Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
l. Hardening, Tempering & 13. Workshop Drawing 25. The Backyard Fmmdry
DIVIDING
Heat Treatment Tubal Cain B. Terry Aspin .
Tubal Cain 14_Making Small Workshop 26. Home Workshop f ',nts & Ttps
2. Vertical Milling in the Tools Edited by V1c Smeed
Home Workshop Stan Bray
27. Spindles
Arnold Throp 15. Workholding in the Lathe Harprit Sandhu .
3. Screwcutting in the Lathe Tubal Cain
28.Simple Workshop Devtces
Martin Cleeve 16. Electric Motors Tubal Cain
4. Foundrywork for the Amateur
B. Terry Aspin h
Jim Cox
17_Gears & Gear Cutting
29. CAD for Model Engineers Harold Hall
D.A.G.Brown
5. Milling Operations in the Lot e Ivan Law 30. Workshop Materials
Tubal Cain 18. Basic Bench work Alex Weiss
. & Marking Metals
6.Measunng Les Oldridge 31. Useful Workshop Tools
Ivan Law 19.Spring Design & Manufacture Stan Bray .
7_The Art of Welding Tubal Cain 32. Unimat Ill Lathe Accessones
W.A.Vause 20.Metalwork & Machining Bob Loader
8. Sheet Metal Work Hinls & Tips 33. Making Clocks
R.E.Wakelord lan Bradley Stan Bray
9. Soldering & Brazing 2l.Adhesives & Sealants 34. Lathework - A Complete
Tubal Cain David Lammas Course
10.Saws & Sawing 22_Workshop Electrics Harold Hall
lan Bradley Alex Weiss 35. Milling -A Complete
11. Electroplating 23_Workshop Construction Course
J.Poyner . Jim Forrest & Peter Jennmgs Harold Hall
12. Drills, Taps & Dtes 24. Electric Motors in the 36. Photo-etching
Tubal Cain Home Workshop Brian King
Jim Cox 37. Dividing
Harold Hall
•• •
37. Dtvtdmg
Faced with the prospec o
t I mach;a;ag a 9'"' ac 9'0" ac
f
~ pc ""', mad,l. Th;, ""d aat
oiect many model
d and will turn elsewhere fort etthr aspects of engineenng
. "II be dtscourage . d many o er . b k
pnnct~.l~s. ~rcles
engtneers WI . . under! ing gear cutttng an . ed in depth in thts oo .
be so, for the f is required are explatn thods that can be adopted:
where an accurate /VISIOn ? .d.
~:~a:~~~";al;.,d
dealing with the many me
th~f"J;:;~;ag
fa semi-universal
It'""" th' .obj'd of 'qu.;pmeatto am ol,o '"""'d
!com ,;mpl, appl"at•oa. w I bl, Th, moth,mohcal O'P"''
dividing head and ~~;~ta~n~erst~od easily by a mod~l eln~~;~~~r dividing heads: a baste
o;";d;ag 'qo;pmeal ".
but at a level tha_t WI e f II -detailed destgns. are tnc u d
expens~ve, so twoa ~o~mercial semi-universal he~e.ntor to tyro engineers
'q~d"~'',;'h'! "tabl;,h,d h;, mpotoho~ ::,'h~h h' wa• th' ,d;toc foe a
relatively
oa;t oad th' I ''
AuthorhHaro of M d I Engineers' Workshop o h" ·es Lathework- A Comp e
through t e page so h o e h his other two b oo k s ·n
I t IS sen ,
b f ars and t roug
num erand
Course o ye . .
Mtlltng - A Complete Course.
~\111~1~\~~~~J\Ii{(~,~\l\\ . . . .
3 5700 18185411862389 >
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DIVIDING
Harold Hall
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Chapter 3 18
The right of Harpld Hall to be identified as the ~uthor o~ this work has bee~
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The Methods. Explains how to use the equipment in Chapter Two to achieve the required
asserted by him in accordance with the Copynght, Des1gns and Patents R1ghts result. Also explains though how even complex dividing can be achieved using no other
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Act of 1988. equipment than that normally found in the:__workshop, typically the lathe and milling machine.
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All rights reserved. No part of this book may ~e reprod_uced in a~y ~orm by print, Chapter 4 32
The Mathematics. Whilst the tables provided with a dividing head, or those published in
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photography, microfilm or any other means Without wntten perm1ss1on from the
this book, will provide the information for most applications, occasionally recourse to
publisher. calculation may be necessary. This chapter explains the process, fortunately, the
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mathematics is not complex.
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© Harold Hall 2005 Chapter 5 38
Holes on a Pitch Circle Diameter (PCD) Explains the mathematics for placing holes on a
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PCD using a milling machine's X and Y table movements and their calibrated leadscrew
ISBN 1-85486-238-3 //b dials. Also shows how using a computer spread sheet program can be used to limit
considerably the work involved.
Chapter 6 50
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Shop Made Simple Dividing Devices. Some simple devices that will enable dividing
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www. specialinterestmodelbooks. co. uk activities without the need for a dividing head.
Chapter 7 58
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Chapter 8 71
Shop Made Full Function Dividing +lead. A dividing head that is more adaptable than a
commercially available semi-universal head and providing a wider range of divisions. It is
not over complex to make and would be a very satisfying project to complete.
Chapter 9 . . 8~ Preface
Shop Made Lining Tool. Engraving a dial with its different length hnes IS made easy w1th
this lining tool. It is also an interesting project to construct.
90 Whilst in the home workshop, dividing is The book can therefore be loosely divided
Chapter 10 not a frequent operation, there are though into three sections.
Prime Numbers. Prime numbers and their uses explained and listed.
many ways of carrying out the task. This is 1. The machinery
quite different to the major workshop 2. The methods
Chapter 11 98 activities where round items will invariably 3·. The mathematics
Tables. Tables for a wide range of dividing head ratios and division plate hole numbers
be the domain of the lathe andrectangular In addition to the explanations of the
are included. These should make the need for calculation a rare occurrence.
items, that of the milling machine, with the equipment and how it is used, the book also
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shaper chipping in in a few cases. includes some designs for items that can
Dividing, however, can be carried out be made in the workshop itself. In the main
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on the lathe, milling machine and even the these just give the necessary drawings but
drilling machine. It is though, the wide range with some manufacturing tips where
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of accessories and methods that make the considered desirable.
task a daunting one for many workshop Dividing will almost certainly be a small
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owners. proportion of workshop activity, but without
In addition to choice of method, setting the required provisions, and understanding,
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it up correctly will often require recourse to some projects will either be impossible, very
some mathematics. These, mathematically, difficult or of a very inferior quality.
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are fortunately quite simple, but some
understanding of their purpose is essential. Harold Hall January 2005
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Chapter 1
An Introduction to Dividing
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Whilst the term dividing can be applied to • spanner to a turned component.
a range of values, typically length, weight, The methods of achieving the division
angle, even voltage, in the metal working will though be large and varied and range
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workshop, home or commercial, it is used from the simple to the complex, each find-
almost entirely for angular division. The ing a use in at least some workshops. Per-
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range of uses will be varied but with a high haps not fully appreciated is the fact that
proportion of the activity limited to a small simple methods are not just limited to lower
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range of tasks, making gears Photo 1, numbers, in some applications, dials typi-
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dials, placing holes on a PCD (pitch circle cally, even higher numbers can be achieved
diameter) and producing squares and without any expense being incurred.
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hexagons, typically for application of a For many years the predominant
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1. Cutting a gear using a shop made dividing head.
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2. A commercial
semi universal
dividing head with
tailstock
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3. A rotary table, useful for dividing in some applications.
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method in the home workshop, at least for only limited use and the expense as a re-
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the simple task, was to make attachments sult difficult to justify, the latter may well be
for the lathe spindle to control angle of ro- the way to proceed. Because of this, de-
//b 4. N?aking a dividing plate on a milling machine table using calculated x and y co-
tation. Today, greater availability and re- ordmates.
signs for two shop made items are included
duced price of modern accessories have in Chapters 7 and 8.
made this less necessary. There are still Using a rotary table Photo 3 is also a
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instances where it is worth considering. possibility and whilst this item of equipment
Carrying out some work on a component is primarily intended for the machining of
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in the lathe mounted chuck having just curved surfaces and slots and the like, its
been machined there, may be quicker than use for dividing is also possible.
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setting up the dividing head on the milling When placing holes on a PCD, work-
machine and transferring the component ing out the X and Y co-ordinates of each
to this. hole and using these to place the holes us-
If dividing is to become an important ing the milling machine table dials as shown
activity then acquiring a semi-universal di- in Photo 4 can give a very accurate result.
viding head, commercially made Photo 2 This can be particularly useful if requiring a
or made in the workshop, should be con- dividing plate for use on the dividing head
sidered. As a dividing head will likely get especially if for a one off application.
10
11
2. Indexing using a
The Machinery
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The equipment available for dividing the actual processes. As will be seen
applications, even for the home workshop, however the demarcation between these
is not always that clear, especially methods
.
is very varied, though in general terms, the
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methods can be reduced to just five. 2, 3 and 4.
Using the lathe spindle.
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Using a dividing head.
1. Using the lathe spindle on the lathe spindle. The latter may even 2, and erecting a detent from some
Using a rotary table.
be in the chuck's backplate. The most convenient point, probably the
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Using an indexer. This primarily consists of indexing the
spindle using a detent locating into the teeth common is to use the gear in the back gear changewheels quadrant, will overcome the
Dividing with no special equipment.
assembly that is rigidly fitted to the spindle, limitation. Even where the lathe has a
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The latter will be dealt with when discussing of a gear or holes in a disc that is mounted
frequently referred to as the bull wheel. One suitable bull wheel this arrangement will
well-known lathe manufacture does provide increase the number of possible divisions.
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this facility and others may do also, it is Mounting the gear, or even a dividing plate,
//b though more common for the lathe owner is not difficult and a simple method for
to adapt the lathe to provide this function. achieving this is illustrated in the section
Photo 1 shows a typical shop made item. on shop made items in Chapter 6. A similar
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One aspect of the lathe that may make method for simpler numbers is to drill the
the method a non starter is the number of chuck back plate with a series of holes
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teeth on the gear, if say this was 49 there around its periphery using a detent
would be no useful divisions, only 7 being mounted off the lathe bed to locate in these.
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available. The gear in the above example A limitation of all of the above methods
has 60 teeth and will provide 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, is that there is no facility to lock the spindle
10, 12, 15, 20, 30 and 60 divisions. If a in the set position, relying solely on the
forked detent is used this could be detent to hold it in place. Backlash in the
increased to include 8, 24, 40 and 120 also. detent assembly will permit some variation
More about forked detents later. in the position set, and more important,
1. Indexing using If your lathe does not have a suitable movement during the machining operation.
the lathe's Bull bull wheel then mounting a gear on the rear It is though quite adequate for many tasks
wheel of the lathe spindle, as illustrated in Photo as will be seen through the book.
13
12
3. A semi universal head. 5. Two shop made
rotary tables.
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input, for one turn at the dividing head
output. A ratio of 40:1 appears most
common but others may be available.
A dividing plate is fitted to the body of
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the device and the input spindle fitted with
an arm and detent for locating in the
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dividing plate holes so that repetitive input
2. Using a dividing head can be achieved precisely. Dividing plates
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This is the most complex and costly of the are available with a wide range of hole
dividing techniques covered in this book but numbers. By choosing the correct one and
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as would be expected the most versatile; with the 40:1 ratio the required division can 2a. Universal dividing head chain is set up for differing ratios, rather
Photo 3 shows a typical example. As well be obtained by bypassing the appropriate Universal dividing heads, (the above being like the changewheels used on a lathe for
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as being used horizontally it can be set up number of holes for each division. However, known as semi-universal) are capable of a screw cutting.
vertically, Photo 4, or any angle in between. even with a wide range of dividing plates much wider range of divisions, typically all The gear chain also has another
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The first point to note is that the rotating there will be many divisions that cannot be values between 2 and 380 and many higher purpose and whilst too complex to be
achieved, particularly at the higher
//b values. This being achieved by the addition discussed in detail it is worth noting for
numbers. At one time dividing plates were of a gear chain between the dividing head completeness. Rather than being between
very expensive but modern computer spindle and the dividing plate itself, but spindle and dividing plate, the gears are
whilst still using the limited number of
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controlled production methods enable the set up between spindle and one end of the
punched sheet steel variety to be produced dividing plate values normally supplied. milling machine leadscrew resulting in the
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very cheaply. The drive from the manual crank output from the dividing head rotating as
Mounting the workpiece onto the handle to the dividing head spindle is still the machine table is traversed. By this
via the worm and worm wheel. However, a
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dividing head follows very closely that of method helical flutes can be cut. Should
the lathe having the facility for fitting a gear chain from the rear end of the head this be of interest, search out other reading
faceplate or chuck, Also a centre can be spindle is then arranged to rotate the on the subject.
fitted and with a tailstock, either supplied dividing plate itself by a small amount. This
or available as an accessory, between has the effect of marginally altering the 3. Using a Rotary table
centres work can be carried out. rotation of the crank handle for a given The demarcation between a dividing head
number of holes. The outcome of this is and the rotary table is rather blurred both
4. A semi universal head can also be that divisions not obtainable with the semi- having common features. The major one
used vertically universal head can be set up. The gear being both have a worm and worm wheel
14 15
surfaces and curved slots. Placing holes Home workshop made items
on a PCD is also practicable for lower The comments above regarding
numbers where high precision is not dividing heads and Indexers are made
required. It would though be questionable primarily with commercially available items
for a large number of holes on a PCD when in mind. They do though in many cases also
making a dividing plate or for producing a apply to items made in the home workshop.
gear. Most will also be suitable for vertical However, many home workshop owners do
mounting. Also available as an extra in find much simpler designs adequate for
some cases is a dividing plate mounting their needs, that in Photo 7 being an
arrangement as seen in Photo 6. With this example. Whilst for this the title "Indexer"
available there is little difference between would be more appropriate, such devices
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a dividing head and a rotary table, other are invariably known as dividing heads.
than the provision for workpiece mounting. Designs for that shown in Photo 7 and a
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If the budget will stretch to it and you much more adaptable head are included
purchase both a dividing head and a rotary
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in Chapters 7 and 8. In addition, many
table from the same manufacturer, it is likely suppliers to the home workshop have
that the dividing plate assembly on the head
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designs and kits of parts for making dividing
will also fit the rotary table. Its tailstock is heads and rotary tables.
also likely to be usable, as these are
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6. Commercial rotary tables often have a adjustable for height, see Photo 2 Chapter 5. Dividing with no special
dividing plate assembly available as an 1. equipment
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accessory.
