Per- U nIt Impeaances

P I II . I
or
f r
;Myncnronous
I all these multiple values mav be correct
when defined properly in terms of rotor-
current bases.
o It is general practice at the present
Machines time to derive the per-unit impedances
of the various circuit elements in an
individual and detached sense. For in-
A. W. RANKIN stance, an impedance measurable from
ASSOCIATE AIEE the stator is converted to per unit by
dividing the physical value by the selected
unit value of stator ohms Xao (univer-
THE ANALYSIS of synchronous nizant of the need for more complete sally taken as phase voltage divided by
machinery is dependent uponl a cor- impedance data. phase current); the per-unit impedances
rect and complete knowledge of the ma- It is the purpose of this paper to pre- of the various elements in the multiple
chine impedances. The progress of syn- sent generalized formulas by means of rotor circuits are obtained by transferring
chronous-machine analysis has been char- which the per-unit impedances of the the corresponding physical impedances
acterized by the recognition of an in- new additional rotor circuits may be to the stator by some effective stator-
creasing number of rotor circuits and by calculated directlv from the physical im- rotor turn ratio, and dividing the trans-
an accompanying need for accurate pedances (in ohms and henrys), and by ferred values by Xg,0. The various rotor-
numerical data on the impedances of means of which these new per-unit im- circuit impedances published by any one
these additional rotor circuits. The pedances can be made consonant with the investigator usually are consistent amoong
modern equivalent-circuit method of per-unit impedances of rotor circuits themselves when studied as a detached
anialysis demands an almost limitless previously analyzed. group, but the per-unit impedances pub-
array of impedances involving not only The technical literature contains sev- lished by different investigators do not
miiutual reactances but mutual resistances eral articles which give design formulas always agree when placed in apposition,
as well. As the application engineer, con- for many machine impedances, but these because the different investigators do not
fronited by more complex applicationi articles are all characterized by the desire necessarily select the same effective turn
problems, has created more complete to present the impedance formulas in a ratio.
eqtuivalent circuits, he has deinanded of per-unit form immediately applicable to noting Such ambiguity could be p)redicted by
the design engineer accurate numerical routine design calculations. This prac- that the turn ratio of a synchro-
data on the impedances of additional tice is commendable to some degree, nous machine is an elusive quantity, as
rotor circuits previously ignored. The since correct numerical impedances usu- there is no unique value which could be
design engineer himself has beein con- ally are obtainable from these published called "the" turn ratio. For instance,
fronted with more complex design prob- formulas, but in a broader sense is to be one turn ratio could be defined as the
lems which have made him directly cog- deplored. The published per-unit for- ratio of the series turns per stator phase
__ mulas not only tend to obscure the physical to the rotor turns per pole; a second turn
Paper 45-92, recommended by the AIEE committee characteristics of the various impedances, ratio could use the effective series turns
oIn electric machinery for publication in AIEE but they also implv that all per-unit per stator phase including the KpKd fac-
TRANSACTIONS. Manuscript submitted October d a u
20, 1944; made available for printing March 12, impedances are unique anid single-valued tor; still another ratio could use the
1945. when expressed "in per unit of the ma- mathematical turns per pole in the funda-
A. W. RANKIN is in the turbine-generator engineer- chine kilovolt-amperes and voltage." mental components of the stator- and
ing division of General Electric Company, Sche- This paper will show, however, that, if rotor-excited flux waves; and there are
nectady, N. Y. those impedances which are measurable still other turn ratios, all of which have
rhe author acknowledges the co-operation of his
associates in the General Electric Company in the from the machine terminals are neglected, strong physical characteristics arguing
preparation of this paper. In particular, thanks are all machine impedances are multivalued for their use. It is not surprising, there-
extended to S. B. Crary for his constructive criti- when expressed only in per unit of the fore that published formulas for rotor-
expesedonly-ipereandunivoltage, and fe,circuitthat
vofth ipubished not in strictrotord
impedances arefor
cism and suggestions and to C. Concordia for his fo
several discussions of per-unit systems. m
machinekilovolt-amperes accord

