Computer and Application

BASICS OF COMPUTERS
&
APPLICATIONS
1
BY- MANISH KUMAR GUPTA
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Basics of Computers and Applications:
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SYLLABUS:-
 Architecture of Computers
Input and Output devices
Storage devices
Networking
Operating System like Windows, Unix,Linux;
MS Office
Various data representation
Internet and Email
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Computer Virus
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BASICS OF COMPUTER
Generally, computer is the combination of hardware SIRJEE CLASSES
and software which converts data into information.

Computer operates on a set of instructions only, they
cannot think as human being.
Functioning of a computer system
Computer is responsible for performing Four basic
functions.
1. Input- information or data that is entered into
the computer is called input.
2. processing-it is the sequence of actions taken

on data to convert it into information
which is meaningful to the user.
3. Output- it makes process data available to the

user. 3
4. Storage- it stores data and programs
permanently.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE (Von neumann)
Computer Architecture deals with the functional behaviour of a SIRJEE CLASSES
computer system as viewed by a programmer.
It can also be described as the logical structure of the system unit

that housed electronic components.
Components of a computer
A computer consists of three main components:-
(i) Input/Output (I/O) Unit.
(ii) Central Processing Unit (CPU).
(iii) Memory Unit.
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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
1. Input unit SIRJEE CLASSES
the computer accepts coded information through

input unit by the user.
It is a device that is used to give required information

to the computer.
Ex- keyboard, mouse
Output unit
The output unit sends the processed results to

the user.
It is mainly used to display the desired result to

the user as per input instruction.
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Ex- video monitor, printer.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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The central processing unit consits of set of registers, arithmetic

and control circuits, which together interpret and execute
instructions in assembly language.
The primary functions of the CPU are:-
1. The CPU transfers instructions and input

data from main memory to registers.
e.g, internal memory.
2. The CPU executes the instructions in

the stored sequence.
3. When necessary, CPU transfer output data

from registers to main memory.
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Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) SIRJEE CLASSES
The arthematic logic unit contains the

electronic circuitry that executes all arithmetic
and logical operations on the available data.
It is used to perform all arithmetic calculation

(addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division) and logical calculation(AND, OR, etc)
ALU uses registers to hold the data that is being

processed.
Logical unit performs comparison of numbers,

Letters and special characters.
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REGISTER
Registers are special purpose and high speed

SIRJEE CLASSES
temporary memory units.
Essentially, they hold the information that the

CPU is currently working on.
Registers store data, instructions, address and

intermediate results of processing.
The number and sizes of Register vary from
processor to processor.
CONTROL UNIT
It coordinates with the input and output devices of a computer.
It direct the computer to carry out stored programs and instructions

by communicating with the ALU and the registers.
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It organises the processing of data and instructions.

BUSES OF COMPUTER SIRJEE CLASSES
1. INTERNAL BUS
2. EXTERNAL BUS
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SIRJEE CLASSES
INTERNAL BUS
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INTERNAL BUS OF COMPUTER
ADDRESS BUS SIRJEE CLASSES
It is a group of conducting wires which carries address only.

Address bus is unidirectional because data flow in one direction,
from microprocessor to memory or from microprocessor to
Input/output devices (That is, Out of Microprocessor).
DATA BUS
It is a group of conducting wires which carries Data only.
Data bus is bidirectional because data flow in both directions,
from microprocessor to memory or Input/Output devices and
from memory or Input/Output devices to microprocessor.
CONTROL BUS
It is a group of conducting wires, which is used to generate timing

and control signals to control all the associated peripherals,
microprocessor uses control bus to process data, that is what to do 12
with selected memory location.

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EXTERNAL BUS OF COMPUTER
An external bus is a type of data bus that

enables external devices and components to
connect with a computer.
 It enables connecting devices, carrying data and

other control information, but is only restricted to
be used external to thecomputer system.
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MEMORY UNIT
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IMPORTANT C0MPUTER ARCHITECTURE UNIT-1
QUESTION SIRJEE CLASSES
(PREV. RRB JE 2015 QUESTION)
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1.
2. Ans-2
3.
4.
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Note:-
ENIAC- First electronic digital computer
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Ans-3
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INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES
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The computer is a very versatile machine. It can easily

process different types of data. To work with these data, we
require different types of devices. These devices can help us
enter data into the computer.
An input device sends information to a computer system for

processing, and an output device reproduces or displays the
results of that processing.
Input devices only allow for input of data to a computer

and output devices only receive the outputof data from
another device.
The I/O devices are attached, externally to the computer

machine and are also called peripheral device. 35
INPUT DEVICES
An input device is an electro-mechanical device that allows the user SIRJEE CLASSES
to feed data into the computer for analysis and storagre and to give
commands to the computer.
The data is entered into the main-memory through the input devices.
Ex- Keyboard, Mouse

Audio conversion device
Barcode reader Microphone
Biometrics (e.g., fingerprint scanner). MICR
Business card reader Mouse, touchpad, or other pointing
Digital camera and digital camcorder. devices.
Finger (with touch screen or Windows OMR (optical mark reader)
Touch). Scanner
Gamepad, joystick, paddle, steering wheel, Sensors
Graphics tablet Touch screen
Keyboard Voice
Light pen Video capture device 36
Medical imaging devices (e.g., X-ray, CAT Webcam
scan, and ultrasound images).
KEYBOARD
Types of keys on keyboard SIRJEE CLASSES
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KEYBOARD
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NAVIGATION KEY
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KEYBOARD
Function key of keyboard SIRJEE CLASSES
Below are some common uses for function keys in Windows:
F1 - Display help screen.
F2 - Highlight file or folder for renaming.
F3 - Open search tool.
Alt+F4 - Close the current window.
F5 - Refresh the contents of a window or webpage.
F6- Move cursor.
F7- Spell & grammar check.
F10 – Active menu bar. 39

F12 – Save as
POINTING INPUT DEVICES
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Pointing device
A pointing device is used to communicate with the computer by
pointing to the locations on the monitor.
Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by

movement of the pointer.
Example:-
MOUSE
TRACK BALL
JOYSTICK
LIGHT PEN
TOUCH SCREEN 40
Mouse
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Mouse is a small handheld device having two or three buttons on

its upper side and also has a small wheel between the buttons.
It is a pointing device which provides a means to input data and

commands in graphic form by selecting through moving an arrow
called pointer on monitor.
There are four action of mouse:-
Click -it selects an item on the screen.

Double click- it is used to open a document or program.
Right click- displays a list of commands on the screen.
Drag and drop- it is used to move an item on the screen.
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POINTING INPUT DEVICES
Trackball Joystick SIRJEE CLASSES
Trackball is another pointing device it is a device that moves in all

which is an alternative to a mouse. directions and controls the movement
of the cursor.
It is also used to control cursor
movements and the action on a Joystick are used in flight simulators,
computer screen. CAD/CAM system etc.
It is generally built in laptop, since JoyStick in similar to a mouse except

there is no space for the mouse to that the movement of the cursor on
move on the laptop. screen stops working as soon as user
stop moving the mouse.
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OTHER IMPORTANT INPUT DEVICES
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Barcode reader
Optical mark reader (OMR)
It is an input device used for reading
printed bar codes (universal product OMR is the process of detecting
code) available on product to be sold. the presence of intended mark
responses.
OMR is mainly used to detect

marks on a paper.
It uses a beam of light that is

reflected on the paper with marks,
to capture presence and absence
of data.
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Magnetic ink character recognition(MICR)
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MICR reads the character by examining their shapes in a matrix

form and the information is then passed on to the computer.
The characters are printed using a special ink, which contains
iron particles that can be magnetized.
It is generally used in banks to process the cheques for

recognising the magnetic encoding numbers printed at the
bottom of a cheque.
Ans c
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Output devices
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An output device is a computer hardware equipment used

to communicate the results of data processing carried out
by an information processing to the outside world.
Examples of output devices are:-
Printer (dot matrix printer, inkjet

3D Printer
printer, and laser printer).
Braille embosser
Braille reader
Projector
Flat panel
Sound card
GPS
Speakers
Headphones
SGD (Speech-generating device)
Monitor
TV 45
Plotter
Video card
IMPORTANT OUTPUT DEVICES
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Monitor
Monitor is also known by visual
display unit(VDU).
The monitor is provided along

with the computer to view the
display result.
CRT LED
Like most early TVs, the first computer monitors were comprised
of a CRT (cathode ray tube) and a fluorescent screen.
Today, all monitors are created using flat panel display technology, 46
usually backlit with LEDs.
PRINTER
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A printer is an external hardware output Printer types:-

device that takes the electronic data
stored on a computer or other device and 1.Impact printer
generates a hard copy of it.
1. Dot-Matrix Printers
Printers are one of the most popular 2.Daisy-wheel printers
computer peripherals and are commonly 3.Line printers
used to print text and photos. 4.Drum printer
Printer speed 5. Chain/Band printer
The speed of a printer is measured in 2.Non-impact printers

character per second(CPS), lines per
minute(LPM) and page per minute 1.Ink-jet printers
(PPM). 2.Laser printers
3.Thermal printer
Faster the printing, the more 47
expensive the printer. Note:- print quality is measured in dots
per inch (DPI).
Impact printers SIRJEE CLASSES
2. Daisy wheel printer

