Acidifiers and Antiseptics Lecture Notes-Dr - Jibachha Sah, Lecturer, M.V.SC (Pharmacology)

Welcome to My Lecture Notes
AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY, Sixth Semester, B.V.Sc & A.H 6 th semester
Acidifiers and antiseptics
Dr. Jibachha Sah, Lecture, M.V.Sc ( Veterinary Pharmacology)

College of Veterinary Science, NPI, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal
Email: jibachhashah@gmail.com;00977-9845024121
An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.

Benjamin Franklin
1
1 History/Definition
2 Classification
Mechanism of action
Table of 3
4 Clinical use
Contents Acidifiers and antiseptics
5 Pharmacokinetics
How drugs works
6 Adverse effects
Dosage and side effect ,drug interaction
www.Jjibachhavet.com 2
Acidifiers
Acidifiers are inorganic chemicals that, put into a human (or other mammalian) body, either produce or become acid.
History:
Organic acids have been used for decades in
commercial compound feeds, mostly for feed
preservation, for which formic and propionic
acids are particularly effective .
These chemicals increase the level of gastric acid in the stomach when ingested, thus decreasing the stomach pH.
www.jibachhavet.com 3
Acidifiers
Definition .
According to Webster Dictionary a simple
or compound principle, whose presence is
necessary to produce acidity, as oxygen,
chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc
1.Acidifying reagents/aci
difiers:
Acidifiers are compounds classified as organic or inorganic acids.

Organic acids include formic, fumaric, lactic, benzoic, propionic, and
citric acids. Inorganic acids include hydrochloric, sulfuric, and
phosphoric acids. Salts of acids also have been used as acidifiers,
including calcium-formate, potassium-diformate, sodium-diformate,
and sodium-fumarate.
They are also known as acidifying reagents or acidifiers.
1 Gastric acidifiers
These are drugs which are used to restore temporarily the acidity of stomach in patients suffering
from achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria
2 Urinary acidifiers:
(These are the drugs which are used to render acidic urine to enable treatment of some type of
urinary tract disorders)
3 Systemic acidifiers
(These are the drugs which are able to neutralize the alkaline body fluids, particularly blood, in
Classification of patients who are suffering from systemic alkalosi)s.
Acids are used as pharmaceutical aids in the

Acidifiers Agent 4 preparation, laboratory quality control etc.
5
Achlorhydria- patient have deficient secretion of HCl in stomach
Antacids are classified as follows:
Antacid are classified as systemic (absorbable) and Non-systemic (non-absorbable antacid) and Complex antacids:
1) Systemic (absorbable) Non – systemic antacids:

1 2 3 Complex antacids:
Sodium bicarbonate Magnesium hydroxide Magaldrate
· Sodium citrate. · Aluminium hydroxide · Almagate
· Aluminium phosphate · Hydrotalcite.
4 5 6
These are soluble, readily absorbable These are not absorbed to a significant
and capable of producing systemic extent and thus do not alter an
electrolytic alteration and alkalosis. eg. appreciable systemic effect
Sodium bicarbonate
The Power of PowerPoint |

thepopp.com
7
Non-Systemic (non-absorbable) antacids
This group is further divided into following:
a) Aluminium containing
antacids
e.g Aluminium hydroxide, Aluminium
phosphate, Basic aluminium carbonate, b) Calcium
Dihydroxyaluminium aminoacetate
containing antacids
e.g Calcium carbonate, Tri basic
c) Magnesium containing antacids calcium phosphate
e.g Magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, d) Combination antacid

magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide, magnesium
peroxide, magnesium trisilicate, magnesium preparations
e.g. Aluminium hydroxide e.
gel and magnesium
phosphate. hydroxide Aluminium hydroxide gel and magnesium
trisilicate Semithicone containing antacids Calcium
carbonate containing antacids
Ideal requirements of Antacids:
:
It should be insoluble in It should not be It should be able to

water and has fine absorbable or cause exert its effect
particle form. systemic alkalosis. gradually and over a long
period of time.
It should not be a It should not cause any The antacid should buffer
laxative or cause side effect. in the pH range 4 to 6
constipation.
Evaluation of antacid activity is done by acid neutralizing test.
Ideal Properties of Antacid
1.Insoluble in water 2.Fine particle size 3.should not be

absorbable
4.Should effect over a long period 5.Probably inhibit pepsin 6. Easily available
of time
7.should not causes 8.should not be act as a 9.should not causes

constipation laxative systemic alkalosis
10.Non toxic 11.not causes any side effect 12 should exert effect rapidly

thepopp.com
10
Drug lower the acidity in stomach
1 Anti Receptor H2: lower acid production
2 Cimetidine,· Ranitidine,· Famotidine,· Nizatidine,· Rabetidine,
PPI (Pump Proton Inhibitor): long-lasting reduction of stomach

