SS symmetry

Article
On Conformable Double Laplace Transform and One
Dimensional Fractional Coupled Burgers’ Equation
Hassan Eltayeb 1 , Imed Bachar 1 and Adem Kılıçman 2,3, *
1 Mathematics Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455,
Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; hgadain@ksu.edu.sa (H.E.); abachar@ksu.edu.sa (I.B.)
2 Department of Mathematics and Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
3 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Istanbul Gelisim University, Avcilar,
Istanbul 34310, Turkey
* Correspondence: akilic@upm.edu.my; Tel.: +60-3-8946-6813




Received: 24 February 2019; Accepted: 18 March 2019; Published: 21 March 2019


Abstract: In the present work we introduced a new method and name it the conformable double
Laplace decomposition method to solve one dimensional regular and singular conformable functional
Burger’s equation. We studied the existence condition for the conformable double Laplace transform.
In order to obtain the exact solution for nonlinear fractional problems, then we modified the double
Laplace transform and combined it with the Adomian decomposition method. Later, we applied
the new method to solve regular and singular conformable fractional coupled Burgers’ equations.
Further, in order to illustrate the effectiveness of present method, we provide some examples.

Keywords: conformable fractional derivative; conformable partial fractional derivative; conformable

double Laplace decomposition method; conformable Laplace transform; singular one dimensional
coupled Burgers’ equation

1. Introduction
The fractional partial differential equations play a crucial role in mathematical and physical
sciences. In [1], the authors studied the solution of some time-fractional partial differential equations
by using a method known as simplest equation method. In this work, we deal with Burgers’ equation,
these type of equations have appeared in the area of applied sciences such as fluid mechanics and
mathematical modeling. In fact, Burgers’ equation was first proposed in [2], where the steady state
solutions were discussed. Later it was modified by Burger, in order to solve the descriptive certain
viscosity of flows. Today in the literature it is widely known as Burgers’ equation, see [3]. Several
researchers focused and concentrated to study the exact as well as the numerical solutions of this
type of equation. In the present work, we considered and modified the conformable double Laplace
transform method which was introduced in [4] in order to solve the fractional partial differential
equations. The authors in [5] applied the first integral method to establish the exact solutions for
time-fractional Burgers’ equation. In [6], the researchers applied the generalized two-dimensional
differential transform method (DTM) and obtained the solution for the coupled Burgers’ equation with
space- and time-fractional derivatives. Recently in [7], the conformable fractional Laplace transform
method was applied to solve the coupled system of conformable fractional differential equations.
Thus the aim of this study is to propose an analytic solution for the one dimensional regular and
singular conformable fractional coupled Burgers’ equation by using conformable double Laplace

Symmetry 2019, 11, 417; doi:10.3390/sym11010417 www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry

Symmetry 2019, 11, 417 2 of 13

decomposition method (CDLDM). In [8], the following space-time fractional order coupled Burgers’
equation, were considered
 
∂β u ∂2α u α α xα tβ
∂t β
− ∂x2α
∂
+ ηu ∂x ∂
α u + ζ ∂x α ( uv ) = f ,
 αα β
(1)
∂β v ∂2α v α α x tβ
∂t β
− ∂x2α
∂
+ ηv ∂x ∂
α v + µ ∂x α ( uv ) = g α, β .

Conformable fractional derivatives were studied in [9] and extended in [10]. Next, we recall the
definition of conformable fractional derivatives, which are used in this study.

Definition 1. Let f : (0, ∞) → R then the conformable fractional derivative of f order β is defined by
   β
tβ
dβ

tβ
 f β + et1− β − f tβ tβ
f = lim , > 0, 0 < β ≤ 1,
dt β β e →0 e β

see [9,11,12].

