CHAPTER I

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1.1 Introduction:

A differential equation is a relationship between some (unknown)

function and one of its derivatives.
Some Applications of Differential Equation:

i) Popular growth,
ii) Temperature of a cooling object,

iii) Speed of a moving object subjected to friction.

Most of the problems arising in various disciplines of science can be

expressed in the form of differential equation. The solution of such problems
therefore lies in solving the differential equations which govern those problems.
Various analytical methods have been developed to obtain the so-called
“closed form” solutions for different types of differential equations. In case of
problems where closed form solutions cannot be obtained, numerical methods have
been developed to provide approximate solutions. With the systematic of
differential equations, the calculus of functions of a single variable reaches to an
application. The use of differential equations makes available to us the full power
of the calculus.
When explicit solutions to differential equations are available, they can be
used to predict a variety of phenomena. Whether explicit solutions are available, or
not, we can usually compute useful and very accurate approximate numerical
solutions. Modeling by differential equations greatly expands the list of possible
applications. The list continues to grow as we discover more differential equation

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 models in old and new areas of modern computer technology makes possible the
visualization of the results. Furthermore, we continue to discover ways to analyze
solutions without knowing the solutions explicitly.
The subject of differential equation is solving problems and making
predictions. If it were not true that differential equations were so useful, we would
not be studying them, so we will spend a lot of time on the modeling process and
with specific models. The study of differential equations, and their applications,
uses the derivative and the integral, the concept that makes up the calculus.
Constructing the differential equation that adequately represents a system of
interest is an art that takes some thought and experience. In this process, which we
call “modeling”, many simplifications are made so that the essential properties of
a given system are captured, leaving out many complicating details.

Examples for Constructing Differential Equations are

1. Friction might be neglected in “modeling” a perfect pendulum.

2. The details of age distribution might be neglected in modeling a growing

population.

Now that we have techniques for integration, we can devise a new approach to
computing solutions of differential equations. Given a differential equation and a
starting value, the goal is to make a prediction about the future behavior of the
system. This is equivalent to identifying the function that satisfies the given
differential equation and initial value(s). We refer to such a function as the Solution
to the Initial Value Problem (IVP). In differential calculus, our exploration of
differential equations was limited to those whose solution could be guessed, or
whose solution was supplied in advance. We also explored some of the fascinating
geometric and qualitative properties of such equations and their predictions.

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 Now that we have techniques of integration, we can find the analytic
solution to a variety of simple simple first order differential equation.

1.2 Differentiation;

Rate of change of variable with respect to the other variable is called

differentiation. In this case, changing the variable is called dependent
variable and other variable is called an independent variable.

Example;

dy
+1=0
dx

1.2.1 Classification of Ordinary Differential equation;

Differential equation are classified in two types

Differential equations

Partial Differential
Differential
equation
equation

1.2.2 Ordinary Differential equation;

An equations involving one or more dependent variable with

respect to only one independent variable.

Example:

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 𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥

Where, x is independent variable, And y is dependent variable

1.2.3 Partial differential equations;

An equations involving one or more dependent variable with

respect to two or more independent variable

Example;
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

⇒ 𝑤𝑥 + 𝑤𝑡 = 0

Where, x and y are independent variable, u is dependent variable

1.2.4 Classification of Ordinary Differential equation;

Types of Ordinary Differential

equation;

Degree

1.2.5 Order of differential equations

The highest derivative in the differential equations is called as Order

of differential equations.

Example;

𝑑𝑦
1. ( ) + y = sinx - Order 1
𝑑𝑥

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1.2.6 Degree of differential equations

When an equation is a polynomial in the entire differential co efficient

involving with exponential function, logarithmic functions, and trigonometric
functions.

Example;

𝑑𝑦 2
1. ( ) + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 - Degree 2
𝑑𝑥

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𝜕3 𝑤 𝜕𝑤 2
2. ( ) +( ) + z = 0 - Degree 4
𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥

1.2.7 Classification of differential equations

Differential equations can be classified as

Differential
equations

Linear Nonlinear

Non
Homogeneous
homogeneous

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1.2.8 Linear differential equation

An ordinary differential equation in which the dependent variable y and

its derivatives occur as first degree terms, and no two of which are multiplied
together, is called linear differential equation.

General form of the first order linear D.E is

𝑑𝑦
𝑎(𝑥) + 𝑏(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑐(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

For example;

𝑑𝑦 1+𝑥 𝑒𝑥
+( )𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

1.2.9 Nonlinear differential equation

A differential equation which is not linear is said to be a nonlinear

differential equation. There are no general methods available to solve the
nonlinear differential equation although some special form of nonlinear
equation can be solved.
For example;

𝜕𝑢 𝜕 3 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
6𝑢 − =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥

1.2.10 Homogeneous differential equation

𝑑𝑦
A differential equation of the form f(𝑥, 𝑦) = is said to be
𝑑𝑥

Homogeneous differential equation of first order and first degree in terms of

dependent variable 𝑦 and independent 𝑥 if f(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogeneous function of
degree 0

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 For example;

𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)

1.2.11 Nonhomogeneous differential equation;

𝑑𝑦 𝑎1 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑦+𝑐1
A differential equation of the form = is called
𝑑𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑥+𝑐2

nonhomogeneous differential equation in terms of independent variable 𝑥 and

dependent variable𝑦, where 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 and 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 are real constants

1.2.12 Applications of differential equation;

Any time those relationship between how something changes, when it

is changes, and how much there is of it, differential equation will arise.
Applications include population dynamics, business growth, physical motion
of object, spreading of rumors, carbon dating, and the spreading of a pollutant
into an environment to name few.