' indicating worth or

value of things. Also, it can be used with '-살' indicating people's age.

예) 1,000 원짜리 옷 : 1000 won clothes

예) 10 개짜리 사과 한상자 : One box of 10 apples

예) 5 살짜리 아이 : 5 year old kid

-을/를 포함해서: 'include'

The pattern is always preceded by nouns, and is used when someone takes in or comprises something as part of a
larger whole.

예) 의자를 포함해서 책상은 100,000 원이에요. : The desk is 100,000 won, including the chair.

예) 팁을 포함해서 모두 10,000 원이에요. : It's 10,000won altogether, including the tip.

-자마자: 'as soon as, no sooner - than -'

The pattern is used with verbs, and expresses an immediate succession of events. '-자마자' is similar to the pattern '-

는 대로' in meaning, but '-자마자' is usually used in the past and present tense, '-는 대로' is used with the intention,

future, desire, command etc..

예) 집에 가자마자 뭐 하세요? As soon as you go home, what do you do ?

예) 집에 가는 대로 전화할게요. As soon as I return home, I will call you.

-기도 하고 -기도 하다: 'both - and'

The pattern '-기도 하다' is used to express more than two statements or actions.

예) 슬프기도 하고, 기쁘기도 해요. : I feel sad and also happy.

예) 그는 돈을 벌기도 잘하고 쓰기도 잘 합니다. : He makes and spends money well.

-아(어/여)야겠다: 'I decide to do --, I will do-, I have to do -'

The pattern '-(아/어/여)야겠다' is used to express 'I decide to do -, I will -, I have to do -'. In this pattern,'-겠-' is

used for indicating someone's strong will or decision.

예) 집에 가야겠어요. I think I had better go home. / I will go home.

예)저는 오늘 불고기를 꼭 먹어야겠어요. I decided to eat Pulgogi today.

Lesson V: 내일은 비가 오고 흘리겠습니다

The connective '-(아/어/여)서' : 'do something and do something'

'-(아/어/여)서' is used when the subject does one action first, and then does the second action in sequence.

예) 저는 집에 가서 저녁을 먹을 거예요. : I will go home (first), and then I will eat supper.

예) 만나서 이야기합시다. : Let's meet and talk.

The contractions of Indirect Discourse

The forms of the indirect discourse, such as '-ㄴ/는다고 해요,-(으)라고 해요, -자고 해요' etc., can be contracted

into '-ㄴ/는대요, -(으)래요, -재요' in casual speech style. In the same way, the forms of '-ㄴ/는다고 했어요,-

(으)라고 했어요, -자고 했어요' can be contracted into '-ㄴ/는댔어요, -(으)랬어요, -쟀어요'.

예) 안나 씨가 내일 등산을 간다고 해요/ 했어요. -> 안나 씨가 내일 등산을 간대요/ 간댔어요.

예) 안나 씨가 빨리 오라고 해요/ 했어요. -> 안나 씨가 빨리 오래요/ 오랬어요.

예) 안나 씨가 내일 등산 가자고 해요/ 했어요. -> 안나 씨가 내일 등산 가재요/ 가쟀어요.

The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 것으로 예상되다' :'- to be expected that it will be -'
In this pattern, the word '예상되다' means 'to be expected' in English, so this pattern is used for expressing the

speaker's expectation of the events or action which will take place in the future.

예) 내일은 비가 올 것으로 예상됩니다. : It is expected to rain tomorrow.

예) 그분은 오시지 않을 것으로 예상됩니다. : It is expected that he won't come..

The connective -(으)면서 : 'while doing ...'

This connective '-(으)면서' has the same function with the connective '-는 동안에'. However this ending is used for

indicating two simultaneous events which are done by the same person, while '-는 동안에' is used for two

simultaneous actions performed by two different persons.

예) 신문을 읽으면서 음악을 들었어요. : While I read a newspaper, I also listened to music.

예) 그 여자는 울면서 말했어요. : She talked and cried.

This connective '-면서' can be used when you combine two sentences which occurr continuously in indirect

discourse.

