Declaration of Independence ­ 1776

Articles of Confederation ­ 1777
The Constitution for the United States, Its Sources and Its Application
Undermining The Constitution ­ A History of Lawless Government
Our Enemy, The State
It Is Our Choice Who We Will Serve!
A Special Report on the National Emergency in the United States of America

Senate Report 93­549

War and Emergency Powers Acts,
Executive Orders and the New World Order

From data available on the web.
The Introduction to Senate Report 93­549 (93rd Congress, 1st Session, 1973)
summarizes the situation that we face today ­ except it is far worse today than
it was in 1973 !!

"A majority of the people of the United States have lived all of their lives under
emergency   rule.   For   40   years  [now   66   years],   freedoms   and   governmental
procedures guaranteed by the Constitution have, in varying degrees, been abridged
by laws brought into force by states of national emergency. The problem of how a
constitutional democracy reacts to great crises, however, far antedates the Great
Depression. As a philosophical issue, its origins reach back to the Greek city­states
and   the   Roman   Republic.   And,   in   the   United   States,   actions   taken   by   the
Government   in  times   of  great   crises   have   ­   from,   at  least,   the   Civil   War   ­   in
important   ways,   shaped   the   present   phenomenon   of   a  permanent   state   of
national emergency."

The Foreword to the Report states in part ­

"Since March 9, 1933, the United States has been in a state of declared national
emergency. In fact, there are now in effect four presidentially proclaimed states of
national emergency: In addition to the national emergency declared by President
Roosevelt in 1933, there are also the national emergency proclaimed by President
Truman   on   December   16,   1950,   during   the   Korean   conflict,   and   the   states   of
national emergency declared by President Nixon on March 23, 1970, and August
15, 1971.

These proclamations give force to 470 provisions of Federal law [hundreds more
since   1973,   particularly   in  the   Clinton   administration   since   Jan  21,   1993].
These   hundreds   of   statutes   delegate   to   the   President   extraordinary   powers,
ordinarily exercised by the Congress, which affect the lives of American citizens
in a host of all­encompassing manners. This vast range of powers, taken together,
confer   enough   authority   to   rule   the   country   without   reference   to   normal
Constitutional processes.

Under   the   powers   delegated   by   these   statutes,   the   President   may:   seize
property; organize and control the means of production; seize commodities;
assign   military   forces   abroad;   institute   martial   law;   seize   and   control   all
transportation   and   communication;   regulate   the   operation   of   private
enterprise; restrict travel; and, in a plethora of particular ways, control the
lives of all American citizens."

When the Southern states walked out of Congress on March 27, 1861, the quorum
to conduct business under the Constitution was lost. The only votes that Congress
could   lawfully   take,   under   Parliamentary   Law,   were   those   to   set   the   time   to
reconvene, take a vote to get a quorum, and vote to adjourn and set a date, time,
and place to reconvene at a later time, but instead, Congress abandoned the House
and Senate without setting a date to reconvene. Under the parliamentary law of
Congress, when this happened, Congress became sine die (pronounced see­na dee­
a; literally "without day") and thus when Congress adjourned sine die, it ceased to
exist as a lawful deliberative body, and the only lawful, constitutional power that
could declare war was no longer lawful, or in session.

The Southern states, by virtue of their secession from the Union, also ceased to
exist sine die, and some state legislatures in the Northern bloc also adjourned sine
die, and thus, all the states which were parties to creating the Constitution ceased
to   exist.   President   Lincoln   executed   the   first   executive   order   written   by   any
President on April 15, 1861, Executive Order 1, and the nation has been ruled by
the  President under executive  order  ever since.  When  Congress  eventually did
reconvene, it was reconvened under the military authority of the Commander­in­
Chief and not by Rules of Order for Parliamentary bodies or by Constitutional
Law;   placing   the   American   people   under   martial   rule   ever   since   that   national
emergency declared by President Lincoln. The Constitution for the United States
of   America   temporarily   ceased   to   be   the   law   of   the   land,   and   the   President,
Congress, and the Courts unlawfully presumed that they were free to remake the
nation in their own image, whereas, lawfully, no constitutional provisions were in
place   which   afforded   power   to   any   of   the   actions   which   were   taken   which
presumed to place the nation under the new form of control.

President Lincoln knew that he had no authority to issue any executive order, and
thus he commissioned General Orders No. 100 (April 24, 1863) as a special field
code to govern his actions under martial law and which justified the seizure of
power, which extended the laws of the District of Columbia, and which fictionally
implemented   the   provisions   of   Article   I,   Section   8,   Clauses   17­18   of   the
Constitution   beyond   the   boundaries   of   Washington,   D.C.   and   into   the   several
states. General Orders No. 100, also called the Lieber Instructions and the Lieber
Code, extended The Laws of War and International Law onto American soil, and
the United States government became the presumed conqueror of the people and
the land.

Martial rule was kept secret and has never ended, the nation has been ruled under
Military Law by the Commander of Chief of that military; the President, under his
assumed executive powers and according to his executive orders. Constitutional
law under the original Constitution is enforced only as a matter of keeping the
public peace under the provisions of General Orders No. 100 under martial rule.
Under Martial Law, title is a mere fiction, since all property belongs to the military
except for that property which the Commander­in­Chief may, in his benevolence,
exempt from taxation and seizure and upon which he allows the enemy to reside.

President   Lincoln   was   assassinated   before   he   could   complete   plans   for

reestablishing constitutional government in the Southern States and end the martial
rule by executive order, and the  14th Article in Amendment  to the Constitution
created a new citizenship status for the new expanded jurisdiction. New laws for
the   District   of   Columbia   were   established   and   passed   by   Congress   in   1871,
supplanting those  established Feb. 27, 1801 and May 3,  1802.  The District of
Columbia was re­incorporated in 1872, and all states in the Union were reformed
as Franchisees of the Federal Corporation so that a new Union of the United States
could be created. The key to when the states became Federal Franchisees is related
to the date when such states enacted the Field Code in law. The Field Code was a
codification of the common law that was adopted first by New York and then by
California in 1872, and shortly afterwards the Lieber Code was used to bring the
United States into the 1874 Brussels Conference and into the Hague Conventions
of 1899 and 1907.

In   1917,   the   Trading   with  the   Enemy  Act  (Public   Law   65­91,   65th  Congress,
Session I, Chapters 105, 106, October 6, 1917) was passed and which defined,
regulated and punished trading with enemies, who were then required by that act
to be licensed by the government to do business. The National Banking System
Act   (Public   Law   73­1,   73rd   Congress,   Session   I,   Chapter   1,   March   9,   1933),
Executive   Proclamation   2038   (March   6,   1933),   Executive   Proclamation   2039
(March 9, 1933), and Executive Orders 6073, 6102, 6111 and 6260 prove that in
1933, the United States Government formed under the executive privilege of the
original martial rule went  bankrupt, and a new state of national emergency was
declared   under   which   United   States   citizens   were   named   as   the   enemy   to   the
government and the banking system as per the provisions of the Trading with the
Enemy   Act.   The   legal   system   provided   for   in   the   Constitution   was   formally
changed in 1938 through the Supreme Court decision in the case of Erie Railroad
Co. v. Tompkins, 304 US 64, 82 L.Ed. 1188.
On April 25, 1938, the Supreme Court overturned the standing precedents of the
prior 150 years concerning "COMMON LAW" in the federal government. 