site.) The values indicated are applicable
wvhen the armature is revolving at inaxi-
imium rated speed in its own bearings.
Checks on the amplitude of unbalance
miiay be made with a simple vibromieter of
the type shown in Figure 9, which con-
sists of a dial indicator mounted in a
heavy base. The heavy base provides
heavy
hiigh inertia allowing the dial-indicator
case to remain substantially stationary
. . ....
in
space while the indicator plunger is.free to
follow the linear motion of the bearing.
Other types of simple portable indicators
mesuremets.
are avilablefor thse
Conclusions
Restoring damaged armatures to their
original condition and making improve-
Imlents where needed involves many fac-
tors and combinations of many arts.
Siome of the considerations are peculiar. tO THE3
the armature repairing trade, requiring TIONS, volume 60, 1942, April Section, pages 224-8.
the application of engineering techniques 2. VAPOR CLEANING OF MOTORS, N. J. Greene,
of comparable order to those used in the Rv Wm Shoup1 Rarlc4wa Mechangcal Engineer
building of new armatures if new-arma- 3. THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MAGNAFLUX TEST-
ture efficiencv is to be maintained. ING. Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department,
By their omission it is not the intention August 2, 1938, serial 38.
to minimize the importance of other 4. MAGNAFLUXING PROCEDURES, Doane, Mages.
Iron CARE
Age, March
equally essential, though better publi- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5. 12, 1942, and March
OF COMMUTATORS.
1942.
Railway19, Electricalt
cized, factors as: Process and final test- Engineer volume33,May 1942 pages106-09.
6. SILICONES-HIGH
ing,t . soldering and brazing, and record ~~~~~~~~~~~~6.
SC - POYEI sUBSTNCES
POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES,
keeping. s. L. Bass, J. F. Hude, E. C. Britton, R. R.
The methods and desired results dis- McGregor. Modern Plastics, volume 22, Novem-
cussed are not all new, but it is hoped this be 194 pge12-62214
h late' someof theolder 7. BANDING OF ARMATURES, R. E. Ferris. Elec-
methods and injected some new ones that 8. KEEP TEEM ROLLING, J. W. Teker. ALEE
will result in better armature repairing. TRANSACTIONS, volume 62, 1943, March Section,
pages 107-12.
9. TO BEAT TEE BAND, W. F. KiLng. Allis-Chal-
meeecsters Electric Reviewe, volume 5, MarCh 1940, pages
8
1. SINGLE; PHASE A-C ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES
PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD-PROTE:CTION
ON
AND PowerVIBRATION
10. TOLECRANCE,
Plant Engineering, volume
Rathbone.
C. November
T. 43,
TONNAGE RATING, H. C. Griffith. AIEE TRANSAC- 1939, pages 721-24.

AUGUST 1945, VOLUME 64 Rankin-Impedances of Synchronous Mlachines TRANSACTIONS .569

