Arrangement by the nervous system and hormones

A. The nervous system

1. Enteric nervous system (Intrinsic)

- Pleksus mientrikus auerbach To regulate motor function or motility of gastrointestinal wall. But
on the sphincter it inhibits plain muscle contraction of the sphincter to experience relaxation so
that food can enter the next segment of the gastrointestinal tract

- Submucous plexus To regulate gastrointestinal secretion and control of submucosal smooth

muscle activity. Subtle submucous muscle contractions result in folds of the mucosa whose
function is to expand the absorption area.

2. Autonomic nervous system (extrinsic)

- Parasympathetic for increased gastrointestinal motility, its stimulation increases the activity of
enteric nervous system, except sphincter.

- Sympathetic also for increased motility but few (low activity)

B. Hormones
Grouped to 4:

1. The actual hormone

Secreted by entero-endocrine cells. There are 15 cell types that have been identified and
named with letters. For example, cell G, cell S, etc.

- Cholecystokinine
Secretion by cell I on the surface of the duodenal mucosa and proximal jejunum. Which
stimulates this hormone is the entry of long-chain fat into the duodenum, peptide and amino
acids. Its effect is to increase the contraction of the bladder so that the fluid is pushed out,
stimulating the secretion of pancreas digestive enzymes. In the stomach, this hormone inhibits
the emptying of the contents of the stomach into the duodenum. The goal is to take time on the
duodenum to digest the fat present in it.

- Secretion
Secretion by S cells on the duodenal mucosa. Which stimulates this hormone is the entry of
acidic gastric juices into the duodenum. Its function is to stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate
from the pancreas and bile which is useful to neutralize the acidic chemistry, inhibits gastric acid
secretion, the growth of the pancreatic exocrine gland.

- Gastrin Secretion by G cells on the mucosa of the stomach antrum and slightly duodenum.
The stimulating ones are peptides and amino acids in the stomach, gastric wall distension,
vagal stimulation that is parasympathetic. Its function is to stimulate gastric acid secretion by
oxintic cells, the growth of oxintic cells.
- Peptide inhibitory peptide (gastric inhibitory peptide) It is secreted in the duodenal mucosa and
proximal jejunum. The stimulating ones are fatty acids and amino acids. Its function inhibits
gastric acid secretion, slows the emptying of the stomach

2. Hormone Candidates

- Motilin to stimulate the motility of the stomach and duodenum

- Pancreas polypeptide for inhibition or inhibition of secretion in the pancreas
- Enteroglukagon, possibly to increase blood glucose levels

3. Paracrine

- Somatostasin to inhibit the release of almost all the digestive system peptide hormones. The
inhibitor of this hormone is vagal stimulation
- Prostaglandins to increase blood flow, increase secretion of mucus and bicarbonate ions from
the gastric mucosa
- Histamine to stimulate gastric secretion by oxintic cells

4. Neurocrine
Peptides that stimulate enteric nervous system and its producing cells are called
neuroendocrine cells.

- Vasoactive peptide inhibitory (VIP) function for relaxation of circular muscles including
sphincter, stimulates bowel and pancreatic secretions
- Bombesin to stimulate the gastric mucosa to secrete gastrin hormones
- Enfekalin to stimulate smooth muscle contraction of the digestive system and inhibit intestinal
secretion