3
acid production.
4 Omeprazol,· Pantoprazol,· Lanzoprazol,· Rabeprozol.,
5 Simethicone helps break up gas bubbles in the gut.
Urinary acidifiers
Blood is but faintly alkaline with a PH of 7.4. The change from acid to alkaline in the urine depends largely on the
relative amounts of Na2HPO4, sodium phosphate, and of NaH2PO4, the acid sodium phosphate, present.
Urine of herbivore is normally alkaline and carnivore is acidic

thepopp.com
12
Urinary Acidifying Agents
citric acid/glucono-delta- renal irrigation solution in renal calculi, bladder calculi,
lactone/magnesium carbonate 1
Elevated Urinary pH
potassium acid
1-2 tabs (500-1000mg) dissolved in 6-8 oz of water; take PO four times daily
phosphate 2 with meals and at bedtime
citric acid renal irrigation solution in renal calculi, bladder calculi,

3
glucono-delta-
renal irrigation solution in renal calculi, bladder calculi,
lactone 4
magnesium
renal irrigation solution in renal calculi, bladder calculi,
carbonate 5
Systemic acidifiers
Systemic acidifiers, usually given by injection, act by reducing the alkali reserve in the body, and are also useful in reducing metabolic alkalosis.
Sodium Bicarbonate (sodium bicarbonate 5% injection) Injection may be

indicated in the treatment of metabolic acidosis which can occur in severe
renal disease, uncontrolled diabetes, circulatory insufficiency due
to shock, anoxia or severe dehydration,
In emergencies, 300 to 500 mL of the 5% Sodium Bicarbonate (sodium

bicarbonate 5% injection) Injection should or administered as rapidly as is
possible without over alkalinizing the patient.

thepopp.com
14
Role of poultry feed acidifiers:
Feed Acidifiers are acids included in feeds in order to lower the pH of the feed, gut, and microbial cytoplasm thereby inhibiting the growth
of pathogenic intestinal microflora. This inhibition reduces the microflora competing for the host nutrients and results in better growth and
performance of the chicken. Some of them they also act as mold inhibitors. They are added upto 0.25% of the diet.
1 Formic acid 2 Propionic acid 3 Benzoic acid

●Formic acid in breeder diet reduced Antibacterial action Bactericidal effect on coliform as well
the contamination of tray liners and as lactic acid bacteria in stomach and
hatchery waste with S.enteritidis, intestinal tract
● Controlling E.coli, Salmonella and

Campylobacter bacteria.
4 Citric acid 5 Lauric acid 6 Orthophosphoric acid
Enhance nonspecific immunity ● Bactericidal effect ● Intestinal media acidification both

upper and lower gu
● Anticlostridial effect
●Improve peptic digestion
Modes of Action:
The antibacterial action of organic acids depends on whether the bacteria are pH sensitive or not. Only certain types of
bacteria are sensitive to pH (ex.E. coli, Salmonella spp, L. monocytogenes, C. perfringens) while other types of bacteria are
not sensitive (Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp).
For pH sensitive bacteria:

Organic acids in undissociated (non-ionized, more lipophilic) state penetrate the semi permeable
membrane of bacteria cell wall and enter cytoplasm. At the internal pH of bacteria (~7.0), the
undissociated organic acids dissociate, releasing H+ and anions (A-). The internal pH of bacteria
decreases. The pH sensitive bacteria are unable to tolerate a large spread between the internal and
the external pH. A specific H+ -ATPase pump acts to bring the pH inside the bacteria to a normal
level. This phenomenon consumes energy and eventually can stop the growth of the bacteria or
even kill it.
Non-ionized meaning to separate or change into ions. Lipophilic meaning tending to combine
with or dissolve in lipids or fats.
The lowering of pH also suppresses the enzymes (e.g. decarboxylases and catalyses), inhibit
glycolysis, prevent active transport and interfere with signal transduction. The anionic (A-) part of the
acid trapped inside the bacteria (it can diffuse freely through the cell wall only in its non-dissociated
form), becomes toxic involving anionic imbalance leading to internal osmotic problems for the
bacteria.
Thus, the antibacterial effect of organic acids is by:
◘ Modification of bacteria internal pH

