POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

OPERATION AND CONTROL

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
OPERATION AND CONTROL
Third Edition

Abhijit Chakrabarti
Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering
Bengal Engineering and Science University
Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal

Sunita Halder
Lecturer, Department of Electrical Engineering
Jadavpur University
Kolkata, West Bengal

New Delhi-110001
2010
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OPERATION AND CONTROL, 3rd ed.
Abhijit Chakrabarti and Sunita Halder

© 2010 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-4015-2

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Sixth Printing (Third Edition) … … February, 2010

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Jay Print Pack Private Limited, New Delhi-110015.
 To
Our Spouses
CONTENTS

Preface .............................................................................................................................................. xxiii

Preface to the First Edition .............................................................................................................. xxv

1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1–51

1.1 Structure of a Power System ........................................................................................... 1
1.2 The Necessity of Control of a Power System ................................................................ 3
1.2.1 Control Methods .................................................................................................. 4
1.2.2 Advantages of Computer Control ....................................................................... 5
1.2.3 Types of Computer Control System ................................................................... 5
1.3 Power System Representation .......................................................................................... 6
1.4 Power System at Normal Operating State ...................................................................... 6
1.5 Operating Problems in Power Systems ........................................................................... 7
1.5.1 Loadability of Transmission Lines ..................................................................... 7
1.5.2 Frequency Dynamics of Transmission Line ...................................................... 9
1.5.3 Overload and Frequency Decay Rate ................................................................ 9
1.5.4 Transient Stability Problem .............................................................................. 11
1.5.5 Power Oscillations ............................................................................................. 11
1.5.6 Reactive Power Limitations and Voltage Control Problems ........................... 12
1.6 Security Analysis and Contingency Evaluation ............................................................ 12
1.7 Automatic Control .......................................................................................................... 14
1.7.1 Automatic Load Frequency Control (ALFC) .................................................. 14
1.7.2 Automatic Voltage Control (AVC) ................................................................... 14
1.7.3 Control Components in Power System ............................................................ 15

vii
viii CONTENTS

1.8 Use of Computers and Future Trends ........................................................................... 16

1.9 Application of Computer Methods in Power System Analysis ................................... 17
1.9.1 Gaussian Elimination Method .......................................................................... 17
1.9.2 Kron’s Method of Network Reduction ............................................................ 28
1.9.3 Solution of Differential Equation ..................................................................... 33
1.9.4 Eigenvalues and its Properties .......................................................................... 40
1.9.5 Triangular Factorization .................................................................................... 43
Exercises .................................................................................................................................... 51

2 TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS .............................................................. 52–80

2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 52
2.2 Conductors ...................................................................................................................... 52
2.3 Line Resistance ............................................................................................................... 53
2.4 Skin Effect ...................................................................................................................... 53
2.5 Line Inductance .............................................................................................................. 54
2.6 Inductance of a Conductor ............................................................................................ 54
2.6.1 Inductance of a Conductor due to Internal Flux ............................................ 54
2.6.2 Inductance of a Conductor due to External Flux ........................................... 56
2.7 Inductance of a Single Phase Two-wire Line ............................................................... 57
2.8 Inductance of Composite Conductor Lines ................................................................... 58
2.9 Inductance of Three Phase Lines .................................................................................. 60
2.9.1 Symmetrical Spacing ......................................................................................... 60
2.9.2 Unsymmetrical Spacing and Transposition ...................................................... 61
2.10 Inductance of Double-Circuit Three Phase Lines ........................................................ 62
2.11 Computation of Inductance for Bundled Conductors .................................................. 63
2.12 Potential Difference between Two Points due to a Charge ......................................... 67
2.13 Capacitance of a Two Wire Line (Line Capacitance) .................................................. 68
2.14 Potential Difference between Two Conductor of a Group of Charged Conductor .... 69
2.15 Capacitance of Three Phase Lines ................................................................................ 70
2.16 Charging Current due to Capacitance ........................................................................... 72
2.17 Effect of Earth on the Capacitance of Line ................................................................. 73
2.18 Capacitance of Three Phase Lines with More Than One Circuit ............................... 74
2.18.1 Capacitance of a Three Phase Double Circuit Line with
Symmetrical Spacing ......................................................................................... 74
2.18.2 Capacitance of a Three Phase Double Circuit Line with
Unsymmetrical Spacing (Thoroughly Transposed) ......................................... 74
2.19 Capacitance of Bundled Conductors ............................................................................. 79
Exercises .................................................................................................................................... 80

