PERDEV REVIEWER

STEM 11-14

CHAPTER 1:
Influences of Human Development
 Heredity – (Genes)
 Environment
 Maturation

Personality – unique trait from others

Personal – private matter of oneself
Development – changes & enhancement

Carl Rogers (1961)

- Humanistic Approach
 Natural for human beings to develop toward maturity & fullness

Zorka Hereford (2007)

 It is a journey of self-discovery, self-improvement & self-reality

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
 Process in which persons reflect upon themselves, understand who they are,
accept what they discover about themselves, and learn (or unlearn) new sets
of values, attitudes, behavior, and thinking skills to reach their fullest
potential as human beings.

ORIGIN

 Figures on cave
 Philosophers think about self & human beings
 Attempts to think individual development with social responsibility
 Become the “superior man” (Great Chinese)
 Religion

PSYCHOLOGY & PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

- School of thoughts
 Humanistic Approach
 Carl Rogers – client-centered approach
 Abraham Maslow – five stages of human development (Hierarchy of Needs)
  Positive Psychology
 Martin Seligman- human nature has it’s good and positive strengths, as well as
its inadequacies and weaknesses

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE

1. Stages of Adolescence
 Early adolescence – (10-13 y/o)
 Middle adolescence – (14-16 y/o)
 Late adolescence – (17-20 y/o)

2. Puberty
- Biological changes
 Cognitive – (thinking & reasoning)
 Affective – (feelings & emotions)

3. Spirituality & Religion

CHAPTER 2:

Knowing oneself

- Johari’s Window Facade

DEFINING SELF
 Socrates
- Most important thing to pursue was self-knowledge & admitting one’s ignorance is the
beginning of true knowledge.

 Plato
- Beginning of knowledge is self-knowledge.

o Philosophical
- It is being, which is the source of a person’s consciousness

o Psychological
- Essence of a person: his thoughts, feelings & action, experiences, beliefs, values,
principle & relationships.

o Cognitive & Affective representation of one’s identity

- Human characteristics such as: behavior & thought

o Personality
- Set of behaviors, feelings & thoughts, motives that identifies an individual.
 Physical
 Psychological
 Cognitive
 Affective
 Spiritual (values)
  Gordon Allport
- Personality: pattern of habits, attitudes & traits that determine in individual’s
characteristics, behavior & traits.

PERSONALITY

 Influenced by:
- Nature (heredity)
- Nurture (environment)

 Always a complex combination of:

- Genes
- Environmental Exposure & Experiences
- Cultural backgrounds

 Deals with TRAITS:

- Distinguishing quality/makes person different from another

 TRAIT THEORY (Costa & McRae)

- Approach in identifying types of personalities based on certain traits or attributes,
which vary from one person to other.

5 Dimensions of Personality

 Personality Trait
- Disposition to behave consistently in a particular way
  Measuring Personality
- Observation
- Tests (Rorschach Inkblot
Test, Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator (MBTI), Kiersey
Temperamental Sorter)

(MBTI) – Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

 CHAPTER 3:

Developing the Whole Person

HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT

 Dualism
- Mind & body (Rene Descartes)
- Duality/understanding the nature of things in a single, dual mode (extremes)
Eg. Good-bad
Life-death

ASPECTS OF A WHOLE PERSON

 Physiological
- physical attributes (including five senses)
 Cognitive
- intellectual functions (thinking, recognizing, reasoning, analyzing, projecting,
synthesizing, recalling, and assessing)
 Psychological
- how thinking, feeling and behaving interact and happen in a person
 Social
- manner a person interacts with other individual or groups of individual
 Spiritual
- attribute of a person’s consciousness and beliefs – values and virtues

BASIC DRIVES AND EFFECT

 Drives
- biologically related (hunger and thirst)
 Affect
- various emotions, moods, and affective traits
 Emotions
- Usually caused by physical sensations experienced by the body as a reaction to a
certain external stimuli
- Blood flow, brain activity, body expressions and body stance

 William James – fear, grief, love, and rage

 Paul Ekman – anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise
 Richard and Bernice Lazarus – aesthetic experience, anger, anxiety,
compassion, depression, envy, fright, gratitude, guilt, happiness, hope,
jealousy, love, pride, relief, sadness, and shame.
  Researchers at University of California, Berkeley –admiration, adoration,
aesthetic appreciation, amusement, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness,
boredom, calmness, confusion, contempt, craving, disgust, empathic pain,
entrancement, excitement, fear, horror, interest, joy, nostalgia, relief, romance,
sadness, satisfaction, sexual desire and surprise.

 Feelings
- Result of the emotions that we experience
- Mental associations and reactions to an emotion that are personal and acquired
through experience

EMOTIONS FEELINGS

- Event-driven - Learned behaviors

- Happiness – usually induced
-Joy – involves little cognitive awareness ;
by and dependent on outside
-longer lasting; something we experience conditions

more deeply

 Attitudes
- a person’s thoughts, feelings, and emotions about another person, object, idea,
behavior or situation; result of a person’s evaluation of an experience with
another person, object, idea, behavior or situation based on his or her values and
belief system
 Behavior
- outward manifestation or acting out of the attitudes as individual has.

Key Differences Between Attitude and Behavior

The difference between attitude and behavior can be drawn clearly on the following grounds:
1. Attitude is defined as a person’s mental tendency, which is responsible for the way he thinks or
feels for someone or something. Behavior implies the actions, moves, conduct or functions or an
individual or group towards other persons.
2. A person’s attitude is mainly based on the experiences gained by him during the course of his life
and observations. On the other hand, the behavior of a person relies on the situation.
3. Attitude is a person’s inner thoughts and feelings. As opposed to, behavior expresses a person’s
attitude.
4. The way of thinking or feeling is reflected by a person’s attitude. On the contrary, a person’s
conduct is reflected by his behavior.
5. Attitude is defined by the way we perceive things whereas behavior is ruled by social norms.
Attitude is a human trait but behavior is an inborn attribute
  Values
- system of beliefs that adhere to the highest ideals of human existence. This ideals create
meaning and purpose in a person’s life that often result in personal happiness and self
fulfillment.
 Virtues
- descriptions or adjectives that reflect a value.

VALUES VIRTUES
- Describes what is morally
-Really define what you (or the society)
good
find to be important
- Always about morality (moral
-Aren’t necessarily moral
-Internal (within you) excellence)
- External (public persona)