READINGS IN PH HISTORY REVIEWER

History – record or account of past events

 History was derived from the Greek word “historia” which means “knowledge acquired through
inquiry or investigation”
 Existed for around 2400 years and is as old as mathematics and philosophy
 “no document, no history” – unless a written document can prove a certain historical event, then
it cannot be considered as a historical fact
Historiography

 The history of history

 Let the students have a better understanding of history
 Providing understanding of fact’s and historian’s contexts
 Teaches the student to be critical in the lessons of history presented to him
Positivism (emerged between 18th and 19th century) – the school of thought that requires empirical
and observable evidence before one can claim that a particular knowledge is true.
Postcolonialism (emerged in the early 20th century) – a school of thought that emerged when
formerly colonized nations grappled with the idea of creating their identities and understanding their
societies against the shadows of their colonial past.
- A reaction and an alternative to the colonial history that colonial powers created and taught to
their subjects
Historian – a person of his own who is influenced by his own context, environment, ideology, education,
and influences, among others.
Historical Methodology – comprises certain techniques and rules that historians follow in order to
properly utilize sources and historical evidences in writing history.
Scandalous cases in the Philippine History that are considered as Hoax
1. Code of Kalantiaw – a set of rules contained in an epic, Maragtas, which was allegedly written by
a certain Datu Kalantiaw. In 1968, an American historian William Henry Scott debunked the
authenticity of the code due to anachronism and lack of evidences to prove that the code existed
in the Precolonial Philippine society.
2. Ferdinand Marcos claimed that he was a decorated World War II soldier who led a guerilla unit
called Maharlika.
NATURE OF HISTORY

 A study of the present in the light of the past

 The study of man
 Concerned with man in time
 Concerned with man in space
 Objective record of happenings
 Multisided
 A dialogue between the events of the past and progressively emerging future ends
 Not only narration but also an analysis
 Continuity and coherence are the necessary requisites of history
 Relevant
  Comprehensiveness
PRIMARY SOURCES
- Provide direct or first-hand evidence
- Provide the original materials on which other research is based
- Enable us to get as close as possible to what really happened
- Historical sources ascertain historical facts
- Such facts are then analyzed and interpreted by the historians to weave historical narrative
- Historians who study certain historical subjects and events need to make use of various primary
sources in order to weave the narrative
KINDS OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Literary or Cultural Sources
1. Novels, plays, poems
2. TV shows, movies, videos
3. Paintings, photographs
ACCOUNTS THAT DESCRIBE EVENTS, PEOPLE, AND IDEAS
1. Newspapers
2. Chronicles or historical accounts
3. Essays, speeches
4. Memoirs, diaries, journals, letters
5. Philosophical theories or manifests
INFORMATION ABOUT PEOPLE
1. Census records
2. Obituaries
3. Newspaper articles
4. Biographies and autobiographies
INFORMATION ABOUT PLACE
1. Maps and atlases
2. Census information
3. Statistics
4. Photographs
5. City directories
6. Local libraries or historical societies
INFORMATION ABOUT ORGANIZATION
1. Archives
THREE TYPES OOF WRITTEN SOURCES
Narrative sources or literary sources
- Diaries
- Films
- Biographies
- Philosophical works
- Scientific works
Diplomatic source
- Charter
- Legal documents
Social documents
- Register of births
- Tax records
KINDS OF CRITICISM

 Internal criticism
- it examines the truthfulness of the content of the evidence
- this does not require the act of establishing truthfulness and/or accuracy but also the
examination of the primary sources in terms of the content of its production
 External criticism
- the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics;
consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced; and the materials
used for evidence.

First Voyage Around the world by Magellan by Antonio Pigafetta

 Taken from the chronicles of contemporary voyagers and navigators of the 16th century
 Antonio Pigafetta an Italian nobleman who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan in his fateful
circumnavigation of the world
 Became a classic that prominent literary men in the west like William Shakespeare, Michel de
Montaigne and Giambattista Vico referred to the book in their interpretation of the New World
 Pigafetta’s travelogue is one of the most important primary source in the study of Precolonial
Philippines
 His account was a major referent to the events leading in the Philippines, his death in the hands
of Lapulapu’s forces in the Battle of Mactan, and in the departure of what was left of Magellan’s
fleet.
 It reveals several insights not just in the character of the Philippines during the Precolonial period
but also on how the Europeans regard a deeply unfamiliar terrain, environment, people, and
culture
In analyzing a primary source, it is important to consider its context, the character of the period
when it was produced, its author, and the agenda and inclinations of the author.
It is important to use primary sources in studying history because it allows students to look at the
past and offer their own interpretation to it. Moreover, primary sources reveal historical detail that
might be new for students.
In looking at primary sources, students and researchers should employ internal and external
criticisms to establish the credibility of the source and to comprehend the content of the said
source.
KKK

 Kataastasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan

 The most important organization formed in the Philippine history
 It envisioned:
a. A united Filipino nation that would revolt against the Spaniards for the total independence of
the country from Spain
  Katipunan created a complex structure and a defined value system that would guide the
organization as a collective aspiring for a single goal
 The most important katipunan document was the Kartilya ng Katipunan (Manga Aral Nang
Katipunan ng mga A.N.B.)
 It was written by Emilio Jacinto who joined the movement when he was only 18 years old
 He was a law student at UST
 Became the secretary of the organization and took charge of the short-lived printing press of the
Katipunan
 Bonifacio appointed Jacinto as a commander of the Katipunan in Northern Luzon (22 years old)
 Died (Jacinto) at Malaria at the age of 24 in town of Magdalena, Laguna
 The Kartilya was treated as the Katipunan’s code of conduct
 Contains fourteen rules that instruct the way a Katipunero should behave, and which specific
values should be uphold
 The rules stated can be classified into two:
1. Rules that will make the member an upright individual
2. Rules that will guide the way he treats his fellow men
Philippine Independence Day – June 12, 1898 in the province of Cavite.