PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE: KAVALI

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY
QUESTION BANK FOR MID II

1. (a) A spring controlled governor of the Hartnell type has the following data: Mass of the ball = 1.8 kg; Mall of the
sleeve= 6kg; Ball and sleeve arms of the bell crank lever = 150 mm and 120 mm respectively. The equilibrium
speed and radius of rotation for the lowest position of the sleeve are 400r.p.m. and 150mm respectively. The
sleeve lift is 10 mm and the change in speed for full sleeve lift is 5%. During an overhaul, the spring was
compressed 2 mm more than the correct compression for the initial setting. Determine the stiffness of the spring
and the new equilibrium speed for the lowest position of the sleeve.

(b) The upper arms of a Porter governor are pivoted on the axis of rotation and the lower arms are pivoted to the
sleeve at a distance of 30 mm from the axis of rotation. The length of each arm is 300 mm and the mass of each
ball is 6 kg. If the equilibrium speed is 200 r.p.m. when the radius of rotation is 200 mm, find the required mass
on the sleeve. If the friction is equivalent to a force of 40 N at the sleeve, find the coefficient of insensitiveness at
200 rpm radius.

2. A loaded governor of the Porter type has equal arms and links each 250 mm long. The mass of each ball is 2 kg
and the central mass is 12 kg. When the ball radius is 150mm, the valve is fully’ open and when the radius is 185
mm, the valve is closed. Find the maximum speed and the range of speed. If the maximum speed is to be
increased 20% by an addition of mass to the central load, find what additional mass is required.

3. (a) Explain the terms sensitiveness and Isochronism in connection with governors.
(b) All the arms of a Porter governor are 250mrn long. The upper arms are hinged at a distance of 40mm from the
axis of rotation whereas the lower arms are pivoted at a distance of 50mm from the axis of rotation. The mass of
each ball is 2.5kg and the mass of sleeve is 25kg. The force of friction on the sleeve is 20N. The masses revolve
at a radius of 125mm at minimum speed and at a radius of 150mm at maximum speed. Determine the range of
speed.

4. In a spring-loaded Hartnell type of governor, the mass of each ball is 4kg and the lift of the sleeve is 40mm.The
governor begins to float at 200rpm when the radius of the ball path is 90mm. The mean working speed of the
governor is 16 times the range of speed when friction is neglected. The lengths of the ball and roller arms of the
bell-crank lever are 100mm and 80mm respectively. The pivot centre and the axis of governor are l15mm apart.
Determine the initial compression of the spring, taking into account the obliquity of arms. Assuming the friction
at the sleeve to be equivalent to a force of l5N, determine the total alteration in speed before the sleeve begins
to move from the mid- position.

5. A governor of the Hartnell type has ball arm and sleeve arm of lengths 125mm and 62.5mm respectively; the
fulcrum of the bell crank lever being 100mm away from spindle axis. The governor runs at a mean speed of
300rpm, each ball has a mass of 2.3kg, and a 3 percent reduction in speed causes a sleeve movement of 6mm. If
the ball-arm is vertical at the mean speed, and gravitational effects are ignored, find the spring stiffness in N/m.
Neglect the mass of the arms. By how much must the adjusting nut be screwed down to render the governor
isochronous and what will be the resulting operational speed of the governor?

6. (a) What is the difference between centrifugal and inertia type governors? Why is the former preferred to the latter?
(b) Calculate the range of speed of Porter governor; which has equal arms each 200 mm long and pivoted on the
axis of rotation. The mass of each ball is 4 kg and the central mass on the sleeve is 20kg. The radius of rotation
of the ball is 100 mm when the governor begins to lift and 130 mm when the governor is at maximum speed. The
friction at the sleeve is equivalent to 15N.