Conformable Partial Derivatives:

 α β
Definition 2. ([13]): Given a function f xα , tβ : R × (0, ∞) → R. Then, the conformable space fractional
 α β
partial derivative of order α a function f xα , tβ is defined as:
   α β
xα
∂α

xα tβ
 f α + ex1−α , t − f xα , tβ xα tβ
f , = lim , , > 0, 0 < α, β ≤ 1.
∂x α α β e →0 e α β
 α β
Definition 3. ([13]): Given a function f xα , tβ : R × (0, ∞) → R. Then, the conformable time fractional
 α β
partial derivative of order β a function f xα , tβ is defined as:
   α β
xα tβ
∂β

xα tβ
 f α , β + σt1− β − f xα , tβ xα tβ
f , = lim , , > 0, 0 < α, β ≤ 1.
∂t β α β σ →0 σ α β

Conformable fractional derivatives of certain functions:

Example 1. We have the following

 α  n −1  β 
xα n tβ
        
∂α xα tβ tβ ∂α x t
= , =n
∂x α α β β ∂x α α β α β
  β  α  α n  β m  α  n  β  m −1
∂β xα t x ∂ β x t x t
β
= , β
=m
∂t α β α ∂t α β α β
      α  β
∂β xα tβ x t
sin sin = sin cos ,
∂t β α β α β
α   α  β   α  β
∂ x t x t
sin a sin = a cos sin
∂x α α β α β
α  α β
 α β β  α β
 α β
∂ λ xα + τtβ λ xα + τtβ ∂ λ xα + τtβ λ xα + τtβ
e = λe , e = τe .
∂x α ∂t β
Symmetry 2019, 11, 417 3 of 13

Conformable Laplace transform:

Definition 4. ([14]): Let f : [0, ∞) → R be a real valued function. The conformable Laplace transform of f is
defined by
  β  Z ∞  β
t β
−s tβ t
t β−1 dt
β
Lt f = e f
β 0 β
for all values of s, provided the integral exists.
 
xα tβ
Definition 5. ([4]): Let u α , β be a piecewise continuous function on the interval [0, ∞) × [0, ∞) having
  
u xα , t β 
 
α β 
xα tβ 
exponential order. Consider for some a, b ∈ R sup α , β > 0, ax α + bt β
. Under these conditions the
α
e β
conformable double Laplace transform is given by
  α β  Z ∞Z ∞  α β
x t α β
− p xα −s tβ x t
t β−1 x α−1 dtdx
β
Lαx Lt u , = U ( p, s) = e u ,
α β 0 0 α β

xα
where p, s ∈ C, 0 < α, β ≤ 1 and the integrals are by means of conformable fractional with respect to α and
tβ
β respectively.

Example 2. The double fractional Laplace transform for certain functions given by
"   m #
xα n tβ n!m!
1. α β
L x Lt = L x Lt [( x )n (t)m ] = n+1 m+1 .
α β p s
 α 
x
λ + τt β h i 1
Lαx Lt e α β = L x Lt eλx+τt =
β
2. .
    ( p − λ ) (s − τ )
β xα tβ 1 1
3. Lαx Lt sin(λ sin τ = L x Lt [sin( x ) sin(t)] = 2 .
α β p + λ2 s2 + τ 2
4. If a(> −1) and b(> −1) are real numbers, then double fractional Laplace transform of the function
 α β   α  a  β b
x t x t
f , = is given by
α β α β

Γ ( a + 1) Γ ( b + 1)
 
β xα a tβ b
Lαx Lt ( ) ( ) = .
α β p a +1 s b +1

 
xα tβ
Theorem 1. Let 0 < α, β ≤ 1 and m, n ∈ N such that u ∈ C l (R+ × R+ ), l = max (m, n).
α , β
 α β  mα nβ
Further let the conformable Laplace transforms of the functions given as u xα , tβ , ∂∂xmαu and ∂∂tnβu . Then

m −1
∂mα u ∂iα
  
 β 
t
pm U ( p, s) − pm−1 U (0, s) − ∑ p m −1− i L t
β β
Lαx Lt = u 0,
∂x mα i =1 ∂x iα β
 nβ  α β  n −1
∂ jβ
  
∂ x t xα
sn U ( p, s) − sn−1 U ( p, 0) − ∑ sn−1− j Lαx
β
Lαx Lt u , = u ,0
∂tnβ α β j =1 ∂t jβ α

∂mα u ∂nβ v  α β
x t
where and denotes m, n times conformable fractional derivatives of function u α , β , for more
∂x mα ∂tnβ
details see [4].