THERE   IS   NO   FEDERAL   COMMON   LAW,   AND   CONGRESS   HAS   NO

POWER   TO   DECLARE   SUBSTANTIVE   RULES   OF   COMMON   LAW
applicable  IN   A  STATE,   WHETHER  they  be  LOCAL  or  GENERAL  in their
nature, be they COMMERCIAL LAW or a part of LAW OF TORTS." (See: ERIE
RAILROAD CO. vs. THOMPKINS, 304 U.S. 64, 82 L. Ed. 1188)
The significance is that since the Erie Decision, no cases are allowed to be cited
that are prior to 1938. There can be no mixing of the old law with the new law.
The Common Law is the fountain source of Substantive and Remedial Rights, if
not our very Liberties. (See also: Who is Running America?)

In 1945 the United States gave up any remaining national sovereignty when it
signed the United Nations Treaty, making all American citizens subject to United
Nations jurisdiction. The "constitution" of the United Nations may be compared to
that of the old Soviet Union.

Documentation ­

Executive Order 1 ­ http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/proc­1.htm;

General   Orders   No.   100   (April   24,   1863)   "Lieber   Code"   ­

http://www.tufts.edu/departments/fletcher/multi/texts/historical/LIEBER­
CODE.txt;[Editorial note  (8/30/2011): The  above link no longer  exists.  The
following  may  provide   an   alternative   source:
http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/110?OpenDocument.]

Senate   Report   93­549   (93rd   Congress,   1st   Session,   1973)  ­  

http://www.barefootsworld.net/war_ep1.html;

The Trading with the Enemy Act (Public Law 65­91, 65th Congress, Session I,
Chapters 105, 106, October 6, 1917);

National   Banking   System   Act   (Public   Law   73­1,   73rd   Congress,   Session   I,
Chapter 1, March 9, 1933);

Executive   Proclamation   2038   (March   6,   1933);   Executive   Proclamation   2039

(March 9, 1933);

Executive Orders 6073, 6102, 6111 and 6260;

Title 12 USC, Section 95a ­ http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/12/95.html;

Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 US 64, 82 L.Ed. 1188;

and the United Nations Treaty.

All   documentation   is   available   through   your   local   government   document

repository library branch or at the Library of Congress.

Observations ­ Arguments which suggest that the Treaty of Paris of 1783 was not
a lawful or legal treaty of peace between warring nations and that the American
Colonies never really attained or obtained lawful or legal sovereignty, must also
presume, by their own argument, that the Constitution for the united States of
America and the Bill of Rights were never organic documents of true lawful or
legal standing.

Conclusion ­ The Constitution for the united States of America and the Bill of
Rights are no longer in effect in their original form or where they conflict
with the United Nations Treaty and other international agreements. Citizens
of the several States of the Union who were formerly sovereigns protected by
the   common   law   are   now   United   States   citizens   and   are   thus   subjects   to
International Admiralty jurisdiction.

Now that you know what you are up against, I hope the
above data and the linked Senate Report 93­549 causes you
to see red, pisses you off enough to start thinking and doing
something about it. I am fighting for my freedom and my
country,   to   defend   and   restore   the   Constitution,   our
Nation's Sovereignty, Your Sovereignty, and Mine. 
Are You??

Bankruptcy of U.S. in 1933

State of Emergency, War Powers Trading with the Enemy Act of
1917
(Bankruptcy of The United States of America Declared)

The United States went "bankrupt" in 1933. [President Roosevelt Executive

Order 6073, 6102, 6111, 6260; Senate Report 93-549, pgs. 187 & 594, 1973]
In 1950, declared "bankruptcy and reorganization". Secretary of Treasury
appointer receiver in the bankruptcy [Reorganization Plan, No. 26, 5 U.S.C.A.
903; Public Law 94-564; Legislative History, Pg. 5967]
The Secretary of the Treasury is the "Governor" of the International Monetary
Fund, Inc. of the U.N. [Public Law 94-564, supra, pg. 5942; U.S. Government
Manual 1990/91, pgs. 480-81; 26 U.S.C.A. 7701(a)(11); Treasury Delegation
Order No 150-10]
On Oct. 28th 1977, the United States as a "Corporator" and "State" declared
insolvancy. State banks and most other banks were put under control of the
"Governor" of the "Fund" (I.M.F.). 26 IRC 165 (g)(1); U.C.C. 1-201(23), C.R.S.
39-22-103.5, Westfall vs. Braley, 10 Ohio 188, 75 Am. Dec. 509, Adams vs.
Richardson, 337 S.W. 2d. 911 Ward vs. Smith, 7 Wall 447"Mr. Speaker, we are
now in Chapter 11. Members of Congress are official Trustees presiding over the
greatest reorganization of any bankrupt entity in world history, the United States
government..." -- (Mr. Trafficant from Ohio, Congressional Record, pg. H1303,
March 17th, 1993)"...the United States obligations in the International Monetary
Fund..." -- Public Law 94-564, 94th Congress, Sec. 10(a)

(State of National Emergency Declared)

"Since March 9th, 1933, the United States has been in a state of declared
national emergency..." (Senate Resolution 9, 93d. Congress, 1st. Session,
Foreward, 1973)
"When Congress declares an emergency, there is no Constitution..."
(Congressman Beck, Congressional Record, Farm Bill, 1933)
"A majority of people of the United States have lived all of their lives under
emergency rule. For 40 years, freedoms and governmental procedures
guaranteed by the Constitution have in varying degrees been abridged by laws
brought into force by states of national emergency..." -- Senate Report 93-549
(Introduction) 1973
"The President may: Seize property, organize commodities, assign military forces
abroad, institute Martial Law, seize and control and transportation and
communication, regulate operation of private enterprise, restrict travel, and in a
plethora of particular ways, control the lives of all American citizens". -- Senate
Report 93-549; Senate Resolution 9, 93d Congress, 1st. Session (III) 1973 See:
Chapter 1, Title 1, Section 48, Statute 1, March 9, 1933; Proclamation 2038; Title
12 U.S.C 95(b) Currently, permanent state of national emergency. -- 22 U.S.C.A.
286d. 1977; See: Executive Order 12919 signed by President Clinton

Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 & 1933 (Notice: You Have
Been Declared the Enemy!)

Oct. 6, 1917, under the Trading with the Enemy Act, Section 2, subdivision (c),
Chapter 106 - Enemy defined "other than citizens of the United States..." March
9, 1933, Chapter 106, Section 5, subdivision (b) of the Trading with the Enemy
Act of Oct.6 1917 (40 Stat. L. 411) amended as follows "...any person within the
United States.." See H.R. 1491 Public No.1

Who is Really Threatening the Security of Your Homeland?

There is a Conspiracy To Deprive You of Your Security!

Your Government will not protect you. Your Money Cannot Protect You. Your
Stored food and Merchandise Cannot Protect You. Your Doctor Cannot Protect
You. Your Lawyer Cannot Protect You. Your Relatives Cannot Protect You. The
Media Cannot Protect You. Your Weapons Cannot Protect You. Your Chosen
"Spiritual Leader" Cannot Protect You.

Only Your God Can Protect You!

If You Turn From the Ways of the World and Turn Toward the Ways of the God of
Creation With ALL Your Heart, You Can Be Spared the worst of the Promised
Tribulation .

