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1s IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics. Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

Load Shifting Technique for Reduction ofPeak

Generation Capacity Requirement in Smart Grid

l
Alpana Sinha and Mala De
IElectrical Engineering Department,
National Institute of Technology, Patna, Bihar, India
2Electrical Engineering Department
National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India
E-mail: lalpanasinha311985@gmail.com.2mala@nitp.ac.in

Abstract-Restructuring of power system and the Residential consumers use appliances in a

introduction of demand side management has changed the disorganized manner in the resuIt most of the energy is
present scenario of power distribution system. Load wasted. Consumers have no means to take active part in
management during peak hour is important for utilities due to
. the load management program to increase the efficiency of
rise in energy cost. Utilities have considered demand slde
the whole system. So TOD tariff structure is used, which
management in their strategie planning without further
constrictions on the level of customer comfort or quality of
give incentive to the consumers. In residential area
power. This paper presents a load shifting technique for consumers uses different type of loads which have
residential consumers by shifting their loads at different time different patterns of energy consumption. In this paper
instances. An algorithm is developed which shift the TOD tariff can be applied to residential customers to avoid
controllable load from peak hours to off peak hours to reduce the urmeeded use of electricity.
the peak load and energy cost. In this method shifting of lo�ds Recently, residential energy management has become
is based on the priority of loads and time of day (TOD) tanff. a vital topic and many demand side management strategies
The experimental tests are carried out considering different
have been proposed for appliance scheduling. In [9] author
households which having different load priority.
proposed an optimization method based on linear
Keywords-Smart Grid; Demand Side Management
(DSM); Load Shijling; Time 0/ Day Tarif! programming. This paper presents a methodology for
scheduling the control action of the water heater. The
I. INTRODUCTION algorithm used in this paper is system specific to minimize
the peak load or electricity production cost. Another
Demand of electricity is increasing day by day. The
control method for scheduling the devices is proposed in
demand and supply should be continuously balanced to
[8] which is based on dynamic programming. In this
avoid supply interruption, but the load on the power plant
paper, the algorithm calculates the ON and O FF cycles for
is variable in nature. There are also large variations in
a group of devices. During the control period each group
demand at different time of the day. Indian utility load
can be controlled many times. The size of the group to be
curve has normally peak load in the moming and evening.
identified in advance and algorithm schedule each group
In this scenario, the power plants are designed to meet the
considering that the load consumption of the remaining
peak demand, which resuIt in increasing the cost of
group is fixed and the obtained resuIt is suboptimal. This
generation. Hence an effective solution for this problem is
algorithm also reduces the peak load and production cost.
demand side management (DSM) that reduces the peak
There are many techniques and algorithm [4] -[6] were
demand and brings immediate benefit to utilities and
developed for load management at demand side which
customers.
have primary objective is to reduce the maximum demand
Demand side management [2] is the important
of the system and operation cost. A DSM program based
process in the energy management of smart grid. That
on load shifting method is proposed in [7]. Which can
mainly refers to a program, which is put into operation by
control a large number of controllable devices by using
utility to control the energy consumption at the con�u�er
genetic algorithm. In this paper algorithm control the
side. The implementation of load management actlvItIeS
shifting time of controllable load to reduce the peak
offers great help in the balance of supply and demand.
demand and utility bill of electric power. These
Using the time of day (TOD) tariff under a demand side
techniques, which are overviews is mathematically
management program that encourages consumers to use
proven, but sometimes it is very difficuIt to understand for
electricity more efficiently. Time of day (TOD) tariff
everyday users. If the control period is increased,
means different price for different time of the day, which
computation time becomes large.
retlect the cost of electricity. So this tariff motivates the
This paper proposes a load management strategy at
customers to shift their loads from peak hour to off-peak
the demand side based on load shifting technique, which is
hour when the price of electricity is lower.