Dividing with no, or very little, additional
between the manual input and the rotation 4. Using an indexer
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equipment can often be carried out and is
of the workpiece, though there would This is a very simple form of dividing head
worth considering even if the workshop is
appear to be more variation in the ratio's having a rotating work holding device that
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fully equipped with dividing facilities. It may
available, 40, 60 and 90:1 all being is rotated directly by hand, there being no
be expected that such methods are limited
common. The major differences are in the worm and wormwheel. Angle of rotation for
//b to the simpler numbers, 3, 4, 6, etc. but as
provision for work holding and in most each division is either set by reference to a 7. A basic home made dividing head
will be seen in the next Chapter much more
cases the method of determining the input 360deg. calibration round the edge of the
complex numbers are possible, even those
value. For work holding, rather than having table or by the use of a number of holes
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not available with a commercial dividing
facilities for either a faceplate or chuck, the round the table, maybe 24, into which a head.
rotary table has a T slotted round table, detent locates giving a range of common
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that of the leadscrew dials on a lathe or one method of work holding, being either a
milling machine. In dividing applications this three-jaw chuck or collets. This severely
only works well if the required input falls limits the tasks they can perform. Some are
exactly on a calibration, otherwise errors also suitable for horizontal mounting though
will result. of course they could be used with a
Rotary tables have therefore only substantial angle plate. Commercial items
limited use where dividing is required, their are not really appropriate for the average
main use being for machining curved home workshop.
16
17
2. The dual-stub
The Methods
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because either a dividing head or the
Using Minimum Equipment. .
division required is not available or that the
Having dealt with the equipment re~~~~ed
project is simple and more easily set up
.
in Chapter 2, it also mentioned that d1v1dmg
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can often be achieved with little or no using some other method.
special equipment. Whilst usin~ a dividing three jaw chuck. In this case, placing a
Using the lathe spindle . third space would give the required result.
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head will in most cases be the 1deal, other
Typical of this would be wh~n ne_edmg piece of packing between the bed of the Also, by careful choice of a thin piece of
equipment is often used. The reasons for
lathe and each chuck jaw in turn would be packing to place below the bar, or a slightly
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to make three divisions on an 1tem 1n the
this can be varied, but will most often be
accurate enough for most applications and longer second bar, a 50 tooth gear could
certainly much quicker than setting up a be used to calibrate a 100 division dial.
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dividing head. Do not fall into the trap of Another simple idea and only limited
thinking that just placing the packing under in the number of divisions by a practical
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the jaw in the rear position will give you six maximum, is to wrap around the back plate,
//b divisions, this will only work if the height of or face plate periphery, a strip of paper
the packing is exactly centre height minus suitably marked with the divisions required.
half the jaw thickness. This may seem a simple idea but the space
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An extension to this idea having the between each marking, when in the flat, is
advantage of providing a wide range of likely to be a complex value. Say with a
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1. Using a weight on the end of a piece of Dividing this into any number would result
string attached to the chuck, as seen, will in a value that would be difficult to work with,
keep the short length of bar in place whilst fortunately, there is a simple way out of the
the operation of cutting a dial is carried out. problem.
Both gear and dial being made are mounted Wrap your strip of paper, a little on the
on a dual taper stub mandrel as seen in long side, closely round the periphery of
1. Using a gear on a Photo 2. Of course, you do not need to the chuck and carefully cut through both
stub mandrel to cut use every tooth space, if you required 15 with a sharp knife at the overlap, you will
a dial. divisions, a 45 tooth gear stopped at every now have your 314.1593mm strip of paper.
19
18
3. A divided paper
~
liE~ TO BE DIVIDED II
strip around
chuck's back plate
for calibrating a
LINE OF A LENGTH THAT CAN I 11
EASILY BE DIVIDED INTO THE
dial is an easy and
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NUf.IBER OF DIVISIONS REQUIRED. I 1 I practical approach
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I to the task.
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THE DRAUGHTSMAN'S SQUARE IS
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STEPPED ALONG 1HE DIVISIONS ON THE LINE
TRANSFERRING THE~ TO THE ITDA BEING DIVIDED.
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Fix this down on a piece of paper and on
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long enough, cut two wider strips, peel back
MEIHOD _A SHEET OF PLAIN PAPER this draw a line at an angle to the strip of
a short length of the backing paper on one
paper and starting from one end of it. For
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and join together. To ensure the required
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I example, say you wanted 19 divisions mark
strip is straight it can then be trimmed to
the line at 285mm (19 x 15) and mark this
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LAY ITEM TO BE DIVIDED ONTO A SHEET the width required. Thoroughly clean the
OF LINED PAPER AND AT AN ANGLE SUCH off at 15mm increments. Using a straight
THAT IT SPANS THE NU~BER OF SPACES faceplate or chuck's backplate edge to
edge and a draughtsman's square as
EQUAL TO THE NUMBER OF DIVISIONS
REQUIRED
//b illustrated in SK1 A, transfer the divisions
ensure adhesion. The process in SK1 is a
rare occurrence in the workshop for dividing
to the strip of paper that will now be length.
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accurately divided. If you have a large sheet
All the methods above have one major
of lined or graph paper, then an alternative,
problem, there is no method of securely
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20
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plate. The positions can be established
using an automatic centre punch mounted
on the top slide, or, if available, a small
drilling spindle as in Photo 4. This process
should make a dividing plate accurate
enough for most applications. However, if
eventually used via a worm/worm wheel,
rather than direct, the improvement in
accuracy this provides, as described in
Chapter 4, would certainly make it adequate.
Incidentally, the bar against which the
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faceplate markings are set uses the same
two fixings as that for the bull wheel detent
seen in Photo 1 in the Chapter 2.
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Should you be making a small
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stationary steam engine (Photo 5) the
cylinder end flange requires 5 holes on a 5. The stationary steam engine requires 5
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holes on a PCO.
PCD. Positioning these prior to removing
4. Making a division plate using a divided 7. This post requires that a hexagon is
the flange from the lathe after initial machined.
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paper strip and drilling spindle. machining could be done. However, I chose
Mount a disc onto the face plate and to make a small drilling jig (seen in Photo wheel to set the divisions, Photo 6.
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using a suitably divided paper strip round 5) for the purpose and using an automatic The following would have been an
the faceplate's periphery will enable the centre punch mounted on the top slide to alternative approach to indexing the five
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disc to be marked out for making a dividing mark out the positions and the lathe's bull divisions. Five holes on a PCD requires a
rotation of 72deg. between each position.
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Th1s can easily be achieved using the jaws
//b of a three-jaw chuck and a combination-
square protractor as illustrated in SK2. A
plastic band, wrapped around the chuck
and weighted, would provide some friction
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to aid setting and holding position. This
system theoretically could be used for any
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headed screw in the bottom is used to set workpiece would enable twelve divisions
Using a dividing head.
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it up for each facet as shown in Photo 9. and if only every third position was used a anyone arriving at this point in workshop
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Having determined which dividing plate
Whilst this is not that precise, it is, if carried square can be machined using a hex head activity will already have gained the sk1lls
to use and the number of holes to be
out with care, more than adequate for the screw. of mountmg and machining, there 1s
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traversed for each division (this to be
purpose. Alternatively, it could be set using The above illustrate just what can be therefore little that needs to be stated. I am
described in Chapter 4) there is not much
a square off the table surface setting one done using the bare minimum of equipment, though includmg a few photographs as
left to the exercise other than mounting the
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face of the screw head upright. no doubt some readers will know of, or be examples.
workpiece and carrying out the required
Using a rule and a square on the same able to devise, other methods. Mounting the workpiece will normally
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machining operations. Anticipating that
be straightforward following closely similar
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11. Calibrating a
9. Setting each dial whilst held on
facet of the a stub mandrel.
hexagon head The dividing head
screw level by eye being used is that
using a steel rule. in Chapter 7.
24
25
==--~---------,...';:111,.,,- - . .. :
12. Machining and is obviously used where the part to be
splines on a machined is too long for either the chuck
between centres or the faceplate. Photo 12 shows a long
shaft. shaft having splines machined into one end.
Whilst appearing to follow exactly the
situation when mounting between centres
on the lathe there is one important
difference.
In the case of the lathe, the lathe carrier
(sometimes known as a lathe dog) mounted
on the component will be driven by the
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driving peg mounted on the catch plate. The
carrier and peg will often be held together
with a loop or two of string or wire but relying
largely on the machining force to keep them
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in contact. This will not sutf1ce when using
the set-up with a dividing head as the
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14. Close up of dividing plate fingers.
to move it to the dividing head without machining will not necessarily keep the
operations on the lathe. Frequently it will
removing the workpiece from the chuck. If driver and driven together. Because of this traversing 140 holes, or in other terms, two
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be to use the three or four jaw chuck either
a part has an irregular shape or is too large the driver differs from the lathe catchplate turns plus 42 holes per division. The
holding the part itself, Photo 10 or using a
for the chuck the faceplate will have to be with driving peg and enables the driver and mathematics of this being 40 x 49/14 = 140.
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stub mandrel as in Photo 11. In many cases
brought into use as it would on the lathe. driven to be rigidly coupled, Photo 13 It will be obvious that whilst two turns will
the component being machined will have
Mounting the workpiece between shows the method. See also Photo 2 in be easy, counting the additional 42 holes
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previously been turned on the lathe and to
centres is another method of work holding Chapter 1 for an illustration of the dividing at each division will be prone to error.
maintain concentricity it will be preferable
head's driver. Lathe carriers with bent arms Because of this, dividing heads are
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are available but the position of the arm fitted with adjustable fingers, Photo 14,
//b would depend on the diameter of the which are set to the number of holes
workpiece. Unfortunately, I have not found between one division and the next. These
a commercial carrier that overcomes this hold their angular setting whilst still enabling
problem, though they may be around. I them to be rotated as a pair between each
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have therefore developed my own design division. The construction has some inbuilt
seen in the photograph and which features
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27
26
using a 45 tooth gear for 15 divisions. Where 16. Machining a
this is the case the gear can be marked hexagon for a large
I appropriately prior to fitting it onto the nut using a rotary
i'l dividing head. A coloured chinagraph pencil table.
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is excellent for this. The bull wheel in Photo
II
II 6 has been marked in this way and may be
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visible if the final pnnting permits it.