In the following theorem, we study double Laplace transform of the function

 n β  α β 
xα ∂ x t
β
f , as follows:
α ∂t α β
Symmetry 2019, 11, 417 4 of 13

 α β
∂β x t
Theorem 2. If conformable double Laplace transform of the partial derivatives β f , is given by
∂t α β
 α n β  α β   α n  α β 
x ∂ x t x x t
Equation (27), then double Laplace transform of β
f , and g , are given by
α ∂t α β α α β
n
dn
      
∂β xα tβ xα ∂β xα tβ
(−1)n
β β
Lαx Lt f , = Lαx Lt f , (2)
dpn ∂t β α β α ∂t β α β

and  α n  α β 
dn
   α β 
n β x t α β x x t
(−1) Lαx Lt g , = L x Lt g , , (3)
dpn α β α α β
where n = 1, 2, 3, . . ..

Proof. Using the definition of double Laplace transform of the fractional partial derivatives one gets
  Z ∞Z ∞  β  α β 
∂β xα tβ α β
− p xα −s tβ ∂ x t
t β−1 x α−1 dt dx,
β
Lαx Lt β
f ( , ) = e β
f , (4)
∂t α β 0 0 ∂t α β

by taking the n th derivative with respect to p for both sides of Equation (4), we have
Z ∞Z ∞ n 
dn
     
∂β xα tβ d α β
− p xα −s tβ ∂
β xα tβ
t β−1 x α−1 dtdx
β
Lαx Lt f , = e f ,
dpn ∂t β α β 0 0 dpn ∂t β α β
Z ∞ Z ∞  α n β  xα tβ 
x α β
− p x −s tβ β−1 α−1 ∂
= (−1)n e α t x β
f , dt dx
0 0 α ∂t α β
xα n
  
∂β xα tβ
= (−1)n Lαx Lt
β
f( , ) ,
α ∂t β α β

thus we obtain
n
dn
      
∂β xα tβ xα ∂β xα tβ
(−1)n
β β
Lαx Lt f , = Lαx Lt f , .
dpn ∂t β α β α ∂t β α β

Similarly, we can prove Equation (3).

Existence Condition for the conformable double Laplace transform:

 
xα tβ α tβ
If f , is an exponential order a and b as xα → ∞, β → ∞, if there exists a positive
α β
constant K such that for all x > X and t > T
  α β 
 f x , t  ≤ Ke a α +b β ,
  xα tβ
(5)
 α β 

it is easy to get,
   α 
xα tβ β
a x +b tβ xα tβ
f , =O e α as → ∞, → ∞.
α β α β
Or, equivalently,
  α β 
 f x , t  = K lim e−(µ− a) α −(η −b) β = 0,
α β xα tβ
−µ xα −η tβ  
lim e
xα →∞ α β  xα →∞

α α
t β →∞ tβ →∞
β β
Symmetry 2019, 11, 417 5 of 13

xα tβ xα tβ
where µ > a and η > b. The function f ( , ) is called an exponential order as α → ∞, β → ∞,
α β
α β
a xα +b tβ xα tβ
and clearly, it does not grow faster than Ke as α → ∞, β → ∞.
 
xα tβ
Theorem 3. If a function f α , β is a continuous function in every finite intervals (0, X ) and (0, T )
α β
a xα +b tβ α β
and of exponential order e , then the conformable double Laplace transform of f ( xα , tβ ) exists for all
Re( p) > µ, Re(s) > η.

α β
Proof. From the definition of the conformable double Laplace transform of f ( xα , tβ ), we have
 
 R ∞ R ∞ − p xα −s t β α β
|U ( p, s)| =  0 0 e α β f ( xα , tβ )t β−1 x α−1 dt dx 

 
R ∞ R ∞ −( p− a) xα −(s−b) t β β−1 α−1  (6)
≤ K  0 0 e α β t x dt dx 
= ( p−aK)(s−b) .

For Re( p) > µ, Re(s) > η, from Equation (6), we have

lim |U ( p, s)| = 0 or lim U ( p, s) = 0.

p→∞ p→∞
s→∞ s→∞

2. One Dimensional Fractional Coupled Burgers’ Equation

In this section, we discuss the solution of regular and singular one dimensional conformable
fractional coupled Burgers’ equation by using conformable double Laplace decomposition methods
(CDLDM). We note that if α = 1 and β = 1 in the following problems, one can obtain the problems
which was studied in [15]:
The first problem: One dimensional conformable fractional coupled Burgers’ equation is given by
 
