Global Navigation Satellite

System (GNSS)

By
Dr. Vyasaraj G Rao
Accord Software & Systems Pvt. Ltd.
 AGENDA
• Introduction to GNSS
• GNSS overview
• NavIC overview
• GNSS applications
• GNSS error sources
• GNSS techniques

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Fundamental problem

• How to locate ourselves and navigate precisely ?

– On or near to the earth surface
– At anytime and in any condition (day or night)

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 Type of navigation
• Landmark-based Navigation
– Stones, Trees, Monuments
– Limited Local use
• Celestial-based Navigation
– Stars, Moon
– Complicated, Works only at Clear Night
• Sensors-based Navigation
– Dead Reckoning
– Gyroscope, Accelerometer, Compass, Odometer
– Complicated, Errors accumulate quickly
-4-
• Radio-based Navigation
– LORAN, OMEGA
– Subject to Radio Interference, Jamming,
Limited Coverage
• Satellite-based Navigation or GNSS
– TRANSIT, GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, QZSS,
BEIDOU (COMPASS), IRNSS
– Global, Difficult to Interfere or Jam, High
Accuracy & Reliability
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 GNSS Principle

• Pre-known locations (satellites)

• Distances/ranges to the pre-known
locations (Pseudoranges)
• Some computer to numerically solve the
equation (Trilateration)

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 GNSS Overview

• Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

– GPS (USA, 31 operational)
– GLONASS (Russia, 24 operational)
– Galileo (Europe, 22 operational)
– Beidou (China, 33 operational)
– QZNSS (Japan, regional system, 4 operational)
– IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ) with an
operational name as NavIC (Navigation with Indian
Constellation)

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 Why so many required?

• Improved Availability Masked

– Reduction of problems caused by obstructions such as

Masked

buildings and foliage Visible

• Improved Accuracy Masked

Masked

– Improved spatial distribution of visible

satellites, resulting in improved dilution of precision
• Improved resistance to Jamming and Spoofing
•
GLONASS
Modernization of signals GPS
GLONASS GALILEO

– Weak signal tracking and acquisition-Indoor positioning GPS

– Improved multipath performance BEIDOU

GALIELO GPS
IRNSS

• Most importantly-Self reliance from a nation perspective

BEIDOU GPS
GPS

GALIELO

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 GNSS Applications based on criticalities

Safety Critical Legal Critical Non Critical

• Civil aviation • Road tolling, • Any location based

• Maritime navigation • Traffic law enforcement, services which does not
• Advanced driving • Fleet management involve economic, legal
assistance systems (special vehicle classes) or safety implications

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GNSS signals (Frequency bands)

S-band

IRNSS

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 NavIC constellation

• IRNSS - Regional Navigation

Satellite System with
– 4 Geo Synchronous Satellites
– 3 Geo Stationary Satellites
• L5 and S-band Signals
– L5: 1176.45 ± 12 MHz
– S : 2492.028 ± 8 MHz
340
• Two types of services
1320
– Standard Positioning Service 1110
(SPS) 550
830
– Restricted Service (RS)

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NavIC constellation status

Satellite Launch Date Orbit Status

IRNSS-1A 01-Jul-13 Geosynchronous / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit Failed in orbit

IRNSS-1B 04-Apr-14 Geosynchronous / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit Operational

IRNSS-1C 16-Oct-14 Geostationary / 83°E, 5° inclined orbit Operational

IRNSS-1D 28-Mar-15 Geosynchronous / 111.75°E, 31° inclined orbit Operational

IRNSS-1E 20-Jan-16 Geosynchronous / 111.75°E, 29° inclined orbit Operational

IRNSS-1F 10-Mar-16 Geostationary / 32.5°E, 5° inclined orbit Operational

IRNSS-1G 28-Apr-16 Geostationary / 129.5°E, 5.1° inclined orbit Operational

IRNSS-1H 31-Aug-17 Launch Failed

IRNSS-1I 12-Apr-18 Geosynchronous / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit Operational

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 NavIC coverage area

NavIC service area is divided into three

regions

• Indian Land Mass : The area encompasses

the Indian Geo-Political boundary

• Primary Service Area: The area covered by

1500 km contour from Indian geopolitical
boundary inclusive of the Indian Land Mass

• Extended Service Area: The area between

primary service area and area enclosed by the
rectangle of Lat 300S to 500N, Long 300E to
1300E.
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 GNSS error sources

Satellite-based errors Source Magnitude (Single point)

 Orbit errors Orbital 1-2 m

 Satellite clocks Clock 0.3-1.3 m

 Group delay Ionosphere 7m
Propagation errors
Troposphere 0.2 m
 Ionosphere
Code noise 0.1-1m
 Troposphere
 Multipath Code 0.01 – 10 m
multipath
 Interference
Receiver-based errors
 Receiver clock, Inter-channel biases, Thermal
noise, Timing/Tracking errors

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Improving positioning accuracy

• Satellite based Augmentation system (SBAS)

• Assisted GNSS (A-GNSS)
• Differential GNSS (DGNSS)
• Precise Point positioning (PPP)
• Carrier phase positioning (Differential carrier phase/RTK)

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 Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS)

Satellite Based Augmentation System • Different Types of SBAS

(SBAS) are used to augment GNSS Data
– WAAS, USA
• Provide Higher Accuracy, Integrity, Continuity
– MSAS, Japan
and Availability
– EGNOS, Europe
• Some correction data like satellite orbit,
satellite clock and atmospheric data are – GAGAN, India
broadcasted from communication satellites – SDCM, Russia
• Used by ICAO for Aviation

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 Differential GNSS (DGNSS)

DGNSS is a broad term, and there are many applications to it

• Measurements used
o Code only
o Carrier-smoothed code
o Carrier-phase
• Application type
o Positioning
o Attitude
• Position domain vs. measurement domain
• Post-processing vs. real-time
• Type of correction
• Number of reference receivers
• Differencing method used
o Single-differencing
o Double-differencing

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