예) 김영수: 지금 바빠요. 1 시간 후에 전화하겠습니다. -> 김영수 씨가 지금 바쁘다고 하면서 1 시간

후에 전화하겠다고 해요/했어요.

Kim Young-Soo: I'm busy now. I will call you back one hour later. -> Kim Young-Soo told me that he is busy
now, and that he will call me back one hour later.

The connective -(으)나 : but

You have already studied the connective '-지만' meaning 'but'. This connective '-(으)나' is interchangeable with this '-

지만' without any difference in meaning. But in the casual and colloquial speech, '-지만' is preferred to '-(으)나'.

예) 학교에 일찍 갔으나 선생님을 만날 수 없었어요. I went to school early, but I couldn't meet the teacher.

예) 낮에는 더우나 밤에는 조금 시원해요. It is hot during the day, but it is cool at night.

the ending '-기'

The ending '-기' is used for making Nominative forms of the verb, attaching to the verb stem directly. This form is

followed by the words of '쉽다(to be easy), 어렵다(to be difficult), 바라다(to hope/ desire), 원하다(to want)' etc.,
and these mean that 'it is easy/difficult, (I) want/desire that---'. As for the form of '-기(가) 쉽다', it is used for

expressing the tendency and/or ease for doing something. '-가' can be dropped optionally.

예) 불고기는 만들기(가) 쉬워요. It is easy to cook Bulgogi.

예) 영어는 공부하기 어려워요. It is difficult to learn English.

예) 안나 씨가 일찍 오기를 바랍니다. I want Anna to come early.

The pattern '-에 대한' : 'about'

This pattern is attached to the noun directly, and it modifies the following Noun. It means 'about, concerning, in
relation to etc.' in English.

예) 한국어 숙제에 대한 질문이 있어요. I have a question about the Korean Language Assignment.

The pattern -에 따르면 : depending on----, according to -----

'-에 따르면' is used for expressing the condition or source of the facts.

예) 오늘 아침 뉴스에 따르면, 오후에 비가 온대요. According to today's news, it will rain in the afternoon.

The pattern 'N + 중에서' : among, between Nouns

'Noun+중에서' means 'in the middle of' because the word '중' means the middle, center, medium etc..

예) 우리 반 친구들 중에서 마이클 씨가 제일 키가 커요. Michael is the tallest among our classmates.

The Pattern '-(이)외에' : except (for)

The word '이외' means 'except for, outside of, with the exception besides etc.'. It is preceded by nouns, and is

followed by '-은/는, -에, -에도'.

예) 철수 씨 외에는 아무도 안 가요. Nobody is going there except Cheol-Soo.

음식 이외에도 음료수가 필요해요. Besides food, I need something to drink.

The marker '-(으)로서/-(으)로써'

'-(으)로서' is attached to nouns. It means 'as a function of'. The equivalent form of this in English is 'as, for, in the

capacity of'. '서' can be dropped optionally.

예) 저는 선교사로(서) 한국에 왔습니다. I came to Korea as a missionary.

저는 한국대표로(서) 미국에 갔습니다. I went to the States as a Korean representative.

On the other hand, the maker '-(으)로써' indicates 'means or method'.

예) 저는 일로써 성공하겠어요. I will succeed by way of my career.

The connective '-(으)며' : and

'-(으)며' is used for linking two clauses in coordination, and it is used with verbs, adjectives and '이다'. This

connective looks similar with the connective '-고' in function. However, two clauses which are linked with '(으)며'

have a strong relationship between them, but two clauses linked with '-고' do not have such a strong relationship.

예) 저는 미국인이며, 영어를 가르치고 있습니다. I'm American, and I'm teaching English.

과일이며 음식들을 준비했습니다. I prepared some fruits and food.

Lesson VI: 운동을 하도록 하세요

The pattern '-도록 하다'

'-도록' is attached to verbs and expresses the action which is taken to reach a certain point. In many cases, '-도록' is

used with '하다' and it means to make a hearer do something. If it takes the 1st subject, it expresses the subject's will.

예) 배가 고프면 식사하도록 하세요. If you are hungry, go ahead and eat.

예) 이제부터 열심히 공부하도록 하겠습니다. I will study hard from now on. (I will make myself study

hard from now on.)