 Table I less series of unit currents should be used.
- The method previously outlined is pre-
ea, eb, ec in per unit of eao sented in this paper. The per-unit im-
ea, eb, ec in per unit of eI'ao pedance formulas thereby obtained are
i1d, iq g
in per unit of iao given in the following section, and are in
'rfd' 4Jfq in per unit of WPfdo terms of the selected unit currents. The
"'nd, t"nq in per unit of vo flexibility and generality of these expres-
Ifd, Ifg in per unit of Ifdo sions are discussed in the subsequent sec-
IndJ Inq in per unit of 'xdo tion, "Conclusions."
Results
since these formulas of necessity employ Formuhls for the per-unit impedances
some turn ratio. The question then of a three-phase synchronous machine are
arises as to whichof these ratios is correct, given in the following in terms of the
or, if there is no unique correct value, "ampere-inch "impedances and the "base-
which turn ratio should be used to obtain
the per-unit impedances for synchronous-
current ratios." The ampere-inch im-
pedances are defined as the circuit im-
machine analysis; and to what degree are pedances in physical units such as am-
these various impedances affected by the peres, inches, seconds, as contrasted to
turn-ratio selection. the per-unit impedances which are pure
The importance of the role played by numerics. The base-current ratios are
the selected turn ratio in the magnitude defined as the ratio of the rotor-circuit
of the per-unit impedances is physically currents selected as bases to 3/2 the peak
self-evident, but the equal importance of value of rated stator-phase currents. As
the rotor-circuit current selected as unity previously discussed, the selection of
is not so evident. By means of Xafd, base-current ratios is equivalent to the
however, it can be proved as follows that selection of stator-rotor turn ratios. The
the selection of the turn ratio is tanta- degree to which each impedance is de-
mount to the selection of unit rotor- pendent upon the base-current ratios is
circuit current. Xafd is defined as the apparent from the following expressions.
voltage induced in each stator phase per A consistent per-unit system with re-
ampere field current, and Xafd is the ciprocal per-unit mutual impedances will
corresponding per-unit value. As normal be obtained from these formulas. All
stator voltage is universally taken as terms are defined in the nomenclature.
unity, however, the product Xafdlfd must
be unity at normal open-circuit air-gap- _ Ld Il)
line stator voltage which shows that the Xd Lao (la
unity field current 'fdo is not submissive to
free selection after the turn ratio has been Lad (lb)
selected. a Lao
The relation which exists between the L I
turn ratio and the unit field current Xafd = Xlad =- af/ fdo\
suggests that these are equivalent and 2 Lao 3 i) (2a)
that rather than selecting a turn ratio it \2 /
should be just as practicable to select a
unit field current and have the turn ratio
3 Land
Xand = Xnad = - d x
I"do
be derived therefrom. Thts is proved in 2 Lao 3.i (2b)
the analysis of this article, not only for 2 ao
the field-winding circuit but for any of 3L I 2
the rotor circuits, and, as unit rotor- Xffd 3 ffd /Ifdo
circuit currents are visualized more easily 2 Lao 3. (3a) quadrature-axis currents in terms of the
than turn ratios, they are employed in the 2 selected quadrature-axis base currents.
generalized impedance formula which are 3L I 2
presented in this article. Xnnd - / dO
The foregoing discussion has not an- 2 Lao 3. (3b)
swered the question as to which turn 2 ao
ratio should be used in the per-unit im-
pedance formulas, but the emergence of Xnfd = Xfnd 2=L d \
the rotor-circuit unit currents shows that 2Lao 9 ) (3c)
the per-unit impedances and the unit 4 iao / replacing all the d subscripts by q, and
currents must be obtained simultane-
ously. The per-unit impedance formulas
must be obtained in terms of the ampere-
Xnmd=Xmnd= /-xo0 )
2 Lao 3~ (3d)
inch impedances and the selected unit 2 (00/
currents. To obtain these results it is
ineluctable that the synchronous-machine r=r 4 Given in the foregoing are conversion
equations be derived first in the physical Xao
ampere-inch system and converted as a 3R 1 2pdne
group into per-unit equations. The per- Rffd=_fd d
unit impedance formulas thereby oh- =2 Xao 3 . ) (5a)
tamned will then show which of the limit- \2 taa,
570 TRANSACTIONS Rcsnkin-Impedasnces of Synchronous Machines
3 Rnnd /IxdO \ 2
Rnnd2 Xao 3 (5b)
- tao/
3 Rnf / fda 'xdo
Rnfd Rtfd 2 Xao 9 (5c)
- iao2
3 Rm(/Ido\ 2
md md2 Xao 3a ) (5d)
The per-unit values of the rotor-
circuit voltages are given by the following