∂β u ∂2α u α α xα tβ
∂t β
− ∂x2α
∂
+ ηu ∂x ∂
α u + ζ ∂x α ( uv ) = f ,
 αα β
(7)
∂β v ∂2α v α α x tβ
∂t β
− ∂x2α
∂
+ ηv ∂x ∂
α v + µ ∂x α ( uv ) = g α, β ,

subject to   α  α   α
xα x x x
u, 0 = f1 , v , 0 = g1 . (8)
α α α α
 α β  α β  α
x t x t x  α
for t > 0. Here, f , ,g , , f1 and g1 xα are given functions, η, ζ and µ are
α β α β α
arbitrary constants depend on the system parameters such as; Peclet number, Stokes velocity of
particles due to gravity and Brownian diffusivity, see [16]. By taking conformable double Laplace
transform for both sides of Equation (7) and conformable single Laplace transform for Equation (8),
we have
F ( p, s) 1 α β ∂2α u
 
F ( p) ∂α ∂α
U ( p, s) = 1 + + L x Lt − ηu u − ζ ( uv ) , (9)
s s s ∂x2α ∂x α ∂x α
and
G1 ( p) G ( p, s) 1 α β ∂2α v
 
∂α ∂α
V ( p, s) = + + L x Lt − ηv v − µ ( uv ) . (10)
s s s ∂x2α ∂x α ∂x α
Symmetry 2019, 11, 417 6 of 13

The conformable double Laplace decomposition methods (CDLDM) defines the solution of one
 α β  α β
x t x t
dimensional conformable fractional coupled Burgers’ equation as u , and v , by the
α β α β
infinite series
 α β ∞  α β  α β ∞  α β
x t x t x t x t
u , = ∑ un , , v , = ∑ vn , . (11)
α β n =0
α β α β n =0
α β

We can give Adomian’s polynomials An , Bn and Cn respectively as follows

∞ ∞ ∞
An = ∑ un uxn , Bn = ∑ vn v xn , Cn = ∑ un vn . (12)
n =0 n =0 n =0

In particular, the Adomian polynomials for the nonlinear terms uu x , vv x and uv can be computed
by the following equations

A0 = u0 u0x
A1 = u0 u1x + u1 u0x
A2 = u0 u2x + u1 u1x + u2 u0x , (13)
A3 = u0 u3x + u1 u2x + u2 u1x + u3 u0x ,
A4 = u0 u4x + u1 u3x + u2 u2x + u3 u1x + u4 u0x ,

B0 = v0 v0x
B1 = v0 v1x + v1 v0x ,
B2 = v0 v2x + v1 v1x + v2 v0x , (14)
B3 = v0 v3x + v1 v2x + v2 v1x + v3 v0x ,
B4 = v0 v4x + v1 v3x + v2 v2x + v3 v1x + v4 v0x .

and

C0 = u0 v0
C1 = u0 v1 + u1 v0
C2 = u0 v2 + u1 v1 + u2 v0 . (15)
C3 = u0 v3 + u1 v2 + u2 v1 + u3 v0 ,
C4 = u0 v4 + u1 v3 + u2 v2 + u3 v1 + u4 v0 .

By applying the inverse conformable double Laplace transform on both sides of Equations (9)
and (10), making use of Equation (12), we have
∞   h i h h ii
xα tβ
f 1 ( x ) + L− 1 −1 F ( p,s) + L−1 L−1 1 Lα L β ∂2α un
∑ un α , β = p Ls s p s s x t ∂x2α
n =0 h i h i (16)
− L− 1 −1 1 Lα L β [ η A ] − L−1 L−1 1 Lα L β [ ζ (C )] ,
p Ls s x t n p s s x t n

and
∞   h i h h ii
xα tβ
g1 ( x ) + L − 1 −1 G ( p,s) + L−1 L−1 1 Lα L β ∂2α vn
∑ vn α , β = p Ls s p s s x t ∂x 2α
n =0 h i h i (17)
− 1
− L p Ls − 1 1 α β
L L [ ηB ] − L − 1 L − 1 1 α β
L L [ µ ( C )] .
s x t n p s s x t n
Symmetry 2019, 11, 417 7 of 13

On comparing both sides of the Equations (16) and (17) we have

h i
F ( p,s)
u0 = f 1 ( x ) + L− 1 −1
p Ls ,
h s i (18)
− 1 − 1 G ( p,s)
v0 = g1 ( x ) + L p Ls s .