The pattern 'V (다) + -기 위해(서)' / 'N + -을(를) 위해(서)'

'-기 위해서' is attached to verbs and '-을(를) 위해서' to nouns, both of which mean 'for' in English. The second

action is carried out to complete the action of the first sentence. '위해' can be used because '-서' is often deleted, and

'위하여' can be exchanged for '위해서'

예) 먹기 위해서 삽니까? 살기 위해서 먹습니까? Do you live to eat, or eat to live?

예) 가족을 위해서 돈을 벌기로 했어요. I plan to make money for my family.

The pattern '- (으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라'

'- (으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라' joins two facts or events which relate to each other, in order to intensify or expand the first

statement. It means '…not only… but also…' in English.

예) 그 영화는 재미있을 뿐 아니라 주제도 좋아요. The movie is not only exciting, but the theme is

good.

The connective '-(으)므로'

'-(으)므로' means 'because' in English, so it can be changeable to '-기 때문에'. but '-(으)므로' is more often used in

the written text. .

예) 가을에는 감기에 걸리기 쉬우므로 조심하시기 바랍니다. Be careful because it is easy to catch a

cold in fall.

예) 그 집은 너무 시끄러우므로 사지 않을 생각입니다. I don't think I'll buy that house because it's too

noisy.

The pattern 'N + -에 의해'

'N + -에 의해' is the contracted form of '-에 의하여' and it expresses the noun which can be a basis or ground of the
last statement.
예) 폭우에 의해 많은 사람들이 죽었어요. Because of the heavy rain, many people died.

예) 우리 아이가 그 사람에 의해 납치 당했어요. He kidnapped my child. (My child was kidnapped by

him.)

The connective '-거나'

'-거나' is used in paired phrase to indicate a contrast. It expresses alternative conditions or possibilities. '-거나' is

used among verbs, but '-(이)나' is used among nouns.

예) 오거나 말거나 마음대로 하세요. It's up to you whether you want to come or not.

예) 밥이나 빵이나 아무거나 먹겠어요. I don't mind whether I eat rice or bread.

The marker 'N + -만큼'

'-만큼' is used with Nouns and conveys the meaning of comparison of extent, a degree or a measurement. With verbs,

'-(으)ㄹ 만큼' is used. (Lesson 3 in Intermediate Korean)

예) 저는 앤디 씨만큼 한국말을 잘 하지 못해요. I can't speak Korean as well as Andy.

예) 우리가 다 들어 갈 만큼 방이 넓었어요. The room was big enough for all of us to go into.

Lesson VII: 시간이 지날수록 세상은 편리해 지는구나

The pattern '-(이)라도': -ever it is, no matter - it is

The pattern '-이라도' is used for expressing the meaning of '-ever it is, no matter - it is' in English, when it is

preceded by interrogative words (누구, 언제, 어디, 무엇, 무슨), or an interrogative phrases (어느 것/분, 무슨

일, 몇 분/시, 어떤 책) etc..

예) 누구라도 괜찮아요. Anyone will be fine.

예) 언제라도 좋아요. Any time will be fine.

예) 무슨 일이라도 있어요? Is there any problem?

예) 어떤 책이라도 괜찮아요. No matter what kind of book it is, it will be fine.

The Plain Speech Style 2

The basic explanation of the plain style is dealt with in the Novice Korean I, Lesson 6. In this lesson, you will
meet the rest of the Plain speech style. These endings are used with people such as school juniors, or to a relatively
younger person in the family by grandparents to grandsons and daughters etc..

1. Interrogative Forms: '-(으)냐/(느)냐' (Thể nghi vấn)

예) 그게 뭐냐? What is that?

예) 몇 시에 일어났(느)냐? What time did you get up?

2. Declarative forms: '-ㄴ다/-는다/-다' (Thể khẳng định)

예) 집에 간다. I am going home.

예) 나는 점심을 안 먹는다. I don't have lunch.

예) 어제는 집에 일찍 갔다. I went home early yesterday.

3. Propositive forms: '-자' (Đề nghị)

예) 지금 공부하자. Let's study now.

예) 지금 떠나자. Let's leave now.