formulas:
Efd Efd /I do
eao ( 3 (6a)
\2 ao/
E End /xdo\
eao 3. (6b)
2 tao/
1
P
The direct-axis field-winding current as
obtained in any per-unit system defined
by the foregoing formulas will be in per
unit of the selected base current 'fda, but
the currents of all the additional rotor
circuits are expressed in per unit of the
base current of the xth direct-axis addi-
tional rotor circuit, with the xth circuit
submissive to free selection. XVhen ad-
vantages are obtainable by the introduc-
tion of individual base currents for any or
all of the additional rotor circuits, these
new bases may be introduced by the
methods originating in this article. It is
evident from the foregoing formulas,
however, that a change in the base cur-
rents will result in a change in the per-
unit impedances.
Only the direct-axis impedances are
given explicitly in the preceding formulas.
The quadrature-axis impedances can be
obtained from the direct-axis expressions
previouslygivenbymerelyreplacingthed
subscripts by q; this will express all the
It is often advantageous, however, to
express the quadrature-axis currents in
terms of the direct-axis bases since the
latter are more easily determined: in
this case, the quadrature-axis per-unit
impedances are obtained from the direct-
axis formulas previously given by first
then placing the quadrature-axis current
bases equal to the direct-axis bases.
Conclusions
formulas for converting ampere-inch im-
no prui meacs
These expressions were obtained by con-
verting a system of ampere-inch equations
into a system of per-unit equations, rather
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
than by deriving the per-unit impedance
of each circuit element as a detached inde-
pendent entity. The only condition im-
posed during the derivation of the con-
version formulas, and it is important to
note that in a per-unit system this is an
externally imposed condition, was that
the per-unit mutual impedances must be
reciprocal.
The most important result given by the
foregoing formulas is the proof that no
unique value of base-current ratio is de-
manded by the general per-unit system.
The base rotor-circuit currents are en-
tirely submissive to free selection, condi-
tioned only by the restriction that when
any value of rotor-circuit current has been
selected as a base it must be used in the
calculation of the machine impedances in
the consistent method defined by the
foregoing formulas.
The preceding expressions definitely
prove, however, that the numerical values
of many of the per-unit impedances are
dependent upon the value of the rotor-
circuit current which has been selected as
a base. It is not surprising, therefore,
that different numerical values may be
published for the same machine imped-
ance, as the base currents are not neces-
sarily equal in the various publications.
Before the results of different investiga-
tions are compared, the impedances must
be reduced to a common current base.
This can be done by reducing the imped-
ance expressions to forms analogous to
those already given as the base-current
ratios will then be identifiable.
Not all the per-unit impedances are
dependent upon the base-current ratios
as is shown by equations la, b, and 4. If
the stator base is defined as rated kilo-
volt-amperes and rated voltage, the im-
pedances la, lb, and 4 are invariant.
That these are all measurable from the
stator terminals is suggestive that all such
impedances measurable from the stator
terminals (the definitive impedances) are
similarly invariant. This is proved in
Appendix I wherein the xd(p) function",2
-the operational machine impedance
viewed from the stator-is given in terms
of the foregoing conversion formulas. It
is there shown that the base-current
ratios may be canceled out leaving Xd(p)
and xq(p) as invariant impedances.
Hence, all impedances measurable from
the stator terminals, such as Xd, Xd,' X2,
r, are independent of the values of rotor-
circuit currents selected as bases. The
impedances which are not invariant are
those internal impedances which cannot
be measured from the machine terminals,
The invariance of the definitive im-
pedances is of great importance in system
studies, and so forth, wherein only the
machine terminal phenomena are desired,
but, in those more general problems for
whose solution the internal organization
of the machine is indispensable, all the
machine impedances are employed, and
the base rotor-circuit currents used in the
AUGUST 1945, VOLUME 64 Rankin-Impedance of Synchronouls Machines
calculation of the machine impedances
must be known, and the corresponding
