Understanding the Intricacies of LTE Learn more about LTE

and its measurements

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LTE Major Features Crossing the Analog-Digital Divide Comparing OFDMA and SC-FDMA
The following graphs show how this sequence of QPSK symbols is represented in frequency and time
Feature Capability
Access modes FDD and TDD – with a common 10 ms frame timing but different frame structures
Q
–1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 –1,–1 –1, 1 1, –1 –1,–1 1, 1 1, –1 –1, 1
Variable channel bandwidth 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz All bandwidths apply for FDD and TDD
Baseline UE capability 20 MHz UL and DL, two Rx antennas, one Tx antenna I Sequence of QPSK data symbols to be transmitted

User data rates DL: 172.8 Mbps (2x2 single user MIMO, 64QAM); UL: 86.4 Mbps (single link 64QAM) –1,–1 1, –1 The graph shows a sequence of eight

d A
QPSK symbols for a simplified example

l p C- er
io M
bo S w
sy ea ier nt

er FD
m ch po
g rr ta
Downlink transmission OFDMA using QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM QPSK modulating

rin ca ns
with four sub-carriers. For OFDMA,

du sub Co
data symbols

Uplink transmission Single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) using QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM V V
four symbols are taken in parallel, each
modulating its own sub-carrier at the

sym MA
sym MA

l
bo
l
bo

-FD
D
DL spatial diversity Open loop Tx diversity Single-user MIMO up to 4x4 supportable

OF
appropriate QPSK phase. After one

SC
CP
CP

UL spatial diversity Optional open loop Tx diversity, 2x2 multi-user MIMO, optional 2x2 single user MIMO OFDMA symbol period, a guard period

e
e

sym MA
Tim
Tim

sym MA

l
bo
bol
called the cyclic prefix (CP) is inserted

-FD
D
OF

SC
Transmission time interval 1 ms fc before the next OFDMA symbol period.
Frequency fc 60 kHz Frequency
15 kHz
H-ARQ retransmission time 8 ms OFDMA SC-FDMA For SC-FDMA each symbol is
Intra-TTI: UL once per 0.5 ms slot, DL once per 66 μs symbol transmitted sequentially and the four
Frequency hopping data symbols are transmitted in one
Inter-TTI across retransmissions
“Digital Wireless” LTE downlink: Uses OFDMA multi-carrier modulation scheme with closely-spaced SC-FDMA symbol period. The higher
Packet only – no circuit switched voice or data services are supported → voice
Bearer services Next generation base stations rely heavily on “software radio” architectures with serial interfaces like CPRI and OBSAI, orthogonal sub-carriers. Sub-carriers are modulated with low-symbol-rate QPSK, rate data symbols require four times
must use VoIP
which eliminate or hide traditional test interfaces. Now, standards such as DigRF and MIPI D-PHY are moving handset 16QAM, or 64QAM with guard periods between symbols. Robust against multi-path the spectrum bandwidth. After four data
Unicast scheduling schemes Frequency selective (partial band); Frequency diversity by frequency hopping effects, ideal for SFN and MIMO implementations.
design along similar lines. Verifying digital pre- and post-correction to account for RF variations requires new cross- symbols, the CP is inserted. Note the
Enhanced multimedia broadcast/multicast service (eMBMS) supporting domain measurement tools and techniques – RF engineers more familiar with interfacing to their designs using analog LTE uplink: Uses single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) to OFDMA and SC-FDMA symbol periods
Multicasting
multicast/broadcast over single frequency network (MBSFN) – Release 9 RF and baseband connections will need to transition to using the new high-speed serial interfaces. simplify handset design and reduce peak to average ratio and power consumption. are the same.

FDD Frame Structures

FDD Downlink Frame Structure FDD Downlink Physical Mapping 16QAM 64QAM QPSK FDD Uplink
DL
Physical Mapping 64QAM 16QAM QPSK BPSK (1a) QPSK (1b)
N symb OFDM symbols (= 7 OFDM symbols at normal CP)

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 (x Ts) Ts = 32.6 ns
Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)
CP
CP 0 CP
CP 1 CP
CP 2 CP
CP 3 CP
CP 44 CP
CP 5 CP
CP 6 1 slot Demodulation reference signal for PUSCH
etc. = 15360 Ts Zadoff-Chu QPSK
Pusch ≥ 3 RB Pusch ≥ 3 RB
CP is the cyclic prefix = 0.5 ms Physical uplink or PUCCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 control channel (PUCCH)
e
m
Ti Demodulation reference signal
for PUCCH format 1a/1b
1 sub-frame
= 2 slots
= 1 ms

Frequency

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18 #19 P-SS – Primary synchronization signal is transmitted
1 frame on symbol 6 of slots 0 and 10 of each radio frame
= 10 sub-frames
= 10 ms S-SS – Secondary synchronization signal is transmitted
on symbol 5 of slots 0 and 10 of each radio frame
PBCH – Physical broadcast channel is located in 4 symbols
of sub-frame 0 only on symbols 0 to 3 of slot 1
e
Tim
PDCCH – Physical downlink control channel exists
on all sub-carriers at the start of the first slot
PDSCH – Physical downlink shared channel – carries the
payload data for multiple users
Reference signal – (Pilot) – Reference signals are embedded in
every 6th sub-carrier across the entire transmitted signal bandwidth
Frequency

TDD Frame Structures

DL, UL, and Special Subframe TDD 5ms Switch Periodicity Mapping TDD Uplink-Downlink Configurations
Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) = 32.552 nsec
For 5 ms switch-point periodicity
Ts = Time clock unit for definitions NsymbDL OFDM symbols (= 7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP) 1 slot = 15360 Subframe number
One radio frame, Tf + 307200 x Ts = 10 ms
160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 (x Ts) Configuration Switch-point periodicity
One half-frame, 153600 x Ts = 5 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 P-SS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
One subframe (1 ms) One slot (0.5 ms)
Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) = 32.552 nsec S-SS
1 slot
DwPTS UpPTS 0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
Cyclic Prefix
(3-12 symbols) (1-2 symbols) PBCH
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
PDCCH
PDSCH 2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
DwPTS GP UpPTS Special subframe (1 ms) DwPTS GP UpPTS Reference Signal
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
1 subframe GP Reference Signal
For 10 ms switch-point periodicity (1-10 symbols) (Demodulation)
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
PUSCH
UpPTS - Uplink 5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
Pilot Time Slot
DL/UL subframe 6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D
DwPTS GP UpPTS Special subframe (1 ms)

Covering the LTE Lifecycle

Simulation Signal Creation – UL/DL Baseband Analysis Signal Analysis – UL/DL Protocol Development Conformance Test Network Test

16800 Series FieldFox

Logic Analyzers Network
X-Series LTE RF Optimization
Software Analyzer
Digital Platform
Interface

PXB MIMO
Receiver
Tester
SystemVue
8000 Series 89600 VSA for
Infiniium FDD &TDD,
Scopes with up to
4x4 MIMO
Signal Studio
Software

Anite SAT LTE Anite SAT LTE

Protocol Development Toolset Conformance Toolset
Wireless Design Library MXG Signal Generator RDX DigRF Test Environment X-Series Signal Analyzers with Agilent E6620A Test Set with Agilent E6620A Test Set Signaling Analyzer

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Product specifications and descriptions in this document subject to change without notice. ©Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2008. 2009, Printed in USA., July 24, 2009 5989-7646EN