The System is Corrupt. The Deck is Stacked Against You. Beware of Those
Who Have a FINANCIAL/ COMMERCIAL Interest in Exploiting Your Fear.
FREEDOM FROM WAR THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM FOR GENERAL
AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT IN A PEACEFUL WORLD
DEPARTMENT OF STATE

DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 7277 Disarmament Series 5 Released

September 1961

Office of Public Services BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington 25, D.C. - Price 15 cents

← INTRODUCTION The revolutionary of modern weapons

within a world divided by serious ideological differences has produced a
crisis in human history. In order to overcome the danger of nuclear war
now confronting mankind, the United States has introduced, at the
Sixteenth General Assembly of the United Nations, a Program for General
and Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World. This new program
provides for the progressive reduction of the war-making capabilities of
nations and the simultaneous strengthening of international institutions to
settle disputes and maintain the peace. It sets forth a series of
comprehensive measures which can and should be taken in order to bring
about a world in which there will be freedom from war and security for all
states. It is based on three principles deemed essential to the
achievement of practical progress in the disarmament field: First, there
must be immediate disarmament action: A strenuous and uninterrupted
effort must be made toward the goal of general and complete
disarmament; at the same time, it is important that specific measures be
put into effect as soon as possible. Second, all disarmament obligations
must be subject to effective international controls: The control
organization must have the manpower, facilities, and effectiveness to
assure that limitations or reductions take place as agreed. It must also be
able to certify to all states permitted at any stage of the disarmament
process. Third, Adequate peace-keeping machinery must be established:
There is an inseparable relationship between the scaling down of national
armaments on the one hand and the building up of international peace-
keeping machinery and institutions on the other. Nations are unlikely to
shed their means of self-protection in the absence of alternative ways to
safeguard their legitimate interests. This can only be achieved through the
progressive strengthening of international institutions under the United
Nations and by creating a United Nations Peace force to enforce the
peace as the disarmament process proceeds. There follows a summary
of the principal provisions of the United States Program for General and
Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World. The full text of the program is
contained in an appendix to this pamphlet. FREEDOM FROM WAR THE
UNITED STATES PROGRAM FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE
DISARMAMENT IN A PEACEFUL WORLD SUMMARY DISARMAMENT
GOAL AND OBJECTIVES The overall goal of the United States is a free,
secure, and peaceful world of independent states adhering to common
standards of justice and international conduct and subjecting the use of
force to the rule of law; a world which has achieved general and complete
disarmament under effective international control; and a world in which
adjustment to change takes place in accordance with the principles of the
United Nations. In order to make possible the achievement of that goal,
the program sets forth the following specific objectives toward which
nations should direct their efforts: * The disbanding of all national armed
forces and the prohibition of their re-establishment in any form whatsoever
other than those required to preserve internal order and for contributions
to a United Nations Peace Force. * The elimination from national arsenals
of all armaments , including all weapons of mass destruction and the
means for their delivery, other than those required for a United Nations
Peace Force and for maintaining internal order: * The institution of
effective means for the enforcement of international agreements, for the
enforcement of international disputes, and for the principles of the United
Nations; * The establishment and effective operation of an International
Disarmament within the framework of the United Nations to insure
compliance at all times with all disarmament obligations. TASKS OF
NEGOTIATING STATES The negotiating states are called upon to
develop the program into a detailed plan for general and complete
disarmament and to continue their efforts without interruption until the
whole program has been achieved. To this end, they are to seek the
widest possible area of agreement at the earliest possible date. At the
same time, and without prejudice to progress on the disarmament
program, they are to seek agreement on those immediate measures that
would contribute to the common security of nations and that could
facilitate and form part of the total program. GOVERNING PRINCIPLES
The program sets forth a series of general principles to guide the
negotiating states in their work. These make clear that: * As states
relinquish their arms, the United Nations must be progressively
strengthened in order to improve its capacity to assure international
security and the peaceful settlement of disputes; * Disarmament must
proceed as rapidly as possible, until it is completed, in states containing
balanced , phased, and safeguarded measures; * Each measure and
stage should be carried out in an agreed period of time, with transition
from one stage to the next to take place as soon and verified and as soon
as necessary arrangements for verification of the next stage have been
made. * Inspection and verification must establish both that nations carry
out scheduled limitations or reductions and that they do not retain armed
forces and armaments in excess of those permitted at any stage of the
disarmament process; and * Disarmament must take place in a manner
that will not affect adversely the security of any state. DISARMAMENT
STAGES The program provides for progressive disarmament steps to
take place in three stages and for the simultaneous strengthening of
international institutions. FIRST STAGE The first stage contains
measures which would significantly reduce the capabilities of nations to
wage aggressive war. Implementation of this stage would mean that:.
Nuclear threat would be reduced: All states would have adhered to a
treaty effectively prohibiting the testing of nuclear weapons. The
production of fissionable materials for use in weapons would be stopped
and quantities of such materials from past production would be converted
to non-weapon uses. States owning nuclear weapons would not
relinquish control of such weapons to any nation not owning them and
would not transmit to any such nation information or material necessary
for their manufacture. States not owning nuclear weapons would not
manufacture them or attempt to obtain control of such weapons belonging
to other states. A Commission of Experts would be established to report
on the feasibility and means for the verified reduction and eventual
elimination of nuclear weapons stockpiles. * Strategic delivery vehicles
would be reduced: Strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles of
specified categories and weapons designed to counter such vehicles
would be reduced to agreed levels by equitable and balanced steps; their
production would be discontinued or limited; their testing would be limited
or halted. * Arms and armed forces would be reduced: The armed forces
of the United States and the Soviet Union would be limited to 2.1 million
men each (with appropriate levels not exceeding that amount for other
militarily significant states); levels of armaments would be correspondingly
reduced and their production would be limited. And Experts Commission
would be established to examine and report on the feasibility and means
of accomplishing verifiable reduction and eventual elimination of all
chemical, biological and radiological weapons. * Peaceful use of outer
space would be promoted: The placing in orbit or stationing in outer
space of weapons capable of producing mass destruction would be
prohibited. States would give advance notification of space vehicle and
missile launchings. * U.N. peace-keeping powers would be strengthened:
 Measures would be taken to develop and strengthen United Nations
arrangements for arbitration, for the development of international law, and
for the establishment in Stage II of a permanent U.N. Peace Force. * An
International Disarmament Organization would be established for effective
verification of the disarmament program: Its functions would be expanded
progressively as disarmament proceeds. It would certify to all states that
agreed reductions have taken place and that retained forces and
armaments do not exceed permitted levels. It would determine the
transition from one stage to the next. * States would be committed to
other measures to reduce international tension and to protect against the
chance of war by accident, miscalculation, or surprise attack: States
would be committed to refrain from the threat or use of any type of armed
force contrary to the principles of the U.N. Charter and to refrain from
indirect aggressions against any country. A U.N. peace observation group
would be available to investigate any situation which might cause alarm;
observation posts would be established to report on concentrations and
movements of military forces. SECOND STAGE The second stage
contains a series of measures which would bring within sight a world in
which there would be freedom from war. Implementation of all measures in
the second state would mean: * Further substantial reductions in the
armed forces, armaments, and military establishments of states, including
strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles and countering weapons; *
Further development of methods for the peaceful settlement of disputes
under the United Nations; * Establishment of a permanent international
peace force within the United Nations; * Depending on the findings of an
Experts Commission, a halt in the production of chemical, bacteriological
and radiological weapons and a reduction of existing stocks or their
conversion to peaceful uses; * On the basis of the findings of an Experts
Commission, a halt in the production of chemical, bacteriological and
radiological weapons and a reduction of existing stocks or their conversion
to peaceful uses; * The dismantling or the conversion to peaceful uses of
certain military bases and facilities wherever located; and * The
strengthening and enlargement of the International Disarmament
Organization to enable it to verify the steps taken in Stage II and to
determine the transition to Stage III. Third Stage During the third stage of
the program, the states of the world, building on the experience and
confidence gained in successfully implementing the measures of the first
two stages, would take final steps toward the goal of a world in which: *
States would retain only those forces, non-nuclear armaments, and
establishments required for the purpose of maintaining internal order; they
would also support and provide agreed manpower for a U.N. Peace Force
* The U.N. Peace Force, equipped with agreed types and quantities of
armaments, would be fully functioning. * The manufacture of armaments
would be prohibited except for those of agreed types and quantities to be
used by the U.N. Peace Force and those required to maintain internal
order. All other armaments would be destroyed or converted to peaceful
purposes. * The peace-keeping capabilities of the United Nations would
be sufficiently strong and the obligations of all states under such
arrangements sufficiently far-reaching as to assure peace and the just
settlement of differences in a disarmed world. APPENDIX
DECLARATION ON DISARMAMENT THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM
FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT IN A PEACEFUL
WORLD The nations of the world, Conscious of the crisis in human
history produced by the revolutionary development of modern weapons
within a world divided by serious ideological differences: Determined to
save present and succeeding generations from the scourge of war and the
dangers and burdens of the arms race and to create conditions in which
all peoples can strive freely and peacefully to fulfill their basic aspirations;
Declare their goal to be: A free, secure, and peaceful world of independent
states adhering to common standards of justice and international conduct
and subjecting the use of force to the rule of law; a world where
adjustment to change takes place in accordance with the principles of the
United Nations; a world where there shall be a permanent state of general
and complete disarmament under effective international control and where
the resources of nations shell be devoted to man's material, cultural, and
spiritual advance; Set forth as the objectives of a program of general and
complete disarmament, in a peaceful world: (a) The disbanding of all
national armed forces and the prohibition of their reestablishment in any
form whatsoever, other than those required to preserve internal order and
for contributions to a United Nations Peace Force; (b) The elimination
from national arsenals of all armaments, including all weapons of mass
destruction and the means for their delivery, other than those required for
a United Nations Peace Force and for maintaining internal order; (c) The
establishment and effective operation of an International Disarmament
Organization within the framework of the United Nations to ensure
compliance at all times with all disarmament obligations; (d) The
institution of effective means for the enforcement of international
agreements, for the settlement of disputes, and for the maintenance of
peace in accordance with the principles of the United Nations the
negotiating states: (a) To develop the outline program set forth below into
an agreed plan for general and complete disarmament and to continue
their efforts without interruption until the whole program has been
achieved; (b) To this end to seek to attain the widest possible area of
agreement at the earliest possible date; (c) Also to seek-without prejudice
to progress on the disarmament program - - agreement on those
immediate measures that would contribute to the common security of
nations and that could facilitate and form a part of that program. Affirm
that disarmament negotiations should be guided by the following
principles: (a) Disarmament shall take place as rapidly as possible until it
is completed in stages containing balanced, phased and safeguarded
measures, with each measure and stage to be carried out in an agreed
period of time. (b) Compliance with all disarmament obligations shall be
effectively verified from their entry into force. Verification arrangements
shall be instituted progressively and in such a manner as to verify not only
that agreed limitations or reductions take place but also that retained
armed forces and armaments do not exceed agreed levels at any stage.
(c) Disarmament shall take place in the manner that will not affect
adversely the security of any state, whether or not a party to an
international agreement or treaty. (d) As states relinquish arms, the United
Nations shall be progressively strengthened in order to improve its
capacity to assure international security and the peaceful settlement of
differences as well as to facilitate the development of international
cooperation in common tasks for the benefit of mankind. (e) Transition
from one stage of disarmament to the next shall take place as soon as all
the measures in the preceding stage have been carried out and effective
verification is continuing and as soon as the arrangements that have been
agreed to be necessary for the next stage have been instituted. Agree
upon the following outline program for achieving general and complete
disarmament. STAGE I A. To establish an International Disarmament
Organization: (a) An International Disarmament Organization (IDO) shall
be established within the framework of the United Nations upon entry into
force of the agreement. Its functions shall be expanded progressively as
required for the effective verification of the disarmament program. (b) The
IDO shall have: (1) a General Conference of all the parties; (2) a
Commission consisting of representatives of all the major powers as
permanent members and certain other states on a rotating basis; and (3)
an Administrator who will administer the Organization subject to the
direction of the Commission and who will have the authority, staff, and
finances adequate to assure effective impartial implementation of the
functions of the Organization. (c) The IDO shall: (1) ensure compliance
with the obligations by verifying the execution of measures agreed upon;
(2) assist the states in developing the details of agreed further verification
and disarmament measures; (3) provide for the establishment of such
bodies as may be necessary for working out the details of further
measures provided for in the program and for such other expert study
groups as may be required to give continuous study to the problems of
disarmament; (4) receive reports on the progress of disarmament and
verification arrangements and determine the transition from one stage to
the next/ To Reduce Armed Forces and Armaments: (a) Force levels
shall be limited to 2.1 million each for the U.S. and U.S.S.R. and to
appropriate levels not exceeding 2.1 million each for all other militarily
significant states. Reductions to the agreed levels will proceed by
equitable, proportionate, and verified steps. (b) Levels of armaments of
prescribed types shall be reduced by equitable and balanced steps. The
reductions shall be accomplished by transfers of armaments to depots
supervised by the IDO. When, at specified periods during the Stage I
reduction process, the states party to the agreement have agreed that the
armaments and armed forces are at prescribed levels, the armaments in
 depots shall be destroyed or converted to peaceful uses. (c) A Chemical,
Biological, Radiological (CBR) Experts Commission shall be established
within the IDO for the purpose of examining and reporting on the feasibility
and means for accomplishing the verifiable reduction and eventual
elimination of CBR weapons stockpiles and the halting of their production.
C. To Contain and Reduce the Nuclear Threat: (a) States that have not
acceded to a treaty effectively prohibiting the testing of nuclear weapons
shall do so. (b) The production of fissionable materials for the use in
weapons shall be stopped. (c) Upon the cessation of production of
fissionable materials for use in weapons, agreed initial quantities of
fissionable materials from past production shall be transferred to non-
weapons purposes. (d) Any fissionable materials transferred between
countries for uses of nuclear energy shall be subject to appropriate
safeguards to be developed in agreement with the IAEA. (e) States
owning nuclear weaponsU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1961
O 609147

