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INTRODUCTION
The increasingly high concentration of modern electronic HARMONIC SURVEY AND HARMONIC
devices can be a major headache for the power industry. It
LOSSES
has greatly increased the flow of harmonic currents on
The measurement program was based on the use of energy
distribution systems and has given rise to a host of related
and harmonic analyzers, at low voltage side of distribution
problems.
transformers. These are feeding customer plants. The
The harmonic limits have to be assigned on the basis of instruments were performed in order to obtain information
harmonic effects, which differ substantially depending on concerning: voltage, current, PF, power and harmonics. To
the characteristics of the affected devices. There are long- calculate the harmonic losses in distribution grid customer
term effects such as the component aging which is the plants, ten case studies are selected, as sample, TABLE1
accumulated result of harmonic levels over time, and gives parameters for these cases.
instantaneous effects such as the maloperation of modern The normal sinusoidal power losses for transformers (PNT),
electronic devices caused by only one short burst of high motors (PNM) and capacitors (PNCa) are calculated of case
harmonic level. studies and summarized in TABLE 2.
Harmonic distortions cause significant cost in supply This paper uses published equations by Emanuel A.E (IEEE)
networks as well as at end-user levels. [1] to estimate the harmonic losses for electrical equipment.
Estimated harmonic costs consist of costs related to power The equations are used to build up the software program to
survey: harmonic energy losses, premature aging of calculate the harmonic losses, at maximum load and at
electrical equipment and derating of equipment. maximum THDI%, as shown in Fig (1).
The actual spenditure on harmonic mitigations are The total energy losses for 10 case studies vary between 9.8
derating. Filters, lowering the impedance for zero sequence, and 54.7 MWH/year.
phase shift, or moving the load to a dedicated feeder.
This paper uses published equations by Emanuel TABLE 1_ Some Parameters for 10 case studies
Total
A.E.(IEEE) to estimate the harmonic losses for electrical Case
Max.
Max.
Total
length
(1) (2)
equipment . The integrated harmonic losses software to KVA PF Load Motor
Study THDI% of cable
(Amp) (HP)
build up the total harmonic losses is carried out. (Km)
The paper presents: 1 1000 0.8 392 41.0 650 0.4
2 1000 0.67 406 12.88 612 0.45
Harmonic survey, power and energy 3 1000 0.58 545 11.7 1286 0.6
losses for case studies which evaluate the 4 1000 0.7 410 6.15 595.4 0.5
harmonic costs. 5 1000 0.72 373 27.13 207.6 0.5
Evaluated costs of harmonic mitigations. 6 800 0.69 207 10.14 303.4 0.45
The benefit /cost ratio for polluted 7 800 0.6 160 3.48 130 0.4
8 500 0.6 358 15.65 381.5 0.25
customers. 9 500 0.64 387 9 180 0.2
10 300 0.45 200 8.9 515.5 0.2
BACKGROUND (1) Transformer rating.
(2) Annual power factor.
The increasing penetration of electronic – based Loads is TABLE 2_ Nominal sinusoidal Power Losses
creating a growing concern for harmonic and poor power Case Nominal power losses (watt)
factor (PF) in the power supply system. Then, power quality study PNT PNM PNCa
is a major issue for supply side and end – users, and both are 1 10672 48490 37.5
very adopting the philosophy and the standard limits.AEDC 2 10672 45652 162.5
3 10672 95935 -
regulation imposes a penalty upon low power factor which 4 10672 44416 -
forces the customer to improve it. To eliminate or absorb 5 10672 15489 -
harmonic distortion and improve power factor the use of 6 8715 22634 -
suitable mitigation is used. As a result, harmonic mitigation 7 10672 15489 -
equipment is becoming more important for utilities and end- 8 6160 28460 -
9 6160 28460 -
users. 10 4391 38456 -
CIRED2005
Session No 2
CIRED 18th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Turin, 6-9 June 2005
A computer program has been developed for grouping or TABLE 4_ Comparison of methods for resolving harmonic distortion
(according to TABLE3)
clustering all the customer plants in clusters around the
selected case studies (samples).The final result of the total Treatment
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Item
energy harmonic losses in Alexandria, due to distribution
a
grids for industrial plants, vary between 20 and 65 million : χ χ χ √
Neutral
KWH/year. c
d
Electrical : χ χ χ √
HARMONIC MITIGATION EQUIPMENT parameters
h
i,j slight slight may be
There are a number of mitigation solutions available, some system √
k χ χ χ
better than others. Most of them are of the passive type: l χ slight slight
√
Harmonics
transformer, tuned (or detuned) filters. More advanced m may be may be may be
Transformer N √ √ χ √
solutions include active filters which inject compensation
Cost o χ χ χ √
current onto the system to cancel out a major portion of the
1- K-Rated transformer 3- Doubling the neutrals
Harmonic current. Selection of mitigation solutions depend
2- Derated transformer 4- Harmonic Filter.
on requirement features as shown in TABLE 3, 4.
Harmonic filter directly corrects the harmonic problem TABLE 5_ Pricing for 440:480 V &3-phase harmonic mitigation
providing high quality power for modern electronic Mitigation Rating Cost
machines. 50 Arms (42 KVAR)
Active
The most practical way to correct the power factor without
Filter
$200:300 per
100 Arms (83 KVAR)
causing problems is the use of capacitor bank provided by Amp.(rms)
harmonic inspection automatic relay in addition to 300 Arms(250 KVAR)
overvoltage protective relay.
K-Rated
transfor
The pricing for mitigation is based on publically available list mer
Up to 750 KVA $ 220/KVA
price information available at the time of the research. In the
future; these prices may fluctuate based on market forces. A
summary of costs given in TABLE 5. Detuned
Passive
Filter
50KVAR $15/KVAR
Item Feature
a Reduces neutral current
Neutral
d e t u n e d tuned
Electrical
o Cost effective solution The final result of the maximum harmonic losses costs in
Alexandria, due to distribution grids for industrial plants, is
3.25 million dollars/year.
CIRED2005
Session No 2
CIRED 18th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Turin, 6-9 June 2005
CIRED2005
Session No 2
CIRED 18th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Turin, 6-9 June 2005
Input :
P NT, P NM, P Nca, h
V h, I h at Imax
V h, I h at THDI% max
L, rh, L sF
(1 K
h 1 P hm1 = P hm - P NM
h ( I h )
2
w) h
P ht1 = P ht - P Nt
Session No 2