II Having said that in terms of the
I, machining operation there is no difference
I! between normal milling operations and
those using a dividing head, there is one
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1l1
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potential disaster area. Photo 15 shows a
I' handwheel being made by machining
I' notches around its edge. Careful
II observation of the set-up reveals that the
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cutting action will be attempting to unscrew
the chuck from its mounting. It is essential
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therefore that the chuck is very firmly of 360/14 degrees per division, that is
I a PCD for bolting two flanges together then
I) screwed on and that only very light cuts are
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25.7143 degrees. This equates to 257.143 a little clearance in the bolt holes should
I taken. Should the chuck become free, then divisions, or 4 turns plus 17 and a little bit make the approach possible. Do not though
I i there will certainly be a spoiled component
rs
lr f (0.143) divisions, it is the little bit that is the simplify the figure to 25.7 degrees as the
and probably a broken cutter also. Do be problem. If the task is to place 14 holes on
1
le
II ~ working in the vertical mode. It can also
' 15. Machining with a vertical dividing occur in the horizontal mode is some
oi
specialised situations. SK3 USING
head will result in the cutter attempting to
unscrew the chuck. Very light cuts are //b THE DIVID-
therefor essential. Using the rotary table. ING PLATE
If you have a fully equipped rotary table,
If using a shop made dividing head with that is with dividing plates and tailstock,
FINGERS
s:
a gear to replace the dividing plate, then then the above explanations will largely
the facility of adjustable fingers to determine apply with only some small changes
tp
seen, including those in this book. However, just the basic rotary table you will be faced
I can see no reason why such a facility with setting the divisions by using the
cannot be built into such designs. Without micrometer dials at the hand wheel.
this it will be a case of counting the number Consider using a table with a 60:1 ratio
of teeth traversed with considerable care. worm/worm wheel and 60 divisions on the
II,., It is frequently the case though that the dial giving 0.1 de g. rotation per division. If It is normal for dividing fingers and the input arm to move in the same direction. However.
division is achieved with one revolution of we now consider, as above, a requirement due to a upper limit that the dividing fingers can span. around 75% of the maximum, for
., the gear, such as every third tooth when for 14 divisions this will require and output larger spans rotation of the fingers is opposite to that of the input arm as shown above.
I
28 29
Ill
I·I I I
'.Ill
HI_
17. Attempting the task in photo 16 but 19. Positioning
using a dividing head in the vertical mode workpiece by this
requires a lot of head room. It is though a method should be
non starter, see comment for Photo 15. accurate enough
18. Aligning centres in preparation for for almost all
positioning workpiece. applications.
I
1),
30
31
11!!11
,j
j'll
I
j[ll.i,
4:.JI
adds up to considerable variation in what as possible I have chosen to base these
33
32
34 35
- - - - - - - - - - - -......-.,.
3. Two additional gears fitted to the head Example 4 plate errors. The extent will no doubt come
seen in Photo 2 giving a greater range of As a more extreme example, a combination as a surprise to the uninitiated.
possible divisions. of a 40 tooth dividing gear and a pair of Consider a division plate with 18 holes
gear and a 75/30 tooth gear chain that is gears comprising 45 and 35 giving a 9:7 theoretically spaced at 20 degrees (360/
15:6 ratio and 51-3/7 holes. Seven complete 18 = 20), but having an error of 1 degree
The number of holes passed for one turns will therefore give 51-3/7 x 7 which on the 12th hole, that is spaced at 19 and
complete turn of the dividing head output equals 360 holes passed. It can therefore 21 degrees between its adjacent holes. If
is therefore 50x(75/30) = 125 holes. The be used when calibrating a rotary table in now attempting 9 divisions (40 degree
point to note here is that even though the degrees. spacing) and using a dividing head with a
ratio is 15:6 it still results in a whole number These examples. which show only a 60:1 ratio, the arm on the dividing head will
for the number of holes. Available divisions minute fraction of those possible, do, I have to pass 120 holes per division, that is
are only 5, 25 and 125, but 125 is useful hope, give an indication of the range of 60 x 18 I 9. This is 6 complete rotations
for calibrating a dial for an 8 TPI (threads possibilities with this set up, and as a result plus 12 holes ((6 x 18) + 12 = 120) for the
per inch) leadscrew. Again this is not enables you to go down this avenue first division.
available with my commercial dividing head knowing that it IS pos:sible. In this example, input rotation will
or rotary table. For the sake of sim['IICity I have ignored therefor be, (6 x 360) + (11 x 20) + (1 x 19)
Example 3 the effect of using a forked detent and for degrees, that is 2399 degrees for the first
For this example I am suggesting a set up consistency with other explanations, have division, and for the next division, (6 x 360)
with a 40 tooth dividing gear and a 50/30 referred to holes when using gears as the +(11 x20)+(1 x21)degrees,thatis2401
tooth gear chain, ratio 5:3, number of holes dividing device; the slot between two degrees. As the worm/worm wheel
passed for one complete turn of the dividing adjacent teeth will of course be used. I have arrangement reduces the rotation by a
head output is therefore 40 x(5/3) = 66-2/3 also used for my explanations, factor of 60 the angles at the workpiece will
my 90:1 rotary table. 63 is frequently holes, (note we work in fractions). With an changewheels having increments of 5 be 39.984 degrees (2399/60) and 40.016
suggested as a good change wheel to use answer of 66-2/3 holes the set-up would between sizes, 25, 30, 35, etc. I do realise degrees (2401/60). From this it can be seen
in place of 127 tooth wheel, being smaller, appear to be worthless, as no number will that a few lathes will use other increments, that the second division will be accurately
when cutting metric threads on an imperial divide into this. If however in this case the typically by fours. Whilst the results will be placed as it compensates for the error in
lathe. output is allowed to rotate a further two turns different the methods will still apply. the first, (39.984 + 40.016 = 80) but the+/
then this results in 200 holes passed. -1 degree error between the two on the
Some More Examples This will give a range of divisions but Further details division plate has been reduced to 0.016
Example 1 most obtainable by easier gear Chapter 7 includes a design for a simple, degree, 1/60th that on the dividing plate.
Consider a set up with a 30 tooth dividing combinations. However, 200 will be useful three gear dividing head and further details The value of 1/60th is no coincidence but
gear and a 60/20 tooth gear chain, that is if calibrating a dial in half thou's for a ten regarding the mathematics of using such a will always be by the same factor as worm/
3:1. The formula is therefore number of TPI leadscrew. device. A list of divisions possible is also worm wheel ratio.
holes passed for 1 rotation of the dividing With the workpiece (dividing head included in Chapter 11 based on a set of A feature of this is that even plates
head output is 30 x (60/20) = 90 holes. This output) rotating three times it will be found change wheels of 20 to 75 by five's. made in the home workshop by relatively
will enable the 30 tooth wheel to give that the divisions made on the second and inaccurate methods will still produce results
divisions of 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 18, 30, 45 third rotation fall as required between those Division plate errors minimised accurate enough for all but the most
and 90. Nine, 18, 45 and 90 being additional made on the first rotation. I was inclined to Whilst not a calculation that the reader demanding requirements. Even here you
to those which would be possible with the prove this mathematically but feel that this will be called to carry out, the following can use the dividing head to make a second
30 tooth gear direct. may be overcomplicating the explanations. illustrates how a worm and worm wheel plate and use this for producing the final
Example 2 It will though work wherever a fraction of a configuration (or two spur gears in a gear product. By this means you will benefit from
Consider a set up with a 50 tooth dividing division occurs with a single output rotation. chain) reduces the effect of any division improved accuracy twice over.
36 37
(P- 1) 360 X3
Chapter 5
X
Y =R S i n - - - - - - - -
N
Calculating these values, even when there
are many more holes, will not be that
arduous if you have a calculator having I
Y2
Co-ordinate Calculating 1 trigonometrical functions. Unlike printed
tables that normally list values up to 90
degrees a calculator will deal easily with
the angles above 90deg., giving the value
and whether it is positive or negative. 1
would suggest therefore that a basic
scientific calculator should be a standard
item in the home workshop. Even better ORIGIN_...-
38 39
''lfli
ORIGIN
X= 0
I
f~-
- - XI
X2----j
. -1 be drilled. However. do make the number
divisible by 4 as this will make the holes
1. Using X andY
co-ordinates to
mark out position
Y = OJr ~ identically positioned in each 90deg.
segment and as a result reduces the of holes to remove
~I '
I J \ >= adjacent hole, that is 360/N where N is the
number of holes. Chose an outer diameter
table's bearing.
I-~;
(D) just sufficient for final finishing. The drill
diameter (d) can now be calculated using
11
L I the formula in SK3. If the drill works out too
small, or too large, then reduce or increase
-~
4
X4-. ',,"' ---
1r----- -xs------j
FIVE CIRCLES ON A PITCH CIRCLE DIAMETER_
ORIGIN AT EXTREMES OF PITCH CIRCLE DIAMETER.
SK2
the number of holes estimated and will easily cope with such angles. In this
a workpiece by drilling touching holes on a recalculate. The PCD on which the holes case all that will be needed is to calculate
pitch circle as illustrated in SK3. Whilst this are to be drilled will be equal to D -d. The the hole diameter and the PCD.
can be done using relatively inaccurate co-ordinates can now be calculated as in
methods it almost certainly will result in the the first example and then drilled. Using a computer
need for more manual activity - filing, I used this process when needing to Having suggested using a programmable
sawing, etc. A ANGLE BETWEEN THE HOLES produce a large hole in a casting. Photo 1 calculator, even better would be to use a
In this case the PCD is not of N NUMBER OF HOLES shows the hole positions being initially computer spreadsheet program. This will
importance, what is. is the diameter on the D OUTER DIAMETER marked out. After drilling it was very not only produce the complete list of values
outer edge of the drilled holes. The closer d DRILL DIAMETER gratifying when the centre just dropped on screen but will also enable a printout to
PCD PCD ON WHICH HOLES ARE
this is to the ultimate hole size will away as the last hole was drilled, Photo 2. be made for use in the workshop. If you
TO BE DRILLED
considerably minimise the finishing work This made the care taken well worth the are an accomplished user of spreadsheets
necessary. What is required is, that with 360 effort involved. you will not need me to inform you of the
the chosen hole size and on the calculated A= When adopting the above approach it advantages of using these for repetitive
PCD, that the outer edge is close to the N is likely that in many cases the angle calculations. If though you have a computer
hole size being made. This may seem D
between each hole will be a complex value, that you ably use for other applications may
relatively straightforward but the drill size d = ------------------- it will though be of no consequence if the I encourage you to get to grips with
and PCD have to be chosen more carefully procedure is adopted fully. However, if the spreadsheet applications.
and involves some calculation. Having ------------ + 1 number of holes is chosen to arrive at a A spreadsheet is basically a form
started on the project I had anticipated that A whole number for the angle, (say for 36 divided into columns and rows and at each
SIN
this may prove quite complex but in fact it 2 holes, 360/36 = 10 degrees). then a rotary point where they cross a block is created,
is not that difficult. All that is necessary is table could be used if available as the called a cell. Columns being referenced A,
to roughly estimate the number of holes to SK3 limited calibrations on a basic rotary table B, C, D, etc., and Rows numbered 1, 2, 3,
40 41
····-- ,_ - - - - - -
2. The centre fell Initially cellsA2 and 82 will be left blank probably be 8 characters wide, 5 for whole
away as the final with cell C2 having the formula for the pounds, 1 for the decimal point and 2 for
hole was drilled, a volume of a cylinder added. However, the the pence. The column to carry the item
very satisfactory formula will not appear in cell C2 so the description will be set up for text and have
conclusion! sheet will initially appear as above. The a much larger width, say 30 characters.
formula will then appear elsewhere on the I should explain that in addition to
screen, normally on the lower line, but only providing cells for inputting values and
when the screen cursor is placed in that others containing formula, heading cells are
cell. The formula, Volume = rcxWxL will also included at the spreadsheet design
though be set up in terms of cell references stage. The Diameter, Length and Volume
and will therefore be rcx(A2/2)2x82. Most, if headings in the above are an example.
I have above presented the formula in
not all, computer programs use * as the
single line format, rather than the easier to
multiplication sign so the formula will read
understand multi line format used earlier
rc*(A2/2)2*82. This is a very simple
in the chapter, as this is the way formulae
application but one that would be very well will have to be entered into the
worth setting up if you are a new comer to spreadsheet.
4, etc. Typically therefore a cell in column it maybe a single calculation from a very
spreadsheets. You will soon find the
C and row 5 will be referenced C5. large number of entered items, typically the
advantages of being able to enter new Multiple calculations
Each cell is established for a single total money spent on items purchased over
values for diameter and or length and for The spreadsheet really proves its worth
purpose being chosen from four available a period of time. On the other hand it may
the volume to appear immediately. where multiple calculations are involved
uses. make a multitude of calculations from a
If we now enter a diameter of 10 and a and where there are many more columns
1. To carry text entered at the spreadsheet small number of entered values. In this
length of 2 the screen will read and rows. The need to calculate X and Y
design stage and used for such purposes chapter, calculating all the X and Y co-
as a heading for the sheet as a whole or ordinates from just two entered values, the co-ordinates at numerous angles is a good
headings for individual columns. number of holes and the diameter on which example. However, unless you are expert
2. To carry text entered when the these are placed. in setting out the formula it will be necessary
spreadsheet is used. In a financial It is such a case as this that makes the to proceed systematically. Let us take the
If the program cursor is placed on C2, slightly more complex example of working
application this could be the description of use of spreadsheets so useful in the home
then elsewhere on the screen the formula out the touching holes on a PCD as
an item purchase. workshop. The speed at which this takes
for that cell, TC * (A2/2) 2 * 82, will be illustrated in SK3.