In general, the recursive relation is given by the following equations

1 α β ∂2α un
      
−1 −1 1 α β −1 −1 1 α β
u n +1 = L − 1 −1
p Ls L x Lt − L p L s L L [ η A n ] − L L L L [ ζ ( Cn )] , (19)
s ∂x2α s x t p s
s x t

and

1 α β ∂2α vn
      
−1 −1 1 α β −1 −1 1 α β
v n +1 = L − 1 −1
p Ls L x Lt − L p L s L L [ ηBn ] − L L L L [ µ ( Cn )] , (20)
s ∂x2α s x t p s
s x t

provided that the double inverse Laplace transform with respect to p and s exist in the above equations.
In order to illustrate this method for one dimensional conformable fractional coupled Burgers’ equation
we provide the following example:

Example 3. Consider the homogeneous one dimensional conformable fractional coupled Burgers’ equation

∂β u ∂2α u ∂α ∂α
∂t β
− ∂x2α
− 2u ∂x α u + ∂x α ( uv ) = 0
∂β v ∂2α v ∂α ∂α
(21)
∂t β
− ∂x2α
− 2v ∂x α v + ∂x α ( uv ) = 0,

with initial condition        

xα xα xα xα
u ,0 = sin , v ,0 = sin . (22)
α α α α
By using Equations (18)–(20) we have
   
xα xα
u0 = sin , v0 = sin
α α
 2α 
−1 −1 1 α β ∂ u 0 ∂ α u0 ∂α
u1 = L p Ls L L + 2u0 α − α (u0 v0 )
s x t ∂x2α ∂x ∂x
   α     α
1 x 1 tβ x
= L−p
1 −1
L s L α β
L
x t − sin = L −1 −1
p L s 2 2
= − sin ,
s α s ( p + 1) β α
  2α 
1 −1 1 α β ∂ v 0 ∂ α v0 ∂α
v1 = L−p L s L L + 2v 0 − ( u v
0 0 )
s x t ∂x2α ∂x α ∂x α
   α     α
−1 −1 1 α β x −1 −1 1 tβ x
= L p Ls L L − sin = L p Ls = − sin
s x t α 2 2
s ( p + 1) β α

1 α β ∂2α u1
   
∂ α u1 ∂ α u0 ∂α
u2 = L− 1 −1
p Ls L L + 2 u0 α + u1 α − α ( u0 v1 + u1 v0 )
s x t ∂x2α ∂x ∂x ∂x
 β 2
  β  α    t  α
1 −1 1 α β t x 1 β x
= L−
p L s L L sin = L −1 −1
L = sin ,
s x t β α p s
s3 ( p2 + 1) 2 α

1 α β ∂2α v1
    
∂ α v1 ∂ α v0 ∂α
v2 = L− 1 −1
p Ls L L + 2 v0 α + v1 α − α ( u0 v1 + u1 v0 )
s x t ∂x2α ∂x ∂x ∂x
 β 2
  β  α    t  α
−1 −1 1 α β t x −1 −1 1 β x
= L p Ls L x Lt sin = L p Ls 3 2
= sin ,
s β α s ( p + 1) 2 α
Symmetry 2019, 11, 417 8 of 13

and

1 α β ∂2α u2
   
∂α u ∂α u ∂α
u3 = L− 1 −1
p Ls L L + 2 u0 α2 + u1 α1 + u2 α u0
s x t ∂x2α ∂x ∂x ∂x
  α 
−1 −1 1 α β ∂
− L p Ls L L ( u0 v2 + u1 v1 + u2 v0 )
s x t ∂x α
 β 3
t  α
β x
= − sin ,
6 α
  2α  
−1 −1 1 α β ∂ v 2 ∂α v ∂α v ∂α
v3 = L p Ls L L + 2 v0 α2 + v1 α1 + v2 α v0
s x t ∂x2α ∂x ∂x ∂x
  α 
1 −1 1 α β ∂
− L−p L s L L ( u0 v2 + u1 v1 + u2 v0 )
s x t ∂x α
 β 3
t  α
β x
= − sin ,
6 α

and similar to the other components. Therefore, by using Equation (11), the series solutions are given by
  β 2  β 3 
    t t  
xα tβ tβ β β xα
u , = u0 + u2 + u3 + ... = 1 − + − + ... sin
 
α β β 2! 3! α
  β 2  β 3 
    t t  
xα tβ tβ β β xα
v , = v0 + v2 + v3 + ... = 1 − + − + ... sin
 