This type of printer strikes paper and
Ribbon together to form a character, In Daisy-wheel printers
like a typewriter. characters are fully formed on
the petals, like typewriter keys.
Impact Printer can print a character
or an entire line at a time. Daisy wheel printers produce
high resolution output and are
Types of impact printer more reliable than Dot Matrix.
1. Dot Matrix printer 3. Line printer
Its forms character using rows of pins It is a High speed printer capable
which impact the Ribbon on top of the of printing an entire line of text
paper therefore also called pin printers. at once instead of one or more
characters at a time.
Dot Matrix printer print One character at 48
a time in the form of dots. 4. Drum printer
Non impact printers SIRJEE CLASSES
A non impact printers use electrostatic

Chemicals and ink-jet Technologies.
2. Laser printer
they do not hit or impact a Ribbon to
print. Laser printer provides the
It can produce high quality graphics and highest quality text and
often a wide variety of fonts than impact images for personal computer.
printers.
They can print in different
fonts that is, type styles and
Types of non impact printers.
sizes.
1. Inkjet printer
And inkjet printer is a printer that 3. Thermal printer

places extremely small droplets of 4. Electrostatic printer
ink onto the paper to create an
image. 49
I/O PORTS
Input output ports SIRJEE CLASSES
The peripheral devices can be connected to computer in several

ways. Input output ports are external interfaces that are used to
connect input and output devices like printer, modem and joystick
to computer.
The input output devices are connected to the computer through

the serial and parallel ports, universal serial bus USB firewire
ports.
I/O Ports are:-
1. (USB) universal serial bus
It is a common and popular external port available with

computers.
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USB also has play and plug features, which allows
devices ready to be run.
I/O PORTS
2. Parallel port SIRJEE CLASSES
A parallel port is an interface for connecting 8 or more

data wires.
The data flows through the eight wires simultaneously.
3. Serial port
Serial port transmits one bit of data through a single wire.

Serial ports provide Slow speed transmission of data.
4. Firewire
It is used to connect audio and video multimedia devices

like video camera. 51
ALL IMPORTANT I/O DEVICES QUESTIONS ( UNIT:-2 )
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PREV. RRB JE 2015 QUESTION
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Storage Devices/computer memory
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A storage device is used in the computers to store the data.
The computer memory is one of the most inportant elements in

a computer system.
It stores data and instructions required during the processing

of data and output results.
Storage devices are available in different

form factors depending on the type of
underlying device.
For example, a standard computer has

multiple storage devices including RAM,
cache, and hard disk, as well as possibly
having optical disk drives and externally 69
connected USB drives.

Memory Hierarchy
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The memory is characterised on the basis of

two key factors:-
1.Capacity
2. access time
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Accessibility
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•It Refers to reading or writing data

records.
•Two types of accessibility:
Random access
Sequential access
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Types of storage/memory devices
1. Primary memory or main memory SIRJEE CLASSES
2. Secondary memory or auxilary memory
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Memory Access Methods
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Each memory type, is a collection of numerous memory locations.

To access data from any memory, first it must be located and then the
data is read from the memory location. Following are the methods to
access information from memory locations:
Random Access: Main memories are random access memories, in

which each memory location has a unique address. Using this unique
address any memory location can be reached in the same amount of
time in any order.
(Ex- DRAM, SDRAM, VRAM)
Sequential Access: This methods allows memory access in a sequence

or in order.
(Ex- magnetic tapes)
Direct Access: In this mode, information is stored in tracks, with each

track having a separate read/write head.
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Ex- (PCI controller, hard drive controller)
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1. Primary memory or main memory
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The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is

called main memory.
They are volatile in nature, i.e. when power is off contents of these
memory are lost forever.
Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to the central

processing unit via a memory bus.
•The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes

them as required.
•Example:
–RAM
–ROM 75
–Cache
1. RAM (volatile memory)
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It is called Random Access Memory because any of the data in

RAM can be accessed just as fast as any of the other data.
There are two types of RAM:
1. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
2. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
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2. ROM (non-volatile memory)
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•This memory is used as the computer begins to boot up.
•Small programs called firmware are often stored in

ROM chips on hardware devices (like a BIOS chip), and
they contain instructions the computer can use in
performing some of the most basic operations required
to operate hardware devices.
•ROM memory cannot be easily or quickly overwritten

or modified.
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3. Cache memory
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•Cache is a high-speed access area that can be either

a reserved section of main memory or a storage
device.
Cache memory is a storage buffer that stores the data

that is used more often, temporarily and makes them
available to CPU at a faster rate.
Cache memory is very high speed memory placed in

between RAM and CPU. It is also randomly accssesed.
Generally cache memory are available in sizes 256 KB

to 2 MB.
•Most computers today come with L3 cache or L2

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cache, while older computers include donly L1 cache.
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SECONDARY MEMORY
(Auxiliary memory/storage devices)
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The secondary memory stores much larger

amounts of data and information for extended
periods of time.
Data in secondary memory cannot be processed

directly by the CPU, it must first be copied into
primary storage i.e. RAM.
Secondary memory devices include:-
Magnetic disks optical disks solid state

disks
Hard disks drive
Floppy disk CD
Memory stick DVD Pen/Flash Drive
Blue-ray disks 81
Magnetic disk
1. Hard disk
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The hard disk drive is the main and usually

largest, data storage device in a computer.
Theharddiskdriveisthemain,andusu
It is used for storing & retrieving data using
allylargest,datastoragedeviceinaco
rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic
mputer.
material
Internal Hard disk
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External Hard disk

Magnetic disk
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2. FloppyDisk
•A soft magnetic disk.
•Floppy disks are portable.
•Floppy disks are slower to access

than hard disks and have less storage
capacity,but they are much less
expensive.
•Can store data upto 1.44MB.

5 ¼ inch Floppy Disk 3 ½ inch Floppy Disk
•Two common sizes: 5¼” and 3½”.

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2. Optical disks
Optical disc is any storage media that holds content in digital SIRJEE CLASSES
format and is read using a laser assembly is considered optical

media.
The most common types of optical media
are:-
CompactDisc (CD)
Digital Versatile Disc
(DVD)
Blu-ray(BD)
CompactDisc (CD) types:-
CD-ROM
CD-R
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CD-RW
3. Solid/state offline storage device
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 It is a computer data storage on a medium or a device that is

not under the control of a processing unit.
 It must be inserted or connected by a human operator before a

computer can access it again.
USB Flash Drive

Examples:
•A small, portable flash memory card
–USB Flash
that plugs into a computer’s USB port
or
and functions as a portable hard drive.
pen drive
•Flash drives are available in sizes such
–Memory card
as 256 MB, 512MB, 1GB, 5GB, and 16 GB
and are an easy way to transfer and store
information. 85
Memory Card
SIRJEE CLASSES
•An electronic flash memory storage disk

commonly used in consumer electronic
devices such as digital cameras, MP3
players, mobile phones, and other small
portable devices.
•Memory cards are usually read by

connecting the device containing the card
to your computer, or by using a USB card
reader
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Magnetic tape
SIRJEE CLASSES
Magnetic tape data storage is a system for

storing digital information on magnetic
tape using digital recording.
Modern magnetic tape is most commonly

packaged in cartridges and cassettes.
The device that performs writing or

reading of data is a tape drive.
Magnetic tape hold the maximum data,

which can be accessed sequentially.
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Comparison of secondary memory
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Secondary Memory Device and their

Storage method and capacity
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Other Example of Storage Devices Ex- SIRJEE CLASSES
Cloud Storage
•Cloud storage means“ the storage of data

online in the cloud, "wherein a data is
stored in and accessible from multiple
distributed and connected resources that
comprise a cloud.
Cloud storage can provide the benefits of:
 greater accessibility and reliability;

rapid deployment;
strong protection for data backup,
archival and disaster recovery purposes.
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Virtual memory
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The technique that extends storage

capacities of main memory beyond the
actual size of the main memory is called
virtual memory.
virtual memory is a memory management

capability of an operating system (OS) that
uses hardware and software to allow a
computer to compensate for physical
memory shortages by temporarily
transferring data from random access
memory (RAM) to disk storage.
Buffer
Buffer is a temporary physical storage used to hold
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data during execution of process from one place to
another.
Virtual memory
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DESTRUCTIVE & NON-DESTRUCTIVE READ-OUT
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Destructive readout
When data is read from memory, the stored data is extracted