3. To receive numerical data as the sheet place can be a surprise to a new user of a
personal computer; add new values for the displayed, whilst still displaying 157.1 in the First, the hole diameter must be
is being used. Again in a financial
number of holes and the PCD and the list. calculated based on the outer radius and
application this could be the value of an
required values will appear almost instantly. The program will calculate, in the the number of holes chosen. In addition to
item purchased.
background, the answers to very many headings, etc. set up at the design stage,
4. To display numerical values calculated
Give it a try decimal places but you can format each four cells must be provided as follows:
by the spreadsheet using the values
The following is an example of a simple column to display values with the number 1. For the number of holes chosen.
entered as in 3 and using formulae entered
spreadsheet set up to calculate the volume of decimal places as appropriate to the 2. For the outer diameter.
by the sheet designer at the spreadsheet
of a cylinder where the user adds both its application. All columns can be individually 3. The cell in which the program displays
design stage.
diameter and length. configured in terms of width, number of the calculated value for the angle between
There can be many entry cells and
decimal places, etc. In a financial sheet the adjacent holes.
formulae giving many output values. It is
column for the value of the item purchased 4. The cell in which the program displays
these calculated values that make the
will be set up for numerical data and the calculated value for the hole diameter.
spreadsheet so useful. In a financial sheet
42 43
- ..
change the formula to read= sin (C2/2) and If in the case of the word "holes" "number cos((P-1) x 360/N). To make the formulae
Cell's A2 and B2 should be set up for
check this against some trig tables or your of holes" was preferred then the heading work though R, P and N will have to be
numerical entry and C2 and 02 having the
scientific calculator. The brackets ( ) are could span rows 1 and 2 with the value substituted with the cell references for the
formulae for calculating the angle between
essential else the program will give you half being allocated to row 3. The columns do cells containing the values.
the value of sine C2 that is quite different not have to be wide enough to display the
from the sine value of half of C2 being what formulae, these are displayed separately Duplicate and Paste
is required. The brackets say do C2/2 prior and one at a time as the cell is selected. If you set up your spreadsheet for up to
to choosing the sine value. The two screen prints help to illustrate this, 100 holes, or more, you may feel that typing
holes and the drill size. As already stated Again enter edit and change the more later. in the formula 100 times and similarly for
the formulae d9 not appear in the cells but formula to read= 1/(sin(C2/2)) and check If carrying out the above was to be a the other three columns, is a task beyond
elsewhere on the screen. I should add at that the value 1 divided by sin(C2/2) is the one-off calculation then you would be better what is acceptable. Fortunately, the
this stage that as with all computer result, take note of the extra brackets. with a piece of paper and your calculator. If facilities "duplicate" and "paste" limit the
programs there will be subtle differences Continue going through the following though you were expecting to make the work involved considerably. Having typed
but the basic principles indicated in this sequence checking the value at each stage, calculation frequently then save the sheet the formula in for a single line and checked
chapter should apply. next= (1/(sin(C2/2)))+1 and finally, = B2/ to a file and call it up next time you need it, that it worked it could then be duplicated
Building up a formula for adding to a ((1/(sin(C2/2)))+1). This may seem a slow all that will be needed would be to enter intu the remaining 99 cells. However, after
cell can be somewhat complex as the process but as the value appears new values for number of holes and/or outer having duplicated say 4 individually the
formula has to be entered as a single line immediately the formula has been edited, diameter. In any case, as mentioned above, block of 5 could be duplicated and pasted
and the correct usage of brackets observed it is no more that a couple of minutes. even for a single application you may have in five at a time reducing the work
to ensure that parts of the formula are Entering the formula at one go and leaving to carry out the calculation a number of significantly.
calculated in the correct order. By far the out a crucial bracket could take much longer times to arrive at a suitable hole size. This though is not the full story as whilst
best way is to build the formula in stages to solve, of course if you are experienced As already mentioned, the real benefit the values for R (radius) and N (number of
and observe that the correct value is arrived you then enter it a one go. of using a spreadsheet becomes apparent holes) are constant, and will be picked from
at each stage. One further point regarding the above, where multiple calculations are required the cells at the top of the sheet (R is in C 11
Starting first with the easy one C2. The your spreadsheet may use radians rather with the need for multiple X and Y co- and N is in A6 in the screen print 2), the
formula for angle A is given in SK3 and than degrees so the above formula will ordinates being an excellent example. value for the hole position "P" (A 16, A 17,
when placed in cell C2 would read = 360/N need adjusting to suit. For the reader who Five columns will be needed as follows: etc.) progresses by one on each row. All is
where N being the number of holes. is not familiar with radians, 360 degrees Column A. Hole Number. not lost as when the formula is pasted for
However, the value for N will have been equals 2 x n radians. In this case sin(C2/2) Column B. X co-ordinate relative to the the first time, the program will seek out each
entered in cell A2 therefore the formula in would read circle centre. variable and ask if it is absolute (the same
C2 should read = 360/A2. Note that I is sin((2 * n * C2/360)/2) Column C. Y co-ordinate relative to the value each time) or Relative (changes each
used for divide and * for multiply in Cells A2 and B2 have been set up for circle centre. time relative to another cell). Having
spreadsheet programs. numerical entry and could be 3 characters Column D. X co-ordinate relative to indicated that R and N are absolute and P
The formula in 02 is though much more for A2 (up to 999 holes) and 7 characters extreme co-ordinates. relative it will not ask when the formula is
complex being that given for "d" in SK3. for B2 (up to 999.999 for the outside Column E. Y co-ordinate relative to pasted in further cells so the task is still an
Build this up in stages starting at the diameter). However, width of columns will extreme co-ordinates. easy and quick one and can be done in
innermost expression, that is A/2. Now often depend on the heading required at The formulae for these will be those blocks rather than one line at a time. Do
remembering that A (the angle) is the value the top. For example column A may have included in the paragraph headed "The though set up only a few lines and test your
in cell C2, therefore enter the formula = C2/ to be 7 characters wide, that is five for the Formula" on page 38. They will need to be program thoroughly before pasting in the
2 and observe that the result is half the word "holes" and a space either side to written on a single line with all the brackets full number of lines.
angle in C2. separate it from its adjacent heading. in the required places, typically for the X This still has the column "A" which
Enter the edit mode for the cell and Headings can take up more than one row. co-ordinate relative to the circle centre = R contains the hole position number. If, for
44 45
~ u!il'
...
A B C D E A B C u ~
CALCULATES CO-ORDINATES OF HOLES ON A PCD CALCULATES CO-ORDINATES OF HOLES IN AN ENCLOSEING OUTSIDE DIAMETER
2
3 USER ENTERED ITEMS USER ENTERED ITEMS
4 NUMBER OF Radius at NUMBER OF OUTER
5 HOLES hole centre HOLES RADIUS
6 5 40.000 5 0.650
7 ------------------------------------------------------------------
PROGRAM CALCULATED ITEMS
~
8 CALCULATED VALUES
9 hg~ Hole diameter Radius at Angle
10 Between holes 0 hole centre Between Holes
11 72.000 1 0.481 0.409 72.000
12 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------
13 RELATIVE TO RELATIVE TO ~3 RELATIVE TO RELATIVE TO
14 CIRCLE CENTRE EXTREME CO-ORDINATES ~4 CIRCLE CENTRE EXTREME CO-ORDINATES
15 HOLE NUMBER Co-ordinate X Co-ordinate Y X y 15 HOLE NUMBER Co-ordinate X Co-ordinate Y X y
16 40.000 0 80.000 40.000 16 0.409 0 0.819 0.409
17 2 12.361 38.042 52.361 1.958 17 2 0.127 0.389 0.536 0.020
18 3 -32.361 23.511 7.639 16.489 18 3 -0.331 0.241 0.078 0.169
19 4 -32.361 -23.511 7.639 63.511 19 4 -0.331 -0.241 0.078 0.650
20 5 12.361 -38.042 52.361 78.042 20 5 0.127 -0.389 0.536 0.799
21 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0
example, you are working to a maximum in. Cell A 17 would though have the simple above the values required. This could then following should give an insight into the
number of holes of 100 in which case you formula = A 16+1. When pasting in further be printed out for use in the workshop. The subject.
could just type in, when designing the cells and requesting these to be relative sheet would still contain the formulae up to Consider column A, carrying the
spreadsheet, the numbers 1 to 100 down we would get, =A 17+1, =A 18+1, etc. that value and could be used again with number of each hole, this could be set up
column A. This would work quite well but Having now arrived at the hole number that number of holes for subsequent with some simple logic that halts the
when requesting co-ordinates for say 10 by this means it will open up the possibility applications. calculations once the hole number has
holes on a PCD it would continue of extending the formula so as to halt the reached the number of holes required.
calculating through the 100 lines as though progression at the number holes required. Logic Trying to express this verbally the logic
you were going round the circle 10 times. However, to do this will involve including With this we are now arriving at a much would state, "IF the value in the previous
When on the screen the lines beyond 11 some logic expressions in the formula and more complex use of spreadsheets and cell equals the number of holes required
up could be ignored but if as is likely a this will increase the complexity quite one that most will never see a need to use. enter "0" IF NOT enter a value one higher
printout is to be taken, extra sheets would considerably and if new to spreadsheets it I would therefore suggest that unless you than in the previous cell.
be printed out. If therefore the sheet could is best left at this stage. With this done the are conversant with logic expressions you Whilst this would work for the first line
be made to stop at hole 10 an all round program will calculate the values for the leave your sheet at this stage. Eventually, after completing the number of holes
tidier situation would result. number of holes required but then continue When becoming fully conversant with required it would not work for the next line
Rather than just typing 1 and upwards as if going round a second time and more. spreadsheets this far, you could then take as the previous value would not equal the
it could be arranged for the formula to do To achieve a tidy result it would then time to look into the logic provisions of your number of holes required but would equal
this. Taking screen print 2 as an example be a good idea to copy the file to another program. However, rather than leaving the nought. It would as a result add one to this
cell A 16 would just have the figure 1 typed and in this block delete all the records subject without any further explanation the starting the sequence again, because of
46 47
.....
this a multiple IF has therefore to be used. repeating is that your spreadsheet may use
This would state "IF the value in the above
cell equals "0" then enter "0", IF NOT, IF
the value in the previous cell in the column
radians to describe angles rather than
degrees. Therefore, as there are 2 Pi
radians in a circle then say for 70 degrees
Chapter 6
equals the number of holes required enter the number of radians is 70*2po/360. This
"0" IF NOT enter a value one higher than in should be evident in the formula for B 16.
that cell". The screen prints also illustrate another
To ensure that the X andY values also
display a value of zero the formula should
important feature of spreadsheet design
Considering screen print 2 it can be seen
Simple Shop-made Dividing
include an IF clause as illustrated at the that lines 3 to 6 are used for date inputed
bottom of the screen prints if this were not
done the co-ordinates would be worked out
by the user with the remainder displaying
values calculated by the spreadsheet
Devices
on basis of zero in column "A" giving These though can be divided into two
irrelevant values. From these brief categories, lines 8 to 11 displaying values
calculated the once only whilst lines 13 The next four chapters deal with items that examples of items not available
comments on the use of logic it can be seen
can be made in the home workshop. The commercially. It is assumed that any reader
that the complexity has been raised upwards repeat basically the same
calculation but for each hole position. reasons for this approarh will be numerous embarking on projects involving dividing will
significantly. Please do not however let this
but are likely to be mainly. have arrived at a reasonable understanding
put you off attempting to use spreadsheets Of greater significance is that when a
in their simpler form. column has been allocated a width and 1.The workshop owner gets much of basic workshop practices. Because of
formatted (number of decimal places, etc.) satisfaction in making workshop tools. this, details of manufacturing techniques
Screen Prints this will apply to all items down the column. 2. Because of limited use cannot justify the will be reserved largely to areas of greater
Typically, had "Outer radius" been placed expense of a commercially made item. complexity.
I will finish with a few brief comments on
in A6 and "No. of Holes" in C6, hole 3. Item not available commercially.
the screen prints published. Screen 1 is
for calculating holes on a PCD whilst numbers would have to display as 1.000, Some of the items in this chapter, along Lathe mandrel gear mounting
Screen 2 calculates values for holes in an 2.000, 3.000, etc. and number of holes as with the Lining tool in Chapter 9 are The method of mounting a gear on the rear
enclosing circle. 5.000 - this can complicate the design of
The only major differences are that in some sheets. Having made the point it
2 the hole diameter (B 11) has been maybe that some more modern and
calculated by the program as has the radius adaptable spreadsheet programs do allow
on which the holes are to be placed (C11 ). characteristics of a column to change down
It is not visible on the print but the their length.
cursor was at cell B 16 when the screen print
was taken and the formula for that cell is In their simplest form spreadsheets are
displayed at the bottom left of the screen. not that complex and yet still very useful
Moving the cursor to other cells would and time saving. They also avoid any
cause their formula to be shown. Note the possibility of errors due to tapping incorrect
IF command that basically states IF A16 is values into your calculator, easily done
zero display zero in 616 IF NOT then when many hundreds of calculations are
calculate as per formula. to be carried out. So what are you waiting 1. The two parts
One other important point worth for, go on, give spreadsheets a try. that make up the
lathe mandrel
gear mounting
assembly.
