​ ​PRE-LAB REPORT - 1

​Name :​ ​P.Pranavi
​Roll No:​ ​121601035

Exercise 1: Analog data transmission

Objective :

Part A
1. Transmit a sinusoid using the analog input (P11) and observe it at the
receiver (P31, P32).
2. Vary the frequency and amplitude of the sinusoid and observe the
same parameters at the output. Explain the observations. Find the
amplitude levels at which clipping occurs.

Part B
1. The OFT kit employs PCM to transmit analog data. The analog signal
is quantized into 8-bit sequences for digital transmission. This
quantization is non-uniform. The quantization levels of the ADC and
DAC employed at the Tx and Rx are matched.
2. At the Tx (S1), feed a 3kHz sinusoid and observe the sinusoid
reconstructed at the Rx (P23) from quantized bit values. Thus, by
transmitting user-defined 8-bit sequences to the DAC, we can find the
corresponding quantized voltage level. Find the 8-bit sequences for
the various voltage levels.
3. Plot the input analog voltage vs output quantized voltage level curve.
Explain the observations.
 Concepts and background description:

Optical Fibre is a glass core used for long distance communications with
less attenuation as it is relatively free of electromagnetic and radio wave
interference. It involves a driver circuit which converts electrical signals to
optical and couplers are used to couple the light from LED/Laser
diode(Transmitting side) into the core of the fibre and from the fibre to the
Pin diode(Receiver side), which again converts optical back to electrical
signals.

​Part - A :

To transmit a sinusoidal signal and observe the output signal by varying its
amplitude and frequency , we have to set up an analog optic fibre link.The
link can be established by the preparation of the optical fiber for coupling
light into it and the coupling of the fiber to the LED and detector. The LED
used is an 850nm LED. The fiber is a multimode fiber with a core diameter
of 1000μm. The detector is a simple PIN detector.

The LED optical power output is directly proportional to the current driving
the LED. Similarly, for the PIN diode, the current is proportional to the
amount of light falling on the detector. Thus, even though the LED and the
PIN diode are non-linear devices, the current in the PIN diode is directly
proportional to the driving current of the LED. This makes the optical
communication system a linear system.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

OFT.

Two channel, 20 MHz Oscilloscope.

Function generator, 1Hz - 10 MHz.

Procedure:

i) Set SW8 to analog and switch on power supply.

ii)Connect the 1m fibre between LED1 (in the Optical Tx1 block) and
PD1(in the Optical Rx1 block) with GAIN knob at its minimum position
ensuring that both the ends of optical fibre are clean.

iii)Now slowly increase the gain until either L8, or L9, or both go off (in the
marker detection block). Press the RESET switch. Now LEDs L8 and L9
should both be off. Toggle the switches SW0 to SW7 (in the 8-bit data
transmit block) and see the corresponding LEDs L0 to L7 (in the 8-bit
receive block) toggling.

iv) The OFT now has a working fibre-optic link set up.

v) The above connection is as shown below in figure.

vi)Now, Feed a sinusoidal wave of 1KHz, 1V P-P [with zero d.c.]from the
function generator to P11. The PIN detector output signal is available at
P32 in the optical Rx1 block.Vary the input signal level driving the LED and
observe the received signal at the PIN detector.
vii) The PIN detector signal at P32 is amplified, with amplifier gain
controlled by the GAIN potentiometer as shown in figure below. With a
constant input signal at P11, Observe P31 as the gain potentiometer is
varied and observe the clipping of the input signal.

viii) Measure the bandwidth of the link as follows:

Apply a 2V P-P sinusoidal signal [with zero d.c.] at P11 and observe the
output at P31. Adjust GAIN such that no clipping takes place. Vary the
frequency of the input signal from 100 Hz to 5 MHz and measure the
amplitude of the received signal. Plot the received signal amplitude as a
function of frequency [using a logarithmic scale for frequency]. Note the
frequency range for which the response is flat.
PART - B :

One of the most commonly used standards for voice digitization today is A-law /
μ-law companded PCM voice coding at 64Kbits/sec. For conversion to PCM, the
analog speech signal is filtered using a low pass filter with a cut-off at 3.4 KHz,
sampled at 8K samples/sec and is then quantized and coded into 8 bits per
sample. This gives a bit rate of 64Kbps for a voice signal.

A-law generally includes the quantisation of levels at unequal spacing.

PROCEDURE:

i) Set up OFT and ensure that the multiplexer-demultiplexer is working.

Interchange Voice Slot 2 and the data slot on the Tx side by interchanging post A
and post B of S8 and S9. Now the data fed by SW0-SW7 is decoded by the
A-law PCM decoder and the signal is available at P24 of the voice decoder block.
Observe this signal on channel 1 of an oscilloscope with a channel set to give DC
value.

ii) The SW0-SW7 data now corresponds to the word decoded by the decoder,
with SW7 as the sign bit [MSB],SW6-SW4 determining the segment, and
SW3-SW0 deciding the level within the segment. Set SW6-SW0 as 1010101,
implying segment 0 and level 0. Feed a TTL input of 400 Hz at post P1 after
turning ON SW7. Thus the MSB bit of the CODEC input (sign bit) is now toggling
continuously. Observe the analog signal at P24. It is desirable to display the TTL
input (400 Hz) on channel 2 and trigger the scope on channel 2. Note the low
level of the output [corresponding to the codeword 01010101] and the high level
of the output [corresponding to the code word 11010101]. These values give the
lowest level of segment 1 on both the positive and negative sides. As it is clear,
this level is too small to measure and is almost 0 volts.

Circuit diagram for the above is given as below :

iii) Change the input of these codes that are being fed to the SW0 - SW7
and observe the output at P24.iii) Change the input of these codes that are
being fed to the SW0 - SW7 and observe the output at P24.