(removed) from memory and in the process the data is erased in the
source. Because the data is lost, the process is referred to as
destructive readout. If it is desired to restore the same data at the
same storage location, the word must be re-written after reading.
Read/write memory such as a main memory is an example of
destructive readout.
Non-destructive readout
If the data in a memory is not destroyed in the reading process, the

system has non-destructive readout. This means the data can be
read over and over again without being re-written. A flip-flop is an
example of non destructive readout..
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DESTRUCTIVE & NON-DESTRUCTIVE READ-OUT
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Memory measurement
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Memory measurement
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STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
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(RRB JE PREVIOUS 2015 QUESTIONS)
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NETWORKING/COMPUTER NETWORK
Computer network SIRJEE CLASSES
Computer network is a collection of two or more

computers, which are connected together to
share information and resources.
It is a combination of hardware and software

that allows communication between computers
over a network. The computers may be
connected through any data communication
link, like wires, cables, satellite links and other
communication media.
ARPANET stands for advanced research project

agency network.
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It was the first network developed by Robert
kahn and Vinton cart in 1969.
NETWORKING/COMPUTER NETWORK
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Network topology
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The term topology refers to the way a

network is laid out, either physically or
logically.
Topology can be referred as a geometric

arrangement of computer system.
Each computer system in topology is known

as node.
Network topologies are:-
1.BUS topology
2. RING/CIRCULAR topology
3. STAR topology 117
4. MESH topology
1. BUS TOPOLOGY
SIRJEE CLASSES
A bus topology is such that there is a single line to which all nodes
are connected.
It is usually used when a network installation is small, simple or

temporary.
In bus topology, all the network components are connected with a

same line.
Ethernet is commonly well known Protocol in networks

connected by bus topology.
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1. BUS TOPOLOGY
Advantages of bus topology SIRJEE CLASSES
1. All the nodes are connected directly,

So very short cable length is required.
2. The cabling cost of bus topology is less

and requires the least amount of cable to
connect computers.
Disadvantages of bus topology
1. Diagnosis of fault is difficult. It is difficult to find

the problem, if any of the node is facing problem
in data communication.
2. The entire network shuts down if there is an error 119

occurs in the main cable.
2. RING/CIRCULAR TOPOLOGY
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Ring topology is used in high- Advantage of ring or circular

performance networks where topology
large bandwidth is necessary.
1. Short Cable length is required.
Protocols used to implement ring 2. Suitable for optical fibre as data
topology are token ring and fibre flow in one direction.
Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).
Disadvantages of ring or circular
topology
1. Fault diagnosis is very difficult in

a network formed using ring
topology.
2. Failure of single computer affects

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the whole network.
3. STAR TOPOLOGY
In Star topology, the pheripheral nodes SIRJEE CLASSES
are connected to a central node, which

rebroadcast all transmissions received
from any peripheral node to all peripheral
nodes across the network, including the
originating node.
The protocols used in Star topology are

Ethernet, token ring and local talk. Advantages of star topology
Disadvantages of star topology 1. Installation of star topology is very

easy as all the nodes are directly
connected to the central node or
1. Requires more cable length
server.
than bus topology.
2. Easy to detect faults and remove it.
2. If HUB or server fails, the
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entire network will be 3. Failure of single system will not
disabled. bring down the entire network.
4. MESH TOPOLOGY
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In this topology every node has a dedicated

point to point link to every other node.
It provides a bi-directional link between

each possible node.
Mesh topology is robust because the failure

of any one computer does not bring down
the entire network. Advantage of mesh topology
1. Excellent for long distance

Disadvantage of mesh topology networking.
1. Long Wire or cable length, hence 2. Communication possible

increase in the cost of installation through the alternate route,
and maintenance. if one path is busy. 122
NETWORK DESIGNING
There are mainly two models of computer networking:- SIRJEE CLASSES
1. Client-server model.
2. Peer-to-peer model.
1. Client-server model
The model of interaction between two

application programs in which a program
at one end (client) request a service from a
program at the other end (server).
It is a network architecture which separate

the client from the server.
Here client act as a active device and
server behaves as passively. 123
2. PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK
SIRJEE CLASSES
It is also known as P2P network.
This computer network relies on computing

power at the edges of a connection rather
than in the network itself.
It is used for sharing content like audio,

video, data or anything in digital format.
In P2P connection, a couple of computers is

connected through a Universal serial bus to
transfer files.
In peer-to-peer networking, each or every

computer may be worked as a server or
124
client.
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
SIRJEE CLASSES
On the basis of geogrophical area connection, computer

network are:-
1. PAN 2. LAN
3. CAN 4. MAN
5. WAN
1. Personal area network (PAN)
PAN refers to a small network of

communication. these are used in few
Limited range, which is in reachability
of individual person.
Ex- bluetooth, wireless USB, Zig Bee.

125
 10 metre distance area.
2. LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
SIRJEE CLASSES
Local area network (LAN)
It is a small and single-site network.
A LAN connect network devices over

relatively short distance.
It is a system in which computers are

interconnected in the geographical areas
such as home, office, buildings, school
may be within a building to 1 kilometre.
Ehernet:- a system of connecting a number of system to form a LAN.

IEEE 802.3 :- A type of ethernet standard. 126
Wi-fi (wireless fidelity) is an example.

3. CAN (campus area network)
Network area within a campus SIRJEE CLASSES
all are connected together.
Network may be upto 2-3 km.
4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
It is a Data network design for a town or city.
It connects an area larger than a LAN, but

smaller than a WAN, such as a city, with
dedicated or high performance hardware.
Its main purpose is to share hardware and

software resources by the various users.
127
Cable TV network is an example of Metropolitan
Area Network.
5. WAN (wide area network)
A WAN is a geographically dispersed collection

SIRJEE CLASSES
of LANs. A WAN like the internet spans most of

the world.
Network device called a router connects LANs

to WAN.
128
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
SIRJEE CLASSES
Signal is transmitted through the media.
129
OSI MODEL/LAYER
It is a layered Framework for the design of network system SIRJEE CLASSES
that allows communication between all types of computer

system.
It Consists of seven layers across a network as shown in the

table.
130
FUNCTION OF EACH LAYER
SIRJEE CLASSES
GATEWAY
GATEWAY
GATEWAY
GATEWAY
ROUTER
SWITCH,
BRIDGE
131
HUB,
REPEATER
NETWORK DEVICES
Network devices are required to 1. Repeater SIRJEE CLASSES
amplify the signal, to restore the

original strength of signal and to Repeater is device that operates
provide an interface to connect only on the physical layer of OSI
multiple computers in a network. model.
Network devices are:- Repeaters have two ports and can

connect two segments of a LAN.
1. Repeater
2. Hub It amplifies the weak signals when
3. Gateway they are transported over long
4. Switch distance so that the signal can be as
5. Bridge strong as original signal.
6. Router
7. Modem
8. RJ11 connector 132
9. Ethernet card
2. HUB
Hub is like a repeater with multiple ports used to SIRJEE CLASSES
connect the network channels. It acts as a centralised

connection to several computers with the central
node or server.
3. GATEWAY
A Gateway is an interconnecting device, which
joins two different network protocols together.
They are also known as protocol converters. It

accepts packets formatted for one protocol and
converts the formatted packet into another
protocol.
The Gateway is a node in a network which serves

as a proxy server and a Firewall system and
133
prevents the un-authorised access.
NETWORK DEVICES
4. Switch SIRJEE CLASSES
It is a small hardware device that joins

multiple computers together within one LAN.
Switches work on the data link layer of the

OSI model. It helps to reduce overall network
traffic.
5. Bridge
Bridges serve a similar function as switches.
Bridge filters data traffic at a network

boundary.
Bridges reduce the amount of traffic on a LAN

134
by dividing it into two segments.
6. Router
SIRJEE CLASSES
Router is a hardware device which is designed to

take incoming packets, analyse the packet, moving
the packets to another network, converting the
packets to another network interface, dropping
the packets, directing packets to the appropriate
location.
7. Modem
Modem is a device that converts digital signal to

analog signal (modulator) at the sender site and
converts back analog signal to digital signal
(demodulator) at the receiver’s end, in order to
make communication possible through telephone
lines.
135
NETWORK DEVICES
8. RJ11 connector SIRJEE CLASSES
Rj11 connector is the typical connector used

on two pair, four wire handset wiring.
RJ means registered Jack, the physical

connector interface that is most often utilised
for handset wire terminals.
9. Ethernet card
An Ethernet card is a kind of network adaptor.
These adapters support the Ethernet standard

for high-speed network connections through
cables.
136
Ethernet cards are sometimes known as network
interface cards (NICs).
Benefits of networking
SIRJEE CLASSES
Computer network is very useful in modern environment.
Some of the benefits of network are-
1. File sharing- networking of computers helps the users to share

