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Homework submission
FOUNDATION OF METHEMATICS LECTURE 3 (Please indicate Student name , Student #, Category –ET or ICT)
INDICES / LOGARITHMS
In Class Assignment will be held on 6th of February 2017.
(Numbers and Sets)

Dr. Sanjaya Thilakarathne

Department of Engineering Technology Reports Workshop Technology I - On 9TH AND 10TH , February 2017, have to submit to
Dean Office.

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Objectives Indices / Exponents

Introduction
Indices/ Solving the
logarithms indicial Indices
equations The number 16 is the same as 2×2×2×2, and 2×2×2×2 can be abbreviated to 24.
When written as 24, 2 is called the base and the 4 is called the index or power.
Sometimes we call it an exponent.
Objectives Basic laws of
indices 24 is read as ‘two to the power of four’.
Similarly, 35 is read as ‘three to the power of 5’

When the indices are 2 and 3 they are given special names; i.e. 2 is called ‘squared’
Common and 3 is called ‘cubed’. Thus,
logarithms and 42 is called ‘four squared’ rather than ‘4 to the power of 2’ and
Laws of natural
logarithms logarithms. 53 is called ‘five cubed’ rather than ‘5 to the power of 3’

When no index is shown, the power is 1. For example, 2 means 21.

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Change the following to index form: (a) 32 (b) 625

Evaluate (a) 26 (b) 34
(a) 32
(i) To express 32 in its lowest factors, 32 is initially divided by the lowest prime
(a) 26 means 2×2×2×2×2×2 (i.e. 2 number, i.e. 2.
multiplied by itself 6 times), and (ii) 32÷2 = 16, hence 32 = 2×16.
2×2×2×2×2×2 = 64 (iii) 16 is also divisible by 2, i.e. 16 = 2×8. Thus, 32 = 2×2×8.
i.e. 26 = 64 (iv) 8 is also divisible by 2, i.e. 8 = 2×4. Thus,
32 = 2×2×2×4.
(v) 4 is also divisible by 2, i.e. 4 = 2×2. Thus,
(b) 34 means 3×3×3×3 (i.e. 3 multiplied by 32 = 2×2×2×2×2.
itself 4 times), and 3×3×3×3= 81 (vi) Thus, 32 = 25
i.e. 34 = 81
(b) 625 ………..?????

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Square roots
When a number is multiplied by itself the product is called a square.
For example, the square of 3 is 3×3 = 32 = 9.
A square root is the reverse process; i.e., the value of the base which when
multiplied by itself gives the number;
i.e., the square root of 9 is 3.

The square root of, 9 may also be written in index form as 91/2

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The second law of indices

Laws of indices Demonstrates that when dividing two numbers having the same base, the index in
the denominator is subtracted from the index in the numerator.
There are six laws of indices.
The first law of indices
Demonstrates that when multiplying two or more numbers having the same base,
the indices are added.
Take the example 22 ×23

The third law of indices

Demonstrates that when a number which is raised to a power is raised to a further
power, the indices are multiplied.

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The fourth law of indices

Simplify the exponential expression
States that when a number has an index of 0, its value is 1.

The fifth law of indices  3xy  2 3

Demonstrates that a number raised to a negative power is the reciprocal of that

number raised to a positive power. (a) 27 x 3 y 6
(b) 27 x 3 y 6

The sixth law of indices, (c) 9 xy 6

Demonstrates that when a number is raised to a fractional power the denominator of (d) 9 x3 y 6
the fraction is the root of the number and the numerator is the power.

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Simplify the exponential expression Perform the indicated operation and write your answer in scientific notation.

2 4,640,000,000
 30 x 5 y 3  232,000
 2 4 
 15 x y 
(a) 4 x 6 y14 (a) .2  103
6 7
(b) 4x y (b) 2 1014
6 14
(c) 4x y (c) 2 10 4
(d) 2 x y 3 7
(d) 2 10 45

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Example
Example

In 2016, SL government proposed a 700 billion dollar bailout (7 x 1011) of the SL

Perform the indicated operations and write your answer in scientific notation. banking system. If there are 21 million people in the SL, what will be the cost per
person in tax dollars if every person paid an equal amount of this bailout cost?