◘ Inhibition of bacteria fundamental metabolic functions
◘ Accumulation of toxic anions in bacteria
◘ Disruption of bacteria cellular membrane
Benefits of acidifiers in poultry health
Supplementation of organic acids viz. fumaric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid are the following benefits
reduces the pH of gastro-intestinal tract, hence decreases the total count of

1. pathogenic bacteria significantly.
remarkable increase in morphology of small intestine in terms of villus height, weight

2. and length and improves the availability of nutrients to the host .
Significantly increases the body weight gain in most of the Studies

3.
improvement in Feed Conversion Ratio.
decreases the cost of broiler production, hence increases the margin of profit.
4.
acids help to decrease the pH and extending the time of exposure of pathogens to an unfavorable
5. acidic environment.
This helps to eliminate a higher number of bacteria, decreasing the transit passage to
wwww.Jibachhavet.com 18
IMPROVE POULTRY DRINKING WATER QUALITY WITH ACIDIFICATION
Water has often been called “the forgotten nutrient” and not without reason.
FOUR BENEFITS OF WATER ACIDIFICATION
1 - Acidification prevents bacteria from reproducing
Most pathogenic bacteria are Gram-negative and as such are sensitive to acidic environments, which have a bacteriostatic effect. When a
chicken is drinking twice the quantity it eats, the acids in the drinking water can have a beneficial effect in the crop, reducing pathogenic
development.
2 - Acidification does not affect in-feed probiotics (direct-fed microbials)
They are either lactobacilliales, lactic acid producing bacteria, or sporulated bacillus bacteria, which are much less sensitive to acidic
environments. As a result, acidifying drinking water has no impact on probiotic products in feed.
3 - Acidification helps keep lime scale and biofilm at bay
Acidification of the drinking water can also reduce the build-up of limescale in the drinker lines, which in turn will also reduce the levels of
biofilm due to a lower level of bacterial contamination.
4- Acidification can help early protein digestion
acidification of the water may benefit early protein digestion by slightly reducing the buffering of the feed passing from the crop to the
proventriculus.
Lime scale means : white material that collects inside water pipes, kettles, etc. in areas where the water is
hard (= contains a lot of natural chemicals).
Biofilm means - a thin usually resistant layer of microorganisms (such as bacteria) that form on and coat www.jibachhavet.com 19
various surfaces.
Effect of pH on pathogenic bacterial development
source: https://www.biomin.net/en/articles/how-to-improve-poultry-drinking-water-quality-with-acidification/
Most pathogenic bacteria are Gram-negative and as such are sensitive to acidic
environments, which have a bacteriostatic effect. When a chicken is drinking twice the
quantity it eats, the acids in the drinking water can have a beneficial effect in the crop,
reducing pathogenic development.
Figure shows that below pH 5, many pathogens are stable and not increasing. However,
pathogenic bacteria will start rapidly multiplying once the pH goes above pH 5, peaking at
pH 7 – 8. While Gram-negative bacteria are sensitive to acids.
Precaution
The water should not be acidified when vaccinating.
Care needs to be taken when acidifying water to ensure that

the correct amount of acids are applied to reach the desired
pH of 4.5 of the drinking water.
Failure to do this can result in either over-acidification of the
water, which can hinder water intake and damage the
equipment, or an under-acidification, which can then provide
an energy source to the bacteria residing in the water line.
Antiseptic
Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction.
Some common antiseptics are
Disinfectant
Destruction or inhibition of growth of all pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungii) on non living surfaces
Some common disinfectants are
www.jibachhvet.com 24
Mechanism of action of antiseptic
Oxidation of
bacterial
protoplasm –
Potassium
permagnateH202,
Halogens
Co-agulation (denaturation) of bacterial proteins & disrupt cell membrane – Phenols, chlorhexidine, alcohols, aldehydes
Detergent like action ↑ permeability of bacterial cell membrane – Cetrimide, soaps
Properties of good antiseptic& disinfectant
Destruction or inhibition of growth of all pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungii) on non living surfaces
1 1. Cidal
2 2. Non staining & good odour
3 3.Active against all pathogens & Non sensitizing
4 .4. Active in presence of pus, blood & exudates
5 5. Non irritating to tissues / non corrosive & Non absorbable
Classification of antiseptic & Disinfectant
Phenol derivatives 1 phenol, cresol, hexachlorophene
Oxidizing agents 2 Hydrogen peroxide.
Halogens 3 Iodine, chlorine, chlorophores
Biguanides: 4 Chlorhexidine.
Quaternary
5 Cetrimide.
ammonium:
www,jibachhavet.com 27
Alcohols Ethanol, isopropanol chlorohexylenol
Aldehyde Formaldehyde
Acids Acetic acid, boric acid
Metallic salt: Mercuric compounds , silver – Chlorhexidine. & zinc salts
Dyes Gentian violet, acriflavine
Thank You
Any Questions?