base-current ratios must be employed in
the impedance calculations in the con-
sistent method defined by the foregoing
formulas.
The second and concluding part of this
paper presents a review of the base-
current ratios which have been used,
generally implicitly, in contemporaneous
technical literature and suggests the
adoption of a standard or preferred rotor-
circuit current as a base value so as to
make various published results consonant
with each other.
Derivation of Generalized Per-
Unit I d Formulas
mpeance
Ampere-Inch Linkage Equations
Using the inductance coefficients de-
fined in the nomenclature, the stator-
phase linkages due to the rotor-circuit
currents in the direct and quadrature axes
can be written directly as in equations
7a, b, respectively.
10-8'a= + (Lafdlfd+LaldI1d+
La2dI2d+ a. .) cos Oa (7a)
lo-8,a2= - (Larqlfq+LalAI2q+
La2QI2,Q+ . . .) sin Oa
lage+ t) Oa (db)
i
Thecorresponding linkagesinthebphase
b Lf2I
and c phase may be written from equa-
tions 7a, b by replacing 2a by 0b and Oc,
respectively.
The stator phase linkages due to the
stator currents can be written as in equa-
tion 7e. This ampere-inch expression
can be derived in a manner analogous to
the per-unit expression of Park.3
2 Ld+L \( b+.c -
10-8ia3 = 2( ia-
3 2 2/
1 . . . 2lLd-LQ\
3 3\ 2/>
(ia cos 20a+ ib cos 20,+i, cos 20b) (7c) of the factor 3/2. This nonreciprocity has
The corresponding linkages in the b phase since with these definitions unit stator-
and c phase may be obtained from equa- phase current will give only two-thirds
tion 7c by cyclic rotation of the phase units of id or i4.
currents and phase angles.
The linkages in the direct-axis field Per-Unit Linkage Equations
winding due to the rotor currents in the
direct-axis may be written as in equation
8a by means of the self- and mutual-
inductance coefficients defined in the
nomenclature.
io-s8 =LffIf+Lf,I,d+Lf2I2+ ..
d Adf d J d (a
(8)
The corresponding equations for the link-
ages in the direct-axis additional rotor
circuits can be written from equation 8a
by analogy. The linkage equations for
the quadrature-axis circuits can be written
from equation 8a by substituting q for d.
In the physical ampere-inch system, all
the mutual-inductance coeffcients must
be reciprocal. The linkages in the direct-
axis and quadrature-axis field windings
due to the stator currents thus may be
written as in equations 8b, c directly from
equations 7a, b, respectively.
10i, d2=-Lfad(iacosa± iicos 8b+
icos ec) (8b)
l0-i8 fq2 = +Lfaq(ia sinfla
ei S b+
sin
ic sin 8,) (8c)
The linkages in the additional rotor cir-
cuits can be written from equations 8b, c
by analogy.
The complete stator and rotor linkages
will be simplified considerably if the
direct-axis and quadrature-axis linkages,
defined as in equations 9a, b, are first
introduced.
2
.#d= +i-'a cos Oa+4'b cos Ob + cos Oc)
3
(9a)
2
3=-7({aSil a+tb S b+ csinec) (9b)
The id and i4 equations can be obtained
from equations 9a, b by substituting i for
#, evervwhere.
Introducing equations 9a, b into the
preceding equations gives the complete
direct-axis linkages of equations lOa, b.
lO-8d =LafdIfd+LaldIld+
(7b) La2d12d+ *-Ldid (lOa)
108*fd=LfdI,d+LfdId+
d
O
3 (1Ob)
2
The linkage equations of the direct-axis
additional rotor circuits can be written
from equation lOb by analogy. The
complete quadrature-axis linkages can be
obtained from the direct-axis linkages by
substituting q ford.
Note that the mutual-inductance co-
efficients between the rotor and stator as
obtained in equations 10a, b are no
longer reciprocal because of the presence
been introduced by the definitions 9a, b,
A per-unit system consistent in both
per-unit impedances and per-unit'linkages
and currents will be obtained by convert-
ing the system of ampere-inch equations
represented by equation lOa, b into a cor-
responding per-unit system. The various
quantities will be expressed in terms of
the base values given in Table I.
This paper expresses all the rotor quan-
tities in per unit of the base values of the
field winding and the xth additional rotor
circuit.
Only the first three base quantities in
Table I are thus far specified, since these
are to be taken as the values correspond-
TRANSACTIONS 571
ijug to rated stator kilovolt-amperes and 3 / fda 2 Ltd Rffd fda
3L *fdo Ifd+
voltage. The base rotor quantities can La' . )d (14c) 'fdo 10P4fd+
(
be specified by introducing the following \2 aao
relations between the various base cur- Rfldlcdoi
tfdo
+Rf2d Zdo12d + (18a)
rents and linkages: dfd2d
3 Lxx(l 1XO 2)
klfPa, = l18Lafdlfda ( a) k,d =-
ao~
) (14d) \lid = l0
"'xdo
8p*idRlfd
+ f
*Pxdo
d+

