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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
5. Example:
An aeroplane flies from A to B, which is located 300 km east of A. Upon reaching B, the
aeroplane then flies to C, which is located 400 km north. The total time of flight is 4
hours. Calculate
i. The speed of the aeroplane
ii. The velocity of the aeroplane
A 300 km B
ii. velocity = displacement
C time
(Determine the displacement denoted by
AC and its direction)
400 km
= . 500 .
A B 4 -1 0
= 125 km h (in the direction of 053 )
300 km
2
20 – 0
2
= 10 m s-2
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Then , a = v u 0 30 = -6 m s-2
t 5
Analysing of motion
1. Linear motion can be studied in the laboratory using a ticker timer and a ticker tape.
Refer text book photo picture 2.4 page 26.
(i) Determination of time:
. . . . . . . .
the frequency of the ticker timer = 50 Hz ( 50 ticks in 1 second)
so, 1 tick = 1 second = 0.02 seconds
50
(ii) Determination of displacement as the length of ticker tape over a period of time.
.
x
. . . . . . .
xy = displacement over time t
y t = 7 ticks
= 0.14 s
3
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
.……………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv) (iv) Determination of velocity
. . . . . . . . . . .
12.3cm 7 x 0.02 = 0.14 s
displacement = ……………………… time = ………………………………..
-1
Velocity, v = 12.3 = 87.9 cm s
0.14
Example 2 : A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to rest.
If the distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van.
given : u = 16 m s-1 , v = 0(rest) , s = 8 m a=?
v2 = u2 + 2 as
02 = 162 + 2 a(8)
a = -16 ms-2
Execise 2.1
Length / cm
1. Figure 2.1 shows a tape chart
consisting of 5-tick strip. Describe 16
the motion represented by AB and BC.
In each case, determine the ; 12
(a) displacement 8
s = 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 16 + 16
= 72.0 cm 4
(b) average velocity
72.0 0 Figure 2.1
vaverage =
6(0.1) A B C Time/s
= 120.0 cm s-1
16.0
(c) acceleration Note : v = = 1.6 cm s-1
0.1
v u 1.6 0.4 4.0 = 0.4 cm s-1
a= = u=
t 0.5 0.1
-2
= 2.4 cm s t = 5 (0.1) = 0.5 s
2. A car moving with constant velocity of 40 ms-1 . The driver saw and obtacle in front and
he immediately stepped on the brake pedal and managed to stop the car in 8 s. The
distance of the obstacle from the car when the driver spotted it was 180 m. How far is the
obstacles from the car has sttoped.
u = 40 ms-1 v=0 t=8s
s initial = 180 m (from car to obstacle when the driver start to step on the brake)
sfinal = ? ( from car to abstacle when the stopped)
obstacle
sinitial
s sfinal
1 1
s = u v t 40 0 8 160m
2 2
sfinal = sinitial – s
= 180 – 160
= 20 m
5
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
After t secoindtsh,ethfoerombojefcgtrraeptuhrcnasltloedoraigminot(iroenvegrsaep)hwsith
ntevde…
The data of the motion of the car can beupnrifeosrem loc…
ity…………………………….
The displacement-time Graph Total displacement is zero
…G
…ra…
ph…g…
ra…
die…
nt…
is…
fix…
ed………………………………………
…….……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………….………………………………………
……………………………………………..………………………
…………………………………………………………………
6
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Di…
… spl…
ac…
em…
en…
t i…
nc…
rea…
se…
s w…
it…
h t…
im…
e. ……………………..
G…
… rap…
h…gr…
ad…
ien…
t d…
ec…
re…
ase…
s u…
ni…
fo…
rm…
ly …………………..
time (s)
Th…
… e o…
bj…
ect…m…ov…
es…
wi…
th…
de…
cre…
as…
in…
g v…
eloci
…… ty,…
w…ith…
un…
ifo…
rm..
deceleration.
f) displacement (m) Graph analysis:
A B OA …
= u…
ni…
for…
m…ve…
lo…
cit…
y (…
po…
siti… –…
ve… mo…
ve…a…
hea…
d)……………..
……A…
B…=…
vel…
oc…
ity…
is…
ze…
ro …
(re…
st…
) ………………………..