978-1-4673-8587-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE [1]

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1s IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics. Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)
less eomplieated and also take less time for eomputation.
Load shifting algorithm shifts the eontrollable loads from
peak hour to off peak hour, to reduee peak demand from a
utility point of view and reduee energy eost from eustomer
point of view. In this method shifting of loads based on
their priority and TOD tariff, eleetrieity eonsumption
eharged differently during different period of the day.
The paper is organized in five seetions. Seetion 11
explains the future of teehniques for demand side
management; seetion III mathematieally formulates the
load shifting method and deseribe a methodology
developed and Seetion IV gives the information about the
implementation of the proposed algorithm and eonclude
the paper in Seetion V.
11. DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE
Demand side management is the most important
program in smart grid, whieh depiets teehniques used to
monitor and eontrol the effieient use of eleetrie energy at
the eonsuming side. Demand side management programs
ehange the pattern of eleetrieity eonsumption for preferred
ehanges in the load shape of power distribution system.
The main goal of DSM eould be redueing the demand
during peak time, eurtail the power bring in from the
power grid, or redueing the operation eost. DSM also
motivates eonsumers to eonsume less power during peak
time and shift their energy use to off -peak hour to flatten
the objeetive load eurve.
Mainly six type's teehniques are widely used for load
management to ehange the load shape: load shifting, peak
c1ipping, valley filling, strategie load growth, strategie
eonservation, and flexible load shape. These methods are
represented in Fig. 1.
r�akCI IPp,"9
ß\ PE . .
. -"
"
Iv\'l�"�'"' I ' � �
��
1B.�"'''ffi' I A�11111".'�""'� ,,,.�
Fig.l: Techniques for Load Management at Demand Side
a. Peak c1ipping-reduetion of peak demand at
speeifie period means eurtail some load at eertain
hours of the day.
b. Valley filling-inereasing the load during off peak
period means inereased energy eonsumption
during this period.
[2]
e. Load shifting-reduetion of peak demand load to
shift peak period load to off-peak period.
d. Strategie eonservation-deereasing the overall
load demand by utilizing more energy effieiently.
e. Strategie load growth-inereasing the overall load
demand to improve eonsumer produetivity and
quality of life.
The main aim of Peak c1ipping and valley filling
teehnique is to reduee the variation of demand at the peak
time and valley periods; so the burden of high demand on
the system will reduee. The load shifting teehnique
eombines the benefits of these two teehniques by moving
loads from peak hour to off peak hour.
III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
In this paper load shifting teehnique is proposed at the
demand (eonsumer) side. The aim of proposed algorithm
is to bring the uItimate load eurve near to the target
(objeetive) load eurve as possible, so that the preferred
objeetive of the demand side management is aehieved.
A. Mathematical model
The proposed load shifting algorithm shift the
eontrollable / shiftable load in the system in a manner that
eauses the load eonsumption eurve as nearby to the target
load eurve. So the proposed algorithm for load shifting is
formulated mathematieally as:
2
Minimize L�; 1 (PLoad(t) - ObjectiveLoad(t)) ( 1)
Where O bjeetive Load (t) is the value of the target
load eurve at time t, and PLoad (t) is value of aetual load
after load shifting at time t.
The Pload (t) is known by equation:
PLoad(t) forecast(t) + connect(t) -
=
disconnect(t)
(2)
Where, foreeast (t) is the foreeasted load at time t,
and eonneet (t) is the load whieh eonneeted at time t, and
diseonneet (t) is the load whieh diseonneeted at time t for
the duration of load shifting.
Fig.ure 2 shows the foreeasted load, eonneeted load,
diseonneeted load and load after shifting i.e. PLoad (t).
t-3 t t+3
:Connect(t)
:PLoad(t)
:Disconnect(t)
Fig. 2: Sketch Out of Each Load at Time t
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1s IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics. Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)
In the following steps detennine the objective (target)
load curve based on the utility and consumer viewpoint.
The objective for load shifting algorithm can be different
from a utility point of view; the main goal of utility is to
reduce the variation of demand at different time of day. In
the resuIt, the utility will get relief from constructing new
power plants to meet peak demand and lessen waste of