Acidifiers and Antiseptics Lecture Notes-Dr - Jibachha Sah, Lecturer, M.V.SC (Pharmacology)

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Acidifiers and Antiseptics Lecture Notes-Dr - Jibachha Sah, Lecturer, M.V.SC (Pharmacology)

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Welcome to My Lecture Notes

Acidifiers and antiseptics

Dr. Jibachha Sah, Lecture, M.V.Sc ( Veterinary Pharmacology)

An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.

acids are particularly effective .

Acidifiers are compounds classified as organic or inorganic acids.

Classification of patients who are suffering from systemic alkalosi)s.

Acids are used as pharmaceutical aids in the

1) Systemic (absorbable) Non – systemic antacids:

Sodium bicarbonate Magnesium hydroxide Magaldrate

· Sodium citrate. · Aluminium hydroxide · Almagate

· Aluminium phosphate · Hydrotalcite.

The Power of PowerPoint |

e.g Magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, d) Combination antacid

It should be insoluble in It should not be It should be able to

Evaluation of antacid activity is done by acid neutralizing test.

1.Insoluble in water 2.Fine particle size 3.should not be

7.should not causes 8.should not be act as a 9.should not causes

The Power of PowerPoint |

1 Anti Receptor H2: lower acid production

2 Cimetidine,· Ranitidine,· Famotidine,· Nizatidine,· Rabetidine,

PPI (Pump Proton Inhibitor): long-lasting reduction of stomach

4 Omeprazol,· Pantoprazol,· Lanzoprazol,· Rabeprozol.,

5 Simethicone helps break up gas bubbles in the gut.

Urine of herbivore is normally alkaline and carnivore is acidic

The Power of PowerPoint |

citric acid renal irrigation solution in renal calculi, bladder calculi,

Sodium Bicarbonate (sodium bicarbonate 5% injection) Injection may be

In emergencies, 300 to 500 mL of the 5% Sodium Bicarbonate (sodium

The Power of PowerPoint |

1 Formic acid 2 Propionic acid 3 Benzoic acid

● Controlling E.coli, Salmonella and

4 Citric acid 5 Lauric acid 6 Orthophosphoric acid

Enhance nonspecific immunity ● Bactericidal effect ● Intestinal media acidification both

For pH sensitive bacteria:

Thus, the antibacterial effect of organic acids is by:

◘ Modification of bacteria internal pH

reduces the pH of gastro-intestinal tract, hence decreases the total count of

remarkable increase in morphology of small intestine in terms of villus height, weight

Significantly increases the body weight gain in most of the Studies

FOUR BENEFITS OF WATER ACIDIFICATION

1 - Acidification prevents bacteria from reproducing

2 - Acidification does not affect in-feed probiotics (direct-fed microbials)

3 - Acidification helps keep lime scale and biofilm at bay

4- Acidification can help early protein digestion

Care needs to be taken when acidifying water to ensure that

Some common antiseptics are

Some common disinfectants are

Detergent like action ↑ permeability of bacterial cell membrane – Cetrimide, soaps

2 2. Non staining & good odour

3 3.Active against all pathogens & Non sensitizing

4 .4. Active in presence of pus, blood & exudates

5 5. Non irritating to tissues / non corrosive & Non absorbable

Phenol derivatives 1 phenol, cresol, hexachlorophene

Oxidizing agents 2 Hydrogen peroxide.

Halogens 3 Iodine, chlorine, chlorophores

Acids Acetic acid, boric acid

Metallic salt: Mercuric compounds , silver – Chlorhexidine. & zinc salts

Dyes Gentian violet, acriflavine

Potrebbero piacerti anche