________________________________________

Federal Reserve Directors: Corporate/Banking Study

by STAFF REPORT, AUGUST 1976

CHART 1=======
** Federal Reserve Directors: A Study of Corporate and Banking Influence **Staff
Report, Committee on Banking, Currency and Housing,House of
Representatives, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, August 1976.

=============================================================
==========
CHART 1 reveals the linear connection between the Rothschild's and the Bank of
England, and the London banking houses which ultimately control the Federal
Reserve Banks through their stockholdings of bank stock and their subsidiary
firms in New York. The two principal Rothschild representatives in New York, J. P.
Morgan Co., and Kuhn, Loeb & Co. were the firms which set up the Jekyll Island
Conference at which the Federal Reserve Act was drafted, who directed the
subsequent successful campaign to have the plan enacted into law by Congress,
and who purchased the controlling amounts of stock in the Federal Reserve
Bank of New York in 1914. These firms had their principal officers appointed to
the Federal Reserve Board of Governors and the Federal Advisory Council in
1914. In 1914 a few families (blood or business related) owning controlling stock
in existing banks (such as in New York City) caused those banks to purchase
controlling shares in the Federal Reserve regional banks. Examination of the
charts and text in the House Banking Committee Staff Report of August, 1976
and the current stockholders list of the 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks show
this same family control.