energy at the valley period. In view of the consumer, they
want to reduce the energy cost, so the objective for load
management on the demand side may be different for
different utility. In this paper, the tlexible nature of the
proposed algorithm, which is used to create a fully
independent objective load curve.
J) Objeclive J: Flatten Ihe Load Consumption Curve
The purpose of this objective is taken in this paper
from the utility view point, to reduce generation costs and
reduces the burden on the system. Some steps are to be
taken for tlattening the load curve, i.e. To distribute the
load evenly over the period of the day. Comparatively
requirement of balanced energy can increase the efficiency
of the system. Therefore, the value of the objective curve
of time t is defmed aso
Objectiveload(t) = PL/T (3)
Where PL is the total forecasted load in KW and T is
the total time duration
2) Objeclive 2: Reduce Ihe Cosl of Energy Consumption
Even though objective 1 has also purpose to reduce
the cost for electricity consumption, but it is mainly
benefits to the utility. So the solution from customer
viewpoint is to reduce the cost of energy consumption.
Therefore the target (objective) load curve is inversely
proportional to the price of electricity, which varies
according to the time of consumption. In this paper TOD
tariff is used to achieve the objective of demand side
management strategy. Therefore, the objective function is:
Objectiveload(t) = (PL/T) * (priceavg)jprice(t)(4)
Where price (I) is cost of electricity per KWH at
time t
The purpose of this objective load curve is to
compensate electricity bill in every hour. If the electricity
price is high; the energy consumption will be small and
vice-versa. In this paper this objective is drawn primarily
considered as the solution of objective 1 cannot be
satisfactory for the consumer perspectives.
B. Proposed Load Shifting Algorithm
In this paper load shifting technique is proposed for
load management at demand side of residential
consumers. An algorithm is developed which shift the
controllable (shiftable) load from peak hours to valley
period or off- peak hours to reduce the peak load and
energy cost for consumers. In this method shifting of loads
[3]
based on the priority of loads and time of day (TOD)
tariff.
J) Load Shifting
Load shifting is a method of managing the load better
and simpler. It reduces the demand at peak times by
moving the loads to partial peak and off peak period. This
method does not change the total energy consumption and
also easy to apply. In this method loads are shifted or
reschedules and here no loads are being switched off It is
not possible to shift or rescheduled all the loads, so that
this method has to select the loads that can be moved to
another time period.
2) Residenlial Load
Residential loads can be c1assified into two types:
a. Fixed load: - These types of loads have fixed
power requirement and also need a continuous
power supply. These types of loads are not
shifted to any other time.
b. Shiftable load: - These types of loads can be
shifted or scheduled at any other time. Shift
ability is c10sely related to consumer's needs or
convenience. In this paper shiftable loads can be
divided into three priority loads. Some loads have
higher priority than other loads.
3) Time of Day (TOD) Tarif!
Time of day tariff is a tariff structure; in this the price
of electricity varies according to the time of consumption.
In this tariff, the price of electricity is high during peak
hours and the price of electricity is low during off peak
hour. In this paper load shifting technique is proposed,
under this technique, electrical power to all consumers is
always available, but may be different charge at the time
of day or use of So the consumers utilize more energy
when rate of electricity is low.
4) Algorithm for Load Shifting
Step 1: Read forecasted load data, priority of loads
and hourly TOD tariff.
Step 2: Determine objective load curve based on the
electricity price using equation (3) and (4).
Step 3: Calculate available power at eh hour by
subtracting fixed load from the objective
load at each hour.
Step 4: Start load shifting for ith priority load.
Step 5: If available power at jth hour is larger than ith
priority load, then assign ith priority load at
fh hour else search power at other time, if
power available is larger than load then
assign load at that hour.
Step 6: if t 24 and no space allocated to ith priority
=
load, then no time slot available for shifting
the ith priority load ,then these loads are
shifted to the time where cost of power
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1s IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics. Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