data files.
2. Hardware sharing- users can share devices such as printers,

scanners, CD ROM drives, hard drives.
3. Application sharing- applications can be shared over the network and

this allows implementation of client/ server
applications.
4. User communication-This allows users to communicate using email,

newsgroups, video conferencing within the 137
network.
(ALL IMPORTANT NETWORKING QUESTIONS)
(RRB JE PREVIOUS 2015 QUESTIONS) SIRJEE CLASSES
138
139
140
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-2
Ans-1
141
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-3 142
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-1
143
Ans-1
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-1
144
Ans-1
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
145
Ans-1
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-1
Ans-3 146
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-1
Ans-3 147
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-1
148
Ans-4
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
149
Ans-1
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
SIRJEE CLASSES
Computer software, or simply software, is a

collection of data or computer instructions
that tell the computer how to work and what
to work.
Software is a interface between user and

computer.
It is responsible for controlling, integrating

and managing the hardware components of a
computer system.
Software cant be touched or feel but it is

effected by virus. 150
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
SIRJEE CLASSES
Software can be divided into two major

categories.
1. System Software.
2. Application Software.
151
System Software
SIRJEE CLASSES
System software consists of several programs, which are

directly responsible for controlling, integrating and
managing the individual hardware components of a
computer system.
It also provides the interface between the user and

component of the computer.
The purpose of system software is to insulate the

applications programmer as much as possible from the
detail of the particular complex computer being used.
Depending on the functionality, the system software can

be further divided into two major categories; system
management program and developing software. 152
Types of system software
SIRJEE CLASSES
Depending on the functionality, the system software can be

further divided into two major categories;
1. system management program

2. developing software.
1. System Management Program:
It includes an integrated system of programs, which manages the

operations of the processor, controls input/output, manages storage
resources and provides various support services. Some common examples
of system management programs are:
1. operating system (MS-DOS, windows XP/2000/98, UNIX, LINUX)

2. device driver ( printer software, pen tablet software).
3. system utilities. 153
Types of system software
SIRJEE CLASSES
2. Developing Software
It is a software which provides service required for the

development and execution of application software.
They are:-
1. The programming languages

2. language translator
3. loader
4. Linker
These are required for the application software

development. 154
1.Programming Languages
SIRJEE CLASSES
A programming language is a primary interface of a programmer with a

computer. A programming language is an artificial language to express
computation that can be performed by a computer.
Programming languages are divided into two categories:-
1. Low Level Language (LLL).

2. High Level Language (HLL).
1.Low Level Language (LLL)
1. Machine Language: It is sometimes, referred to as machine code

or object code. It is a collection of binary digits or bits that
computer reads and interprets.
2. Assembly Language: It is used to interface with computer 155

hardware. It uses English –like representation to write a program.
2. High Level Language (HLL)
SIRJEE CLASSES
It is machine independent language and uses translator. It is also

called source code. Some commonly used high level languages are:-
1. C & C++
2. BASIC,
3. FORTRAN,
4. PASCAL, etc.
156
Some High level language
SIRJEE CLASSES
157
2. LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR
SIRJEE CLASSES
A language translator helps in converting programming languages

to machine language. The translated program is called the object
code. There are three different kinds of language translator:-
1. Assembler:- It is used to convert the assembly language into

machine language (i.e.,0 or 1), This language consists of mnemonic
codes which are difficult to learn and is machine dependent.
2. Compiler:- It is used to convert the source code (written in high

level language) into machine language. Compiler reads whole source
code at a time and trap the errors and inform to programmer.
3.Interpreter:- This language processor converts a high level language

program into machine language by converting it line-by-line. If there
is any error in any line during execution, it will report it at the same
time and cannot resume until the error is rectified. 158
SIRJEE CLASSES
159
3. LINKER
SIRJEE CLASSES
A linker is a system program that links together several object

modules and libraries to form a single and coherent program
(executable).
The main purpose of linker is to resolve references among files.

Linker is used to determine the memory locations that code from
each module will occupy and relates its instruction by adjusting
absolute references.
4. LOADER
Loader is a kind of system software, which is responsible for

loading and relocation of the executable program in the main
memory.
160
Application Software
SIRJEE CLASSES
Application software is a computer software designed to help the user

to perform singular or multiple tasks.
It is a set of instructions or program designed for specific uses or

applications, that enable the user to interact with a computer.
Application software are also called the end-user programs. These

programs do the real work for users.
There are two types of application software.
1. General Purpose Software

2. Specific purpose software
161
1. General Purpose Software
SIRJEE CLASSES
General purpose software’s are designed to perform general

tasks.
I. Word Processing Software

E.g., Microsoft Word , WordPerfect
(Windows only), Appleworks
IV. Database Management System

II. Presentation software (DBMS)
e.g., Microsoft PowerPoint, e.g., Microsoft Access,

Corel presentations, Corel Paradox
III. Electronic Spreadsheets

E.g., Microsoft Excel,
162
Corel Quattro Pro,
Lotus 1-2-3
2. Special Purpose Software
Specific purpose software are designed to perform specific tasks.

SIRJEE CLASSES
This type of application software generally has one purpose to

execute.
Some of the specific purpose application software’s are described

below.
I. Inventory Management System and Purchasing System.
It is an attempt to balance inventory needs and requirement to

minimize total cost, resulting from obtaining and holding an
inventory.
Inventory is a list of goods and materials available in a stock.
Inventory management system is generally used in departmental

stores or in an organisation to keep the records of the stock of all 163
the physical resources.
SIRJEE CLASSES
II. Payroll Management System.
Payroll management system is used by all modern organisations to

encompass every employee of the organisation who receives a regular
wage or other compensation.
All different payment methods are calculated by the payroll software

and the appropriate Pay checks are issued.
III. Hotel Management System
Hotel management system refers to the management techniques used

in the hotel sector.
These can include hotel administration, accounts, billing, marketing,

housekeeping, front office or front desk. 164
IV. Reservation System

SIRJEE CLASSES
A reservation system or central reservation system (CRS) is a

computerized system used to store and retrieve information and
conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or other
activities. It is an application software which is commonly seen at
railway reservation offices, this software helps the concerned
department to automatically check the availability of the seats or
berths of any train and any particular data with incomparable
speed.
V. Report Card Generator VIII. Attendance System

VI. Accounting software
IX. Billing System
165
VII. HR Management System
Useful notes:- SIRJEE CLASSES
Visual Basic is an interpreted language.
Firmware It is a combination of software and hardware. e.g.,

ROMs, PROMs and EPROMS.
Freeware It is commonly used for copyrighted software that is

given away for free by its owner.
Pseudo code It is not a programming language. But simply an

informal way of describing a program it does not follow any
syntax strictly. In other words. We can say that pseudocode is
an outline of a program. Written in a form that can easily be
converted into real programming statements.
166
IMPORTANT COMPUTER SOFTWARE QUETION
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
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174
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175
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176
SIRJEE CLASSES
177
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178
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-1
179
SIRJEE CLASSES
180
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
181
OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating system is the first and foremost system software that

SIRJEE CLASSES
manages the hardware, and application softwares.
An Operating System performs basic tasks such as controlling input

and output devices, processing of instructions, controlling and
allocating memory.
It mainly provides an environment to run the software and serves

services to computer hardware.
An operating system consists of a set of programs, which controls,
coordinates and supervises the activities of the various components
of a computer system.
In other words, an operating system is a program which acts as an

interface between a user and hardware.
182
Ex- unix, MS-DOS, windows 98/2000/XP

Types of operating system
SIRJEE CLASSES
There are different types of operating systems available

which require different types of hardware to run on.
The operating systems are classified as:-
Single user operating system
Single user operating system is a type of operating

system which allows only one user at a time.
Operating system for personal computer (PC) is a

single user operating system.
They are designed to manage one task at a time.

183
ex- MS-DOS, windows 9X
OPERATING SYSTEM
Multi user operating system SIRJEE CLASSES
This operating system allows multiple users to access a computer

system concurrently.
It is used in computer networks that allows the same data and

application to be accessed by multiple user at the same time.
Ex- UNIX, LINUX , Windows 2000/2007
184
OPERATING SYSTEM
Multitasking Operating System

SIRJEE CLASSES
In multi-tasking operating system, more than one processes

can be executed concurrently.
It also allows the user to switch between the running

application.
Ex- LINUX, UNIX, WINDOWS 95
185
Batch processing operating system SIRJEE CLASSES
Ex- UNIX
186
OPERATING SYSTEM
Mobile operating system SIRJEE CLASSES
A mobile OS is an OS that operates on smart phones,

tablets and digital mobile devices.
Ex:- android, symbian, IOS, blackberry
Multi-programming operating system
187
OPERATING SYSTEM
Time sharing operating system SIRJEE CLASSES
In time sharing, a small amount of time is allocated

for the processing simultaneously.
Ex- Mac OS
Time-sharing is a technique
which enables many people,
located at various terminals, to
use a particular computer system
at the same time.
188
OPERATING SYSTEM
Real time operating system SIRJEE CLASSES
The main objective of real time operating system is their

quick and predictable response to events than any other
operating system.
Real time operating systems are designed to respond to an

event within a predetermined time.
It must have preemptive kernels to execute a program.
The processing is done with a time constant.