=============================================================
==========

N.M. Rothschild , London - Bank of England

______________________________________| || J. Henry Schroder | Banking
Corp.| |Brown, Shipley - Morgan Grenfell - Lazard - |& Company & Company
Brothers || | | |--------------------| -------| | || | | | | |Alex Brown - Brown Bros. - Lord
Mantagu - Morgan et al -- Lazard ---| & Son | Harriman Norman | Paris Bros || | / |
N.Y. || | | | | || Governor, Bank | J.P. Morgan Co -- Lazard ---| | of England / N.Y.
Morgan Freres | | 1924-1938 / Guaranty Co. Paris || / Morgan Stanley Co. | / | /
| \Schroder Bank | / | Hamburg/Berlin| / Drexel & Company / | / Philadelphia / | / /
| / Lord Airlie| / /| / M. M. Warburg Chairman J. Henry Schroder| | Hamburg ---------
married Virginia F. Ryan| | | grand-daughter of Otto| | | Kahn of Kuhn Loeb Co.| | |
| | | Lehman Brothers N.Y.-------------- Kuhn Loeb Co. N. Y. | | -------------------------- |
| | | || | | |Lehman Brothers - Mont. Alabama Solomon Loeb Abraham Kuhn| | __|
______________________|_________Lehman-Stern, New Orleans Jacob
Schiff/Theresa Loeb Nina Loeb/Paul Warburg------------------------- | | || | Mortimer
Schiff James Paul Warburg_____________|_______________/ || | | | |Mayer
Lehman | Emmanuel Lehman \| | | \Herbert Lehman Irving Lehman \| | | \Arthur
Lehman \ Phillip Lehman John Schiff/Edith Brevoort Baker/ | Present Chairman
Lehman Bros/ Robert Owen Lehman Kuhn Loeb - Granddaughter of/ | | George
F. Baker| / || / || / Lehman Bros Kuhn Loeb (1980)| / || / Thomas Fortune Ryan| | ||
| |Federal Reserve Bank Of New York ||||||||| |______National City Bank N. Y. || | ||
National Bank of Commerce N.Y. ---|| | \| Hanover National Bank N.Y. \| | \| Chase
National Bank N.Y. \| || |Shareholders - National City Bank - N.Y. |
----------------------------------------- || James Stillman Elsie m. William Rockefeller
Isabel m. Percy RockefellerWilliam Rockefeller Shareholders - National Bank of
Commerce N. Y. J. P. Morgan -----------------------------------------------M.T. Pyne
Equitable Life - J.P. MorganPercy Pyne Mutual Life - J.P. MorganJ.W. Sterling
H.P. Davison - J. P. MorganNY Trust/NY Edison Mary W. HarrimanShearman &
Sterling A.D. Jiullard - North British Mercantile Insurance| Jacob Schiff| Thomas
F. Ryan| Paul Warburg| Levi P. Morton - Guaranty Trust - J. P. Morgan||
Shareholders - First National Bank of N.Y.-------------------------------------------J.P.
MorganGeorge F. BakerGeorge F. Baker Jr.Edith Brevoort BakerUS Congress -
1946-64|||||Shareholders - Hanover National Bank N.Y.
------------------------------------------James StillmanWilliam Rockefeller|||||
Shareholders - Chase National Bank N.Y.---------------------------------------George F.
Baker
=============================================================
==========
CHART 2=======** Federal Reserve Directors: A Study of Corporate and
Banking Influence **- Published 1983
The J. Henry Schroder Banking Company chart encompasses the entire history
of the twentieth century, embracing as it does the program (Belgium Relief
Commission) which provisioned Germany from 1915-1918 and dissuaded
Germany from seeking peace in 1916; financing Hitler in 1933 so as to make a
Second World War possible; backing the Presidential campaign of Herbert
Hoover ; and even at the present time, having two of its major executives of its
subsidiary firm, Bechtel Corporation serving as Secretary of Defense and
Secretary of State in the Reagan Administration.

The head of the Bank of England since 1973, Sir Gordon Richardson, Governor
of the Bank of England (controlled by the House of Rothschild) was chairman of
J. Henry Schroder Wagg and Company of London from 1963-72, and director of
J. Henry Schroder, New York and Schroder Banking Corporation, New York, as
well as Lloyd's Bank of London, and Rolls Royce. He maintains a residence on
Sutton Place in New York City, and as head of "The London Connection," can be
said to be the single most influential banker in the world.
=============================================================
==========

J. Henry Schroder-----------------|||Baron Rudolph Von SchroderHamburg - 1858 -

1934|||Baron Bruno Von SchroderHamburg - 1867 - 1940F. C. Tiarks |1874-1952
|| |marr. Emma Franziska |(Hamburg) Helmut B. SchroderJ. Henry Schroder
1902 |Dir. Bank of England |Dir. Anglo-Iranian |Oil Company J. Henry Schroder
Banking Company N.Y.||J. Henry Schroder Trust Company N.Y.|||
___________________|____________________| |Allen Dulles John Foster
DullesSullivan & Cromwell Sullivan & CromwellDirector - CIA U. S. Secretary of
StateRockefeller Foundation

Prentiss Gray------------Belgian Relief Comm. Lord AirlieChief Marine

Transportation -----------US Food Administration WW I Chairman; Virgina Fortune
RyanManati Sugar Co. American & daughter of Otto KahnBritish Continental
Corp. of Kuhn, Loeb Co.| || |M. E. Rionda |------------ |Pres. Cuba Cane Sugar Co.
|Manati Sugar Co. many other |sugar companies. __________________| | || |G.
A. Zabriskie Emile Francoui--------------- | -------------- Chairman U.S. Sugar
Equalization | Belgian Relief Comm. Board 1917-18; Pres Empire | Kai Ping Coal
MinesBiscuit Co., Columbia Baking | Tientsin RailroadCo. , Southern Baking Co. |
Congo Copper| Central Bank of Belgium|Suite 2000 | 42 Broadway N. Y
__________________________|________________________________
| | || | |Edgar Richard Julius H. Barnes Herbert Hoover------------- ----------------
-------------- Belgium Relief Commission Belgium Relief Commission Chairman
Belgium Relief ComAmer Relief Comm Pres Grain Corp. U.S. Food AdminU.S.
Food Admin U.S. Food Admin 1917-18 Sec of Commerce 1924-281918-24,
Hazeltine Corp. C.B. Pitney Bowes Corp Kai Ping Coal Mines| Manati Sugar
Corp. Congo Copper| PresidentU.S.1928-32|||John Lowery Simpson
------------------- Sacramento, Calif Belgium Relief |Comm. U. S. Food
Administration Baron Kurt Von SchroderPrentiss Gray Co. J. Henry Schroder
-----------------------Trust, Schroder-Rockefeller, Chmn Schroder Banking Corp.
J.H. SteinFin Comm, Bechtel International Bankhaus (Hitler's personal bankCo.
Bechtel Co. (Casper Weinberger) account) served on board of allSec of Defense,
George P. Schultz German subsidiaries of ITT . Sec of State (Reagan Admin).
Bank for International Settlements,| SS Senior Group Leader, Himmler's| Circle of
Friends (Nazi Fund),| Deutsche Reichsbank, President||Schroder-Rockefeller &
Co. , N.Y.---------------------------------Avery Rockefeller, J. Henry SchroderBanking
Corp., Bechtel Co., BechtelInternational Co. , Canadian BechtelCompany. |||
Gordon Richardson-----------------Governor, Bank of England 1973-PRESENT
C.B. of J. Henry Schroder N.Y.Schroder Banking Co., New York, Lloyds Bank
Rolls Royce
=============================================================
==========

CHART 3=======** Federal Reserve Directors: A Study of Corporate and

Banking Influence **- Published 1976
The David Rockefeller chart shows the link between the Federal ReserveBank of
New York, Standard Oil of Indiana, General Motors and AlliedChemical
Corporation (Eugene Meyer family) and Equitable Life (J. P. Morgan).
=============================================================
==========