7. Each of the rotating balls of a Hartung governor has a mass of 3.2 kg. The minimum and maximum radii of
rotation of the governor balls are 11.4cm and 14cm respectively. Each spring has a stiffness of 87.78 N/cm and
an initial compression of 5.lcm. The mass of the sleeve is negligible. Determine the equilibrium speed of the
governor at the mean position when the radius is l2.7cm. Also find the required spring stiffness and the initial
compression to make the governor isochronous at this speed.

8. (a) What are the limitations of a simple Watt governor? Why has this type of governor become obsolete?
(b) A Porter governor has all four arms 300mm long. The upper arms are pivoted on the axis of rotation and the
lower arms are attached to the sleeve at a distance of 3.5mm from the axis. The mass of each ball is 7kg and the
mass on the sleeve is 54kg. If the extreme radii of rotation of the balls are 200mm and 250mm, find the range
of speed of the governor.
9. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Turning moment diagram
(b) Piston effort
(c) Coefficient of fluctuation of speed.

10. The torque delivered by two stroke engine represented by T=1000+300 sin 2θ - 500 cosθ N-m, where θ is the
angle made by the crank from IDC. The engine speed is 250rpm. The mass of flywheel is 400 kg and radius of
gyration is 400mm. Determine: (a) Total percentage of fluctuation of speed. (b) The angular acceleration of
flywheel when the crank has rotated through an angle of 600 from IDC. (c) The maximum angular retardation of
flywheel.

11. (a) What is Turning Movement diagram? Mention its uses.

(b) A certain machine requires a torque of (1500+200 sinθ)N-m to drive it where θ is the angle of rotation of shaft.
The machine is directly connected to an engine which produces a torque (1500+250 sinθ) N-m. The flywheel and
other rotating parts have a mass 300 kg at radius of gyration 200mm. Mean speed is 200 rpm. Find:
i. Kinetic Energy of flywheel ii. Percentage coefficient of fluctuation of speed iii. Crank angle at Maximum
Turning Moment.

12. A single cylinder gas engine develops 250 kW at 270 rpm. The work done by the gases on the expansion stroke
is 3.3 times to work done on the gases during compression stroke and the work done on the gases during suction
and exhaust stroke is negligible. If the total fluctuation of speeds is not to exceed ± 2% of the mean speed, find
the requirement of the inertia of the flywheel. Given the density of cast iron is 0.0072-kg/ cm3, and that the mean
speed of the rim is not to exceed 1700 m/min. Calculate:
(a) Energy to be absorbed by the flywheel
(b) The mass of the flywheel. Assume the shape of the turning moment diagram for a gas engine
as a triangle on a base of radians.

13. (a) Derive the equation K = e/2E where K=Coefficient of fluctuation of speed, explain maximum Fluctuation of
energy and Kinetic energy.
(b) Two Isosceles Triangles represent the turning moment diagram of an engine, the base of the two
triangles being 0 to π and π to 2 π the maximum torque being 1000 N-m. The engine runs at 500rpm. The
fluctuation of speed is not to exceed ±1.5%. Find the thickness of disc type flywheel required if diameter is 0.5m
and density of material is 7.5 gm/cm3.

14 .A horizontal steam engine 20 cm diameter by 40 cm stroke, connecting rod 100cm makes 160 r.p.m. The mass of
the reciprocating parts is 50 kg. When the Crank has turned through an angle of 30 degrees, the steam pressure
is 4.5 bar.
(a) Calculate the turning moment on crank shaft.
(b) If the mean resistance torque is 30 N-m and the mass of flywheel is 50kg and the radius of
gyration 70 cm Calculate the acceleration of the flywheel.