3 STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION OF

TRANSMISSION LINES .................................................................................... 81–140
3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 81
3.2 Characterisation of a Transmission Line ....................................................................... 81
3.3 Types of Power Transmission Lines .............................................................................. 82
 CONTENTS ix

3.4 Short Transmission Line Model .................................................................................... 83

3.5 Network Constants for Short Line ................................................................................ 83
3.6 Voltage Regulation of a Short Line .............................................................................. 85
3.7 Efficiency of Transmission for a Short Line ................................................................ 85
3.8 Network Constants for Medium Line ........................................................................... 92
3.9 Long Transmission Line Model and Governing Equation ........................................... 99
3.10 Evaluation of ABCD Constants ................................................................................... 101
3.11 Equivalent Circuit of a Long Line .............................................................................. 103
3.12 Ferranti Effect ............................................................................................................... 104
3.13 Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) ................................................................................. 105
3.14 Power Flow in Transmission Line ............................................................................... 105
3.15 Power Circle Diagram .................................................................................................. 107
3.16 Reactive Power and Voltage Control in a Transmission Line ................................... 111
3.17 Reactive Power (VAR) Generators and Load Bus Voltage Compensation ............... 112
3.18 Line Compensation ....................................................................................................... 114
3.19 Shunt Compensation ..................................................................................................... 115
3.20 Series Compensation .................................................................................................... 115
3.21 Shunt and Series Compensation Combined ................................................................ 116
Exercises .................................................................................................................................. 138

4 POWER CABLES ............................................................................................ 141–165

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 141
4.2 Types of Cables ............................................................................................................ 141
4.2.1 Low Tension (LT) Cables ............................................................................... 141
4.2.2 High Tension (HT) Cables .............................................................................. 143
4.2.3 Super Tension (ST) Cables ............................................................................. 143
4.2.4 Extra High Tension (EHT) Cables ................................................................. 144
4.3 General Construction of Cables ................................................................................... 147
4.4 Advantage and Disadvantage of Underground Cables over Overhead
Transmission Line ........................................................................................................ 149
4.5 Insulation Resistance of Power Cables ....................................................................... 149
4.6 Capacitance and Insulation Stress in Cables .............................................................. 151
4.7 Sheathing and Grading in Cables ................................................................................ 153
4.7.1 Use of Intersheaths .......................................................................................... 153
4.7.2 Capacitance Grading ....................................................................................... 156
4.8 Power Factor of Cables ................................................................................................ 159
4.9 Capacitance of a Three Phase Cable ........................................................................... 159
4.10 Heating of Cables ......................................................................................................... 163
4.10.1 Generation of Heat within the Cable ............................................................. 163
4.11 Breakdown of Cables ................................................................................................... 164
4.12 Selection of Cables ....................................................................................................... 165
Exercises .................................................................................................................................. 165
x CONTENTS

5 LINE INSULATORS ......................................................................................... 166–185

5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 166
5.2 Insulator Materials ........................................................................................................ 166
5.2.1 Porcelain .......................................................................................................... 166
5.2.2 Glass ................................................................................................................. 166
5.2.3 Steatite .............................................................................................................. 167
5.2.4 Composite Insulator ........................................................................................ 167
5.3 Types of Insulators ....................................................................................................... 167
5.3.1 Pin Type Insulators .......................................................................................... 167
5.3.2 Suspension Type Insulators ............................................................................. 167
5.3.3 Strain Type Insulators ..................................................................................... 168
5.3.4 Shackle Type Insulators .................................................................................. 168
5.4 Potential Distribution over a String of Suspension Type Insulators ......................... 169
5.5 String Efficiency ........................................................................................................... 170
5.6 Methods of Improving String Efficiency .................................................................... 177
5.6.1 Selection of a .................................................................................................. 177
5.6.2 Grading of Units ............................................................................................. 177
5.6.3 Guard Ring ...................................................................................................... 179
5.7 Insulation Failure .......................................................................................................... 183
5.8 Bushing ......................................................................................................................... 184
5.9 Testing of Insulators ..................................................................................................... 184
5.10 Arcing Horn .................................................................................................................. 184
Exercises .................................................................................................................................. 185