BC…=…u…
… nif…
or…
m v…
el…
oc…
ity…
(n…
eg…
ati… –…
ve… rev…
er…
se)………………
O C time (s)
The velocity-time Graph
a) v/ m s-1 Graph analysis:
No cha… ng…e…
in …
ve…
loc…
ity………………………………………
….. The area under the graph is equal to the displacement of the
moving object :
…………… s =…v…x…t ……………………………………
-1
b) …v/ m s Graph analysis:
Its ve…
lo…
cit…
y i…
ncr…
ea…se…
s u…
nif…
or…
ml…
y …………..……………
7
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
T.h…
e…sh…
ap…
e o…
f g…
ra…
ph…
is…
a…cur…
ve………………………...
Its velocity increases with time.
e) v (m s-1) Graph analysis:
The gradient of the graph decreases uniformly.
………..…………………………..………………..
The object moves with a decreasing acceleration.
……….……………………………………
The area under the graph is the total displacement of the
……….. moving object.
………………………………………………………
t (s) ………………………………………………………
Examples ………………………………………………………
Given : SOP = 20 m SOQ = 20 m SOR = 0 m
1. s/m Calculate:- SOS = - 10 m
(i) Velocity over OP, Qt OPR=an2dsRStPQ = 3 s tQR = 2 s
(ii) Displacement tRS = 1 s
P Q 20 1 0 20 1
Solution : (i) VOP = 10ms VQR = 10ms
2 2
-10 0
VRS = 10ms1
1
O R (ii) S = 20 – 10 = 10 m
0 2 4 6 8 t/s
2. v/m s-1
Calculate:-
10 (i) acceleration,a over OP, PQ and QR
(ii) Displacement Given : VO = 0 m s-1,-1 VP = 10 m s-1-1 ,
P
VQ = 10 m s VR = 0 m s
5 Q
Solution : 10=40s
tOP tPQ = 4 s tQR = 2 s
2.5ms2 10 10
0 ms2
(i) a =
a PQ =
4 4
OP
0 10 2
R a = 5.0 ms
QR
0 2 4 6 8 10 t/s 2
8 1
(ii) S = (4 10)(10) 70.0m
2
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Excercise 2.2
1. (a) s/m (b) s/m (c) s/m
10
b) The body start move at 10 m infront of the initial point, then back to initial point
in 2 s. The body continue it motion backward 10 m..
The body move with uniform velocity.
2. Describe and interpret the motion of body which is represented by the velocity-time
graphs shown in figure 2.22. In each case, find the distance covered by the body and its
displacement
10
t/s 0 2 4 t/s
-5 -10
Figure 2.22
(a) The body move with uniform velocity , 5 m s-1 backward.
(b) The body start it motion with 10 m s-1 backward and stop at initial point
in 2 s, then continue it motion forward with increasing the velocity until
10 m s-1 in 2 s.
9
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2. L…
arg…
e…vehic
…… le …
ar…e m…ad…
e…to …
mo…ve…o…r s…
top…
pe…d…wit…
h… gre…
at…er …
dif…
fic…
ulty.
……………………………
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
Hand-on activity 2.5 in page 18 of the practical book to gain an idea of inertia
4. TM
heeianneirntgiaooffinaenrtoibaj:ect is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to
co…
nt…
inu…e …
its..u…
ni…
for…
m…m…
oti…
on…
in…
a…str…
aig…
ht…
li…
ne……………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mass and inertia
1. Refer to figure 2.14 of the text book, the child and an adult are givAennaadpuultshto swing.
(i) which one of them will be more difficult to be moved …A…
n a…
du…
lt…………...
(i) which one of them will be more difficult to stop? …………………………….
The larger the mass, the larger its inertia.
2. The relationship between mass and inertia : ……………………………….………………
have the tendency to remain its situation either at rest or in
……………………………………………..
moving.
3. The larger mass ………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Effects of inertia
Application of inertia
1. Positive effect : …………………………………………………………………………
Drying off an umbrella by moving and stopping it quickly.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Building a floating drilling rig that has a big mass in order to be stable and safe.
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
To tight the loose hammer
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
We should take a precaution to ovoid the effect.
2. Negative effect : ………………………………………………………………………….
During a road accident, passengers are thrust forward when their
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………...
car is suddenly stopped.