48
49
GEAR 2. Slitting the outer
part. This uses the
LATHE MANDREL
direct indexing
\ disk seen behind
the chuck to set
the positions.
MATERIAL STEEL 230M07
SPLIT MANDREL, OUTER.
IU
L end of the lathe spindle for dividing would seem a good starting point for
nJ~-~
purposes is shown in the published consideration. The plunger in the detent
assembly and parts drawings. No assembly should be made a close sliding
dimensions are given as they will vary from fit in its housing so as to minimise backlash
\!]
J14[= 8
,- f-----40--__j -1 0
lathe to lathe.
Manufacturing this is straightforward,
when in use. Despite this, backlash should
always be taken up manually and in the
Lf) 00 place the material in the chuck for the outer same direction, even with a precision
HOLES MS X 10 MM DEEP, 1 OFF
i
part and with sufficient projecting to dividing head. Again I have not included
MATERIAL 40 X 8 STEEL 070M20 machine the whole part at this stage. Use any details for the detent assembly but
left and right hand knife tools to machine those in Chapter 8 (parts 41 and 42) should
DRIVING PLATE. Lf)
C'J
the two parallel portions without removing prove a basis for any design.
the part from the chuck ensuring as a result Slitting the outer component is
L.____,.__.________, __l that they are concentric. Set the angle of illustrated in Photo 2 and as can be seen it
~o__J 8~ ~
the top slide and make the internal taper, is a simple operation for the dividing head.
leaving the top slide at this angle for the However, it serves to illustrate a feature of
other part. Next machine the parallel portion this form of head which has not been
HOLES of the inner part making the thread also. mentioned so far. Just visible behind the
A 5.5 MM CB 9 MM X 5.5 DEEP Turn the part in the chuck holding on the chuck is a plate containing a ring of 24
B 10 MM portion just turned and machine the taper holes. This permits direct indexing of any
C 30 MM Photo 1 shows the two parts on completion. division possible with a 24 hole plate, that
D M6
I am not including any details for the is 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12. The head is still
MATERIAL 40 X 8 STEEL 070M20
design of the detent mounting as the rotated via the worm/worm wheel from the
COMPONENT PLATE. method of mounting this will vary widely. manual handle but is locked in place using
However, using the changewheel quadrant a peg in the top hole position. The peg is
50 51
)lid
.....
52 53
!1¥11
.....
6. A 125 dividing plate made using an 7. Photo of the dividing plate print out.
actual size CAD print.
values from the start could be produced divisions. Photo 6 shows a plate having
7.826087, 15.652174. 23.478261 and 125 divisions being used which was made
31.304348, etc. These could then be this way. Photo 7 shows the computer
converted to 1 turn + 1.826087, 2 turns + printout. Making the circles on the printout
3.652174, 3 turns+ 5.478261 and 5 turns small, say 1 mm diameter, will help to
+ 1.304348, etc. Finally they could be ensure that the centre punch marks are
simplified 1 turn + 1.83, 2 turns + 3.65, 3 made accurately.
turns + 5.48 and 5 turns + 1.30, etc. then Whilst fast, the system does have
used to set up each position as accurately limitations, mainly accuracy. The computer
as is possible. This would avoid an data is of course extremely accurate but
accumulating error and probably be may not be maintained at the printout stage.
acceptable where a high degree of Having tried the method with a number of CAD PRINT OUT FOR 125
accuracy is not being aimed at. If the plate printers very small errors in the printers'
were used via a worm/worm wheel, the feed mechanisms result in the PCD
DIVISION DIVIDING PLATE
improvement in accuracy this provides sometimes being very slightly oval. Not
would be a distinct advantage. surprisingly, a print out using a professional
pen plotter produced a perfect result, at An interesting feature was that the wire
A Computer Method least as far as available measuring having a slight taper on its end the result
If you, or a friend, have access to a methods would show. A cheap dot matrix was totally backlash free, almost impossible
computer equipped with a CAD program printer also did remarkably well, with ink with a conventional detent.
factor would be if the angle between there is another method that may prove jets and laser printers showing varying Incidentally the plate was used to slit a
divisions could easily be established using useful. Placing any number of holes on a amounts of error, even here no more than small disk 125 times to make an electronic
the table's calibration. Typically, a need for PCD using a CAD program is both easy 1 mm on the PCD. pulse unit for use with a digital readout for
45 divisions would require an angle of 360/ and fast. Place a small circle for the dividing At worst, the errors in the diameter an eight TPI leadscrew.
45 per division, being 8 degrees. With a plate centre plus just one on the PCD then would produce only minute errors in angular
60:1 ratio worm/worm wheel this would asking the program to repeat this round the spacing and so would be perfectly Made on the lathe's faceplate
require, one turn (6 degrees) plus 2 whole circle the number of times required and the adequate providing the radius error of the For a simple plate, using the mandrel
degrees using the table's calibration result will appear almost immediately. PCD could be accommodated in the mounted gear as described at the start of
making it a practical proposition. Print this out and fix it to the plate mechanics. If using a conventional detent this chapter would be an obvious choice.
If the need is for 46 divisions, at first already prepared. Centre punch through its plunger would not engage reliably due For more complex numbers, mount a disc
sight a relatively simple requirement, the each small circle, also that in the centre, to the varying radius. Photo 6 shows how onto the face plate and using a suitably
angle between divisions would be 360/46, remove the print and examine result looking this was overcome using a heavy gauge, divided paper strip round the outer edge of
being 7.826087 degrees. This would be for any punch marks which are obviously spring wire detent that would cope with the faceplate will enable the disc to be
one turn plus 1.826087 degrees on the misplaced. Make any adjustments sideways errors whilst still holding the plate marked for making a dividing plate. The
table's calibration for each division, necessary and use a centre drill to mark in terms of rotation. If the plate was to be positions can be established using an
obviously an impractical proposition. Using each position, again inspect. The ring of used frequently on a normal dividing head automatic centre punch mounted on the top
the rotary table has therefore limited use holes can then be drilled. Being very quick With plunger type detent, the plate could slide, or a small drilling spindle. This
for making dividing plates. compared to working to X/Y co-ordinates it be used to make a second plate- the holes process should make a dividing plate
However, as a last resort, a list of is an ideal method for large numbers of on this would then be on a constant radius. accurate enough for most applications,
54 55
8. Driving dog for
between centres
work, together
with driver (on the
left) supplied with
the dividing head.
especially if used via a worm/wormwheel, The published drawing should give all the
rather than direct. See Photo 4 Chapter 3. details necessary for manufacture.
Taking the need for 53 divisions, as
mentioned earlier in the chapter. If using a Rotary tables
9. A 100 mm home made rotary table. Castings for these are available from a number
150 mm diameter faceplate and marked Making rotary tables in the home workshop
of suppliers and in other sizes.
with 53 divisions on its periphery it will result is not really in keeping with the title of this
in divisions of 8.89 mm wide, so a fair chapter, "simple dividing devices", but is
degree of accuracy should be achievable. included as it is the most appropriate place
in view of only a paragraph being required.
A Between Centres driving dog A number of suppliers to the home
Not having been able to locate a workshop provide designs and kits of
commercial driving dog suitable for use materials for making workshop equipment,
when dividing between centres, I am rotary tables being one such item. Photo 9 --1---------!
CAN BE ROTATED TO
including details of the item I have made shows a typical1 00 mm table that has been
EXTEND THE RANGE
myself. As described in Chapter 3 (see made this way, larger sizes are also OVER WHICH THE
DOG WILL fUNCTION
Photos 12 and 13) the dog needs to be available. If you like making workshop
firmly held by the driving device on the head accessories then a rotary table would make
itself. To cope with differing workpiece an interesting project. None, to my
diameters a flat plate is used for the driven knowledge include facilities for mounting
portion of the dog, it is also drilled and division plates but designing this in should
tapped off centre so that it can be rotated not be unduly difficult.
to extend the range even further, see The design for a basic dividing head is HARDWARE
assembly drawing. Photo 8 shows the the subject of the next chapter. Whilst basic, MS X 10 MM SOCKET CAP HEAD SCREW, OFF BETWEEN CENTRES
M6 X 40 MM SOCKET CAP HEAD SCREW, OFF
driver, supplied with the dividing head, on it will be sufficiently adaptable to meet the DRIVING DOG
the left, and the driving dog on the right. needs of many workshop owners.
56 57
----- -~·-----------
,....,.,
2. Close up of the
58 59
be smaller than the driven. If though a dial is being made, probably with 4. Boring the body
Whilst the arrangement will give three line lengths, ten's, five's and units, to take the sleeve
divisions of up to 1050, double this if a great care in the preplanning and the actual bearing.
forked detent is used there is considerable calibration will be required to ensure the
duplication and very many gaps, large at line lengths are made in the correct
the higher numbers. On the basis that positions. Probably the easiest way will be
higher numbers are unlikely to be required, to make all lines initially of equal length
the table for this setup in Chapter 11 gives then marking the position of the five's and
all possible values up to 100 that are not ten's with different coloured pencils. The
obtainable with a single gear. The table, workpiece can then be rotated, again using
having been produced with a computer the dividing head, and the appropriate lines
program I have developed, covers all lengthened.
divisions mathematically possible. In some
cases the head may need adapting to make Manufacture
some combinations possible. Typically, with It is not my intention to go deeply into the
the base plate fitted as seen in Photos 1 manufacturing process as to do this for the
and 3 there is a limit to the size of dividing shop made items would expand the size of
gear that can be fitted. The base is mounted the book beyond what is acceptable. It is
using 4 screws on a square formation that also probable that the home workshop user
permits it to be rotated 90 degrees who has arrived at the need to use a
removing the restriction. In this position dividing head will have fairly well mastered
however it may not be easy to mount on a the processes necessary to make this item.
Myford Series Seven type bed. In any case Should you though feel a need for greater
some readers may wish to use the table in help than this chapter provides, you may
connection with a dividing head of their own consider obtaining the following additional
design. books in the Workshop Practice Series.
An interesting and useful feature of Number 34, "Lathework -A Complete
these numbers is that they, with only two Course" and number 35 "Milling - A
exceptions, are achieved stepping from Complete Course". Construction of the
gear tooth to gear tooth. There is therefore dividing head in this chapter is covered in is not required as the bearings are Photos 6 and 7 showing the setups.
no need to move across more than one detail in number 35. eventually bored in situ. However, depending on the diameter of the
tooth avoiding the complication that this Fit the bearings using a two-part resin saw the setup in Photo 7 may not fully
brings. The Body Part 1 adhesive having made the bearing outer complete the slit In this case it will be
Three possible higher numbers that Photo 4 shows the 44mm diameter bores diameter about 0.05mm less than the bore necessary to complete it with a pad saw, or
may find a use are also included; these are for the sleeve bearing being made. Just into which it fits to allow space for a film of a piece of hack saw blade, part wrapped in
125, 200 and 360. In the case of 200 the visible in the photograph are three support adhesive. Set up and bore to final diameter cloth to provide a safe handle.
workpiece rotates twice and for 360, seven pieces mounted on the machine table. as shown in Photo 5, boring through both
times, see Chapter 4 for an explanation. Providing the initial bore is central in the bearings at one pass to ensure alignment Spindle Part 12
From a dividing aspect there really is width (50mm) of the material, the support Pay particular attention to clearance First, make a plug gauge to accurately
no difficulty created by the workpiece pieces will enable the part to be turned over between boring head, workpiece and establish the diameter of the bore in the
rotating more than once and if a gear is and bored without the need for further clamps, etc. bearing. This will give you the dimension
being made it should not present a difficulty. measurement A high degree of accuracy Slitting the body is straight forward, for turning the spindle bearing surface that
60 61
HARDWARE 5. Final boring the bearings.
H1 M6 NUTS 2 OFF
H2 M6 X 20 SOCKET CSK SCREW 1 OFF will need to be made using a left hand knife
H3 M5 X 12 SOCKET CAP SCREW 4 OFF tool, making it impossible to use the spindle
H4 M4 X 6 SOCKET GRUB SCREW 4 OFF itself to test its fit.
The essential requirement for the
H5 SPRING TO SUIT spindle is concentricity of the four main
H6 M6 X 25 HEX HEAD SCREW AND NUT 1 OFF surfaces - the gear mounting, bearing,
H7 M6 X 16 HEX HEAD SCREW AND WASHER 1 OFF chuck mounting and the internal Morse
taper. This can only be easily achieved if
4 these are made without removing the part
from the chuck. To do this, machine the
gear mounting, bearing surface and chuck
mounting whilst supported by the tailstock
centre. Then, remove the centre, position
fixed steady, re-engage ,:;entre, set steady
arms, remove centre, bore and make the
taper.
