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Ohm's Law defines the relationships between (P) power, (E) voltage, (I) current, and (R) resistance.
One amp flowing through one ohm produces one volt.
(I) Current is what flows on a wire or conductor like water water through a pipe. Current (electrons) flow
from negative to positive through a conductor. Current is measured in (A) amperes or amps.
(E) Voltage is the difference in electrical potential between two points in a circuit. It's the push or
pressure behind current flow through a circuit, and is measured in (V) volts.
Voltage is the potential energy of an electrical supply stored in the form of an electrical charge, and the
greater the voltage the greater is its ability to produce an electrical current flowing through a conductor.
This energy has the ability to do work. Voltage is sometimes called Electromotive Force, (EMF) with
the circuit symbol V, although E is mostly used today.
(R) Resistance (electrical friction) determines how much current will flow through a component.
Resistors are used to control voltage and current levels. Resistance is measured in Ohms, using the
Greek symbol Omega. (Looks like
an upside-down horseshoe.)
An ohm is a measurement of resistance (R) in an electric circuit. The letter R is used to represent Ohm's
Law formula.
The watt (W) is a measurement of power in an electrical circuit. The letter P represents power in Ohm's
Law formula while Watts is the unit of measurement. (P) Power is the amount of current times the
voltage.
By knowing any two values of the Voltage, Current or Resistance quantities we can use Ohms Law to
find the third missing value. Ohms Law is used extensively in electronics formulas and calculations so
it is “very important to understand and accurately remember these formulas”.
Example:
1. An alarm clock draws 0.5 A of current when connected to a 120 volt
circuit. Calculate its resistance.
2. Given that a particular basic circuit has a voltage of 6.0 volts and a
current of 2.0 amps, what is the resistance in this basic circuit? Using
the Ohms law triangle, we could determine that the formula to get the
resistance is R=V/I. (= 3volts)
3. (1.2A) 4. (50V) 5. (24Ω)
9. If a toaster produces 12 ohms of resistance in a 120-volt circuit, what is the amount of current in the
circuit?
10. A circuit contains a 1.5 volt battery and a bulb with a resistance of 3 ohms. Calculate the current.
11. An electric heater works by passing a current of 100 A through a coiled metal wire, making it red
hot. If the resistance of the wire is 1.1 ohms, what voltage must be applied to it?
12. A walkman uses a standard 1.5 V battery. How much resistance is in the circuit if it uses a current
of 0.01A?
Graded Exercises:
1. Find the current through a 12-ohm resistive circuit when 24 volts is applied.
2. Find the resistance of a circuit that draws 0.06 amperes with 12 volts applied.
3. Find the applied voltage of a circuit that draws 0.2 amperes through a 4800-ohm resistance.
4. A 20-volt relay has a coil resistance of 200 ohms. How much current does it draw?
5. A series circuit has 1200-ohms of total resistance with 12 V as the power supply. What is the
total current of this circuit?
6. Find the applied voltage of a telephone circuit that draws 0.017amperes through a resistance of
15,000 ohms.
7. What is the increase of current when 15 V is applied to 10000-ohm. rheostat, which is adjusted
to 1000-ohm value?
8. A transformer is connected to 120 volts. Find the current if the resistance is 480-ohms?
9. A resistive load of 600-ohms is connected to a 24 V power supply. Find the current through the
resistor.
10. A circuit consists of a 12 V battery connected across a single resistor. If the current in the circuit
is 3 A, calculate the size of the resistor.
Again, the three quantities have been superimposed into a triangle this time
called the Power Triangle with power at the top and current and voltage at
the bottom. Again, this arrangement represents the actual position of each
quantity in the Ohms law power formulas.
The Power Triangle
Example:
1. A toaster oven is plugged into an outlet that provides a voltage difference
of 120 V. What power does the oven use if the current is 10A?
Answer: 1200 watts
2. A VCR that is not playing still uses 10.0 W of power. What is the current if the VCR is plugged into
a 220 V electric outlet?
Answer: 0.045 Amps
3. If a small appliance is rated at a current of 20 amps and a voltage of 120 volts, the power rating
would be ______ Watts. (P = I V )
Answer: 2400 watts
4. If a blender is plugged into a 110 V outlet that supplies 2.7 A of current, what amount of power is
used by the blender?
Answer: 297 watts
5. If a clock expends 2 W of power from a 1.5 V battery, what amount of current does the battery is
supplying the clock?
Answer: 1.33 amps
Graded Exercises:
1. An incandescent lamp is put into a socket that is connected to a 120 volt supply. With a 1.5 amps of
current flows through it. How many watts does the lamp have?
2. What are the watts in a piece of wire whose resistance is 12 ohms, when carrying 20 amps on a 240-
volt circuit?
3. Coby has a 1200 watt blender plugged into a 120 volt circuit. What is the current flow within this
circuit when the toaster is turned on?
4. A toaster oven is plugged into an outlet that provides a voltage difference of 120 V. What power
does the oven use if the current is 10A?