 7.3 10 8.0 10 

6 8

4.8 107
3.0 103

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Example LOGARITHMS (Logs)

Simplify:
Where Did Logs Come From?
48 x 5 y 3 z 2
b   3x 4 
4 3
 7 x  9 x 
5 3
16 x 2 y 5 2 5
• The invention of logs in the early 1600s fueled the scientific revolution. Back
then scientists, astronomers especially, used to spend huge amounts of time
 5 x y  4 x y  65 z 0
 3 
3 5 2 2 2 crunching numbers on paper.
3x 2 y 4 2
 x4  • By cutting the time they spent doing arithmetic, logarithms effectively gave
 2  65  3
7
them a longer productive life.

y 
5
44 4
y 
 2 
3

x 7 x 7 1 3
• Logarithms were originally developed to simplify complex arithmetic
calculations. They were designed to transform multiplicative processes into
 5x  2
 6x y 
2
8 x 4 y3 2
3 additive ones.
(5) 7 2  3 
2 x  y 
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If at first this seems like no big deal, Our first question then
then try multiplying must be:
2,234,459,912 and 3,456,234,459.

Without a calculator ! What is a logarithm ?

Of course logarithms have
Clearly, it is a lot easier to add these two numbers.
a precise mathematical
Today of course we have calculators and scientific notation to deal with definition just like all terms in
such large numbers. mathematics. So let’s
start with that.
So at first glance, it would seem that logarithms have become obsolete.
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Definition of Logarithm There are still good reasons for studying them.

Suppose b>0 and b≠1, ■ To model many natural processes, particularly in living
there is a number ‘p’ systems. We perceive loudness of sound as the
such that: logarithm of the actual sound intensity, and dB
(decibels) are a logarithmic scale.
logb n  p if and only if b  n
p

We read this as: ”the log base b of n is equal to p”. ■ To measure the pH or acidity of a chemical solution.
In general, if a number y can be written in the form ax , then the index x is called the
‘logarithm of y to the base of a’, i.e. ■ To measure earthquake intensity on the Richter scale.

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How they are developed…?

■ In the mathematical operation of addition we take two numbers and join them to
More on development
create a third 4 + 4 = 8
■ We can repeat this operation: 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 ■ The exponential function y = 2x is shown in this graph:
■ Multiplication is the mathematical operation that extends this: 3 • 4 = 12
■ In the same way, we can repeat multiplication: 3 • 3 • 3 = 27
■ The extension of multiplication is exponentiation: 3 • 3 • 3 = 27 = 33
Now consider that we have a number and we want to know how many 2's must be
multiplied together to get that number.
■ For example, given that we are using `2' as the base, how many 2's must be
multiplied together to get 32? That is, we want to solve this equation: 2B = 32
■ Of course, 25 = 32, so B = 5. To be able to get a hold of this, mathematicians
made up a new function called the logarithm: log2 32 = 5

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Example 1:
Logarithms

Common logarithms Natural logarithms Write 23  8 in logarithmic form.

Solution: log2 8  3

We read this as: ”the log

base 2 of 8 is equal to 3”.
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Example 2:
Exercises
1. Write 72  49 in logarithmic form.
1
Write 2 3  in logarithmic form.
8
2. Write 5  1 in logarithmic form.
0

1
Solution: log2 3
8
1 1

2
Read as: "the log base 2 of is equal to -3". 3. Write 10 in logarithmic form.
8 100

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Here are some worked problems to help understanding of logarithms.

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Logarithm Rules
These rules are important. You need to master them before you try to solve logarithmic
equations. Apply them to the problems on the next 5 slides to see if you understand.

■ ln A×B = ln A + ln B

■ loga x×y = loga x + loga y

■ ln x/y = ln x - ln y

■ loga x/y = loga x - loga y

■ ln xb = b × ln x

■ loga xb = b × loga x

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Some important instructions to remember

Loga1=0 a0=1

a1=a
log a a  1

1
log a n x  log a x1 n  log a x
n
1
log a    log a x 1   log a x
 x

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Indicial equations
The laws of logarithms may be used to solve certain equations involving powers,
called indicial equations.

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Graphs of logarithmic functions In general, with a logarithm to any A graph of y = loge x is shown in in following figure.
In general, with a logarithm to any
base, a, it is noted that
A graph of y = log10 x is shown in following figure. base, a, it is noted that

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Homework
Practice Exercise 31 Further problems on indices (answers on page
342)

Practice Exercise 59 Laws of logarithms (answers on page 346)

Practice Exercise 60 Laws of logarithms (answers on page 346)

Practice Exercise 61 Indicial equations (answers on page 346)

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