……………………………………………………………………………
Passengers are hurled backwards when the vehicle starts to move and are hurled forward
………..
when it stops immediately.
A person with a heavier/larger body will find it move difficult to stop his movement.
10
A heavier vehicle will take a long time to stop.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Execise 2.3
1. What is inertia? Does 2 kg rock have twice the inertia of 1 kg rock?
Inetia is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to continue its uniform
………………………………………………………………………………………………
motion in a straight line.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Yes, the inertia increase with the mass increased.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.
Figure 2,3
A wooden dowel is fitted in a hole through a wooden block as shown in figure 2.31.
Explain what happen when we
Conservation of momentum
mg
mb vb vg = 0
Momentum = m v
b b
(m + m )
b g
Starting position before v
b&g
she catches the ball
vb v
mb g
Momentum = m v
bb m
Starting position g
before she throws Momentum = -
the ball mgvg
Throwing a massive ball
In the absence of an external force, the total momentum of a system remains
The principle of conservation of momentum : …………………………………………………
unchanged.
……………………………………………………
The colliding objects move separately after collision.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Elastic collision .…………………………………………………………………………..
u1
m1 u2 v2
m2 m1
12
m2
MomentuBm
efor
: (emex plosion
1 + m 2)0 = m 1 v v - m 2 v
2
after explosion
Example 1 :
Car A Car B
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at 20
m s-1 in front of it. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A is still moving at 25 m
s-1 after coGlilviseinon:,mdet=
erm
10i0nekgthe veloc, iutyA =
of 3C0am
r Bs-1a,ftver=co2l5lismiosn-.1, m = 90 kg,
A A B
uB = 20 m s-1 , vB = ?
Solution :
mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB
(100)(30) + (90)(20) = (100)(25) + (90)(vB)
vB = 25.56 m s-1
Example 2 :
13
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at 20
-1
m s in front of it. Car A is pulled by Car B after collision. Determine the common velocity of
Car A and B after collision.
Given : mA = 100 kg , uA = 30 m s-1, mB = 90 kg, uB = 20 m s-1 , v(A+B) = ?
Solution :
mAuA + mBuB = (mA + mB ) v (B+A)
(100)(30) + (90)(20) = (100 + 90) v (B+A)
v(A + B) = 25.26 m s-1
Example 3 :
A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s-1 . Calculate the
velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing.
Solution : Given ; mb = 2 g = 0.002 kg, mg = 1 kg, u(g+b) = 0 , vb = 150 m s-1
vg = ?
0 = mgvg – mb vb,
0 = (1)(vg) – (0.002)(150), vg = 0.3 m s-1
Exercise 2.4
1. An arrow of mass 150 g is shot into a wooden block of mass 450 g lying at rest on a
smooth surface. At the moment of impact, the arrow is travelling horizontally at 15 ms-1.
Calculate the common velocity after the impact.
ma = 150 g mwb = 450 g m (a+wb) = 600 g
va = 15 m s-1 vwb = 0 v(a+ wb) = ?
mr = 5.0 kg mb = 50 g
vr = ? vb = 80 m s-1
mr vr = mb vb , ( 5.0 ) vr = ( 0.05)(80)
vr = 0.8 m s-1
14
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Idea of force
1. What will happen when force act to an object?
Force can make an object;
………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Move 2. Stop the moving
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Change the shape of the object 4. Hold the object at rest
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Idea of balanced forces
1. An object is said to be in balance when it is:
1. In a stationary state
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Moving at uniform velocity
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Stationary object
Normal reaction, N
……………………………… explanation :
Magnitude R = W but R acts in an opposite
Stationary object ………………………………………………
direction to the weight.
………………………………………………
( object is in equilibrium )
……….……………………………………..
weight, w = mg
…………………………………………
3. An object moving with uniform velocity
Normal reaction, N
…………………………….. explanation :
Frictional force Force, F Force , F = Friction
…..……………. …………… ……………………………………………..
Resultant = F – Friction
……………………………
= 0 (object is in equilibrium)
………………..
weight, w = mg Examples :
……………………………………………..
1.A car move at constant velocity.
……………………………… ………..…………………………………….