k.-f fdo0= lOLffdlfdo (Ib) R I

Lldd dfdo Id +R2d xdo I2d+ (18b)
kldk6o = I0 Laxdlxdo (I IC) 4ao lfdo 'kdo *xdo
kidi'xdo= 10O8Lxxdlxdo (lId) 2 iaa (15a) LE2d -10-8P'2+ +
a Ifd+
Dividiing the linkage equationis i'd, "fd, #a o Ixd, R21d lxdo R22d 'xdo
*4', '2d, and so forth, by equations 1 la, b, Iid+ I2d+ (18c)>
c, d, respectively, gives the per-unit equa- -ilo
tions of 12a, b, c, d. Introducing equations 15a, b ilnto
Laid Substituting equations l4a, b, c, d inlto equations 18a, b, c will give the per-unit
Pd=*klIffd
+, kidd equations 19a, b, c with the per-unit re-
Laxd lid+ equations
of per-unit12a, b, c, d results
equations c, svstem
of Wa inb,the d with sistances defined by the generalized
kLdLard'2d + i
- (12a) the per-unit impedances given6by the formulas d, and given
of 5a, b, c,voltages with the
Pao d
generalized formulas of la, b, 2a, b, and unit rotor-circuit by per-
the
LfId
'ida 3a, b, c, d. The impedances also mav be generalizedformulas 6a, b. The per-unit
',l = k2f1fd + k2f Lffd -lid
'i + written in terms. of base linkages rather differentialoperatorisgivenbyequation2(E
dfdo than base currents by means of ecluations Efd P'fd+Rffdffd+Rflid + RfidId+
Lj_f2d Ixdo l. 5 XlLafd iao i I'
1a, b. (19a)
ffd Ifda
(12b) V'd = Xafdlfd + XaldI d + =
Eid PJid + Rlfd[fd + R,idIid+ RiidI d+ *

Llfd If d+kdd dd = + Id +.. -Xdi'd (16a) (19b)

id= k.Ld 'ida k2dI+di E2d =P*2d +R2fdlfd+ R2idIid + R22dI2d + -

k.,d L12d Iid +

1.5XlO8Laid iao
I,d
Xf.df2d + * Xfad id (16b)
1 ld d
(19c)
Lxxd 'xdo 4'd=-XifdIfd+Xiid[1d+ P- P= - = (20)
(12c) ~~~~~X12d-[2d+ *. -Xtadid (16c)6@d (t
L2fd 'fda L21d -d = X2fdlfd+X2idlid+
Lxxd Lxxd X22d-2d+- -XYiadid (16d) NorriencIature
1.5X 108La2di iao
k2d L22d [i2d+ - [-d The quadrature-axis equations can be
Lxrd 'xdo obtained from equations 16a, b, c, d bv The quantities given in th& following
(12d) substituting q for d. The foregoing equa- are per-unit values (unless in bold-face

In order that the per-unit equations tions may be reduced to those of Park' type) il a consistent per-unit system with
should retain the physical features of the byb the methods of reference 4. reciprocal mutual impedances. The bold-
face characters used throughout the text
ampere-inch system and not degenerate
into an array of mathematical expressions, Ampere-Inch Rotor-Circuit are defined as given in the following but
the per-unit mutual-inductance coeffi- Voltage Equations areThe
in the "ampere-inch"
ampere-inch system.
system is defined as
cieiits must be made reciprocal. Note the system in which all quantities are ex-
that this is an applied condition which re- Conversion formulas for the rotor-cir- pressed in their physical dimensions, such
moves the nonreciprocity introduced by cuit resistances and voltages are obtained as
the definitions 9a, b. The k quantities from the rotor-circuit voltage equations. such amperes, inches, seconds, Impedances
as R and L must be calculated ini-
accordingly must satisfy the relations These are given in the ampere-inch svs- t iin tthe
tem 1v equation 7 and are converted to tially ampere-inch svstem before a
r. _ ~~~~~.
v
(,iveii bv- equations 13a, b c. in In the
b b,. b equainper-unit value can be obtained.
per-unit foOllowlig section. The rotor circuits are separated into
1. 5 X IO8Lafd iao l)
r __ d Efd-= 1(0 1pad)+RffdId+RfIid + the main field-winding circuits and the
L8d = lOP'd+Rffdlfd+Rf2dId,+ .(1) " additional" rotor circuits. The addi-
1. 5X 10Laxd iao Rf2dIid + (17) tional rotor circuits comprise all the rotor
kid = (13b) ELd,
The equations for E9d, and so forth, circuits except the main field winding.
can be written from equation 17 bv
*k.fLfLffdid 'Idoa
Ifda
d Llfd fdo
LxxdIxdo
(13C) analogy. The quadrature-axis equations
can be obtained from equation 17 by sub-
Subscript Notation