4. Imperative forms: '-아(어/여)라' (Mệnh lệnh)

예) 빨리 집에 가라. Go home quickly.

예) 이걸 먹어라. Eat this.

The pattern '-거든요'

The pattern '-거든요' is used as a sentence final ending which indicates reason or cause.

예) 왜 어제 안 오셨어요? Why didn't you come yesterday?

머리가 많이 아팠거든요. Because I had a terrible headache.

The connective '-(으)ㄹ수록': the more-, the more -

The connective '-(으)ㄹ수록' is used for indicating a progressive increase of intensity, amount or time.

예) 이 책은 읽을수록 재미없어요. The more I read this book, the less interesting it becomes.

예) 한국어는 공부할수록 재미있는 것 같아요. The more I study Korean, the more interesting it seems to

be.

예) 쌀수록 좋아요. The cheaper, the better.

예) 쌀수록 더 좋아요. (the word '-더(more)' is added.)

예) 싸면 쌀수록 더 좋아요. (the word '싸면(if it is cheap)' is added.)

The exclamatory ending: -구나/군요 -> -더구나/더군요

The exclamatory ending '-구나/군요' is used for expressing delight, wonder, astonishment or surprise in the

present tense.

As for the past tense, however, the pre-ending '-더-' is used when a speaker recalls or recollects past facts,

occurrences, or experiences and is used like '-더구나/더군요.' such as '-더니, -던 etc.'.

예) 한국은 날씨가 덥구나. It is hot in Korea.

예) 한국은 날씨가 덥더구나. I remember/recall that it was hot in Korea.

The pattern -와/과(는) 달리: different from

This pattern '-와/과 달리' is used with nouns, verbal nouns and noun clauses, it indicates a distinction between

elements or factors in a situation of contrast. The topic marker '-는' is optional. And the pattern'-와/과는 다르다' can

be used in a main clause.

예) 그것은 제가 생각과는 달리 비쌌어요. Compared to what I thought, it was expensive.

예) 마이클 씨의 말과 달리 안나 씨는 어제 학교에 안 왔어요. Contrary to what Michael said, Anna didn't

come to school yesterday.

예) 이분의 이야기는 그분의 이야기와 달라요. This person's story does not agree with his.

The word '다르다(to be different)' is used with the particle '-와/과' to express the contrast/comparison. Likewise, the

word '같다 (to be the same)' and '비슷하다 (to be similar to)' can be used with the particle '-와/과'.

예) 이것은 저것과 같아요.. This one is just like that one.

예) 제 생각은 마이클 씨 생각과 비슷해요. My thought is similar to Michael's thought.

The pattern '-(으)ㄴ/는 반면에': on the contrary

This pattern '-(으)ㄴ/는 반면에' is used for expressing the contradiction or contrast between the meaning of the main

clause and subordinate clause.

예) 마이클 씨는 부지런한 반면에 성격이 급해요. Michael is diligent but impetuous.

예) 그 회사는 월급은 많이 주는 반면에 일이 많아요. That company offers a high salary, but gives a lot

of work to do.

예) 그분은 키가 작은 반면에 마음은 넓어요. He is short but he has a big heart.

Lesson VIII: 부인이 직장에 나가는 것이 좋아요?

The connective '-다니'

The connective '-다니' is used for expressing the reason or cause, and precedes expressions of surprise such as

'웬일이에요/ 웬일이니?, 깜짝 놀랐어요.' etc,.

예) 저한테 전화를 하다니 웬일이세요? I am surprised that you are calling me.

예) 그분이 돌아가시다니 깜짝 놀랐어요. I was surprised to hear that he died.

 The pattern '-긴/기는 -지만/는데': it is true… but…
This pattern is used for expressing the speaker's admission to a certain truth or occurrence. The verb that is attached

to this pattern is repeated in the main clause. This pattern is used mostly with the connectives such as '-지만' or '-

(으)ㄴ/는데' 'but' etc.

예) 돈이 있긴 있어요. I have money, but…

예) 영어가 재미있긴 재미있지만 너무 어려워요. English is interesting, but it's too difficult.

예) 그분을 만나긴 만났는데, 이야기를 오래 할 수 없었어요. I met him, but I couldn't talk with him for a long

time.