2.A plane flying at constant velocity.
……………………………………
……….. ……………………………
when it is moving in acceleration.
………………..
Resultant force
Idea of unbalanced forces
The ball move in acceleration
1. A body is said to be in unbalanced..……………………………………………………
because the forces act are not balanced. F
2. ……………………….. Explanation;
> F’
……………………………………
F F’ So, the ball move in F direction
…………
15
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
……… …….. ………………………………………………
Relationship between forces, mass and acceleration (F = ma)
Experiment 2.2 page 29.
Aim : To investigate the relationship between acceleration and force applied on a constant mass.
Experiment 2.3 page 31
Aim: To investigate the relationship between mass and acceleration of an object under
constant force.
Example 2 :
m = 25 kg
F = 200 N
16
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
F – Ff = ma , 50 – 20 = 30 a
a = 1.0 m s2
2. A 1000 kg car is travelling at 72 km h-1 when the brakes are applied. It comes to a stop in
a distance of 40 m. What is the average braking force of the car?
m = 1000 kg , u = 72 km h-1, v = 0, s = 40 m, F = ? Note : u = 72 km h-1 =20 m s-1
F = ma, v2 = u2 + 2as
= 1000 x 5.0 0 = 202 + 2a(40)
= 5000.0 N a = 5.0 m s-2
wall
If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg and t = 1 s
Impulse, Ft = and impulsive force, F =
Impulsive force , F 1 / t 17
Fimpulse = Ft
= 20 x 0.8
= 16.0 Ns
2. A stuntman in a movie jumps from a tall building an falls toward the ground. A large
canvas bag filled with air used to break his fall. How is the impulsive force reduced?
18
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Head rest
Crash resistant door
pillars
Windscreen
Crumple zones
Anti-lock brake
system (ABS)
Rubber bumper Absorb impact in minor accidents, thus prevents damage to the car.
Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and thus
Air bag
prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
Prevents the passengers from being thrown out of the car. Slows
Safety seat belt down the forward movement of the passengers when the car stops
abruptly.
- The absorber made by the elastic material
e pfraocntt (ahnedntbaamcakno)fdtuhreincgaritinmtoovthineg
P:reTvoenatbssothreb cthoellaepffseectooffthim
n addoeorbsy the soft maptearsisaelnogfebrucm
Side bar- iM om peprartment. Also gives good protection from a side-on
co:lTliosiionnc.rease the time during collision, then the impulsive
force will be decreased.
- The passenger’s space made by the strength materials.
Exercise 2.7 : To decrease the risk trap to the passenger during accident.
1. By using physics conceepitns, feroxnptlaoinf dthash
- K e ep a n a ir b a g a t th e mbiodaifridcaatniodnisntforotnhteobfupsatshsaetnhgeelrps to improve that
safety of passengers an:dAwctisll abseamcoursehio conmffoorrttahbeleh.ead and body in an accident and
thus prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
- Shatter-proof windscreen
: Prevents the windscreen from shattering.
19
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
the object is said to be free
falling
is known as acceleration due to gravity.
g = 9.8 N kg-1
20
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Example 2,
A satellite of mass 600 kg in orbit experiences a gravitational force of 4800 N. Calculate
the gravitational field strength.
Example 3,
A stone is released from rest and falls into a well. After 1.2 s, it hits the bottom of the
well.
(a) What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the bottom?
(b) Calculate the dept-1h of the well. -2
Given : u = 0 ms , t = 1.2 s, a = g = 9.8 ms
(a) v = ? v = u + at
= 0 + (9.8)(1.2)
= 11.76 ms-1
(b) Depth = s = ? s = ut + ½ at2
= (0)(1.2) + ½ (9.8)(1.2)2
= 7.1 m
Weight
1. as the gravitational force acting on the object.
The weight of an object is defined ……………………………………………………..
2. For an object of mass m, the weight can be calculate as :
weight, W = mg
where, g = acceleration due to gravity.
Example : The mass of a helicopter is 600 kg. What is the weight of the helicopter
when it land on the peak of a mountain where the gravitational field is
9.78 N kg-1? W = mg
= 6000 x 9.78
= 58 680 N
21
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Exercise 2.8
1. Sketch the following graphs for an object that falling freely.
(a) Displacement-time graph,
(b) Velocity-time graph
(c) Acceleration-time graph
(a) s / m (b) v / m s-1 (c) a / m s2
2. The following data was obtained from an experiment to measure the acceleration due to
gravity.