α β β 2! 3! α

and hence the exact solutions become

 α β  α    
x t β
− tβ x xα tβ − tβ
β
xα
u , =e sin , v , =e sin .
α β α α β α

By taking α = 1 and β = 1, the fractional solution become

   
xα tβ −t xα tβ
u , =e sin x, v , = e−t sin x.
α β α β

The second problem: Now consider the singular one dimensional conformable fractional coupled
Burgers’ equation with Bessel operator
   
∂β u ∂α xα ∂α ∂α ∂α xα tβ
∂t β
− α
xα ∂x α ∂x α u + ηu ∂x α u + ζ ∂x α (uv) = f ,
 αα  αα β
(23)
∂β v ∂α x ∂α ∂α ∂α tβ
∂t β
− α
xα ∂x α α ∂x α v + ηu ∂x α v + µ ∂x α (uv) = g xα , β ,

and with initial conditions

       
xα xα xα xα
u ,0 = f1 , v ,0 = g1 , (24)
α α α α
 α α 
α ∂α x ∂
where the linear terms is known as conformable Bessel operator where ζ, µ and
x ∂x
α α α ∂x α
η are real constants. Now to obtain the solution of Equation (23), First, we multiply both sides of
α
Equation (23) by xα and obtain
Symmetry 2019, 11, 417 9 of 13

   
xα ∂β u ∂α xα ∂α x α ∂α x α ∂α xα xα tβ
α ∂t β
− ∂x α ∂x α u + η α u ∂x α u + ζ α ∂x α (uv) = α f  α ,
 αα β
(25)
xα ∂β v ∂α x ∂α x α ∂α x α ∂α xα xα tβ
α ∂t β
− ∂x α α ∂x α v + η α v ∂x α v + µ α ∂x α (uv) = α g α , β .

Second: we apply conformable double Laplace transform on both sides of Equation(25) and single
conformable Laplace transform for initial condition, we get
h i h    i
β xα ∂β u β ∂α xα ∂α x α ∂α x α ∂α xα xα tβ
Lαx Lt
h αα ∂t β i
= Lαx Lt ∂x α
 αα ∂x α u − η α u ∂x α u − ζ α ∂x α ( uv ) + α f α , β i,
h α (26)
∂β v ∂α xα ∂α x α ∂α xα xα t β
Lαx Lt xα x
β β
∂x α v − η α v ∂x α v − µ α ∂x α ( uv ) + α g α , β
∂
∂t β
= Lαx Lt ∂xα α

by applying Theorems 1 and 2, we have

h   i
d d α ∂α x α ∂α x α ∂α α ∂α
u α u − ζ xα
β
−s dp U ( p, s) + dp L x [ f 1 ( x )] = Lαx Lt α αu −η ∂x α (uv)
 ∂x hα ∂x  α β iα ∂x
d
Lα L f x , t
β
− dp ,
h xα t α α α β α α α
i (27)
d d α x ∂ x ∂α
v ∂ α v − µ xα
β
−s dp V ( p, s) + dp L x [ g1 ( x )] = Lαx Lt ∂x ∂
α αv −η ∂x α (uv)
 hα ∂x
 α β iα ∂x
d
Lαx Lt g xα , tβ
β
− dp ,

simplifying Equation (27), we obtain

h   i
d 1 d α 1 α β ∂α x α ∂α α α α ∂α
dp U ( p, s ) = s dp L x[ f 1 ( x )]h −s L x Lt i∂x α α ∂x α u − η xα u ∂x
∂ x
αu−ζ α ∂x α (uv)
d α β
+ 1s dp Lαx Lt f xα , tβ
β
.
h   i (28)
d 1 d α 1 α β ∂α x α ∂α α α α ∂α
dp V ( p, s ) = s dp L x[ g1 ( x )] − L L ∂xα α ∂x α v − η xα v ∂x
∂ x
αv−µ α (uv)
h s α x βti ∂x α
d
+ 1s dp Lαx Lt g xα , tβ
β
.

Third: integrating both sides of Equation (28) from 0 to p respect to p, we have

Rp d α
 Rp β ∂α
h 
x α ∂α
 α α
i
U ( p, s) = 1
s 0 dp L x [ f 1 ( x )] dp − 1s 0 Lαx Lt ∂x α α ∂x α u − η xα N1 − ζ xα N2 dp
  h  i
1 p d β xα tβ
R α
+ s 0 dp L x Lt f α , β dp,
p
 
p
h   i (29)
1 d α 1 α L β ∂α x α ∂α α α
− η xα N3 − µ xα N2 dp
R R
V ( p, s) = s 0 dp L x [ g 1 ( x )] dp − s 0 L x t ∂x α α ∂x α v
1 p
R  d  α β h  xα t β i
+ s 0 dp L x Lt g α , β dp.