They are often used in applications such as flight reservation,
military application. These type of operating system increases
the availability and reliability of the system.
189
Ex- lynx OS, HP-RT, QNX, RTLinux, windows CE
OPERATING SYSTEM
SIRJEE CLASSES
190
OPERATING SYSTEM
SIRJEE CLASSES
LINUX
It is an open source computer operating

system designed primarily for the PC but also
available for a wide range of other systems.
One of the most valued advantage of linux

over the other platforms lies within the high
security levels it ensures (it is virus free OS).
LINUX is a clone of UNIX.

191
OPERATING SYSTEM
SIRJEE CLASSES
UNIX operating system
192
UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM
SIRJEE CLASSES
It was developed by ken thompson, dennis ritchie,

douglas mcllroy at bell labs.
It is written in C and assembly language.
It is case sensitive.
It is multi-user, multi-tasking and time sharing

operating system.
193
SIRJEE CLASSES
194
SIRJEE CLASSES
195
MS DOS
(microsoft disk operating system) SIRJEE CLASSES
The DOS OS was developed by Microsoft in 1980 for

micro computers.
MS DOS was the first operating system that ran on

PC developed by IBM Corporation in 1981.
DOS is a single user operating system.
It is the only operating system which can be loaded

in the main memory of the computer using a single
disk.
196
MS -DOS SIRJEE CLASSES
DOS COMMAND PROMPT DOS INTERNAL COMMANDS
197
DOS INTERNAL COMMANDS
SIRJEE CLASSES
198
DOS INTERNAL COMMANDS
SIRJEE CLASSES
199
(ALL IMPORTANT OPERATING SYSTEM QUESTIONS)
200
201
202
203
204
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-1
205
Ans-4
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-2
Ans-4
Ans-1
206
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-1
Ans-1
207
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-2 208
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-4
Ans-5
209
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-1
210
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-4
211
Ans-3
WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
SIRJEE CLASSES
WINDOWS
Windows is an operating system program that

communicates your instructions to the actual
computer hardware and display the results.
Windows is a rectangular area which provides

an environment to run many programs.
It is based on graphical User Interface (GUI)
Windows operating system is a series of graphical

interface operating system developed, marked and sold
by microsoft, hence also called Microsoft windows.
212
VERSIONS OF MS-WINDOWS
SIRJEE CLASSES
WINDOWS NT (New Technology)
Features
213
SIRJEE CLASSES
WINDOWS 95
Features
It supports FAT 32 file system, multi-display, web TV 214

and the Internet Explorer.
SIRJEE CLASSES
WINDOWS 98 Features
215
WINDOWS ME (Millennium edition) SIRJEE CLASSES
Features
216
SIRJEE CLASSES
WINDOWS XP (experience) Features
217
WINDOWS 7
SIRJEE CLASSES
Features
218
DESKTOP & ICONS
SIRJEE CLASSES
219
MS-WINDOWS
SIRJEE CLASSES
220
MS-WINDOWS IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-1
221
Ans-1
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-3 222
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-4
223
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-2
Ans-2 224
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-2
225
Ans-3
MICROSOFT (MS) OFFICE
SIRJEE CLASSES
Microsoft Office was developed by Microsoft in 1980s .
It is a collection of software, based on specific purpose

and mainly used in office work.
There are 5 packages of MS Office:-
1. MS Word (word processing software).

2. MS Excel (tabular data formatting software).
3. MS PowerPoint (presentation software).

4. MS Access (database management software).
5. MS Outlook ( email client).
226
MICROSOFT (MS) OFFICE
Microsoft Word (MS-Word) SIRJEE CLASSES
MS Word is a word processing application

and is one of the most important and
widely used application found on
computer.
Word processing software is mainly used

for the creation of text-based documents.
It provides tools for composing, editing,
formatting and printing of documents
which is smaller than 45k.
The document can be a poster report letter

brochure web page newsletter etc.
e.g. wordstar , easy word, notepad for 227

File format .doc
Windows.
Shortcut keys of MS-Word and their Descriptions
SIRJEE CLASSES
Standard toolbar
228
MS-WORD SHORTCUT
SIRJEE CLASSES
229
Microsoft Excel SIRJEE CLASSES
And electronic spreadsheet is used for

analysing, sharing and managing
information for accounting purpose
performing mathematical calculations,
budgeting, billing.
A spreadsheet is a matrix of rows and

columns similar to an accounting ledger.
the spreadsheet program also provides tools

for creating graphs, inserting pictures and
chart, analysing the data etc.
e.g.
Microsoft-Excel (MS-Excel), coral Quattro 230
pro, snowball, lotus-1-2-3.
MS-EXCEL
Basics of spreadsheet SIRJEE CLASSES
It may hold:-
MS Excel allows creation of spreadsheets.
Basic terms of spreadsheet are-
1. Numbers (constant)
2. Formulas (mathematical
1. Spreadsheet is a software tool that lets one
equation).
enter, calculate, manipulate and analyse
3. text
set of numbers.
4. File format or extension
of Excel is, .xlsx or .xls.
2. The intersection of each row and column is
called cell. a cell is an individual container
for data.
An array of cell is called a sheet or worksheet. Worksheet holds information
presented in tabular row and column format with text that levels the data.
Each new workbook created in excel has three worksheet by default.

231
Active cell a cell in which you are currently working.

Shortcut keys of MS-Excel and SIRJEE CLASSES
their descriptions
232
MS-EXCEL SHORTCUT
SIRJEE CLASSES
233
MS-ACCESS
SIRJEE CLASSES
Microsoft Access is an application which

allows the creating of databases.
Microsoft Access is a relational database

management system (rDBMS).
Access is a tool for managing the

database.
It Allows you to design and create

complete database with quick and easy
data entry, maintain them and search for
information. 234
MS-POWERPOINT
Microsoft Powepoint SIRJEE CLASSES
235
MS-POERPOINT
SIRJEE CLASSES
Important note:-
File format for the documents created is .pptx or .ppt.
Trigger is defined as an object or item that performs

on the slide when we click the mouse.
The MS-Powerpoint can maximum zoom to 400% only.
In MS-Powerpoint, we can add many types of image

and sound format such as .gif, .bmp, .png, .jpg, .giv,
.wav, .mid etc.
236
Shortcut Keys of Microsoft Powerpoint SIRJEE CLASSES
and their Descriptions
237
MS-POWERPOINT SHORTCUT
SIRJEE CLASSES
238
Microsoft Outlook SIRJEE CLASSES
It is an email client and personal information manager that is

available as a part of Microsoft Office Suite.
Windows mobile devices are the version of MS Outlook,

enables users to synchronise their E-mails data to their
smartphones.
It can work with Microsoft exchange server and Microsoft

SharePoint server for multiple users in an organisation such
as:-
shared mailboxes,
calendars,
exchange public folders,
sharepoint lists 239
meeting schedules.
IMPORTANT EXTENTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES
240
(ALL IMPORTANT MS-OFFICE QUESTIONS)
241
SIRJEE CLASSES
242
243
244
245
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-5
Ans-2
246
SIRJEE CLASSES
(3) MS outlook
Ans-3
Ans-3
247
SIRJEE CLASSES
248
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-1
Ans-3 249
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-2 250
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
251
Ans-3
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-2
252
Ans-2
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-5
Ans-3 253
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-2
254
Ans-4
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-5
Ans-4 255
SIRJEE CLASSES
256
VARIOUS DATA REPRESENTATION
SIRJEE CLASSES
257
CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM
Decimal to all representation (binary, octal, hexadecimal) SIRJEE CLASSES
Steps:-
1. divide the given no. by base radix.
2. Note the quotient and remainder.
1. Decimal to binary 2. decimal to octal
258
RRB JE PREVIUOS QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
259
Decimal to all representation (binary, octal, hexadecimal) SIRJEE CLASSES
Steps:-
1. divide the given no. by base radix.
2. Note the quotient and remainder.
3. decimal to hexadecimal
260
all representation (binary, octal, hexadecimal) to Decimal SIRJEE CLASSES
Steps:-
1. multiply the given digits by power of radix
2. Add all the multiplying digits.
1. Binary to decimal 2. Octal to decimal
261
all representation (binary, octal, hexadecimal) to Decimal SIRJEE CLASSES
Steps:-
1. multiply the given digits by power of radix
2. Add all the multiplying digits.
3. Hexadecimal to decimal
262
BINARY TO OCTAL & HEXADECIMAL

SIRJEE CLASSES
Steps:-
1. Make group of three bit for octal & group of four bit for hexadecimal.
2. convert each group to decimal number.
1. binary to octal 2. binary to hexadecimal
263
OCTAL & HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

SIRJEE CLASSES
Steps:-
1. Convert each octal digit to 3 bit binary & each hexadecimal digit
to 4 bit binary
1. Octal to binary 2. Hexadecimal to binary
264
OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL
SIRJEE CLASSES
Steps:-
1. Convert each octal digit to binary number
2. convert each binary digit to hexadecimal no.
265
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL
SIRJEE CLASSES
Steps:-
1. Convert each hexadecimal digit to binary number
2. convert each binary digit to octal number.
266
SIRJEE CLASSES
267
COMPUTER CODES
SIRJEE CLASSES
In computer, any characters like alphabet, digit or any special

character is represented by collection of 0’ and 1’ in a unique
coded pattern.
In computers, the code is made up of fixed size groups of binary

positions.
The binary coding schemes that are most commonly used are as
follows:-
1. Binary coded decimal (BCD).