6 MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES .......................................... 186–201

6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 186
6.2 Line Supports ................................................................................................................ 186
6.2.1 Wooden Poles .................................................................................................. 186
6.2.2 Reinforced Concrete Poles .............................................................................. 187
6.2.3 Tubular Steel Poles ......................................................................................... 187
6.2.4 Latticed Steel Towers ...................................................................................... 187
6.3 Conductor Materials ..................................................................................................... 190
6.4 Calculation of Sag ........................................................................................................ 190
6.4.1 Supports at Same Level .................................................................................. 190
6.4.2 Supports at Different Levels ........................................................................... 193
6.5 Stringing Chart ............................................................................................................. 199
Exercises .................................................................................................................................. 201

7 CORONA .......................................................................................................... 202–213

7.1 Mechanism of Corona .................................................................................................. 202
7.2 Concept of Electric Stress for Corona Discharge ...................................................... 202
7.3 Corona Discharge and Critical Voltages ..................................................................... 203
7.4 Power Loss due to Corona .......................................................................................... 205
 CONTENTS xi

7.5 Factors Affecting Corona Loss .................................................................................... 211

7.6 Radio Interference of Corona ...................................................................................... 212
7.7 Methods of Reducing Corona ...................................................................................... 213
Exercises .................................................................................................................................. 213

8 MODELLING OF POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS ................................... 214–240

8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 214
8.2 Modelling of Synchronous Generator (Alternator) .................................................... 215
8.3 Modelling of a Synchronous Generator in a Network .............................................. 218
8.4 Modelling of Generator Components .......................................................................... 219
8.4.1 Governor Modelling ........................................................................................ 219
8.4.2 Turbine Modelling ........................................................................................... 220
8.4.3 Modelling of Exciter ....................................................................................... 222
8.5 Modelling of Regulating Transformers (RT) .............................................................. 224
8.6 Three-Phase Modelling ................................................................................................ 225
8.7 Modelling of Three-phase Single Circuit Transmission Line .................................... 227
8.8 Modelling of Pair of Three-phase Mutually Coupled Transmission Lines ............... 229
8.9 Modelling of a Shunt Capacitor/Inductor ................................................................... 230
8.10 Modelling of a Series Capacitor .................................................................................. 231
8.11 Modelling of Static VAR Compensator (SVC) ........................................................... 231
8.12 Modelling of an Induction Motor ............................................................................... 232
8.13 Power Network Modelling ........................................................................................... 234
8.14 Modelling of Load ....................................................................................................... 235
Exercises .................................................................................................................................. 240

9 POWER NETWORK MATRIX OPERATIONS ................................................ 241–310

9.1 Introduction to [YBus] Formulation .............................................................................. 241
9.2 Nodal Method for Development of [YBus] .................................................................. 241
9.3 Modification of [YBus] due to Inclusion of Regulating Transformer
between Two buses ....................................................................................................... 251
9.4 Formation of [YBus] with Transformer Present in the Line ........................................ 254
9.5 Development of [YBus] Using Singular Transformation ............................................. 267
9.6 Development of [YBus] Matrix Using Coefficient Matrix ........................................... 275
9.6.1 Steps of Algorithm to Develop [YBus] When there is no
Mutual Coupling between Branches (Using Coefficient Matrix) ................. 277
9.7 Formulation of Complete [YBus] for a General Network ........................................... 289
9.8 Modification of [YBus] for Branch Addition/Deletion ................................................. 299
9.8.1 Development of [YBus] by Step by Step [y] Array Formation ...................... 300
9.9 [YBus] Formation with Consideration of Mutually Coupled Lines
Using Step by Step [y] Formation .............................................................................. 302
9.10 Computational Aspects of [YBus] Formation ............................................................... 303
Exercises .................................................................................................................................. 304
Power System Analysis: Operation And
Control

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Author : CHAKRABARTI,
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