H1 Remaining parts
The remaining parts should not present a
problem for the majority of workshop
owners but should you be at the learner
i stage then the books mentioned will be of
l
~
.,
I
0 ©0
NOTE. THE DETAIL PART DIMENSIONS SUIT GEARS WHICH ARE
5/8" WIDE, SPACER WASHERS MAY BE REQUIRED WHERE
NARROWER GEARS ARE BEING USED. 6. Slitting to create
the two separate
DIVIDING HEAD -SINGLE GEAR DIVIDING bearings.
62 63
,...
HOLES 7. Slitting to
A 6.5mm 2 OFF provide bearing
'
1 ,--
B M6 X 15 DEEP 2 OFF I
adjustment.
I
C M5 X 12 DEEP 4 OFF I
I
I
I
I
I
D M6 X 14 DEEP 1 OFF I
I
I
I
I''
',, B
' ,,
1 i!
•'
',,
.
"f'
',,
,,
'•'
D
....."
~• ,I
.
I
''
I'
,,
r"1
fl
L.
I
,,Fl FlI
I
!oiJDl j
@
1
~24__j
44 19
BORE TO 24MM AFTER FITTING TO BODY.
INITIALLY BORE 20MM DIAMETER
64 65
~-~~-- - ~ -~-----------
~'¥01 BAU~o~
w Q~
MATERIAL
J,L
HOLE SIZES
2
A M4 2 OFF
_j8~
HOLE SIZES
A M4 2 OFF
30
H~LEL~IZES }~i~;-LJ
'"
I
II"
A 6.2mm 2 OFF
iii B 6.2mm CSK 14mm DIAMETER 2 OFF H~O-LE-SI-ZE-S_;__;__ _J --T
fll A 5.2mm 4 OFF
MATERIAL 20 X 8 STEEL 070M20
C/BORE 9mm 5.5mm DEEP
HOLE SIZES
QUANTITY 1 OFF A 8mm B SIZE AND POSITION, AND PART
B DIAMETER AND SLOT TO SUIT GEARS USED LENGTH, TO SUIT MOUNTING
REQUIREMENTS
DETENT ARM SUPPORT 2. C, D AND E AS PER LATHE SPINDLE NOSE
MATERIAL 50mm X 8mm
MATERIAL 38mm STEEL 230M07 STEEL 070M20
0
M6 QUANTITY 1 OFF QUANTITY 1 OFF Q 0
MATERIALi--- 6s---1
SPINDLE 12. BASE 3.
6mm DIAMETER STEEL 230M07
QUANTITY 1 OFF
©0
STUD 9.
66 67
~X
Jt ~
Cl
10
MATERIAL
by M4
®~CW
qJd S1
N
Cl
-1 f--
D1
-'-
I'
~~~~
~c
~=--;!: ~
II ___Lj_ ~
_j12 ~
,,II STEEL 230M07 THE TWO GEARS TOGETHER (X) AS IT IS EXPECTED THAT THE
,, .. -------------
1Omm DIAMETER TO BE A METHOD, AND PROBABLY THE PARTS, USED WITH THE
tit·
,,,
CLOSE SLIDING FIT
IN PART 6
qp @ QUANTITY 1 OFF ©0 AVAILABLE LATHE CHANGE WHEELS WILL BE USED.
ii
~I
QUANTITY 1 OFF ~S4
- - .. .. -
DETENT CARRIER 6. DIVIDING HEAD- MULTIPLE GEAR DIVIDING
©0
DETENT 5.
I (o:)-M4
-..js~ ~
MATERIAL 16mm DIAMETER
STEEL 230M07
QUANTITY 1 OFF Q 0
DETENT KNOB 7.
68 69
Chapter 8
70 71
,.,
..
PROBABLE PREFERRED
POSITION FOR HANDLE IN
SPINDLE LOCKED POSITION.
\r,' '
~j
''
''
''
''
''
··~ 0 0
...
ltl 1 0 0
WORM AND GEAR ATTACHMENT
., H1. M4 X 5 SOCKET SET SCREW.
~A VIEW AA
H2. M5 X 30 SOCKET CAP SCREW.
'" H3. M4 X 5 SOCKET SET SCREW 2 OFF.
H4. M5 X 12 SOCKET CAP SCREW 12 OFF.
H5. M4 X 5 SOCKET SET SCREW 2 OFF.
dividing head fitted with both 40 and 60 sizes and the 18 division plate numbers and
tooth wheels. This still leaves gear sizes of attempted to extricate from the lists
30, 35, 45, 50, 55, 65, 70, and 75 that will produced, those divisions that can only be
provide additional divisions. However, the achieved with this multi-ratio dividing head.
majority of the divisions possible with these This is also included in Chapter 11 though
will also be possible using either a 40 or 60 I cannot guarantee that I have not missed
tooth gear and will be covered by the listing an entry or two having had to do this
for these. There are though a few that can manually.
only be achieved using another gear, As designed division plates up to H 1. M8 X 12 STEEL HEX HEAD SCREW AND STEEL WASHER.
typically with a 35 tooth gear, divisions of 11 Omm can be accommodated and as the
@ cJ
HZ. MS X 16 STEEL HEX HEAD SCREW AND STEEL WASHER. 2 OFF.
77, 91 and 133 are available but not with mounting arrangement can be rotated into H3. SPRING
the 40, 60 and 90:1 ratio dividing heads. any position there is actually no limit in
I have run my computer program for diameter. The limit is as a result of the
each one of the standard changewheel length of the "detent arm carrier" (54) and GEAR AND DETENT ATTACHMENT
72 73
the "index fingers" (29 and 31) both of which Q70M20 (preferred) or 080A 15. 230M07 is
can easily be increased in length when free-cutting and is also available in some
150mm diameter plates could also be used square bar sizes.
The unit in the photos is being used with
dividing plates made from sheet steel. Main assembly
These punched plates are made on Make the end plates (2) to drawing, except
computer controlled machines and are, for hole B that should only be 40mm
even though very economically priced, very diameter. Assemble together with items 5,
accurate. They are 3mm thick but the 10. 11 and 12, and using item13 mount onto
design should cope with plates up to 6mm the lathe as shown in Photo 5. The boring
thick. It would though be tidier to increase bar is lightly gripped in the three-jaw chuck,
the 14 x 1mm thread on Part 8 to 15mm just sufficiently to allow light cuts to be taken
long and the 79mm dimension on Part 27 but also permitting the tailstock to feed the
to 82mm. Some modification, perhaps a bar through the end plate to machine the
bush, may be, may be needed for differing bore. Do not use the tailstock to feed the
]I bore diameters. Incidentally, being punched boring bar through both pi;Jtes at one pas::;
.. ~1 plates the holes go through whist the but do one plate at a time. However, still
commercial thick plates have holes that are leave their bores a little undersize, say
' blind, surely less easy to keep them clean. minus 0.5mm.
,,::!~ The design is based on being used with Having bored both ends adjust the
.., 2. With only the addition of a simple a 3 Yzin centre height Myford Series Seven boring bar for a final cut, doing first one
"' detent assembly, dividing using the lathe to enable it to be used with the lathe's plate then loosening the chuck moving the
,,, lathe's changewheels is possible. tailstock for between centres work. For bar further into it and then making a final 4. The most adaptable version, providing
other centre heights the appropriate cut on the other plate. Absolute accuracy as a result the widest range of possible
dimensions can easily be changed. is not crucial as the bearings can be turned divisions.
mounting arrangements may also need
changing. In practice, between centres
work on the lathe is likely to be of limited, if
any, use in many workshops in which case
the user may decide to leave the design as
published, its real home being on the milling
machine.
Manufacture
Materials
The drawings are not specific regarding
material specifications but the following will
be ideal, being easy to machine. Round
items - 230M07 and rectangular parts - 5. The main
3. Direct dividing using a division plate assembly being
and detent assembly added for the bored to take the
purpose. bearings.
74 75
J' '
' '
M5 X 12 STEEL HEX HEAD SCREW
' ' l~~ lb~
:; AND STEEL WASHER 2 OFF.
H4, M4 X 10 SOCKET CSK SCREW 2 OFF.
HS, M6 X 12 SOCKET CAP SCREW. TOTA
1oas
I F"jGH _)] ~T
__L~1
.T- : I
~
YColf Slll:O, I
IJ/.1.
OT"
Mf,
:>0 dio.
' OFF
fl & ''
A_,f '"CN.
'
Q C]
" TOTAL LENGTf-< >;1
0JLJ
MA Tl 40 X 10 Mll.D STEtL. @C] other end leaving it about 1mm longer than done as illustrated in Photo 6 using the
@C]
QIY. 9dia X SDEEP 6 OFf
drawing. Repeat for the second bearing. bush detailed in SK1.
DIVIDING DEVICE Leave the second part in the chuck and Spindle - Part 8
MATL. 70 X
CARRIER 3. QTY 1 OFT
finally bore to size. With the tool still set at Mount a length of material in the three-jaw
:ec
1 OFF
m~~~~
that diameter, return the first bearing and chuck supporting the outer end with the
~~_<l___J
::1,1s-...!t 11. @C]
END PLATES 2. bore through at one pass ensuring as a
result that both are the same size. This is
tailstock centre. Skim a short length of the
outer diameter for supporting with a fixed
10--j
HOLE SIZES
A. 4 REAM 2 Of-f B. M5 2 OFF
essential as both are to be machined on steady. Remove the centre, position fixed
HOLE SIZE<.,.
MS X 10 [)(EP 4 Ofr ©CJ
C. 8.5 D. MS X 10 DEFP 4 OFF
the same taper stub mandrel. steady, refit centre, set steady arms,
MATL.
QTY
40 X 10 MILD STEEL. Make a taper stub mandrel and fit the remove centre and make the 14 x 1mm
76 77
thread, also drill and tap M8.
Fit an M8 hex head screw and hold this
in the three-jaw again supporting the outer
end with a tailstock centre. Check that the
turned portion next to the chuck is running
reasonably true, if not use the four jaw
chuck. In this case file two flats on opposing
corners of the hexagon head to take the
four jaws. The remainder of the process
follows closely that for the spindle in the
H5. 1.18 X 35 SOCKET MATL /0 X 8 MILD STEEL
previous chapter. H6. 4 X 15 DOWEL, 2 OTY 1 0>1 @C:!
H7. M5 X 12 SOCKll
Division plate carrier LATHE BED FIXING ASSEMBLY CLAMP PLATE 13. LOCATING PIECE 12.
This part needs careful planning. However 0 10 8 37 18
;1 ~-~0.2 DE~P
making the part as per stage 1 on the
~Jr!;__,J ~- ~ftrn~ ©
drawings, then creating the 3.5 degree I 1 __ 1
APf=FKJ~
~~
o1r' ---.. _ c::.-. " CJ,L 6
3218. M
angle, (first one side then the other) and 5 \M6 5
--<12,__ @C]
finally the two slots as per stage 2 the
process should be relatively easy. Photo 7
1 8 OIA.
MATL
Q'"
2~ d"a
1 CFF
HOLE SIZE.
MATL. 16 dio.
A 3.1
Index fingers parts 29 and 31 FRONT BEARING CLAMP HANDLE GEAR FIXING COLLAR BEARING ADJUSTER 4.
6. Using a bush to position the hole for Cut two pieces of 3mm brass, a little
"'-M.3
tapping in the bearings. oversize, and mark out the position of the I
~ B
7. Setting the division plate carrier (26) to 18mm hole. Set up on the lathe faceplate J.,L J8~
3. 5 degrees to suit the helix angle of the and bore the hole. Follow by boring to
worm.
:r~~
MATI. 27 AF liD. MILD
QTY 1 OFF-.
Jl
of ~fr_lj
r +Jc
1~ (Q)Cj @(s ~:'~'Off 'II
WORM SPINDLE 27.
lq
1.5
MATL.
OTY.
3 THICK
1 OFF
BRASS
(o)C]
MATL
GTY
'
1
f·ll( K
or 1
HOL[
MATL
QTY
SI/F
'5 X
1 OFF
A
~
l:l
MILil
dia
:,l_l J l' 6
--<Pt
---t~~J-~ ."'t ~"j·
M6
h )'-.!_
I
.. --- - · l)to-
MATL
OIY _]
78 79
0~-------~1 ~
28 12
z
~B l_M
~~
I
t~~B
--J5~I-J 8~
MATL. 8 dia. MILD STEEL.
QTY. 1 OFF.
w
SHAPE END TO SUIT GEAR BEING
~
USED. THE FORKED END PERMITS
THE DETENT, IF ROTATED 90",
HOLE SIZES. A. 8 B. 4.1 TO LOCATE ON ONE TOOTH AS
WELL AS BETWEEN TWO TEETH. 65
MATL. 35 X 25 MILD STEEL. @C] THIS DOUBLES THE NUMBER OF
QTY. 1 OFF.
DETENT 40. p
MATL. 45 X 30 MILD STEEL.
STAGE
PART VIEW Z
STAGE 2 @C]
QTY. 1 OFF.