2. American standard code for information interchange (ASCII).
3. Extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC).
4. UNICODE.
268
COMPUTER CODES
SIRJEE CLASSES
1. Binary coded decimal (BCD)
Binary coded decimal is a number system where

four bits are used to represent each decimal
digits.
BCD is a method of using binary digits to

represent the decimal digits (0-9).
In BCD system, there is no limit on size of a

number.
Ex- 81 1000 0001
269
COMPUTER CODES
SIRJEE CLASSES
2. American standard code for information

interchange (ASCII)
ASCII characters are represented by seven bits. These are

standard character codes used to store data so that it may
be used by other software programs.
The standard ASCII codes defines 128 character code(from 0

to 127). Basically, ASCII codes are of two types-
ASCII-7 : it is a 7-bit standard ASCII code, it allows = 128

unique symbols.
ASCII-8 : It is an extended version of ASCII-7. It is an 8-bit code,

270
it allows = 256 symbols or characters.
COMPUTER CODES
SIRJEE CLASSES
3. Extended binary coded decimal interchange code

(EBCDIC).
In EBCDIC, characters are represented by eight bits.
These codes store information which is readable by other

computers.
It allows 2^8 =256 combinations of bits.
4. UNICODE
It uses 16-bits to represent a symbol in the data.
It represents any non-english character like

271
Chinese, Japanese.
DATA REPRESENTATION IMPORTANT QUESTION
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272
SIRJEE CLASSES
273
SIRJEE CLASSES
274
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-2 275
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-4
Ans-5 276
SIRJEE CLASSES
277
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-1 278
SIRJEE CLASSES
279
INTERNET
Internet stands for international Network, which SIRJEE CLASSES
began in 1950’s by Vint curf he is known as father of

the internet.
The term internet is derived from two words-

interconnections and networks, also referred to as
NET
Internet is a network of networks that consists

millions of private and public network of local to
global scope.
Network is a group of two or more computer systems

linked together.
Internet help us in communication, information,

280
business, social networking, shopping entertainment,
job searching and e-commerce.
HOW INTERNET IS CONTROLLED
SIRJEE CLASSES
The computers on the internet are connected to each

other through the small networks, and these networks
TCP/IP MODEL
are connected through the gateway to the internet.
APPLICATION
The data move around the internet is controlled by LAYER
protocols, the protocols used is TCP IP Protocol
(transmission control protocol)/internet protocol. TRANSPORT
LAYER
INTERNET LAYER
Here file is broken into smaller parts by the file
server called packets.
NETWORK ACCESS
LAYER
All computers on the Internet communicate with
one another using the TCP IP which is a basic
protocol of the internet. 281
INTERNET CONNECTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES
some of the internet connections available for the internet

access are:-
1. Dial up connection:-
Connection uses the telephone line to connect to
the internet.
The modem connect the computer through the

standard phone lines, which serve as the data
transfer medium.
When a user initiate a dial up connection the

modem dials the phone number of an internet
service provider (ISP) that is designated to
receive dial up calls.
282
The ISP then establishes the connection.
1. Dial up connection
ISP refers to the company that provides SIRJEE CLASSES
internet connection to the users.
Some popular ISP are:-
1. Airtel
2. MTNL
3. Vodafone etc.
A modem changes the digital data from your

computer into analog data, a format that can
be carried by telephone lines.
Modem stands for modulator and demodulator.
283
SIRJEE CLASSES
284
INTERNET CONNECTIONS
2. BROADBAND CONNECTION:- SIRJEE CLASSES
The term broadband commonly refers to

high-speed Internet access that is always
on and faster than the traditional dial-up
access.
Broadband includes several high-speed

transmission technologies such as:
1. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)(digital

data over the wires).
2. Cable Modem (with same coaxial cable

that deliver picture & sound to our t.v.)
3. Fiber (electrical signal are converted 285

into light and transmitted though it).
3. Wireless connection:-
SIRJEE CLASSES
Wireless broadband connects a home or business to the

Internet using a radio link between the customer’s location
and the service provider’s facility.
Wireless broadband can be mobile or fixed in which an

external antenna is usually required.
Wireless network requires neither a modem nor cables and

hence can be easily eastablished in areas ,where it is not
feasible to deploy DSL or cable.
Some ways to connect internet wirelessly are:-

1.Wireless fidelity(wi-fi)-(it utilises radio frequency to transfer the data and
are designed for private access like hotels, office).
2. Wimax (world-wide interoperability for microwave access)- operate
similar to wifi but at higher speed, over large distance & to a large users.) 286
3. Satellite-for television services

INTERCONNECTING PROTOCOLS
A protocol is a set of rules that governs the data

SIRJEE CLASSES
communication.
A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is TCP/IP MODEL
communicated and when it is communicated.

APPLICATION
LAYER
Some protocols used are:-
TRANSPORT
LAYER
1. TCP/IP Protocol- (commonly used for the internet).
INTERNET LAYER
TCP/IP provides end-to-end
connectivity specifying how
NETWORK ACCESS
data should be formatted, LAYER
addressed, transmitted, routed
& received at the destination.
2. FTP (file transfer protocol)-for trasfering,uploading 287

files.
3. HTTP (hyper text transfer protocol)-

SIRJEE CLASSES
It defines how messages are formated,

transmitted and what action should be
taken by the web servers & browsers in
respone to various commands.
When we enter URL in web browser it

sends an HTTP command to the web
server directing it to fetch and transmit
the requested page. A typical URL could have the form
http://www.example.com/index.html
We all use URLs to visit webpages and which indicates a protocol (http),
other resources on the web.
a hostname (www.example.com), 288
and a file name (index.html).

HYPERTEXT
Hypertext is the text that appears on the page on SIRJEE CLASSES
which we can click and reach to another page with

which it is linked.
It is similar to regular text with which we can read,

store, edit but with exceptions that hypertext
contains connection within the text to another
document, this is the reason behind popularity of
world wide web (www).
HYPERLINK
It is a tool which is used to send the reader or surfer to another

web page without having to open a new tab on the search engine.
It is simply called link, which helps to create links between the

various web pages.
http://imojo.in/sirjeeclasses 289
For creating hyperlinks we need to have a hypertext.

RRB JE PREVIOUS QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES
290
4. HTML (hyper text mark-up language)- SIRJEE CLASSES
used for designing web pages (web page

format & displayed).
It tells the web browser how to display a web

page’s words and images for the user.
5. Telnet (terminal network)
It enable the internet user for remote login.
Telnet is a TCP/IP protocol for accessing remote computers. Through Telnet, an

administrator or another user can access someone else's computer remotely. On
the Web, HTTP and FTP protocols allow you to request specific files from
remote computers, but not to actually be logged on as a user of that computer.
With Telnet, you log on as a regular user with whatever privileges you may have291
been granted to the specific application and data on that computer.
SERVICES OF INTERNET
SIRJEE CLASSES
1. Downloading and uploading files from/to sites.

2. Online chat.
3. E-mail
4. Video conferencing.
5. E-learning.
6. E-banking.
7. E-shopping
8. E-reservation.
9. Social networking.
10. E-commerce.
292
E-mail (electronic mail)
Invented by Ray Tomlinson. SIRJEE CLASSES
Email is the electronic version of sending and receiving

letter. Electronic mail allow us to send and receive messages
in electronic form.
Email is transmitted between computer system according

to certain internet protocols or rules for exchanging
E-mail.
A user must have email address to Use email, which consists

Of two parts swparated by @ symbol.
mk898275@gmail.com
username host name( Domain name)
Spaces are not allowed within email address. 293

Mail services protocol
1. SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol) SIRJEE CLASSES
 Used for sending only the text data.