DAVID ROCKEFELLER---------------------Chairman of the BoardChase Manhattan

Corp||______|____________________________________________Chase
Manhattan Corp. |Officer & Director Interlocks --------------------|| |Private
Investment Co. for America Allied Chemicals Corp.| |Firestone Tire & Rubber
Company General Motors | |Orion Multinational Services Ltd. Rockefeller Family
& Associates| |ASARCO. Inc Chrysler Corp.| |Southern Peru Copper Corp. Intl'
Basic Economy Corp.| |Industrial Minerva Mexico S.A. R.H. Macy & Co.| |
Continental Corp. Selected Risk Investments S.A.| |Honeywell Inc. Omega Fund,
Inc.| |Northwest Airlines, Inc. Squibb Corporation| |Northwestern Bell Telephone
Co. Olin Foundation | |Minnesota Mining & Mfg Co (3M) Mutual Benefit Life Ins.
Co. of NJ| |American Express Co. AT & T | |Hewlett Packard Pacific Northwestern
Bell Co.| |FMC Corporation BeachviLime Ltd.| |Utah Intl' Inc. Eveleth Expansion
Company| |Exxon Corporation Fidelity Union Bancorporation| |International
Nickel/Canada Cypress Woods Corporation| |Federated Capital Corporation Intl'
Minerals & Chemical Corp.| |Equitable Life Assurance Soc U.S. Burlington
Industries| |Federated Dept Stores Wachovia Corporation| |General Electric
Jefferson Pilot Corporation| |Scott Paper Co. R. J. Reynolds Industries Inc.| |
American Petroleum Institute United States Steel Corp.| |Richardson Merril Inc.
Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.| |May Department Stores Co. Norton-Simon Inc.|
|Sperry Rand Corporation Stone-Webster Inc.| |San Salvador Development
Comp. Standard Oil of Indiana
=============================================================
==========
CHART 4=======** Federal Reserve Directors: A Study of Corporate and
Banking Influence **- Published 1976
This chart shows the interlocks between the Federal Reserve Bank of New York
J. Henry Schroder Banking Corp., J. Henry Schroder Trust Co., Rockefeller
Center, Inc., Equitable Life Assurance Society ( J.P. Morgan), and the Federal
Reserve Bank of Boston.
=============================================================
==========

Alan Pifer, PresidentCarnegie Corporation of New York----------------------||

----------------------Carnegie CorporationTrustee Interlocks ------------------------------| |
Rockefeller Center, Inc J. Henry Schroder Trust Company| |The Cabot
Corporation Paul Revere Investors, Inc.| |Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
Qualpeco, Inc.|Owens Corning Fiberglas|New England Telephone Co.|Fisher
Scientific Company|Mellon National Corporation|Equitable Life Assurance
Society|Twentieth Century Fox Corporation|J. Henry Schroder Banking
Corporation
=============================================================
==========

CHART 5=======** Federal Reserve Directors: A Study of Corporate and

Banking Influence **- Published 1976
This chart shows the link between the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Brown
Brothers Harriman,Sun Life Assurance Co. (N.M. Rothschild and Sons), and the
Rockefeller Foundation.
=============================================================
==========
Maurice F. GranvilleChairman of The BoardTexaco Incorporated----------------------|
|Texaco Officer & Director Interlocks ----------- Liggett & Myers, Inc.|| || |L Arabian
American Oil Company St John d'el Ray Mining Co. Ltd.O | |N Brown Brothers
Harriman & Co. National Steel CorporationD | |O Brown Harriman & Intl' Banks
Ltd. Massey-Ferguson Ltd.N | |American Express Mutual Life Insurance Co.| |N.
American Express Intl' Banking Corp. Mass. Mutual Income Investors Inc.M. | |
Anaconda United Services Life Ins. Co.R | |O Rockefeller Foundation Fairchild
IndustriesT | |H Owens-Corning Fiberglas Blount, Inc.S | |C National City Bank
(Cleveland) William Wrigley Jr. CoH | |I Sun Life Assurance Co. National Blvd.
Bank of ChicagoL | |D General Reinsurance Lykes Youngstown Corporation| |
General Electric (NBC) Inmount Corporation

**Source: Federal Reserve Directors: A Study of Corporate and Banking

Influence.Staff Report, Committee on Banking, Currency and Housing,House of
Representatives, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, August 1976.
______________________________________________
United States Code TITLE 50 - WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE

CHAPTER 34 - NATIONAL EMERGENCIES

SUBCHAPTER I - TERMINATING EXISTING DECLARED EMERGENCIES

Section 1601. Termination of existing declared emergencies

(a) All powers and authorities possessed by the President, any other officer or
employee of the Federal Government, or any executive agency, as defined in
section 105 of title 5, as a result of the existence of any declaration of national
emergency in effect on September 14, 1976, are terminated two years from
September 14, 1976. Such termination shall not affect -

(1) any action taken or proceeding pending not finally concluded or determined
on such date; (2) any action or proceeding based on any act committed prior to
such date; or (3) any rights or duties that matured or penalties that were incurred
prior to such date.

(b) For the purpose of this section, the words "any national emergency in effect"
means a general declaration of emergency made by the President.

SUBCHAPTER II - DECLARATIONS OF FUTURE NATIONAL

EMERGENCIES

Section1621. Declaration of national emergency by President; publication in

Federal Register; effect on other laws; superseding legislation

(a) With respect to Acts of Congress authorizing the exercise, during the period
of a national emergency, of any special or extraordinary power, the President is
authorized to declare such national emergency. Such proclamation shall
immediately be transmitted to the Congress and published in the Federal
Register.

(b) Any provisions of law conferring powers and authorities to be exercised

during a national emergency shall be effective and remain in effect

(1) only when the President (in accordance with subsection (a) of this section),
specifically declares a national emergency, and

(2) only in accordance with this chapter. No law enacted after September 14,
1976, shall supersede this subchapter unless it does so in specific terms,
referring to this subchapter, and declaring that the new law supersedes the
provisions of this subchapter.
Section1622. National emergencies

(a) Termination methods

Any national emergency declared by the President in accordance with this
subchapter shall terminate if -

(1) there is enacted into law a joint resolution terminating the emergency; or

(2) the President issues a proclamation terminating the emergency. Any national
emergency declared by the President shall be terminated on the date specified in
any joint resolution referred to in clause (1) or on the date specified in a
proclamation by the President terminating the emergency as provided in clause
(2) of this subsection, whichever date is earlier, and any powers or authorities
exercised by reason of said emergency shall cease to be exercised after such
specified date, except that such termination shall not affect -

(A) any action taken or proceeding pending not finally concluded or determined
on such date; (B) any action or proceeding based on any act committed prior to
such date; or (C) any rights or duties that matured or penalties that were incurred
prior to such date.

(b) Termination review of national emergencies by Congress

Not later than six months after a national emergency is declared, and not later
than the end of each six-month period thereafter that such emergency continues,
each House of Congress shall meet to consider a vote on a joint resolution to
determine whether that emergency shall be terminated.

(c) Joint resolution; referral to Congressional committees; conference committee

in event of disagreement; filing of report; termination procedure deemed part of
rules of House and Senate

(1) A joint resolution to terminate a national emergency declared by the President

shall be referred to the appropriate committee of the House of Representatives or
the Senate, as the case may be. One such joint resolution shall be reported out
by such committee together with its recommendations within fifteen calendar
days after the day on which such resolution is referred to such committee, unless
such House shall otherwise determine by the yeas and nays.