Mass of steel bob = 200 g, distance covered = 3.0 m, time of fall = 0.79 s.
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity of steel bob.
Give the explanation why your answer different with the constant of gravitational
acceleration, g = 9.8 m s-2.
mIt i=
s i2n0a0 sgtationarys s=ta3t.e0 m t = 0.79 s u=0 g=?
= 0. 2 k g
It is moving with uniform velocity
s = ut +N½orgmta2 l reaction, R Normal reaction, R
3.0 = 0 (0.7) + ½ g (0.792)
g = 9.6 m s-2
Weight, W
stationary object
Addition of Force
a resultant force is a single force the
1. Addition of force is defined as ...……………………………………………………..
represents in magnitude and direction two or more forces acting on an object
………………………………………………………………………………………………
F resultant = the total of forces (including the directions of the forces)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Examples : the forces are acting in one direction
F1 = 10 N
F2 = 5 N
Resultant force, F = F1 + F2 = 10 + 5 = 15 N
Resultant force, F = F1 - F2 = 10 - 5 = 5 N
F2 = 5 N
23
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
500 F
F1 = 10 N
Parallelogram method:
1. Draw to scale.
2. Draw the line parallel with F1 to the edge of F2, and the line parallel with F2 to the
edge of F1
3. Connect the diagonal of the parallelogram starting from the initial point.
4. Measure the length of the diagonal from the initial point as the value of the
resultant force.
F2
F
F1
Triangle method
Solution : Resultant force, F = 6000 – 5300
1. Draw to scale. =700 N
Displace one of the forces to theeeqdugilib
Th ey mere n o t in
2. e orfiuanmother force.
3. Complete the triangle and measure the resultant force from the initial
point.
Example 1: During Sport Day two teams in tug of war competition pull with forces of
6000 N and 5300 N respectively. What is the value of the resultant force?
Are the two team in equilibrium?
24
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
250
10.5 cm
Fx = F cos = 50 cos 60
Fx = 50 (0.5)
= 25 N
mg = 800 N
Refer to trigonometric formula:
Example : The figure below shows Ali mopping the floor with a force 50 N
at an angle of 600 to the floor.
F = 50 N
600
25
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
200 N
400
400
Problem solving
1. the resultant force is equal to zero.
When a system is in equilibrium, ……………………………………………………….
2. If all forces acting at one point are resolved into horizontal and vertical
the sum of each component is equal to zero.
components, ……………………………………………………………………………
3. Example 1; Show on a figure;
a) the direction of tension force, T of string
b) the resultant force act to lamp
700 700 c) calculate the magnitude of tension force, T
FmaxTimum when both of forces act in same direction;
a)
F maximum b) T’ T (c ) T’ = 2T sin 700
= 18 + 6 Therefore, 18 N 0 24 N
= 24 N m lam
6N p g = 2T sin 70
mlampg
m = 1. 5 kg T =
Fminimum when the lfaomprces act in opposite direction ; 2sin70 0
Fminimum = 18 – 6Wlamp = 14.7 N 18 N 1.5(9.8) 12 N
= 12 N 6 N= = 7.82 N
2sin70 0
Exercise 2.9
1. Two force with magnitude 18 N and 6 N act along a straight line. With the aid of
diagrams, determine the maximun possible value and the minimum possible value of the
resultant force.
F = Resultant of Force
F2 = 2202 + 2002
F = 297.32 N
F
26
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2. A football is kicked simultaneously by two players with force 220 N and 200 N
respectively, as shown in Figure 2.9. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force.
220 N
900
200 N
4. Example 1;
Force, F
W = Fs s
If, F = 40 N and s = 2 m
Hence, W = 40 x 2
= 80 J
Example 2;
27
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
80 N
600
W = Fs s=5m
Example 3;
T T
F = 30 N
h = 1.5 m
W=Fs=Fh
= 30 (1.5)
= 45.0 J
Example 4;
W=Fs
= 600 x 0.8
F = 600 N = 480 J
S = 0.8 m
Energy
It is the potential to do work.