 It is not used for receiving text data.
2. POP-3
3. IMAP (internet message access protocol). Both are used for
receiving mail.
Local
ISP E-mail web server:-
SMTP Web 1. Gmail

server 2. Yahoo mail
e.g. 3. Rediff mail
gmail 4. outlook
Local 294
ISP
POP-3, IAMP
E-mail (electronic mail)
CC stands for carbon copy. Email addresses in this

SIRJEE CLASSES
field will receive a copy of the email. CC is done just to

keep the recipients informed about the matter that
sender and recipients in To field are discussing through
email. Boss, Manager, employee
BCC stands for blind carbon copy. This field is almost

same as the CC field with only difference being that none
of the recipients will know who else was sent a BCC copy
of the email.
BCC is generally used when you want to send bulk email.

For example, if you want to send some information to 400
people, it would be inappropriate to put all the email IDs
in To or CC field.
295
INTERNET & E-MAIL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-4
Ans-4
Ans-3
Ans-4
296
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-1
Ans-1
297
Ans-3
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-2
Ans-1
Ans-2
Ans-2
298
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-2
Ans-2
Ans-4
299
Ans-5
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3 Ans-3
Ans-1
300
Ans-2
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-3
Ans-1
Ans-3 301
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-1
Ans-2
Ans-5 302
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-2
Ans-3
303
WEBSITE
A website is a collection of web pages (documents SIRJEE CLASSES
that are accessed through the Internet),that follow

the same theme and are connected together with
hyperlinks is called a website.
A web page can contain any type of information,
and can include text, color, graphics, animation
and sound.
In other words, a website is a collection of digital
documents, which is basically a HTML files, that
are linked together.
Websites and web pages are written in a coding
language that makes it possible to add pictures,
sound.
http://www.facebook.com website
http://www.facebook.com/profile webpage 304
First page of a website is called home page.

WEB ADDRESS OR URL
It is address of a website, file, or document, in the general

SIRJEE CLASSES
format:- http://www.address/directories/filename
http://www.facebook.com/services/profile
Every computer connected to the internet has its unique

web address, without which it cannot be reached by other
computers.
On the, web addresses are called URL(uniform resource
locator).
Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in
an address bar.
A typical URL could have the form
http://www.facebook.com/index.html
(http)-protocol
(www)- indicate that web page is part of world wide web
(facebook.com)-domain name & indicates unique address of a website. 305
(index.html)-file name
SIRJEE CLASSES
306
DOMAIN NAME
Domain is a group of network resources

SIRJEE CLASSES
assigned to a group of users.
A domain name is a way to identify and locate

computers connected to the internet.
Domain name is always unique & has two or

more parts, separated by dots.
ex- google.com, yahoo.com
Domain abbreviation
307
WEB SERVER
A web server is a computer where the web SIRJEE CLASSES
content is stored.
A web server can, in general, contain one or web server
more websites.
Web server helps to deliver web content that can be
accessed through the Internet, alongwith other uses
like :-
gaming, data storage or running
business applications. 234.134.4.45
A web server commonly known as HTTP server which is a program

that servers content using the HTTP protocol.
This content is generally in the form of HTML documents, images,

and other web resources.
308
Every web server is given a unique address i.e. IP address (ip v-4, 32 bit
ip v-6 128 bit). 234.134.4.45
IP ADDRESSING
1. IP V-4 (32 bit)
SIRJEE CLASSES
2. IP V-6 (128 bit)

1. IP V-4 (32 bit)
 With the help of IP we send message

from source to destination.
 Each nodes have unique IP address.
 IPv-4 is 32 bit logical address.

 It have 4 octet (8 Bit each), each
octet can have 0 to 255 max and min value.
 It is made of two component:-

309
Network ID + host ID
310
CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS
SIRJEE CLASSES
IP address has 5 classes:-
126
Multicast
Reserved for
Research
311
Note:-
127 – loop back address
IDENTIFYING CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS
SIRJEE CLASSES
1-126
312
IDENTIFYING CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS
SIRJEE CLASSES
313
MAJOR WEB SERVER
SIRJEE CLASSES
Major web servers used for hosting websites are:-
1. Apache HTTP server:- open source software.60% of server machines

runs on the apache web server.
2. Internet information services(IIS).

3. lighttpd.
4. Sun java system web server.
5. Jigsaw server.
314
WEB BROWSER
It is a software application used to locate, SIRJEE CLASSES
retrieve and display content on the World Wide

Web, including webpages, images, video and
other files.
Purpose of web browser
1. Connect to a server and sends request for

information
2. Receives the information and then displays

it on users computers.
Types of web browser

1. Text web browser (text-based information).
2. Graphical web browser (text and graphic).
315
Note:-
NCSA Mosaic (1st graphical web browser)
BROWSER EXAMPLES
Some popular web browsers are:- SIRJEE CLASSES
1. Netscape navigator- it is one of the original web

browser.
2. Internet explorer (IE)- product of microsoft.
3. Firefox- new browser derived from Mozilla.

4. Google chrome- Developed by google.
5. Safari- developed by apple included in Mac OS

6. Opera- smaller and faster than most other
browsers.
7. Slimjet brower
8. Maxthon
9. SlimBrowser
10. Netsurf browser
11. Macweb 316
12. UC browser
Previous RRB JE questions
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SIRJEE CLASSES
318
SIRJEE CLASSES
319
SIRJEE CLASSES
320
SEARCH ENGINE
A search engine is a website that provides the SIRJEE CLASSES
required data on specific topics. It is a tool for

finding information on any topic.
When we type any term in search bar, then search

engine will look for matching websites from all
over the world.
Many search engine haves directories or list of

topics that are organised into categories.
Some popular search engine:-
1. Google 5. AOL.com 9. DuckDuckGo

2. Bing 6. Baidu 10. Hotbot
3. Yahoo 7. Yandex.ru 11. Lycos 321
4. Ask.com 8. Internet Archive
World wide web consortium (W3C)
SIRJEE CLASSES
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the

main international standards organization for
the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or
W3).
Founded and currently led by Tim Berners-

Lee, the consortium is made up of member
organizations which maintain full-time staff
for the purpose of working together in the
development of standards for the Web.
322
WEB-SITES & WEB BROWSER IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-4
Ans-4 323
Ans-3
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-2
Ans-2
Ans-3
Ans-4 324
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-3
325
Ans-2 Ans-2
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-5
Ans-1
326
Ans-2
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-4
Ans-2
Ans-1
Ans-3
327
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-2
Ans-2
328
Ans-2
COMPUTER VIRUS
SIRJEE CLASSES
VIRUS-vital information resource under siege.
Computer virus is a small software program that spreads

from one computer to another and that interferes with
computer operation.
It obtains the control of a PC and directs it to perform

unusual and often destructive actions.
Viruses are copied itself and attached itself to other

programs which further spread the infection.
The virus can affect or attack any part of the computer

software such as:-
Boot block Files 329
Operating system Application program
SOURCES OF VIRUS ATTACK
The sources of virus attack can be:- SIRJEE CLASSES
1. Downloadable programs
Downloadable files are one of the best possible sources
of virus.
Any type of executable files like games, screen savers are
one of the major sources.
If you want to download any programs from the internet
then it is necessary to scan every program before
downloading them.
2. Cracked software
these software are another source of virus attacks.
Such cracked forms of illegal files contain virus and bugs that
are difficult to detect as well as to remove.
330
Hence it is always a preferable option to download software
from the appropriate source.
SOURCES OF VIRUS ATTACK
3. Email attachments SIRJEE CLASSES
Email Attachments are the most common source of

viruses.
We must handle e-mail attachments with extreme

care, especially if the e-mail comes from an unknown
sender.
4. Internet( best possible source of viruses)
Almost all computer users click or download everything

that comes their way and hence unknowingly invites the
possibility of virus attacks.
5. Booting from unknown CD
When the computer system is not working, it is good practice to remove
331
the CD . if you do not remove the CD, it may start to boot automatically
from the discs which enhances the possibility of virus attacks.
TYPES OF VIRUSES
Some common types of viruses are:- SIRJEE CLASSES
1. Resident virus
It's fixes themselves into the systems memory and get activated
whenever the operating system runs and infects all the files that
are then opened.
It hides in the RAM memory and stays there even after the
malicious code is executed.
e.g., Randex, Meve etc.
2. Direct action virus
It comes into action when the files containing the virus is executed.
it infects files in the folder that are specified in the AUTOEXEC.BAT
file path.
332
eg. vienna virus.
TYPES OF VIRUS
3. Overwrite virus SIRJEE CLASSES
It deletes the information contained in the files that it infects,

rendering them partially or totally useless, once they have been
infected.
e.g., Way, Trj.Reboot, Trivial.88-D etc.
4. Boot sector virus
Also called Master boot sector or master boot record virus.

This type of virus affects the boot sector of the hard disc.
e.g., poly boot.B, anti EXE etc.
5. Macros virus
It infects files that are created using certain applications or 333

programs that contain macros like .doc, .xls .ppts etc.
e.g., Melissa.A
TYPES OF VIRUS
6. File system virus SIRJEE CLASSES
It is also called cluster virus or directory virus.

