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Historical hooks
Composers in the early twentieth century questioned not only traditional forms and
structures but the fundamentals of their musical language. Tonal harmony and regular
meter were particularly challenged with many composers abandoning both.
The twentieth century saw a succession of overlapping schools and styles of music that
broke new ground, often led by influential pioneers. The various ‘isms’ of 20th century
music include impressionism, expressionism, neo-classicism, serialism, nationalism,
aleatoricism and minimalism.
Many composers, however, took on board ideas from the more radical movements and
integrated them into personal styles that showed more continuity with traditional music
(e.g. Nielsen, Britten, Shostakovich, Janacek)
Some composers in the twentieth century have been influenced by jazz (e.g. Stravinsky,
Ravel) and other popular music (e.g. Schnittke, Martland, Turnage)
Late Romanticism
Romanticism continued through the first decade of the 20th century: the calm before the
storm of the First World War.
The rich, expressive style of Wagner culminated in the symphonic works
of Mahler, Richard Strauss and Elgar, the operatic works of Puccini and the lush
Russian style of Rachmaninov and Rimsky-Korsakov.
Music is typified by heavy chromaticism, rhythmic freedom and innovative approaches to
orchestration with careful and sparing selection of instrumental timbres.
Genre Examples:
The French composer Debussy similarly developed a style of composing which gave a hazy,
ambiguous effect.
Genre Examples:
Genre Examples:
Schoenberg (1874-1951)
Ewartung Webern (1883-1945) Quartet Op. 22 (NAM)
Nationalism
In a period that saw two World Wars, it is not surprising that some composers aimed to protect
and promote the culture and heritage of their homeland.
Sibelius (Finland) created music which in many ways reflected the wide, open but
sometimes bleak landscape of his homeland through broad orchestral sweeps and
economical use of motifs.
Elgar and Walton (England) seemed to capture the proud, confident yet reserved nature of
the English in the early 1900s.
Bartók (Hungary) went further by collecting and notating folk songs of his homeland; he
then adapted elements of the music into his own unique style, incorporating flexible
rhythms, modal and pentatonic scales and ostinato patterns.
Genre examples:
Many C20 composers became interested in introducing an element of chance into their music –
the most radical pioneer in this regard was John Cage, who questioned the whole nature of music
and its performance with his famous silent piece 4’33’’.
Genre examples
Sample Tracks
Debussy (1862-1918) Prelude á L’Aprés-Midi d’un
Faune (opening)