delivery is minimum after allocating loads
based on priority.
Step 7: if shifting for all the loads is done, then
display the resuIt else go to step 4.
The O utput of this algorithrn, plot the graph of
forecasted load, objective load and load after shifting
versus time. The ResuIt obtained from the proposed
algorithm confirms system peak demand reduction and
energy cost reduction.
IV. IMPLEMENT ATION OF THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM
period or off-peak hour. If the control period for load
shifting is 0-24 hr, then peak hour load cannot be shifted
to valley period. So in this paper, the control period for
load shifting started from the 17th hour of the day and in
this situation load shifting technique is easily
implemented.
Case 1: In the first case, the simulations were
simplified to a single house. Fig. 4 shows the resuIts of a
single household for objective 1 and Fig.5.shows the result
of single household for objective 2.

To test the efficacy of the proposed algorithrn, load

data taken from the residential sector. Consider three
households from residential area and hourly forecasted I. ,
load data taken from these three households. Set control
period 24 hours (i.e. T 24) and time interval is 1 hour.
=
f
All households have some essential loads means fixed
loads, which are not shifted to any time period and some
1
shiftable loads. Shiftable loads can be divided into three "

priority loads. Some loads have higher priority than other

Fig.3: TOD Pricing Scheme
loads. Shiftable loads may be including washing machine,
dishwasher, water heater ,etc. These loads are shifted from
peak hour to off peak hour. Time of day tariff is
implemented to these consumers.
Forecasted load data for three households are given in
table 1 and proposed TOD pricing scheme shown in Fig.3.
TABLE I: LOAD DATA FOR THREE HOUSEHOLDS

Time in Hrs Hourly forecasted load (KW)

House I House 2 House 3 Total Load
17-18 0.49 0.60 0.43 1.52
18-19 0.53 0.60 0.70 1.83
19-20 0.80 0.92 0.74 2.46
20-21 0.80 1.03 0.85 2.68
21-22 0.73 0.92 0.98 2.63
22-23 0.67 0.54 0.68 1.89
23-24 0.22 0.25 0.46 0.93 Fig. 4: DSM Result für Single Hüuse für Objective I
24-1 0.18 0.20 0.18 0.56
1-2 0.16 0.205 0.17 0.238 Proposed algorithm not only reduces the peak
2-3 0.16 0.205 0.17 0.238 demand, it also reduces the energy cost for consumers. In
3-4 0.16 0.205 0.03 0.224 this case Table 2 shows the peak load demand and energy
4-5 0.22 0.205 0.19 0.246
cost with and without the load shifting algorithm for
5-6 0.24 0.27 0.32 0.83
6-7 0.23 0.24 0.41 0.88 objective 1 and objective 2.
7-8 0.27 0.33 0.42 1.02
8-9 0.19 0.33 0.65 1.17
9-10 0.15 0.69 0.66 1.50
10-11 0.04 0.50 0.55 1.09
11-12 0.04 0.26 0.32 0.62
12-13 0.027 0.26 0.30 0.083
13-14 0.062 0.15 0.08 0.085
14-15 0.35 0.10 0.08 0.53
15-16 0.35 0.12 0.075 0.022
16-17 0.35 0.12 0.18 0.65

The maximum load demand of these three households

is 2.68 KW. Load shifting technique shifts the peak hour
load to off-peak hour to level the load consumption curve.
In general on a typical day, valley period of load
consumption curve in the moming and peak hour of load Fig. 5: DSM Result für Single Hüuse für Objective 2
consumption curve in the evening which is after the valley

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1s IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics. Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

TABLE 2: PEAK LOAD REDUCTION AND ENERGY COST REDUCTION FOR V. CONCLUSION
SINGLE HOUSE
This paper proposed the load shifting technique for
Without load With load shiftine;
shifting Ob.iective I Obiective 2
load management on the demand (consumer) side. This
Peak load (KW) 0.8 0.5 0.45 load shifting algorithm successfully works to level or
Energy cost (Rs.) 52.67 43.05 42.20 smooth out the load demand over the day without a
Case 2: In this case, consider three houses with decrease in total energy consumption. In this paper
different priority. Proposed load shifting algorithm check developed algorithm is based on the shiftable loads
the priority of loads and also priority of houses, the shift priority, which is different for different consumers and
the lower priority load to the appropriate time based on the time of day tariff. Unlike the other paper, a load shifting
priority of houses algorithm is developed by using c1assical approach ,
which take less time for execution . It is shown that the
strategy implemented to shift the consumer loads to
appropriate time in order to reduce the peak demand and
utility will get a relief. Reducing the maximum demand
will also reduce the cost of electricity.
The load shifting algorithm can shift controllable
loads to the appropriate time of the day means off-peak
hours in order to reduce peak demand. This proposed
algorithm will not only reduce consumer costs, but will
also reduce generation cost .TOD tariff has been used for
housing consumers that may help out the supplier to
Fig. 6: DSM Result for Three Houses for Objective I decrease the maximum demand and electricity bill from
the consumer point of view. It is possible to implement
Fig. 6 shows the load shifting algorithm schedule the this algorithm for multiple household.
shiftable loads according to their priority and price of
electricity in order to reduce peak demand and the cost of REFERENCES
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