15. A single cylinder single acting four stroke cycle gas engine develops 22 kW at 300rpm. The flywheel weighs
1000kg. Hoop stress developed is 5 MPa. Density of material of rim of flywheel is 8000kg/m3. The speed variation
on either side is 1% of mean speed. Determine ratio of work done during expansion and Compression strokes.
Work done in suction and exhaust stroke is negligible, assume the shapes of the turning moment diagram during
compression and expansion are triangles

16. A machine shaft running at 200 r.p.m requires a torque increasing uniformly from 1200 N-m to 3600 N-m during
1800 of rotation. It is steady at 3600 N-m For subsequent one revolution and decreases uniformly to its original
value of 1200 N-m in subsequent one resolution and is again steady at 1200 N-m for next two revolutions. This
completes the cycle. Motor has constant torque and has a Rotor of mass 450 kg and 25 cm radius of gyration. If,
in addition, a flywheel of Mass 2000 kg and 60 cm radius of gyration is fitted to the shaft, determine
(a) Power required driving the motor, and (b) Percentage fluctuation of speed.

17. A rotor has the following properties

m1=3Kg r1=30mm θ1=300
m2=4Kg r2 =20mm θ2=1200
m3=2Kg r3=25mm θ3=2700
find the amount of the counter mass of a radial distance of 35mm for the static balance

18. A shaft carries four masses A, B, C and D of 12, 20, 30 and 16 kg respectively spaced 18 cm apart. Measuring
angle anti clockwise from A, B is 2400, C is 1350 and D is 2700. The radii are 15 cm, 12 cm, 6 cm and 18 cm and
the speed of the shaft is 120 rpm. Find the magnitude and direction relative to A of the resultant moment at a
plane midway between A and B.
19. Four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 having 100, 175, 200 and 25 kg are fixed to cranks of 20 cm radius and revolve
in places 1, 2, 3 and 4. The angular positions of cranks in planes 2, 3 and 4 with respect to the crank in plane1
are 750, 1350 and 2000 taken in the same sense. The distance of planes 2, 3 and 4 from plane 1 are 60 cm, 186
cm and 240 cm respectively. Determine the position and magnitude of the balance mass at a radius of 60 cm in
plane L and M located at middle of the plane 1 and 2 and the middle of the planes 3 and 4 respectively.

20. (a) Explain role of reference plane in balancing masses of rotation in different planes.
(b) Explain why two balancing weights are required to balance the weights rotating in different planes, compared
to single balance weight required to balance weights rotating in one plane.
(c) Describe reasons in detail for partial balancing of reciprocating masses.

21. (a) What is the necessity of the balancing

(b) A rigid rotor has all its unbalance in one plane and can be considered to consist of three masses m 1 = 5kg,
m2=3 kg at an angle 1650 counter clock wise from m1, and m3 = 8 kgs at angle 850 clock wise from m1. The radii
a1 = 20 cm, a2=8 cm, a3 = 14 cm. Determine the balancing mass required at a radius of 10 cm. Specify the
location of this mass with respect to m1.

22. The cranks 2 to 9 of a nine cylinder engine running at 1000 r.p.m. make 240, 120, 160, 280, 40, 80, 320 and
2000 respectively with crank 1, when measured in a counter clock direction. The rotating masses for each cylinder
are estimated to be 20 kg at 0.15m radius. The distance between centre lines of cranks is 0.4 m. Determine the
unbalanced movement due to the rotating parts about the mid plane (cylinder S) of the crank craft.

23. Discuss the unbalanced forces and couples acting in a four cylinder in line engines and the method of balancing
them

24. Derive the following expressions, for an uncoupled two cylinder locomotive engine.
A). variation in tractive force
b). swaying couple
c). hammer blow

25. The following data relate to a single cylinder reciprocating engine. Mass of reciprocating parts=40Kg. mass of
revolving parts = 30Kg at 180mm radius. Speed = 150rpm,stroke length=350mm. if 60% of the reciprocating parts
and all the revolving parts to be balanced, determine the: a) balanced mass required at a radius of 320mm. b) the
unbalanced force when the crank has turned 450 from the top dead centre.

26. a).Write a short note on primary and secondary balancing.

b) explain why only a part of the unbalanced force due to reciprocating masses is balanced by revolving masses.

27. Explain the ‘ direct and reverse crank’ method for determining unbalanced forces in radial engines.

28. Derive expressions for primary and secondary unbalanced forces in a V-engine and explain how they are
balanced.