POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

AND UTILIZATION

IES College Of Engineering Thrissur

 MODULE- I

PROTECTIVE RELAYS
 INTRODUCTION
• Electric power generation and distribution.
• All the devices in the power system have to be
protected.
• Protection from abnormal conditions
• For example
1. Short Circuit
-Due to Over voltages- switching
- Lightning
-Bridging of conductors by birds
-Insulation breakdown- dielectric breakdown
-Mechanical Damage
2. Over Load- Over Current
3. Earth Fault
4. Over Voltage
5. Under Voltage
6. Over Frequency
7. Under Frequency
8. Over Temperature
9. Power Swings and Instability
10.Reversal of Power etc…
 IF FAULT OCCURS…….

• Fault causes heavy damage to equipments.

• Affects safety of electrical apparatus
• Affects safety of Humans. Etc..
 Devices for Protection
• Switches
• Fuses
• Circuit Breakers
• Relays

Switch gears: Apparatus used for switching , controlling,

protecting electrical circuits and equipments
 Protective Relays
• “ Devices that detects abnormal conditions in
electric circuits by constantly measuring the
electrical quantities which are different under
normal & fault conditions”.
• Electrical Quantities such as
- Voltage
- Current
- Phase angle- direction
- Frequency
Basic Operation of Relay
 REQUIREMENT OF PROTECTIVE
RELAYING
1. SPEED

• When fault occurs, Relay has to operate quickly as possible,

because it :
• Improves Stability
• Reduce damages
• Decreases the outage time
• Reduces chance of making severe faults due to
existing fault
• Permits sudden reclosure of C.B
• Modern high speed relaying : 1 – 2 cycles or 0.02 – 0.04 sec
• Modern Circuit Breaker : 2.5 – 3 cycles or 0.05 – 0.06 sec
• Clearing time = sum of time for relaying and breaker action.
= 0.07 – 0.10 sec
2 . SELECTIVITY

• “Ability of the protective system to determine the point at

which fault occurs and select the nearest Circuit Breaker
for tapping , thus fault can be cleared with minimum
damage”.
• Only breakers nearest to the fault should be opened .
• Otherwise , greater part of system is disconnected.
• For implementing that, power system divided into
different protective Zones.
» Generator or Generator-Transformer units
» Transformers
» Bus bars
» Transmission Lines
» Distribution Circuits- like motors

• Failure in a particular zone results in operating relays

and CBs in that zone only.
3.SENSITIVITY
“ Capability of relaying to operate reliably
under the actual conditions that produce the
least operating tendency”
– It shall operate for low values of actuating
quantity.
– For high sensitivity, complex and expensive
arrangements are needed. So it is used where
simpler arrangement can’t be applied due to low
degree of sensitivity
4.RELIABILITY
“ Protective relaying must be ready to
function, reliable and correct in operation at
all the times under any kind of fault and
abnormal conditions”
Main factors :
• Simplicity in construction
• Good quality of the relay
• Correctness of design
• Installation , qualified maintenance and
supervision
5.ECONOMY
- To achieve all the important general
requirements together.
- Compromise become necessary.
- Optimum protection .
PROTECTIVE ZONES
 TYPES OF PROTECTION
• Two types
– Primary
• First line of Defence
• Clears fault as fast as possible
– Back up
• 100% reliability can’t be guaranteed by any relay.
• so back up protection is used .
• It operates when primary relay fails.
• Time delay is more than primary.
 CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS

RELAY

Based on Application
Based on Principle of Operation Based on Time of Operation

1. Ordinary Electromagnetic Relays 1. Under V,I or P relays

2. Electromagnetic Induction Relays 2. Under V, Over I & P Relays 1. Instantaneous Relay
3. Electro-thermal Relays 3. Directional / Reverse I Relays 2. Definite Time Lag Relay
4. Physico-electric Relays 4. Directional / Reverse P Relays 3. Inverse Time Lag Relay
5. Static Relays 5. Differential Relays 4. Inverse definite minimum
6. Electro-dynamic Relays 6. Distance Relays time lag (IDMT) Relay
 Terms used in Relays
• Operating force/Torque
• Restraining Force/Torque
• Operating / Pick up Level
• Drop out / Reset
• Flag/ Target
• Power Consumption
• Operating time
• Seal-in coil
• Over Reach
• Under Reach
 Relays
• Relay operates if , net force F=F0-Fr is positive
• F0 – operating force
• Fr – restraining force
• Or Net torque T=T0-Tr is positive
• T0 – operating torque
• Tr – restraining torque
Ordinary Electromagnetic Relays
1.Attracted Armature Type
• Simplest type
•Electromagnet energized by the coil
• Single actuating quantity relay
• Responds to ac and dc , torque α I2
•Fast due to small length of travel
• instantaneous relay

• Doesn’t have directional feature

• Affected by transients
• power consumption
Principle of operation of attracted type relay

• F α I2
• F= k1I2-K2
• K1 – constant
• K2 – Restraining Force+ friction
• On the verge of operation
k1I2=K2
I = sqrt(K2/K1) a constant
 Types of Attracted Armature Type Relay