Eliminating between equationsI1

la, h stituting q for d. The subscript notation is as follows:
c, d and 13a, b, c, d results in the following Per-Unit Rotor-Circuit a, b, c =armature phases
exp)licit expressions for the k quantities: VlaeEutosf=field-wiuding circuit
Voltage
Equations ~~~m, n, x = additional rotor circuits
k 3 Latii / 'fda\ ... d, q, 0= direct, quadrature, and "zero" ax:es
2 Laa 13 . (14a) The rotor-circuit voltage equations are o =base quantities
-~iaa/ converted to per-unit equations by divid-
2~ ing the equation for Lfd by "fda, and by The quantities L, R, and X use a triple
3 L 3 /L'ida\
kd2 Laaax ~3
I ~~~~~~~dividing
LId, analogous
and sotheforth, by "'ida.equations for ELd,
The system of subscripts refer to inthewhich
subscript notation circuits first two
the in which
.) (14b) per-unit equations thereby-
obtained is these impedances act, and the third sub-
a/ given by equations 18a, b, c. script locates the (d or q) axis.

.)72) TRANSACTIONS Rankin--Impedances of Synchronous MIachines ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ea, eb, e6 = stator-phase voltages, peak values rI
cao = peak value of rated stator-phase voltage
Efd = field-winding circuit voltage
App ication or v ua lity (ontrol to
End =voltage in nth additional rotor circuit
ia ib, ic
=stator line currents, peak values
iao=peak value of rated stator line current
Resistance W el ing
id, iqo
io=stator current in d, q, and 0 axes,
respectively L. S. HOBSON R. S. INGLIS R. P. McCANTS
'fd, 'f = current in field-winding circuits MEMBER AIEE NONMEMBER AIEE NONMEMBER AIEE
Ifdo = base value of field current
Ind, 'Eq =current in nth additional rotor cir-
cuits Synopsis: This paper describes a system of proper settings of the welding-machiine
I,do =base value of current in additional quality control of resistance welding that controls, must be available to operators
rotor c:rcuits has been used successfully for the past few so that adjustments can be made to secure
L mutual inductance between the circuits ayeadrs quipmenufatndar swtchgealr cuf icles the best possible results for the conditions
specified by the first two subscripts
terial identical with production parts are of each Job. These settings are too im-
portant to be determined by any ap-
Lao = base (stator) inductance =pand welded inserted indisturbing
periodically without
the machine
the welding settings proximate methods. It is, likewise, es-
0-8 a o Xao and then tested to destruction in a torsion sential that the equipment itself and its
=08'Pao device. The diameter, torque, and angle of controls be adequately maintained to in-
lao W twist at failure all are measured and com- sure that, at a given setting, welds of uni-
Lad, Lae = inductance of armature reaction bined into a single figure indicative of weld form qualitv are produced. An adequate
with the stator magnetomotive force in quality. This number is plotted on control supplv of electric power is necessary to
the direct and quadrature axes, respec- charts, and corrective action is taken when- insure consistent performance.
tively ever the control limits are exceeded. By
Ld, Lu, Lo= synchronous inductance; direct, setting these limits well within allowable The quality-control procedure described
quadrature and zero axes, respectively values the quality of production parts is in ths artleile was developed over a cown-
siderable period of time. Thisreport will
d d assured.
p p =differential operator -, respec- give a brief picture of the method and its
dt d(wt) application. The mathematical details
tively UALITY CONTROL of resistance involved in the development of the quality
r =stator resistanceresistaiiceI
perNROL
r stator pertphase phaseailc
welding,
o
in shops handling a large index and statistical-control limits are
Rvariety
R-=mutual resistance between the circuits
specified by the first two subscripts
of work, has been simplv and ef- not intended to be within the scope of this
paper.
X =mutualX=mtuareactance between
rectace etwen the he circuits fectively
ircits testing andaccomplished. The methods Of
control give assurance of uni- ppr
The structural stability of assemblies
specified by the first two subscripts
Xao= basereactance =o aLao
form weld
ual inspection leaves quality
on aconsiderable
process wheretovis-
be
which are made with the use of resistance
welding depends chieflv upon:
Xad, Xaq =reactance of armature reaction desired, making possible the use of resist- 1. The quality of the parts used.
Xd, Xq =synchronous reactance'... 1.Teqaiyothprsued
x2 = negative-sequence reactance ance welding on assemblies where high 2. The quality of the welded section.
xd (p) =operational impedance viewed from quality
must be maintained at all times.
I