(2) Any joint resolution so reported shall become the pending business of the
House in question (in the case of the Senate the time for debate shall be equally
divided between the proponents and the opponents) and shall be voted on within
three calendar days after the day on which such resolution is reported, unless
such House shall otherwise determine by yeas and nays.

(3) Such a joint resolution passed by one House shall be referred to the
appropriate committee of the other House and shall be reported out by such
committee together with its recommendations within fifteen calendar days after
the day on which such resolution is referred to such committee and shall
thereupon become the pending business of such House and shall be voted upon
within three calendar days after the day on which such resolution is reported,
unless such House shall otherwise determine by yeas and nays.

(4) In the case of any disagreement between the two Houses of Congress with
respect to a joint resolution passed by both Houses, conferees shall be promptly
appointed and the committee of conference shall make and file a report with
respect to such joint resolution within six calendar days after the day on which
managers on the part of the Senate and the House have been appointed.

Notwithstanding any rule in either House concerning the printing of conference

reports or concerning any delay in the consideration of such reports, such report
shall be acted on by both Houses not later than six calendar days after the
conference report is filed in the House in which such report is filed first. In the
event the conferees are unable to agree within forty-eight hours, they shall report
back to their respective Houses in disagreement.

(5) Paragraphs (1)-(4) of this subsection, subsection (b) of this section, and
section 1651(b) of this title are enacted by Congress -

(A) as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate and the House of
Representatives, respectively, and as such they are deemed a part of the rules of
each House, respectively, but applicable only with respect to the procedure to be
followed in the House in the case of resolutions described by this subsection; and
they supersede other rules only to the extent that they are inconsistent therewith;
and

(B) with full recognition of the constitutional right of either House to change the
rules (so far as relating to the procedure of that House) at any time, in the same
manner, and to the same extent as in the case of any other rule of that House.

(d) Automatic termination of national emergency; continuation notice from

President to Congress; publication in Federal Register Any national emergency
declared by the President in accordance with this subchapter, and not otherwise
previously terminated, shall terminate on the anniversary of the declaration of
that emergency if, within the ninety-day period prior to each anniversary date, the
President does not publish in the Federal Register and transmit to the Congress
a notice stating that such emergency is to continue in effect after such
anniversary.

SUBCHAPTER III - EXERCISE OF EMERGENCY POWERS AND

AUTHORITIES
Section 1631. Declaration of national emergency by Executive order; authority;
publication in Federal Register; transmittal to Congress

When the President declares a national emergency, no powers or authorities

made available by statute for use in the event of an emergency shall be
exercised unless and until the President specifies the provisions of law under
which he proposes that he, or other officers will act. Such specification may be
made either in the declaration of a national emergency, or by one or more
contemporaneous or subsequent Executive orders published in the Federal
Register and transmitted to the Congress.

SUBCHAPTER IV - ACCOUNTABILITY AND REPORTING

REQUIREMENTS OF PRESIDENT

Section1641. Accountability and reporting requirements of President

(a) Maintenance of file and index of Presidential orders, rules and regulations
during national emergency

When the President declares a national emergency, or Congress declares war,

the President shall be responsible for maintaining a file and index of all significant
orders of the President, including Executive orders and proclamations, and each
Executive agency shall maintain a file and index of all rules and regulations,
issued during such emergency or war issued pursuant to such declarations.

(b) Presidential orders, rules and regulations; transmittal to Congress

All such significant orders of the President, including Executive orders, and such
rules and regulations shall be transmitted to the Congress promptly under means
to assure confidentiality where appropriate.

(c) Expenditures during national emergency; Presidential reports to Congress

When the President declares a national emergency or Congress declares war,

the President shall transmit to Congress, within ninety days after the end of each
six-month period after such declaration, a report on the total expenditures
incurred by the United States Government during such six-month period which
are directly attributable to the exercise of powers and authorities conferred by
such declaration. Not later than ninety days after the termination of each such
emergency or war, the President shall transmit a final report on all such
expenditures.

SUBCHAPTER V - APPLICATION TO POWERS AND

AUTHORITIES OF OTHER PROVISIONS OF LAW AND ACTIONS
TAKEN THEREUNDER
Section 1651. Other laws, powers and authorities conferred thereby, and actions
taken thereunder; Congressional studies

(a) The provisions of this chapter shall not apply to the following provisions of
law, the powers and authorities conferred thereby, and actions taken thereunder:

(1) Repealed. Pub. L. 95-223, title I, Sec. 101(d), Dec. 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1625.
(2) Act of April 28, 1942 (40 U.S.C. 278b); (3) Act of June 30, 1949 (41 U.S.C.
252); (4) Section 3727(a)-(e)(1) of title 31; (5) Section 3737 of the Revised
Statutes, as amended (41 U.S.C. 15); (6) Public Law 85-804 (Act of Aug. 28,
1958, 72 Stat. 972; 50 U.S.C. 1431-1435); (7) Section 2304(a)(1)

(b) Each committee of the House of Representatives and the Senate having
jurisdiction with respect to any provision of law referred to in subsection (a) of this
section shall make a complete study and investigation concerning that provision
of law and make a report, including any recommendations and proposed
revisions such committee may have, to its respective House of Congress within
two hundred and seventy days after September 14, 1976.

_______________________________________________________

Surviving A Biological Weapons Attack

Forget the Plastic Sheets: Words of Wisdom From An Armor
Master

By SFC Red Thomas (Ret)

Reproduction and distribution is authorized and encouraged.

Since the media has decided to scare everyone with predictions of chemical,
biological, or nuclear warfare on our turf I decided to write a paper and keep
things in their proper perspective. I am a retired military weapons, munitions, and
training expert.

Lesson Number One: In the mid 1990s there were a series of nerve gas attacks
on crowded Japanese subway stations. Given perfect conditions for an attack
less than 10% of the people there were injured. 60 Minutes once had a fellow
telling us that one drop of nerve gas could kill a thousand people, well he didn't
tell you the thousand dead people per drop was theoretical.
Drill Sergeants exaggerate how terrible this stuff was to keep the recruits awake
in class (I know this because I was a Drill Sergeant too). Forget everything you've
ever seen on TV, in the movies, or read in a novel about this stuff, it was all a lie
(read this sentence again out loud!). These weapons are about terror, if you
remain calm, you will probably not die. This is far less scary than the media and
their "Experts," make it sound.

Chemical weapons are categorized as Nerve, Blood, Blister, and Incapacitating

agents. Contrary to the hype of reporters and politicians they are not weapons of
mass destruction, they are "Area denial," and terror weapons that don't destroy
anything.

When you leave the area you almost always leave the risk. That's the difference;
you can leave the area and the risk; soldiers may have to stay put and sit through
it and that's why they need all that spiffy gear.
These are not gasses, they are vapors and/or air borne particles. The agent must
be delivered in sufficient quantity to kill/injure, and that defines when/how it's
used.

Every day we have a morning and evening inversion where "stuff," suspended in
the air gets pushed down. This inversion is why allergies (pollen) and air pollution
are worst at these times of the day. So, a chemical attack will have its best effect
an hour or so either side of sunrise/sunset. Also, being vapors and airborne
particles they are heavier than air so they will seek low places like ditches,
basements and underground garages. This stuff won't work when it's freezing, it
doesn't last when it's hot, and wind spreads it too thin too fast. They've got to get
this stuff on you or get you to inhale it for it to work. They also have to get the
concentration of chemicals high enough to kill or wound you. Too little and it's
nothing, too much and it's wasted.

What I hope you've gathered by this point is that a chemical weapons attack that
kills a lot of people is incredibly hard to do with military grade agents and
equipment so you can imagine how hard it will be for terrorists. The more you
know about this stuff the more you realize how hard it is to use.