Hinged armature tupe Plunger type

 Applications of Attracted Type Relay
• In both AC and DC equipments
• Instantaneous, Starting current sensitive, load fluctuations,
current surges
• Can be designed for over/under current,voltage
• Used as measuring relays
• In over current protection : time lag is obtained with this relay
• Used along with Definite time lag over current and earth fault
protection
• For Differential Protection
• Used as auxiliary relay.
2. BALANCED BEAM RELAY

• Armature on both sides

• one for operating coil and other for restraining coil
• similar to seesaw
• T= K1I12 - K2I22.
• At verge of operation K1I12 = K2I22.
• I1/I2 = sqrt(K2/K1)
 Advantages & Disadvantages of
Attracted Type Relay
• Difficult to designed for a wide range current
• Instantaneous, Fast.
• High ratio of resetting quantity to operating quantity
• VA burden depends on application.( 0.2,0.4,….)
Induction Disc Relay (electromagnetic)
• Operating force in the induction relay

• For AC quantities
• Torque is produced when alternating flux reacts
with eddy currents induced in rotor by alternating
flux of same frequency but displaced time and space.
• Torque α φ1φ2sin(α)
φ1 ,φ2- two fluxes
α – phase angle between two fluxes
• Let = φ2maxsin(wt)
= φ1maxsin(wt+α)
• induced eddy currents in the disc
α φ2maxcos(wt) α

α φ2maxcos(wt+α) α

• Forces
F1 α
F2 α
• Net Force α F1 – F2
α -

α φ1maxsin(wt+α) *φ2maxcos(wt) - φ2maxsin(wt) * φ2maxcos(wt+α)

α φ1max φ2max sin(α)

F α φ1 φ2 sin(α)

• Thus , the net force/ torque on the disc is same at every instant.
• Direction of force/ direction of motion depends on which flux is
leading the other
 1. Shaded pole structure

• Airgap flux produced by the current

flowing in the coil wound on a
magnetic circuit containing airgap
• Airgap is splitted into 2 out of phase
components by a copper “shading
ring” which encircles part of pole face
• Current is induced in the rings due to
the alternating flux of electromagnet
and these current cause the flux to lag
in phase by 40 to 50 degree behind
the unshaded portions
PHASOR DIAGRAM

α Shaded
φ
pole
90
90
β β
E2 E1
• Eddy currents are proportional to corresponding fluxes

• Therefore , Torque, T α I2sin(α)

T = K I2
2. Watt-hour meter or Double Winding Structure

• Two electromagnets
• Upper electromagnet carries two
windings ( primary and secondary)
• Primary carries relay current
• emf induced in secondary causes
current I2 to flow.
• leakage flux from upper and lower
magnets are sufficiently displaced to
produce driving torque (angle α )
• φ1 is the main flux linking with
primary and secondary winding
(upper magnet)
• Due to flux φ1, an emf is induced in
secondary which lags flux by 90 degrees
• Emf causes a circulating current I2 to
flow in secondary and lower magnet.
• So a flux φ2 is produced in lower
magnet
• So the net torque , T α φ1 φ2 sin(α)

• Relay can be made inoperative by

controlling(switching off) secondary
circuit.
3. Induction cup structure
• Resembles induction motor.
Rotor iron is stationary
Only rotor conductor portion is free to
rotate
• Moving element is a hollow
cylinder
• stator: 4 or more poles
• Used for high speed relays
PERMANENT MAGNET MOVING COIL
RELAY
• Permanent magnet stator
• actuating qty flows through
rotor coil
• Interaction of PM and Rotor
mag. Field
• Responds to dc only
• F α NHIL
T
• T= 2rF i
m
e

Current
 NON DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT OR
EARTH LEAKAGE (INDUCTION TYPE)
• Metallic disc free to rotate between RELAY
poles
of 2 electromagnets
• Spindle of disc carries a moving contact
which bridges two fixed contacts .
• angle of rotation can be adjusted fron 0 to
360
• Thus time setting can be done

• Upper electromagnet : primary and

secondary
•Primary connected to C.T using tappings
and through plug setting bridge
• Plug setting bridge has 7 selections
•Over current range: 50 – 200% in 25%
steps
 Time multiplier
T
i
m
e

Current( plug setting multplier)

• Plug setting Multiplier= primary current/primary setting current

= Primary current/ (relay current setting *C.T ratio)
•IDMT( inverse definite minimum time)
Problem :

IDMT over current relay has a tap setting 150% current and has a time multiplier 0.5 .
Relay is connected to C.T having ratio 500: 5 amps.. Calculate time of operation of
relay if circuit carries a fault current of 6000A.

PLUG SETTING 2 4 6 8 10
MULTIPLIER
TIME IN SEC FOR A 2.70 2.85 3.00 3.15 3.30
TIME MULTIPLIER OF 1
ANSWER

Secondary fault current = 6000*5/500 =60A

PSM = fault current / setting current = 60* (1/(5*1.5))

= 8

Time for PSM (8) = 3.15

For time setting multiplier 0.5, Operating time = 3.15* 0.5 = 1.575 sec