stator terminals Standardization of the welding proce- The quality of the parts used is controlled
Oa, Ob anglebetween center-line of direct- dure is essential to the statistical control of easily by usual methods of inspection and
i,(,
=
angle
axis (maini pole)1 andd center
tli the process. Suitable tables, giving
statordietd
line offtt the quality control. Attention, therefore,
nirltoheqaty fteis
phase indicated
phaseindcated by
by subscript
ubscriptPaper 45-98, recommended by the AIEE subcom- directed entirelv the quality
welded joit.Pmalywerener the
to of
4'a, 'lb, 'P = stator phase flux linkages, peak mittee on applications of statistical methods of the ints. Primarily, we are inter-
values Standards committee for publication in AIEE ested in the strength and ductility of the
TRANSACTIONS. Manuscript submitted November welds-the two things which are most dif-
#ao=peak value of rated stator-phase link- 24, 1944; made available for printing March 16.
ages ages 1945.
1945. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ficult
to determine without destruction of
'Pd, 'P- stator linkages in d and q axes, re- L. S. HOBSON is assistant works superintendent, the fabricated parts. We also are inter-
spectively R. S. INGLIS is superintendent of quality control ested in the appearance of the weld, the
spectf=Iivkagely nfield-windingeircuit land inspection, and R. P. McCANTS is welding en- proper dimensions of the welded assem-
*1fd, *fzp2 = linkages in field-winding circuits gineer in the works laboratory, all with General prerd
"'nd, '1'nq= linkages in nth additional rotor Electric Company, Philadelphia, Pa. blies, and the change in dimensions caused
circuits
cw=27r times frequency
Substituting the per-unit formulas given is similarly invariant. The foregoing proof
Appendix. The
L* andx,l under "Results" into equation 21a gives can be extended to include any number of
Appenuix
neXdet~Poa XAP/ Xd(P) in terms of the ampere-inch im- additional rotor circuits.
Functions pedances as in equation 21b.

The Xd(P) function is defined as the opera- xg(p) = ---X

tional impedance as viewed from the stator
terminals. In a general per-unit system, the
Xd (p) of a machine with only one additional
roto cici in the diec axi is as givenby
equation 21a.
Xd(p) =Xd-_
[P2(XlldXa.fdi 2Xf!dXadX)rdI 2 X 2
Ld 1.5
References
Lao Lao
FP2(LlldLafdi22lfdLaldLafd+LffdLaldi) + 1
L jL2 1. TW7O-REACTION THEORY OF SYNCsHRoONUS MA-
P(Lafd Rlla+Lald Rffd)_ CHINES, R. H. Park. AIEE TRANSACTIONS, volume
FP2( LldL,Jfd -lfdi) +R,,dRa 1f8,129dpg+76
L L l dR
PLlldRff f + LffRliX) 2. OPSRATIONAL IMPE:DANCES OF A SYNCHRONOUS
_P f l/ MACHINE, M. L. Waring, S. B. Crary. General
_ X~~~~~~
(21b) Electric Review, volume 35, 1932, page 578.

+XgcjdXa,cd )+PXr RldXIdRn Sinlce equationI 21b is independenlt of any CHDEINE, TIONHPak. Genral Electric Reviewe, volume
p(XlXf- Xhld2) +RlldRf,d+ base-current ratios. d(P), is invariant when 31, 1928, page 332.
p(XldRfd+XxdRld)-volt-amperes
P(XlIR!!dXIIdLld)

(21a)
expressed in per
and unit of the machine kilo-
voltage, and is independ-
ent of the base rotor-circuit currents; Xq (p)
MACHINE, A. W. Rankin. Genera Electri Rei,
4.EUTOSFTHIEAIESYCRNS

volume 47, June 1944.

AUGUST 1945, VOLUME 64 Hobson, Inglis, MeCCants-ResistanCe W4elding TRANSACTIONS 57:3