1. Energy is .................................................................................................................
created nor be destroyed.
potential energy, kinetic energy, electrical
28
energy, sound energy, nuclear energy and chemical energy.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Force, F
3. Example 1; A small car of mass 100 kg is moving along a flat road. The
resultant force on the car is 200 N.
a) What is its kinetic energy of the car after moving through 10 m?
b) What is its velocity after moving through 10 m?
crea
h = 1.5 ted or destroyed but can be changed from one form to
m
another form.
energy of an object due to its position.
1. Gravitational potential energy is………………………………………………………...
(possessed by an object due to its position in a gravitational field)
………………………………………M… ax…im…
um…P… ot…
en…
tia…
l e…
ne…
rgy…………………………
…2. Refer to the figure above; W = Fs = mg h where, F = mg
Kinetic energy decrease So, Gravitationaploteennetrigayl,eE
nep r=gymdgehcrease
3.
and potential energy W = 10 (9.8) 1.5 and kinetic energy
IncreaEsxeample; If m = 10 kg = 147 J increase
Therefore Work done = 147J
Principle of conservation of energy And, Ep = 147 J
Maximum kinetic energy
Carry out hands-on activity 2.10 on page 38 of the practical book.
To show the pGriinvceinpl:eho=
f c2o0nsme,rvuat=
ion0 o, fg e=ne9r.g8y.ms-2 , v = ?
1. Energy cannot be ……E …… =E……………………………………………………………
p k
3. Example in calculation : A coconut falls from a tree from a height of 20 m. What is the
velocity of coconut just before hitting the earth?
30
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Power
1. Power is …………………………………………………………………………………
2. A weightlifter lifts 180 kg of weights from the floor to a height of 2 m above his head in a
time of 0.8 s. What is the power generated by the weightlifter during this time?-2
g = 9.8 ms-2) Solution : Given : m = 180 kg, h = 2 m, t = 0.8 s and g = 9.8 ms . P = ?
W
P= = mgh
t t
180 9.8 2
= = 4 410 W
Efficiency 0.8
as the percentage of the energy input that is transformed into useful energy.
1. Defined……..…………………………………………………………………………….
2. Formulae of efficiency :
Useful energy output
Efficiency 100%
Energy input
3. Analogy of efficiency;
unwanted energy
Energy transformation
Solution : Given : m = 0.12 kg, s= 0.4 m, t = 5 s, Einput = 0.8 J
4. Example;(A a)n Eeoluetpcuttr=ic?motor in a toy crane can lift a 0.12 kg weight through a height of
0.4 m in 5 s. During this time, the batteries supply 0.8 J of energy to the motor. Calculate
(a) The usefuEl ooutfpuot u=tpFutxosf the motor.
(b) The efficiency of=th(0e.1m2oxto1r0) x 0.4
= 0.48 J
(b) Efficiency = ?
Eoutput
Efficiency E x 100%
input
0.48
x 100% 60%
0.80
31
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Carry out hands-on activity 2.11 on page 39 of the practical book to measure the power.
Exercise 2.10
1. What is the work done by a man when he pushes a box with a force of 90 N through a
distance of 10 m? State the amount of energy transferred from the man to the force.
W=Fs The energy transferred to the force = 900 J
= 90 x 10
= 900 J
2. A sales assistant at a shop transfers 50 tins of milk powder from the floor to the top shelf.
Each tin has a mass of 3.0 kg and the height of thee top shelf is 1.5 m.
32
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Energy loss due to Energy loss Energy loss Energy loss due to friction at
…………………… ……………. ……………… …………………….
friction in as heat as sound other parts in the
..………………….. …………….. ………………….. …………………….
moving parts engine
..………………….. ……………. …………………. …………………….
4. The world we are living in face acute shortage of energy.
5. It is very important that a device makes ……………………………………………
the best possible use of the input energy.
……………………
Ways of increasing the efficiency of devices
Engine must be designed with the capability to produce greater amount of
1. Heat engines ……………………..………………………………………………………
mechanical work.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Electrical devices. ...……………………………………………………………………...