 αUsing
 conformable double Laplace decomposition method to define a solution of the system as
x tβ xα tβ
u ,
α β and v ( ,
α β ) by infinite series

  ∞     ∞  
xα tβ xα tβ xα tβ xα tβ
u ,
α β
= ∑ un ,
α β
, v ,
α β
= ∑ vn ,
α β
. (30)
n =0 n =0

Here the nonlinear operators can be defined as

∞ ∞ ∞
N1 = ∑ An , N2 = ∑ Cn N3 = ∑ Bn (31)
n =0 n =0 n =0
Symmetry 2019, 11, 417 10 of 13

∞   h R i
xα tβ
f 1 ( x ) + L− 1 −1 1 p dF ( p, s )
∑ un α , β = p Ls s 0
n =0
∞
      
− 1 − 1 1 p β ∂α x α ∂α
L x Lt ∂xα α ∂xα ∑ un
R
− L p Ls s 0
α dp
n=0  (32)
∞
  
+ L− 1 −1 1 p L α L β η x α
α ∑ An
R
p Ls s 0 x t dp
n =0
∞
    
+ L− 1 −1 1 p L α L β ζ x α
α ∑ Cn
R
p Ls s 0 x t dp ,
n =0

and
∞   h R i
xα tβ
g1 ( x ) + L − 1 L−1 1 p dG ( p, s )
∑ vn α , β = p s s 0
n =0
∞
      
− L− 1 L −1 1 p L α L β ∂ α x α ∂α
∑
R
p s s 0 x t ∂x α α ∂x α v n dp
n=0 (33)
∞
  
+ L− 1 −1 1 p L α L β η x α
α ∑ Bn
R
p Ls s 0 x t dp
n =0
∞
    
+ L− 1 −1 1 p L α L β µ x α
α ∑ Cn
R
p Ls s 0 x t dp .
n =0

The first few components can be written as

h R i
1 p
u0 = f 1 ( x ) + L− 1 −1
p Ls dF ( p, s ) ,
h s R0 i (34)
p
v0 = g1 ( x ) + L − 1 −1 1
p Ls s 0 dG ( p, s ) ,

and
∞
        
xα tβ
Rp ∂α x α ∂α
− L− 1 −1 1 β
u n +1 α , β = p Ls s 0 Lαx Lt ∂x α ∑ un
α ∂x α dp
n=0 
∞
  
Rp α
+ L− 1 −1 Lαx Lt η xα
1 β
p Ls s 0 ∑ An dp (35)
n =0
∞
    
+ L− 1 L −1 1 p L α L β ζ x α
∑ Cn
R
p s s 0 x t α dp ,
n =0

and
∞
        
xα tβ
Rp ∂α x α ∂α
= − L− 1 −1 1 β
v n +1 α , β p Ls s 0 Lαx Lt ∂x α ∑ vn
α ∂x α dp
n=0
∞
  
1 p
α L β η xα
+ L− 1 −1
∑ Bn
R
p Ls s 0 L x t α dp (36)
n =0
∞
    
+ L− 1 −1 1 p L α L β ζ x α
∑ Cn
R
p Ls s 0 x t α dp .
n =0

Provided the double inverse Laplace transform with respect to p and s exist for Equations (34)–(36).

Example 4. Singular one dimensional conformable fractional coupled Burgers’ equation

   2 tβ tβ
∂β u α ∂α x α ∂α ∂α ∂α xα
∂t β
− x α ∂x α α ∂x α u − 2u ∂x α u + ∂x α (uv) = α e β − 4e β
   2 tβ tβ
(37)
∂β v α ∂α x α ∂α ∂α ∂α xα
∂t β
− x α ∂x α α ∂x α v − 2v ∂x α v + ∂x α (uv) = α e β − 4e β ,

subject to
 2  2
xα xα (38)
u ( x, 0) = α , v ( x, 0) = α .