A. 3mm dia. PIN 2.5mm PROJECTION. MAY REQUIRE FLAT SEE SPINDLE PART 8.
HOLE Sllf S
A 8
6 8 @C] The 38mm diameter counterbore giving the steel placed centrally over the hole. Tighten
20
outline of the part in that area. the vice very slightly to form a dish just
DETENT ARM 55. DETENT ARM CARRIER 54. Division plate nut Part 28 sufficient to provide adequate friction.
This is a straightforward item to make but, The remaining parts should not present
~1'~---_:----il~ l'or when assembled, must clamp the fingers any problem. When assembled you will be
~~~
P=1~ so that they can be moved, but only with in possession of a quality dividing head,
GfB
30 3
MATL.
QTY. '
12 DIA.
OFF.
MILD STI:_E_L. some resistance. If easy to move then they very robust, and able to provide more
may move whilst traversing the detent from divisions that a commercial semi universal
BEARING DRILLING BUSH one hole to another. To achieve the required dividing head. You will also have the
HOLE SiltS A. M4 X 10 DEEP. 2 OFF.
@C]
SK1 MAlL. 25
B. M6 X 12 DllP.
80 81
r·
2. The device
82
___......_________________
83
·····'"
r
~
t"Tf:"- - "--"--1{-LJ.
LL·u·~·----------~"u'J-f @C]
TO LIMIT DRAWING SIZE,
HANDLE "7" IS SHOWN 1.8
B
SHORTER THAN SIZE
GIVEN ON PART DRAWING.
1
SECTION AA
10 4r
:W1
PART 1 NOl SHOWN
c
J~
I"'
~~
12 68
90 15
J
HOLES.
@ A. 10 B. M4. 4 OFF. C. 9 WIDE SLOT
@ @
HOLES.
SLIDE BODY 2.
HARDWARE
©CJ A. M4.
C. 8 WIDE SLOT.
E. M4.
B. 8.1
D. 5
@C]
H 1. 4mm DIA, STEEL BALL AND SHORT COMPRESSION SPRING. 2 OFF.
H2. M4 X 10 SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW. 1 OFF. MATL. 30 X 16 STEEL 070M20.
H3. M3 X 6 SOCKET GRUB SCREW. 2 OFF. QTY. 1 OFF
H4. M4 X 6 SOCKET GRUB SCREW. 1 OFF. LINING TOOL
H5. M4 X 6 SOCKET GRUB SCREW. 1 OFF.
H6. M4 X 10 SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW. 8 OFF. ASSEMBLY ANGLE BASE 9.
-M-
given have been established to suit a @C]
Myford Series Seven. HOLES. 4.4, CB 7.5 DEEP. 8 OFF.
84 85
4. Boring the ends
of the slide body
r
(2)
-I
HOLES. A. M4 8. 6. StE NOll.
C. 4.4 C8 /.5 X 4 CJitP. Sc.l NOTF.
NOTES.
1. DRILL HOLE 8 1\f 1 ER /\SSlMBLY AND
WHILST FI~T[Ll TO TH[ LATHe SO /\S
TO ENSURE HOLE IS Al CENTRE' HFIGIIT. M/\TL. 5 THICK STECL CJ/OM20.
OTY. 1 OF r-.
2. LEFT HAND YOLE C IS FO'" USE FOR
HOLDING TYI PART TOGFTHER WIT ..
ITEM 2 WHc_N MACHINING THl IWO PARTS
PAWL 11.
S I M U L IAN [ C U •; I Y ~~ 0 T US I CJ F 0 R f IN A L
ASSEMBLY.
_,17r-
MATL. 20 CJIA. STFFI 730M07. B~
QTY. 1 OFr.
m~
A/hl:-}----'f ~/
. l
SLIDE 1.
tailstock set over if required. Carefully mark both ends of the body I • 25
Next, cut a length of material for the with the centre position of the 10 mm radiu'; RATCHET WHEEL STOP PIN 5. ~~~
-
slide body and machine it to length, the and centre punch. Mount the slide body or: 12. ~Cll: A. M-1
I _ _,~;t : .,
:-i. 4 1 I 0 Off P. C. M_\
thickness being left at 16 mm at this stage, the face plate using an angle plate, or cl WTL
machine the recess and slot C also holes Keats angle plate, as in Photo 4, and usin(c~ MATL. ,', 1:lA. sn l l
6 01,, STEEL 230M07 ,JT'f OFF.
A, B. a centre finder to accurately position th~ j@_ OTY I OFF
;:; S' T: 0 STOP DISC CARRIER 3.
11 HANDLE T-
~
~.~.---;
MATL.
58
( ·~~-- __ ] ; ilH- ©
/ 5·---~-- ~D-IA~
25 DIA. 5Tf.fl 7.'SOMC I
QTY. I OFF.
part for boring. Cut two small pieces of steel without removing the part. This would
and drill to fit across holes B at either end. guarantee alignment.
These allow each end to be bored 20 mm Next mill the first flat on the slide - the
diameter as a continuous rather than an one that passes along the whole length of
intermittent cut. Bore the slide recess in one the part. It is essential that this is the same
end as shown in the photograph to be a depth along the length or else the part will
close fit on the slide. Remove, reverse and get wider along its length causing it to be
repeat the operation on the other end. loose at one end of its movement. With this
5. Milling the in mind, hold the part in a vice and with
However, if you have a suitable angle plate,
second flat on the
rather than the Keats, and a long boring each end supported by precision parallels.
slide (1)
tool it would be better to machine both ends Take a very light cut of about 0.05 mm deep
86 87
A-e~~~j
along the length to check if all is well. Any
error will be obvious in the varying width of
the flat produced.
~11 ~
Drill and counterbore holes C, and use
----1 6 1l-- these to fix the part to the slide body for
HOLE. A. 4~ 'v @C] machining the second flat. Again support
the ends on parallels and machine both
MATL. 30 DIA STEEL 230M07
QTY. 1 OFT
slide and body to achieve the 15 mm
dimension doing this as in Photo 5.
THIS GIVES LINE LENGTHS OF
+2 AND +4. MAKE EXTRA The remaining parts
DISCS FOR OTHER LINE
LENGTHS. These are all straight forward and need no
comment other than to say the ratchet will
STOP DISC 4. be a good first item to produce using either
of the dividing heads in the previous
chapters, see Photo 6. The part was first
turned on the lathe, then moved to the
milling machine still in the three jaw chuck
and the ratchet machined as shown. It was
then returned to the lathe and parted off
from the stub in the chuck. Finally held on
the smaller diameter and the parted face
finally machined to achieve the required
thickness for the ratchet. 6. Machining an eight tooth ratchet wheel.
HOLES.
A. 8.5. BELLMOUTH SIDEWAYS
ONLY TO ALLOW FOR
MOVEMENT OF HANDLE.
B. 4 C. M4
- - - - .HINGE PIN 8.
~cc=:J_tll)o
~~~ @C]
MATL.
6 DIA. STEEL 230M07
QTY 1 OFF.
88 89
"'' Jw""'_ _ _ _ _ ,
having a worm/worm wheel ratio of 40:1
Chapter 10 41 will give 47 also found to be a prime
number. The prime factors therefore 41 x49
:: 1927. Obviously a time consuming task
then for 1 turn at the output 40x49 holes on
the plate will be passed, that is 1960. As
without the aid of the tables. explained in earlier chapters any number
Unfortunately though, space limitations that divides exactly into this will be a
in this book restrict the table to 2000. To possible division. To easily arrive at values
90 91
. ,,, ~.J.JUll.ililllllll _ _ _ _ _ _ __
will be 9:7. In this situation it will be easier 1000 This gives a TPI and 5, 30 by 10 and 35 by 5 to give
40x50x75 40x1 x 75
to work with the number of holes passed
315 8 X = 25.3968254 8 X-----
which in some cases will be with more than
That is multiplying both top and bottom by 30x35x45 3x 7 x 45
one revolution of the workpiece, as
explained in Chapter 4 Example 3. 1000. pitch in millimetres is very close at
Having provided the list of prime Facto rising both 1000 and 315, using the 25.4 simplified giving
numbers I have decided to include briefly tables, we get = 1.000125mm
some details on another and more 2x2x2x5x5x5 25.3968254 40 X 75
demanding use for them. This is At 25 pitches this is a total error of plus 8 X ---- = 25.3968254
establishing gear sizes for complex ratios, 3x3x5x7 0.003125 mm or if you are imperially 21 X 45
it may of course create a need to use your Cancelling out one 5 we get inclined 0.000123in in practice a negligible This will be easier to set up using only two
dividing facilities for making a specific size 2x2x2x5x5 amount. drivers and two driven but requires a 21
gear. This can be simplified by dividing 50 by 10 tooth gear that will be special for most
3x3x7 changewheel sets.
Designing gear chains Ignoring the fact that gears cannot be made
A typical use for prime factor tables is in with so few teeth, we still have a problem
the design of gear chains requiring complex as there are 5 driven gears but only 3
ratios, such as when determining change drivers. If we multiply 2x2 and 2x5 we get~\
wheel combinations for cutting Metric drivers and 3 driven as follows
threads on a lathe with an imperial 4x10x5
leadscrew, and visa versa. Also when
cutting worm wheels which similarly require 3x3x7
complex ratios. Multiplying each number by 10 will give
practical gear sizes and being in 1O's are
Example likely to be available with the lathe. We get
If requiring to cut a thread with a pitch 40x100x50
of lmm on a lathe having an 8 TPIIeadscrew
the lathe's mandrel will have to rotate 25.4 30x30x70
times whilst the leadscrew rotates 8 times. A 100 tooth gear is unlikely to be available
This therefore requires a ratio of 25.4 : 8. so reducing this to 50 and the 70 to 35 will
Expressing this as a fraction we get: retain the ratio.
8 1 40x50x50
92 93
co
.j:>. PRIME NUMBER AND SMALLEST FACTOR TABLE PRIME NUMBER AND SMALLEST FACTOR TABLE
101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 51 151 251 351 451 551 651 751 851 951
up up up up up up up up up up up up up up up up up up up up
1 p p 3 7 p 3 p p 3 17 51 3 p p 3 11 19 3 p 23 3
3 p p 7 3 13 p 3 19 11 3 53 p 3 11 p 3 7 p 3 p p
5 p 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 55 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5
7 p p 3 p 11 3 p 7 3 p
57 3 p p 3 p p 3 p p 3
9 3 p 11 3 p p 3 p p 3 59 p 3 7 p 3 13 p 3 p 7
11 p 3 p p 3 7 13 3 p p p p 3 p p 3 31
61 7 3 19
13 p p 3 p 7 3 p 23 3 11 p p 3 p p 3 7 p 3
63 3
15 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3
65 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5
17 p 3 7 p 3 11 p 3 19 7 p p p p 3 23 13 3 p
67 3
19 p 7 3 11 p 3 p p 3 p
69 3 13 p 3 7 p 3 p 11 3
21 3 11 13 3 p p 3 7 p 3
71 p 3 p 7 3 p 11 3 13 p
23 p 3 p 17 3 p 7 3 p 13
p p p 3 p p 3 7
73 3 11
25 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5
3 p p 3 p p 3 75 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3
27 3 7 17 p p 3 p p
77 7 3 p 13 3
29 p 3 p 7 3 23 17 3 p p
79 p p 3 p p 3 7 19 3 11
31 p p 3 p p 3 p 17 3 7
3 7 3 81 3 p p 3 13 7 3 11 p 3
33 3 7 p 3 p 13 p
83 p 3 p p 3 11 p 3 p p
35 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5
37 p p 3 p 19 3 7 11 3 p 85 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5
3 p p 3 p 7 3 p p 3 87 3 11 7 3 p p 3 p p 3
39
89 p 3 17 p 3 19 13 3 7 23
41 p 3 p 11 3 p p 3 29 p
p 11 3 7 p 3 p p 3 23 91 7 p 3 17 p 3 p 7 3 p
43
45 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 93 3 p p 3 17 p 3 13 19 3
47 p 3 13 p 3 p p 3 7 p 95 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5
49 7 p 3 p p 3 11 7 3 13 97 p p 3 p 7 3 17 p 3 p
99 3 p 13 3 p p 3 17 29 3
PRIME NUMBER AND SMALLEST FACTOR TABLE PRIME NUMBER AND SMALLEST FACTOR TABLE
1001 1201 1401 1601 1801 1051 1251 1451 1651 1851
1101 1301 1501 1701 1901 1151 1351 1551 1751 1951
up up up up up up up up up up up up up up up up up up up up
1 7 3 p p 3 19 p 3 p p 51 p p 3 7 p 3 13 17 3 p
3 17 p 3 p 23 3 7 13 3 11 53 3 p 7 3 p p 3 p 17 3
5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 55 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5
7 19 3 17 p 3 11 p 3 13 p 57 7 13 3 23 31 3 p 7 3 19
9 p p 3 7 p 3 p p 3 23 59 3 19 p 3 p p 3 p 11 3
11 3 11 7 3 17 p 3 29 p 3 61 p 3 13 p 3 7 11 3 p 37
13 p 3 p 13 3 17 p 3 7 p 63 p p 3 29 7 3 p 41 3 13
15 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 65 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3
17 3 p p 3 13 37 3 17 23 3 67 11 3 7 p 3 p p 3 p 7
19 p 3 23 p 3 7 p 3 17 19 69 p 7 3 37 13 3 p 29 3 11
21 p 19 3 p 7 3 p p 3 17 71 3 p 31 3 p p 3 7 p 3
23 3 p p 3 p p 3 p p 3 73 29 3 19 p 3 11 7 3 p p
25 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 75 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5
27 13 7 3 p p 3 p 11 3 41 77 3 11 p 3 7 19 3 p p 3
29 3 p p 3 p 11 3 7 31 3 79 13 3 ? 7 3 p 23 3 p p
31 p 3 p 11 3 p 7 3 p p 81 23 p 3 p p 3 41 13 3 7
33 p 11 3 31 p 3 23 p 3 p 83 3 7 p 3 p p 3 p 7 3
35 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 85 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5
37 17 3 p 7 3 29 p 3 11 13 87 p p 3 19 p 3 7 p 3 p
39 p 17 3 13 p 3 11 37 3 7 89 3 29 p 3 p 7 3 p p 3
41 3 7 17 3 11 23 3 p 7 3 91 p 3 p 13 3 37 19 3 31 11
43 7 3 11 17 3 p 31 3 19 29 93 p p 3 7 p 3 p 11 3 p
45 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 95 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3
47 3 31 29 3 p 7 3 p p 3 97 p 3 p 11 3 p p 3 7 p
49 p 3 p 19 3 p 17 3 43 p 99 7 11 3 p p 3 p 7 3 p
co
()1
(!)