Light Fittings
……………………………………………………………………………………………
- replace filament light bulb with fluorescent lamps which have higher efficiency.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
- use a lamp with a reflector so that the illumination can be directed to specific areas
……
of the user.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Air-conditioners.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- choose a model with a high efficiency.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- accommodate the power of air-conditioner and the size of the room
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Ensure that the room totally close so that the temperature in the room can be
………………………………………………………………………………………………
maintained.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
33
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Refrigerators
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- choose the capacity according to the size of the family.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- installed away from source of heat and direct sunlight.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- the door must always be shut tight.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- more economical use a large capacity refrigerator.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- use manual defrost consumption.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Washing machines
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- use a front loading as such more economical on water and electricity
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- front loading use less detergent as compared to a top loading machine.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Explanation :
1. The atoms are separated by a distance called the equilibrium distance and vibrate at
………………………………………………………………………………………………
it position.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Force of repulsion = Force of attraction
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Forces between atoms in compression
compressive force
compressive force
34
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Explanation ;
1…
. …
Fo…rc…e o…
f r…
ep…
uls…
ion…t…ake…
s…eff…
ect…
.
…………………………………………………………
2…
. …
Wh… en…th…e…co…
mp…re…ssi…
ve…fo…
rce…is… re…
mo…
ve…
d,…
fo…
rce…o…
f repuls…
ion…b…
etw
…ee…
n…the…a…
tom
…… …s…………
pushes
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Forthceesabtoetmwbeeanckattoomthseiinr eteqnusiiloibnrium positions.
force of attraction
…el…
as…
tic…
lim
…it…is…
ex…ce…ed…
ed…. …………………………………………………………………
4. When the spring obey Hooke’s Law.
The elastic limit is not exceeded,…………………………………………….…………
The mathematical expression for Hooke’s Law is :
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Fx
………………………………………………………………………………………………
F = kx, k = Force constant of the spring
Force constant, k = F with unit N m-1, N cm-1 or N mm-1
x
5. Graf F against x
F/ N
P
Q
E
35
0 R x (cm)
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
F = kx
Spring obeying
Hooke’s Law Spring not obeying Hooke’s law
(exceeded the elastic limit)
0 8 x/cm
Example 1; A spring has an original length of 15 cm. With a load of mass 200 g
attached, the length of the spring is extend to 20 cm.
a. Calculate the spring constant.
b. What is the length of the spring when the load is in increased
by 150 g? [assume that g = 10 N kg-1]
Given : lo = 15 cm, m = 200 g , F = 2.0 N, l = 20 cm x = 5 cm
2.0
a. k = ?, k=F 0.4Ncm1
x 5
b. l = ? , when m = 150 g, F = 1.5 N From a, k = 4.0 N cm-1
F 1.5
x= 3.75cm
k 0.4
l = 15 + 3.75 = 18.75 cm
Example 2; The graph shows the relationship between the
Graph F against x of stretching force, F and the spring extension, x.
F (N) spring P and spring Q (a) Calculate the spring constant of P and Q.
(b) Using the graph, determine the
stretching force acts to spring P and
8 P
spring Q, when their extension are 0.5 cm
7
Solution
6 a. Spring constant, k = gradient of graph
Q
6
kP= 15.79N cm1
5
4 0.38
3
3 k = 6.0 N cm1
Q
2 0.5
1
36b. When x = 0.5, FP = 8.0 N
( extrapolation of graph P)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 x (cm) FQ = 3.0 N
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
x / cm
Example ;
5 kg x = 15 – 8
= 7 cm
= 0.07 m
Force act to the spring,
15 cm F = 5 x 10 = 50 N
8 cm Elastic potential energy = ½ Fx
= ½ 50 (0.07) = 1.75 J
37
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Exercise 2.12
1. A 6 N force on a spring produces an extension of 2 cm. What is the extension when the
force is increased to 18 N? State any assumption you made in calculating your answer.
To solve the problem, determine the spring constant to use the formula F = k x
F = 6 N , x = 2 cm
F = kx When, F = 18 N, x = ?
6 = k (2) 18 = 3 x
k = 3 N cm-1 x = 6 cm
Reinforcement Chapter 2
38
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
A. Velocity
B. Momentum Velocity / ms-1
C. Acceleration
D. Kinetic energy 4
A. 2N 2N
What is the momentum of the stone
just before it hits the ground?