It infects the directory of your computer by changing the path
that indicates the location of a file.
e.g. Dir-2 virus
7. Polymorphic virus
This virus goes on to create a large number of copies.

e.g., elkern, Tuareg
8. FAT virus
It is used to store all the information about the location of files, 334
unusable space etc.
e.g., link virus
TYPES OF VIRUS
SIRJEE CLASSES
9. Multipartite virus
It may spread in multiple ways such as the operating system
installed or the existence of certain files.
e.g., flip
10. Web scripting virus

Many websites execute Complex code in order to provide
interesting content.
These websites are sometimes created with purposely

infected code.
335
e.g., J.s. Fortnight
EFFECTS OF VIRUS
Depending on the types of virus their effects on SIRJEE CLASSES
the computer are:-
1. Monitor what are you doing.

2. Slow down your computer performance.
3. Download illegal files onto your computer without being able
to delete them.
4. Destroy all data on your local disk.
5. Generates IP address randomly and sends those IP address
automatically.
6. Steal confidential information like password, account number,
credit card information by random e-mailing.
7. Increase or Decrease memory size.
8. Display different types of error messages.
9. Alter PC settings.
10.Cause computer to make strange noises make music, clicking
336
noises or beeps.
MALWARE ATTACKS ON COMPUTER
Malware is an unwanted software that any unauthorised person

SIRJEE CLASSES
want to run on your computer.

It includes:-
1. computer viruses, 2. worms,
3. trojan/trojan horse, 4. spyware etc.
2. worms
It is a computer program that replicates itself
in order to spread to other computers.
worms almost always cause atleast some harm to

the network, even if only by consuming bandwidth,
where as virus almost always corrupt or modify
files on a targeted computer.
worms are hard to detect because they are invisible 337
files.
e.g., Bagle, I love you, Morris etc.
3. TROJAN/TROJAN HORSE
SIRJEE CLASSES
It is a non- self- replicating type of Malware

which appears to perform a desirable function
but instead facilitates unauthorised access to the
users computer system.
Trojans Do not attempt to inject themselves
into other files like a computer virus.
Trojan Horses may Steal information, or harm

their host computer systems.
Trojan Horse install via online games or internet

driven application in order to reach the target
computers.
It is non-replicating in nature.
338
e.g., beast, zeroAccess Rootkit etc.
4. SPYWARE
Spyware is program which is installed on a computer SIRJEE CLASSES
system to spy on the system owner's activity and collects

all the information which is misused afterwards.
Spyware can transmit personal information to another
person's computer over the internet.
Spyware can harm in many ways like:-
1. Steal your password.

2. Observe your browsing choices.
3. Redirect your web browser to phishing pages.
4. Can alter your computer settings ( web browser,
home page settings or placement of your desktop
icon).
e.g., cool web search, FinFisher, 339

SYMPTOMS OF MALWARE ATTACKS
SIRJEE CLASSES
Some primary symptoms are:-
1. System run slower.

2. Some files are missing.
3. Odd messages are displaying on the screen.
4. PC crashes and restarts again and again.
5. Antivirus software will not run or installed.
6. Unexpected sound or music plays.
7. The mouse pointer changes its graphic.
8. PC starts performing functions like opening or
closing windows, running programs on its own.
340
SOME OTHER THREATS TO COMPUTER
1. SPOOFING SIRJEE CLASSES
Spoofing is a technique to access the unauthorised

data without concerning to the authorised user
over the network.
It pretend to be someone one is not.
2. HACKING
It is Act of intruding into someone else's computer

or network.
It prevents The authorised users from accessing

the resources of the computer.
341
Hacker is someone who does the hacking process.
3. PHISHING
SIRJEE CLASSES
It is an attempt to fraudulently acquire sensitive

information such as passwords, credit cards details,
etc by masquerading as a trustworthy person.
Phishing messages usually take the form of fake
notifications from bank providers, e-pay systems
and other organisation.
It is a type of internet fraud that seeks to acquire
a user's credential by deception.
4. SPAM
It is an act of sending unsolicited bulk messages in
the form of emails.
It is a subset of electronic spam involving nearly

342
identical messages sent to numerous recipient by
emails.
5. ROOTKITS SIRJEE CLASSES
Rootkit is a set of software tools that enables an unauthorized user

to gain control of a computer system without being detected.
Rootkits can change how the operating system functions and in

some cases, can temper with the anti-virus program and render it
ineffective.
Rootkits are also difficult to remove, in some cases, require a
complete re-installation of the operating system.
6. LOGIC BOMB
It is a malicious program intentionally inserted into

software system and is timed to cause harm at certain
Point in time but is inactive until that point.
343
Unlike virus it does not replicate itself.
SOLUTIONS TO COMPUTER SECURITY
Some safeguards or solutions to protect computer system from

SIRJEE CLASSES
unauthorised access and threats are:-
1. Antivirus software
Antivirus software is a application software that are designed to

prevent, search for, detect and remove viruses and other malicious
software like worms, trojans, adware and more.
Popular antivirus software are
Avast
K7 Norton
AVG Trend micro
Kaspersky McAfree
Quick Heal Symantec
344
2. Digital Certificate
SIRJEE CLASSES
Digital Certificate is the attachment to an electronic message used for

security purposes.
The common use of a Digital Certificate is to verify that a user sending

a message is who he or she claims to be.
3. Digital signature
It is an electronic form of a signature that can be used to authenticate

the identity of the sender of a message or the signer of a document.
4. Passwords
A password is a secret word or a string of characters used for user

authentication to prove identity or access approval to gain access to
resource, which should be kept secret from those who are not 345
allowed to get access.
SOLUTIONS TO COMPUTER SECURITY
5. firewall SIRJEE CLASSES
A firewall can either be software based or

hardware based and is used to help in keeping a
network secure.
Its primary objective is to control the incoming

and outgoing network traffic by analyzing the
data packets and determining whether it
should be allowed through or not, based on
predetermined rule set.
A networks Firewall builds a bridge between

Internal network that is assumed to be secure
and another network, usually an external
network, such as the internet, that is not 346
assumed to be secure and trusted.
COMPUTER VIRUS IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-1
Ans-2
347
Ans-1 Ans-3
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-2
348
Ans-1
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-3
Ans-1
Ans-3
349
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-3
Ans-1
Ans-1
350
Ans-2
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-1
Ans-1
351
SIRJEE CLASSES
Ans-1
Ans-4
352
SIRJEE CLASSES
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BASICS OF COMPUTERS

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and software which converts data into information.

2. processing-it is the sequence of actions taken

3. Output- it makes process data available to the

computer system as viewed by a programmer.

It can also be described as the logical structure of the system unit

the computer accepts coded information through

It is a device that is used to give required information

The output unit sends the processed results to

It is mainly used to display the desired result to

The central processing unit consits of set of registers, arithmetic

The primary functions of the CPU are:-

1. The CPU transfers instructions and input

2. The CPU executes the instructions in

3. When necessary, CPU transfer output data

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) SIRJEE CLASSES

The arthematic logic unit contains the

It is used to perform all arithmetic calculation

ALU uses registers to hold the data that is being

Logical unit performs comparison of numbers,

Registers are special purpose and high speed

temporary memory units.

Essentially, they hold the information that the

Registers store data, instructions, address and

It direct the computer to carry out stored programs and instructions

It organises the processing of data and instructions.

It is a group of conducting wires which carries address only.

It is a group of conducting wires, which is used to generate timing

with selected memory location.

EXTERNAL BUS OF COMPUTER

An external bus is a type of data bus that

 It enables connecting devices, carrying data and

(PREV. RRB JE 2015 QUESTION)

(PREV. RRB JE 2015 QUESTION)

(PREV. RRB JE 2015 QUESTION)

(PREV. RRB JE 2015 QUESTION)

The computer is a very versatile machine. It can easily

An input device sends information to a computer system for

Input devices only allow for input of data to a computer

The I/O devices are attached, externally to the computer

Ex- Keyboard, Mouse

Below are some common uses for function keys in Windows:

F1 - Display help screen.

F2 - Highlight file or folder for renaming.

F3 - Open search tool.

Alt+F4 - Close the current window.

F5 - Refresh the contents of a window or webpage.

F6- Move cursor.

F7- Spell & grammar check.

F10 – Active menu bar. 39

Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by

Mouse is a small handheld device having two or three buttons on

It is a pointing device which provides a means to input data and

There are four action of mouse:-

Click -it selects an item on the screen.

Trackball is another pointing device it is a device that moves in all

It is generally built in laptop, since JoyStick in similar to a mouse except

OMR is mainly used to detect

It uses a beam of light that is

MICR reads the character by examining their shapes in a matrix

It is generally used in banks to process the cheques for

An output device is a computer hardware equipment used