The pattern 'Interrogative + -(으)ㄹ지 모르겠다'

This pattern is used for expressing that the speaker can't decide a certain action.

예) 무엇을 먹을지(먹어야 할지) 모르겠어요. I can't decide what I should eat.

예) 언제 가야 할지 모르겠어요. I can't decide when I should go.

The sentence ending '-잖아(요)'

This ending is used for expressing a tag question for confirming the fact of a sentence. This is the contracted form of

'-지 않아(요)'.

예) 네가 그 일을 한다고 했잖아. (I'm sure that) You have said to do that.

예) 그 음식은 안나 씨가 주문했잖아요. Anna, you ordered that food, didn't you?

The pattern '-곤 하다': used to (do)…

This pattern is used for expressing an action which one does from time to time, on a semi-regular but infrequent
basis. However, depending on the tense of the main clause, the meaning of this pattern is different.
1. When it is used in the present tense, this pattern means 'one does something every now and then'.

예) 저는 저녁에 술을 마시곤 합니다. I sometimes drink in the evening.

예) 가끔 제주도에 가곤 합니다. I go to Cheju Island from time to time.

2. When it is used in the past tense, it means 'one used to do every now and then.'

예) 어렸을 때, 제주도에 가곤 했어요. I used to go to Cheju Island when I was young.

예) 고등학교 때, 가끔 등산을 하곤 했어요. When I was a high school student, I used to go mountain climbing.

The pattern '-다 보면'

This pattern is used to express the situation where after one does something, one realizes a certain fact or suddenly
discovers something.
예) 한국어를 공부하다 보면, 한국어가 재미있어요. While studying Korean, I realized that it is interesting,

예) 그분 생각을 자꾸 하다 보면, 그분이 보고 싶어져요. As I think more and more about him, I really miss him.

The particle '-대로': as; just as; in accordance with; just as it is(was)
This particle is always attached to the nouns and expresses the manner, degree or equality.

예) 마음대로 하세요. Please do as you like.

예) 선생님 말씀대로 하세요. Please do as your teacher says.

예) 법대로 합시다. Let's do according to the law.

The connective '-길래': because, so

This connective is used for expressing cause or reason.

예) 머리가 아프길래 약을 먹었어요. I had a headache, so I took some medicine.

예) 돈이 없길래 가지 말자고 했어요. Because I had no money, I said "let's not go".

Lesson IX: 한국 예절을 소개하겠습니다

-(으)ㄹ지도 모르다 : maybe, it may be that -

This pattern '-(으)ㄹ지도 모르다' is used for expressing a speaker's uncertainty or doubt about a certain fact or event

with the verbs.

예) 내일은 비가 안 올지도 몰라요. It may not rain tomorrow.

예) 그분은 선생님일지도 몰라요. He may be a teacher.

예) 버스를 타면 늦을지도 몰라요. If we take a bus, we may be late.

-(으)ㄹ까 봐 : I am afraid that---, so ----

This pattern '-(으)ㄹ까 봐' is used for expressing a speaker's anxiety, worry or solicitude.

예) 비가 올까 봐 안 갔어요. I was afraid that it would rain, so I didn't go.

예) 늦을까 봐 택시를 탔어요. I was afraid that I would be late, so I took a taxi.

-는 동안(에) ; while doing something

This connective '-는 동안에' is used for expressing two simultaneous actions performed by different subject. '-에' is

optional.

예) 제가 숙제를 하는 동안에 친구는 TV 를 봤어요. While I was doing my homework, my friend

watched TV.

예) 제가 친구하고 이야기하는 동안에 제 가방이 없어졌어요. While I was talking with my friend,

my bag disappeared.

-이/가 아니라 :
This pattern is the same as the pattern '-이/가 아니고' in the meaning of 'It is not A, but it is B'.

예) 저분은 학생이 아니라 선생님이에요. (저분은 학생이 아니고 선생님이에요.) He is not a student, but a

teacher.

예) 이건 사과가 아니라 배예요. (이건 사과가 아니고 배예요.) This is not an apple, but a pear.