5. A VCR that is not playing still uses 10.0 W of power. What is the current if the VCR is plugged into
a 120 V electric outlet?
6. Tommy runs his juicer every morning. The juicer uses 90 W of Power and the current supplied is 4.5
A. How many volts are necessary to run the juicer?
7. Tommy runs his juicer every morning. The juicer uses 90 W of Power and the current supplied is 4.5
A. How many volts are necessary to run the juicer?
8. Amanda’s hair dryer requires 11A of current from a 110 V outlet. How much power does it use?
9. A DC electric motor transforms 1.50 kW of electrical power into mechanical form. If the
motor's operating voltage is 300 volts, how much current does it "draw" when operating at full
load (full power output)?
Information sheet 1.4 - RESISTOR COLOR CODE GUIDE
Resistor Basics
Resistors are electronic components which have a specific, never-changing electrical resistance. The
resistor’s resistance limits the flow of electrons through a circuit.
They are passive components, meaning they only consume power (and can’t generate it). Resistors
are usually added to circuits where they complement active components like op-amps,
microcontrollers, and other integrated circuits.
Commonly resistors are used to limit current, divide voltages, and pull-up I/O lines.
Resistor units
The electrical resistance of a resistor is measured in ohms. The symbol for an ohm is the greek capital-
omega: Ω. The (somewhat roundabout) definition of 1Ω is the resistance between two points where 1
volt (1V) of applied potential energy will push 1 ampere (1A) of current.
As SI units go, larger or smaller values of ohms can be matched with a prefix like kilo-, mega-, or giga-
, to make large values easier to read. It’s very common to see resistors in the kilohm (kΩ) and megaohm
(MΩ) range (much less common to see miliohm (mΩ) resistors). For example, a 4,700Ω resistor is
equivalent to a 4.7kΩ resistor, and a 5,600,000Ω resistor can be written as 5,600kΩ or (more commonly
as) 5.6MΩ.
Schematic symbol
All resistors have two terminals, one connection on each
end of the resistor. When modeled on a schematic, a resistor
will show up as one of these two symbols:
Many capacitors use a coded marking system, this marked consist with a three digit code such as "103"
or "104" and some others have a three digit code plus a letter on the end such as "101K" or "102K".
This can lead to a bit of 'head scratching' before construction of our exciting project can begin! Once
we can familiarize ourselves with these codes or have a chart at hand then progress to the all-important
construction stage will be much swifter.
Example: 104, 10 plus four zeros = 100,000 then basically the unit will be picoFarad after adding the
zeros
=100,000 pico Farad
Then, to convert it to the next higher value then we divided pico by 1000 to get the nano Farad
=100,000 / 1000
=100 nano Fard
Then Finally to get the microfarad value, we divided nano value by 1000
=100 / 1000 = 0.1 micro Farad
Information sheet 2.4 – BASICS OF ANALOG MULTIMETER
The Multi-tester or multi-meter is sometimes called the VOM (voltmeter, ohmmeter, milli-ammeter). It
is the best instrument that can measure voltage, resistance and current. It is generally made of two
types: the analog and the digital.
Parts of a MULTIMETER
1. Scale
2. Infinite zero Adjustment screw
3. Direct Current Voltage Range
4. Range Selector Switch
5. DC Current meter(Ammeter)
6. Needle/Pointer
7. Zero Ohm Adjustment
8. Alternating Current Volt Range
9. Ohmmeter Range
Range and CalibrationDCV RANGE AND Calibration OHMS RANGE AND Calibration
1000V - 20V 0-1 - .2Ω
250V - 5V 1-2 - .2Ω
50V - 1V 2-5 - .5Ω
10V - .2 5-10 - .5Ω
.5V - .01V 10-20 - 1Ω
.25V - .005 20-30 - 2Ω
30-50 - 2Ω
50-100 - 5Ω
100-200 - 20Ω
200-300 - 50Ω
300-500 - 100Ω
500-1k - 500Ω
1k-2k - 1KΩ
Understanding when this may be an issue is a key element of knowing how to use an analogue multimeter.A
D. Opeation
WARNING: ELECTRICAL SHOCK CAN CAUSE DEATH OR INJURY. AVOID TOUCHING
EXPOSED CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY.
Information sheet 2.5 – BASICS OF DIGITAL MULTIMETER
The Digital Multimeter (DMMs) feature a digital or liquid crystal display (LCD). Measurement readings
are displayed as numerical values on the LCD Display. The
display also alerts you to any pertinent symbols and warnings.
Tech Note: Digital Multimeters and ClampMeters use different techniques internally, to measure AC,
DC voltage, Resistance and Amperes. An advantage of a digital multimeter is their accuracy and input
protection. Their input resistance or impedance is very high, in the range of 1,000,000 to 10,000,000
ohms, so there is little effect on the measurement. On good quality meters, their inputs are also
protected from faults and misuse. Test instruments today devote a good deal of architecture to overload
protection.