O'l
PRIME NUMBERS FROM 2000 TO 4999 PRIME NUMBERS FROM 5000 TO 7999
2003 11 17 27 29 39 53 63 69 81 83 87 89 99 5003 09 11 21 23 39 51 59 77 81 87 99
2111 13 29 31 37 41 43 53 61 79 5101 07 13 19 47 53 67 71 79 89 97
2203 07 13 21 37 39 43 51 67 69 73 81 87 93 97 5209 27 31 33 37 61 73 79 81 97
2309 11 33 39 41 47 51 57 71 77 81 83 89 93 99 5303 09 23 33 47 51 81 87 93 99
2411 17 23 37 41 47 59 67 73 77 5407 13 17 19 31 37 41 43 49 71 77 79 83
2503 21 31 39 43 49 51 57 79 91 93 5501 03 07 19 21 27 31 57 63 69 73 81 91
2609 17 21 33 47 57 59 63 71 77 83 87 89 93 99 5623 39 41 47 51 53 57 59 69 83 89 93
2707 11 13 19 29 31 41 49 53 67 77 89 91 97 5701 11 17 37 41 43 49 79 83 91
2801 03 19 33 37 43 51 57 61 79 87 97 5801 07 13 21 27 39 43 49 51 57 61 67 69 79 81 97
2903 09 17 27 39 53 57 63 69 71 99 5903 23 27 39 53 81 87
3001 11 19 23 37 41 49 61 67 79 83 89 6007 11 29 37 43 47 53 67 73 79 89 91
3109 19 21 37 63 67 69 81 87 91 6101 13 21 31 33 43 51 63 73 97 99
3203 09 17 21 29 51 53 57 59 71 99 6203 11 17 21 29 47 57 63 69 71 77 87 99
3301 07 13 19 23 29 31 43 47 59 61 71 73 89 91 6301 11 17 23 29 37 43 53 59 61 67 73 79 89 97
3407 13 33 49 57 61 63 67 69 91 99 6421 27 49 51 69 73 81 91
3511 17 27 29 33 39 41 47 57 59 71 81 83 93 6521 29 47 51 53 63 69 71 77 81 99
3607 13 17 23 31 37 43 59 71 73 77 91 97 6607 19 37 53 59 61 73 79 89 91
3701 09 19 27 33 39 61 67 69 79 93 97 6701 03 09 19 33 37 61 63 79 81 91 93
3803 21 23 33 47 51 53 63 77 81 89 6803 23 27 29 33 41 57 63 69 71 83 99
3907 11 17 19 23 29 31 43 47 67 89 6907 11 17 47 49 59 61 67 71 77 83 91 97
4001 03 07 13 19 21 27 49 51 57 73 79 91 93 99 7001 13 19 27 39 43 57 69 79
4111 27 29 33 39 53 57 59 77 7103 09 21 27 29 51 59 77 87 93
4201 11 17 19 29 31 41 43 53 59 61 71 73 83 89 97 7207 11 13 19 29 37 43 47 53 83 97
4327 37 39 49 57 63 73 91 97 7307 09 21 31 33 49 51 69 93
4409 21 23 41 47 51 57 63 81 83 93 7411 17 33 51 57 59 77 81 87 89 99
4507 13 17 19 23 47 49 61 67 83 91 97 7507 17 23 29 37 41 47 49 59 61 73 77 83 89 91
4603 21 37 39 43 49 51 57 63 73 79 91 7603 07 21 39 43 49 69 73 81 87 91 99
4703 21 23 29 33 51 59 83 87 89 93 99 7703 17 23 27 41 53 57 59 89 93
4801 13 17 31 61 71 77 89 7817 23 29 41 53 67 73 77 79 83
4903 09 19 31 33 37 43 51 57 67 69 73 87 93 99 7901 07 19 27 33 37 49 51 63 93
8009 11 17 39 53 59 69 81 87 89 93
8101 11 17 23 47 61 67 71 79 91
8209 19 21 31 33 37 43 63 69 73 87 91 93 97
8311 17 29 53 63 69 77 87 89
8419 23 29 31 43 47 61 67
8501 13 21 27 37 39 43 63 73 81 97 99
8609 23 27 29 41 47 63 69 77 81 89 93 99
8707 13 19 31 37 41 47 53 61 79 83
8803 07 19 21 31 37 39 49 61 63 67 87 93
8923 29 33 41 51 63 69 71 99
9001 07 11 13 29 41 43 49 59 67 91
9103 09 27 33 37 51 57 61 73 81 87 99
9203 09 21 27 39 41 57 77 81 83 93
9311 19 23 37 41 43 49 71 77 91 97
9403 13 19 21 31 33 37 39 61 63 67 73 79 91 97
9511 21 33 39 47 51 87
9601 13 19 23 29 31 43 49 61 77 79 89 97
9719 21 33 39 43 49 67 69 81 87 91
9803 11 17 29 33 39 51 57 59 71 83 87
9901 07 23 29 31 41 49 67 73
(!)
-..1
one turn of the input will rotate the output those additional values possible, quoting
98 99
i'
1. DIVISIONS POSSIBLE USING A 40:1 2. DIVISIONS POSSIBLE USING A 60:1
DIVIDING HEAD DIVIDING HEAD
D p T H
21 21 2 18 45 18 6 84 49 0 35 135 18 0 8
D p T H 21 49 2 42 45 21 7 as 11 0 12 135 27 0 12
21 21 I 19 41 41 0 40 75 I5 0 8 132 33 22 33 2 24 45 27 9 86 43 0 30 138 23 0 10
0 10
22 33 27 42 21 0 20 76 19 0 10 135 27 0 23 23 2 14 45 33 II 87 29 0 20 140 21 0 9
8
23 23 17 43 43 0 40 78 39 0 20 136 17 0 5 24 16 2 8 45 39 13 90 IS 0 10 140 49 0 21
24 IS 10 44 33 0 30 80 16 0 8 140 21 0 6
24 18 12 45 18 0 16 80 18 0 9 140 49 0 14 24 18 2 9 46 23 7 90 18 0 12 141 47 0 20
24 20 2 10 47 47 13 90 21 0 14 145 29 0 12
24 21 14 45 27 0 24 80 20 0 10 144 18 0 5 25 15 2 6 48 16 4 90 27 0 18 147 49 0 20
24 27 18 46 23 0 20 82 41 0 20 145 29 0 8 25 20 2 8 48 20 I 5 90 33 0 22 148 37 0 IS
24 33 22 47 47 0 40 84 21 0 10 148 37 0 10 26 39 2 12 49 49 I II 90 39 0 26 ISO IS 0 6
24 39 26 48 18 0 IS 85 17 0 8 ISO IS 0 4
25 IS 9 49 49 0 40 86 43 0 20 152 19 0 5 27 18 2 4 SO IS 3 92 23 0 IS ISO 20 0 8
27 27 2 6 so 20 4 93 31 0 20 ISS 31 0 12
25 20 12 SO IS 0 12 88 33 0 IS ISS 31 0 8 28 21 2 3 51 17 3 94 47 0 30 156 39 0 IS
26 39 21 so 20 0 16 90 18 0 8 156 39 0 10 28 49 2 7 52 39 6 95 19 0 12 160 16 0 6
27 27 13 52 39 0 30 90 27 0 12 160 16 0 4 29 29 2 2 54 18 2 96 16 0 10 162 27 0 10
28 21 9 54 27 0 20 92 23 0 10 160 20 0 5
28 49 21 55 33 0 24 94 47 0 20 164 41 0 10 31 31 29 54 27 3 98 49 0 30 164 41 0 IS
32 16 14 55 33 3 99 33 0 20 165 33 0 12
29 29 II 56 21 0 IS 95 19 0 8 165 33 0 8 33 33 27 57 19 I 100 IS 0 9 170 17 0 6
30 IS 5 56 49 0 35 98 49 0 20 168 21 0 5 34 17 13 58 29 I I 100 20 0 12 172 43 0 15
30 18 6 58 29 0 20 100 IS 0 6 170 17 0 4 35 21 IS 62 31 0 30 102 17 0 10 174 29 0 10
30 21 7 60 IS 0 10 100 20 0 8 172 43 0 10
30 27 9 60 18 0 12 104 39 0 IS 180 18 0 4 35 49 35 63 21 0 20 lOS 21 0 12 180 IS 0 5
36 IS 10 64 16 0 15 105 49 0 28 180 18 0 6
30 33 II 60 21 0 14 lOS 21 0 8 180 27 0 6 36 18 12 6S 39 0 36 108 18 0 10 180 21 0 7
30 39 13 60 27 0 18 108 27 0 10 184 23 0 5 36 21 14 66 33 0 30 108 27 0 IS 180 27 0 9
31 31 9 60 33 0 22 110 33 0 12 185 37 0 8 36 27 18 68 17 0 IS 110 33 0 18 180 33 0 II
32 16 4 60 39 0 26 liS 23 0 8 188 47 0 10
32 20 5 62 31 0 20 116 29 0 10 190 19 0 4 36 33 22 69 23 0 20 Ill 37 0 20 180 39 0 13
36 39 26 70 21 0 18 114 19 0 10 185 37 0 12
33 33 7 64 16 0 10 120 IS 0 5 195 39 0 8 37 37
34 17 23 70 49 0 42 liS 23 0 12 186 31 0 10
3 65 39 0 24 120 18 0 6 196 49 0 10 38 19
35 21 II 72 18 0 IS 116 29 0 IS 188 47 0 IS
3 66 33 0 20 120 21 0 7 200 IS 0 3 39 39
35 49 7 68 17 0 10 21 74 37 0 30 117 39 0 20 190 19 0 6
II(!i' 36 18 2 70 21 0 12
120 27 0 9 200 20 0 4
120 33 0 II 360 18 0 2 40 16
;,Ill
8 7S IS 0 12 120 16 0 8 192 16 0 5
36 27 40 18 9 75 20 0 16 120 18 0 9 195 39 0 12
Iiiii 3 70 49 0 28 120 39 0 13 360 27 0 3
37 37 40 20 10 76 19 0 IS 120 20 0 10 196 49 0 IS
3 72 18 0 10 124 31 0 10
1'1
38 19 I 72 27 41 41 19 78 39 0 30 123 41 0 20 198 33 0 10
II' 0 15 128 16 0 5
39 39 I 74 37 0 20 42 21 9 80 16 0 12 124 31 0 IS 200 20 0 6
1111
130 39 0 12
111'
42 49 21 80 20 0 IS 126 21 0 10 360 18 0 3
liil
43 43 17 81 27 0 20 129 43 0 20
4433 12 82 41 0 30 130 39 0 18
45 IS 5 84 21 0 15 132 33 0 15
100 101
DIVISIONS POSSIBLE WITH A THREE GEAR
DIVIDING HEAD
NOTES
1 USES A STEP UP RATIO, GEAR ON
HEAD SPINDLE SMALLER THAN THE
DRIVER
2 USE EVERY OTHER TOOTH SPACE
3 USE FORKED DETENT AND EVERY
TOOTH AND SPACE
4 DIVIDING HEAD OUTPUT ROTATES
THREE FULL TURNS
5 DIVIDING HEAD OUTPUT ROTATES
SEVEN FULL TURNS
104
p 6.95