B. 12 N 7N
A. 0.15 kg m s-1
C. 12N 14 N
B. 0.3 kg m s-1
C. 1.5 kg m s-1
D. 20 N 17 N
D. 3.0 kg m s-1
E. 15.0 kg m s-1
6. The graph below shows the motion
of a trolley with mass 1.5 kg. Solution :
P = mv (find v first to calculate the P)
Ep = Ek mgh = ½ mv2
(0.3)(10)(5) = ½ (0.3) v2
39 v = 10 m s-1
P = (0.3)(10)
= 3.0 kg m s-1
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
1.
Method (a)
F=ma
50.0 = 1000 a
(ii) horaizo=nt0a.l0r5esmulst-a2nt force in method B.
(c) Suggest a method to move Car B so that the acceleration produced is equal to that
of method A.
……………………………………………………………………………..………..
………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ceiling
3. 2 ms-1
41
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
P iron ball ( 2 kg )
S T
3.0 m smooth surface
1.0 m 2.0 m
Q R
Diagram 3 Rough surface
The figure shows a iron ball that is rolled through PQRST. The rough surface of QR has
frictional force of 4 N.
a) Calculate
(i) the kinetic energy of the iron ball at P.
Ek = ½ mv2
= ½ (2)(22) = 4.0 J
1.
42
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
(i) (ii)
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car moving at high velocity when it suddenly
crashes into a wall.
Diagram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player.
a) (i) What is the meaning of momentum?
(ii) Based on the observations of Diagram (i) and (ii), compare the
characteristics of car when it crashes into the wall and the tennis ball when
it is hit with a racquet. Hence, relate these characteristics to clarify a
physics concept, and name this concept.
b) Explain why a tennis player uses a taut racquet when playing.
Answer
a) (i) momentum is product of mass and velocity
(ii) - The shape of car changed but the shape of wall remained.
- The shape of ball remained but the shape of the racquet string was
changed. (The racquet string is elastic but the wall is harder)
- The time taken of collision between the ball and racquet string more
than
the time taken when the car hit the wall.
- The impulsive force will decrease when the time of collision increased.
- The concept is the impulsive force.
b) - To decrease the time of collision between the ball and the racquet string.
- Impulsive force will be increased.
- The force act to the ball will be increased.
- The velocity of ball will be increased.
43
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2.
Properties
Engine thrust Resistance force
Brand Reaction time / s Mass / kg
force / N /N
A 0.3 1.5 10.0 4.0
B 0.5 1.8 12.5 2.4
C 0.2 0.9 6.5 2.2
D 0.6 2.5 16.0 6.5
In a radio-controlled car racing competition, 4 mini-cars branded A, B, C and D took part.
The information of the 4 cars is given in the table above. Details of the above information
are given as below;
Reaction time - Duration between the moment the radio-controlled is switched on and
the moment the car starts moving.
Resistance - Average value of opposing forces includes the friction between
wheels and track, and air resistance.
(a) What is the meaning of acceleration?
(b) Draw a graph of velocity against time that shows a car moving initially with
constant acceleration, then moving with constant velocity and followed by
constant deceleration until it stops.
(c) Explain the suitability of the properties in the above table in constructing a radio-
controlled car racing purpose. Hence, determine which brand of car will win the
50-metre race.
(c) If Car B in the above table is moved up the plane at the angle of 30o to the
horizon,
(i) Show that the car is able to move up the plane.
(ii) Determine the acceleration of the car.
Answer :
44
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
t/s
(c) - time reaction mast be short : fast to detect the signal to start its move
- has a small of mass : to decrease the inertia, then easier to start move and to
stop its moving.
- thrust force is high : has more power during its moving / increase the
acceleration
- friction force is low : decrease the lost of force
- the best car is A : because it has short of time reaction, small of mass, high of
thrust force and low friction of force.
(d) (i) EB = (12.5 – 2.4 ) (50) = 505.0 J
50 m 50Sin300 E (suitable to move up) = 1.8
(10)(50Sin300) 300
= 450 .0 J
EB> E ( car B can move up the plane)
(ii) F = ma , 12.5 – 2.4 = 1.8 a, a = 5.61 ms-1
45