-더라도 : even though

This connective has the meaning of 'even though (if) ---'. This connective is used with any verb except '-이다'.

예) 맛이 없더라도 많이 잡수세요. Even though it is not tasty, please eat a lot.

예) 날씨가 춥더라도 꼭 오세요. Even though the weather is cold, please come in.

-(으)ㄹ 지 ... -(으)ㄹ 지 : doing A or B

This connective is used for expressing the choice of two facts.

예) 오늘 갈 지 내일 갈 지 결정하세요. Decide whether you will go today or tomorrow.

예) 갈비를 먹을 지 불고기를 먹을 지 생각하고 있어요. I am thinking whether to eat Galbi or Bulgogi.

-(으)ㄹ 경우(에)(는) : in the case of, if it is ---

This pattern '-(으)ㄹ 경우에' is attached to the verb directly, and the English equivalent is 'in the case of'. '-는' is

optional.

예) 비가 올 경우에(는) 가지 않겠어요. If it is raining, I will not go.

예) 늦게 올 경우에(는) 전화하세요. If you are late, give me a call.

 -(아/어/여)야 : after (one) must do---, then---
This connective is used for expressing that the condition of the action of the subject for a certain fact. The English
equivalent expression of this connective is 'after (one) must do---, then---'.

예) 숙제를 해야 놀 수 있어요. I have to finish my homework and then I can play.

예) 시험을 잘 봐야 졸업할 수 있어요. I have to do well on my test, then I can graduate.

Lesson X: 할아버지,진지 잡수세요

'-다면서': 'I heard (that) ……, is that so ?

'-다면서' is used with verbs and adjectives, and is used to confirm a certain fact or event which is generally known by

the public.

예) 다음 주에 미국에 돌아간다면서? I heard (that) you are going back to America. Is that so ?

지난 주에 열심히 공부했다면서? I heard (that) you studied hard last week. Is it right?

The pattern '-는 바람에': 'because, so'

This pattern '-는 바람에' is used with verbs and other forms of indirect discourse. It indicates a stimulus to action, or

something that incites or determines an outcome.

예) 미나 씨가 우는 바람에 모두 울었어요. Because Mi-Na was crying, everybody cried.

미나 씨가 가는 바람에 나도 갔어요. Because Mi-Na was going, I also went.

예) 미나 씨가 간다는 바람에 나도 갔어요. Because Mi-Na said she would go, I also went.

This pattern is not used in the future tense.

예) 미나 씨가 가라는 바람에 갈 거예요. (awkward)

대과거 -았(었/였)-
Tenses in Korean are determined from the speaker's point of view. Sometimes tenses communicate certain aspects of
the verb actions/ states rather than the time reference of the verb.

'-았(었/였)-' is used to convey a distant past event, which does not affect the present state any more; or it conveys a

past experience of the subject.

예) 영수 씨가 어제 왔었어요. Young-Su came(had come) here yesterday.

그 남자 이름을 알았었는데, 지금은 생각나지 않아요. I used to know his name, but I don't know it

at present.

미나 씨는 미국에 유학했었어요. Mina went to the United States to study (but is now here).
The pattern '-다 보니(까)': 'while doing something, I realized that…'
This pattern is used to express the idea of discovering something suddenly, while doing a certain activity. Also, it

always takes the past tense and '-까' is optional.

예) 이야기하다 보니(까) 열 두 시가 되었어요. While I was talking, I realized it was twelve o'clock.

일이 너무 많다 보니(까), 영화 볼 시간이 없어요. Because I have a lot of work to do, I don't have

time to see a movie.

The pattern '-(으)ㄹ망정': 'even though', 'even if'

This pattern '-(으)ㄹ망정' corresponds to the English 'even if it is (so-and-so)' or 'even if (someone) does (so-and-so)'.

It is similar in meaning with '-아(어/여)도' or '-더라도' which we already studied in lesson 9 in Intermediate Korean.

예) 저는 혼자 살망정 그 여자와 결혼하지는 않겠어요. Even though I live alone, I won't marry that girl.

돈을 많이 벌 수 있을망정 법을 어기고 싶지 않아요. Even if I were to make money, I don't want to break

the law.