By following similar steps, we obtain

Symmetry 2019, 11, 417 11 of 13

∞    2 tβ tβ
xα t β xα
∑ un α , β = α e β − 4e β + 4
n =0
∞
      
− L− 1 L −1 1 p L α L β ∂ α x α ∂α
∑ n
R
p s s 0 x t ∂x α α ∂x α v dp
n=0 (39)
∞
  
− L− 1 −1 1 p L α L β 2 x α
α ∑ An
R
p Ls s 0 x t dp
n= 0
∞
    
− 1 − 1 1 p β x α ∂α
L x Lt α ∂xα ∑ Cn
R α
+ L p Ls s 0 dp ,
n =0

and
∞    2 tβ tβ
xα tβ xα
∑ vn α , β = α e β − 4e β + 4
n =0
∞
      
− L− 1 L −1 1 p L α L β ∂ α x α ∂α
∑
R
p s s 0 x t ∂x α α ∂x α v n dp
n=0 (40)
∞
  
− L− 1 −1 1 p L α L β 2 x α
α ∑ Bn
R
p Ls s 0 x t dp
n=0 
∞
   
+ L− 1 L −1 1 p L α L β x α
∑
R
p s s 0 x t α C n dp
n =0

where An , Bn and Cn are defined in Equations (14)–(16) respectively. On using Equations (34)–(36) the
components are given by
2
x α 2 tββ
  
xα tβ tβ tβ
u0 = e − 4e + 4, v0 =
β β e − 4e β + 4,
α α
 Z p  α  α α   
−1 −1 1 α β ∂ x ∂ u0 x α ∂ α u0 x α ∂α
u1 = − L p Ls L L + 2 u0 α − (u0 v0 ) dp
s 0 x t ∂x α α ∂x α α ∂x α ∂x α
 Z p  α β  
1 −1 1 x t tβ
− L−
β
u1 = p Ls Lαx Lt 4 eβ dp = 4e β − 4,
s 0 α
 Z p  α  α α   
−1 −1 1 β ∂ x ∂ v0 x α ∂ α v0 x α ∂α
v1 = − L p Ls α
L L + 2 v0 α − (u0 v0 ) dp
s 0 x t ∂x α α ∂x α α ∂x α ∂x α
 Z p  α β  
1 −1 1 x tβ tβ
v1 = − L−p L s L α β
L 4 e dp = 4e β − 4.
s 0 x t α

In a similar way, we obtain

 Z p  α  α α  
1 ∂ x ∂ u0
u2 = − L− 1 −1
p Ls
α β
L L dp
s 0 x t ∂x α α ∂x α
 Z p  α  
1 −1 1 x ∂ α u1 ∂ α u0
− L−
p L s L α β
L 2 u 0 + u 1 dp
s 0 x t α ∂x α ∂x α
 Z p  α α  
1 −1 1 α β x ∂
+ L−
p L s L L ( u v
0 1 + u v
1 0 ) dp
s 0 x t α ∂x α
u2 = 0,
v2 = 0.

Thus it is obvious that the self-canceling some terms appear among various components and following
terms, then we have,
   
xα tβ xα tβ
u , = u0 + u1 + u2 + ..., v , = v0 + v1 + v2 + ...
α β α β

Therefore, the exact solution is given by

   2    2
xα tβ xα tβ xα tβ xα tβ
u , = e β and v , = eβ.
α β α α β α
Symmetry 2019, 11, 417 12 of 13

By taking α = 1 and β = 1, the fractional solution becomes

 
xα tβ
u , = x2 et ,
α β
 
xα tβ
v , = x2 et .
α β

3. Conclusions
In this work some properties and conditions for existence of solutions for the conformable
double Laplace transform are discussed. We give a solution to the one dimensional regular and
singular conformable fractional coupled Burgers’ equation by using the conformable double Laplace
decomposition method, which is the combination between the conformable double Laplace and
Adomian decomposition methods. Further, two examples were given to validate the present method.
This method can also be applied to solve some nonlinear time-fractional differential equations having
conformable derivatives. The present method can also be used to approximate the solutions of
the nonlinear differential equations with the linearization of non-linear terms by using Adomian
polynomials.

Author Contributions: The authors contributed equally and all authors read the manuscript and approved the
final submission.
Funding: The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at
King Saud University for its funding this Research Group No. (RG-1440-030).
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thanks the referees for the valuable comments that helped us to
improve the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest: It is hereby the authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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