We'll start by talking about nerve agents. You have these in your house, plain old
bug killer (like Raid) is nerve agent. All nerve agents work the same way; they
are cholinesterase inhibitors that mess up the signals your nervous system uses
to make your body function. It can harm you if you get it on your skin but it works
best if they can get you to inhale it. If you don't die in the first minute and you can
leave the area you're probably gonna live.

The military's antidote for all nerve agents is atropine and pralidoxime chloride.
Neither one of these does anything to cure the nerve agent, they send your body
into overdrive to keep you alive for five minutes, after that the agent is used up.
Your best protection is fresh air and staying calm. Listed below are the symptoms
for nerve agent poisoning. Sudden headache, Dimness of vision (someone
you're looking at will have pinpointed pupils), Runny nose, Excessive saliva or
drooling, Difficulty breathing, Tightness in chest, Nausea, Stomach cramps,
Twitching of exposed skin where a liquid just got on you.

If you are in public and you start experiencing these symptoms, first ask yourself,
did anything out of the ordinary just happen, a loud pop, did someone spray
something on the crowd? Are other people getting sick too? Is there an odor of
new mown hay, green corn, something fruity, or camphor where it shouldn't be? If
the answer is yes, then calmly (if you panic you breathe faster and inhale more
air/poison) leave the area and head up wind, or, outside. Fresh air is the best
"right now antidote." If you have a blob of liquid that looks like molasses or Karo
syrup on you; blot it or scrape it off and away from yourself with anything
disposable. This stuff works based on your body weight, what a crop duster uses
to kill bugs won't hurt you unless you stand there and breathe it in real deep, then
lick the residue off the ground for while.

Remember they have to do all the work, they have to get the concentration up
and keep it up for several minutes while all you have to do is quit getting it on
you/quit breathing it by putting space between you and the attack.

Blood agents are cyanide or arsine which effect your blood's ability to provide
oxygen to your tissue. The scenario for attack would be the same as nerve
agent. Look for a pop or someone splashing/spraying something and folks
around there getting woozy/falling down. The telltale smells are bitter almonds or
garlic where it shouldn't be. The symptoms are blue lips, blue under the
fingernails and rapid breathing.

The military's antidote is amyl nitride and just like nerve agent antidote it just
keeps your body working for five minutes till the toxins are used up. Fresh air is
the your best individual chance.

Blister agents (distilled mustard) are so nasty that nobody wants to even handle it
let alone use it. It's almost impossible to handle safely and may have delayed
effect of up to 12 hours.

The attack scenario is also limited to the things you'd see from other chemicals. If
you do get large, painful blisters for no apparent reason, don't pop them, if you
must, don't let the liquid from the blister get on any other area, the stuff just
keeps on spreading. It's just as likely to harm the user as the target. Soap, water,
sunshine, and fresh air are this stuff's enemy.
Bottom line on chemical weapons (it's the same if they use industrial chemical
pills); they are intended to make you panic, to terrorize you, to herd you like
sheep to the wolves. If there is an attack, leave the area and go upwind, or to the
sides of the wind stream. They have to get the stuff to you, and on you.

You're more likely to be hurt by a drunk driver on any given day than be hurt by
one of these attacks.

Your odds get better if you leave the area. Soap, water, time, and fresh air really
deal this stuff a knock-out-punch. Don't let fear of an isolated attack rule your life.
The odds are really on your side.

Nuclear bombs. These are the only weapons of mass destruction on earth. The
effects of a nuclear bomb are heat, blast, EMP, and radiation. If you see a bright
flash of light like the sun, where the sun isn't, fall to the ground! The heat will be
over a second. Then there will be two blast waves, one out going, and one on it's
way back. Don't stand up to see what happened after the first wave; anything
that's going to happen will have happened in two full minutes.

These will be low yield devices and will not level whole cities. If you live through
the heat, blast, and initial burst of radiation, you'll probably live for a very very
long time. Radiation will not create fifty foot tall women, or giant ants and grass
hoppers the size of tanks. These will be at the most 1 kiloton bombs; that's the
equivalent of 1,000 tons of TNT.

Here's the real deal, flying debris and radiation will kill a lot of exposed (not all!)
people within a half mile of the blast. Under perfect conditions this is about a half
mile circle of death and destruction, but, when it's done it's done.

EMP stands for Electro Magnetic Pulse and it will fry every electronic device for a
good distance, it's impossible to say what and how far but probably not over a
couple of miles from ground zero is a good guess. Cars, cell phones, computers,
ATMs, you name it, all will be out of order.

There are lots of kinds of radiation, you only need to worry about three, the
others you have lived with for years. You need to worry about "Ionizing radiation,"
these are little sub atomic particles that go whizzing along at the speed of light.
They hit individual cells in your body, kill the nucleus and keep on going. That's
how you get radiation poisoning, you have so many dead cells in your body that
the decaying cells poison you. It's the same as people getting radiation
treatments for cancer, only a bigger area gets radiated.

The good news is you don't have to just sit there and take it, and there's lots you
can do rather than panic.
First; your skin will stop alpha particles, a page of a newspaper or your clothing
will stop beta particles, you just gotta try and avoid inhaling dust that's
contaminated with atoms that are emitting these things and you'll be generally
safe from them.
Gamma rays are particles that travel like rays (quantum physics makes my brain
hurt) and they create the same damage as alpha and beta particles only they
keep going and kill lots of cells as they go all the way through your body. It takes
a lot to stop these things, lots of dense material, on the other hand it takes a lot
of this to kill you.

Your defense is as always to not panic . Basic hygiene and normal preparation
are your friends. All canned or frozen food is safe to eat. The radiation poisoning
will not effect plants so fruits and vegetables are OK if there's no dust on 'em
(rinse 'em off if there is). If you don't have running water and you need to collect
rain water or use water from wherever, just let it sit for thirty minutes and skim off
the water gently from the top.

The dust with the bad stuff in it will settle and the remaining water can be used
for the toilet which will still work if you have a bucket of water to pour in the tank.

Finally there's biological warfare. There's not much to cover here. Basic personal
hygiene and sanitation will take you further than a million doctors. Wash your
hands often, don't share drinks, food, sloppy kisses, etc., with strangers. Keep
your garbage can with a tight lid on it, don't have standing water (like old buckets,
ditches, or kiddy pools) laying around to allow mosquitoes breeding room. This
stuff is carried by vectors, that is bugs, rodents, and contaminated material.

If biological warfare is as easy as the TV makes it sound, why did Saddam

Hussein spend twenty years, millions, and millions of dollars trying to get it right?

If you're clean of person and home, you eat well and are active, you're gonna
live. Overall preparation for any terrorist attack is the same as you'd take for a big
storm. If you want a gas mask, fine, go get one. I know this stuff and I'm not
getting one and I told my Mom not to bother with one either (how's that for
confidence).

We have a week's worth of cash, several days worth of canned goods and plenty
of soap and water. We don't leave stuff out to attract bugs or rodents so we don't
have them.

These weapons are made to cause panic, terror, and to demoralize. If we don't
run around like sheep they won't use this stuff after they find out it's no fun.

The government is going nuts over this stuff because they have to protect every
inch of America. You've only gotta protect yourself, and by doing that, you help
the country.

Finally, there are millions of caveats to everything I wrote here and you can think
up specific scenarios where my advice isn't the best. This letter is supposed to
help the greatest number of people under the greatest number of situations. If
you don't like my work, don't nit pick, just sit down and explain chemical, nuclear,
and biological warfare in a document around three pages long yourself. This is
how we the people of the United States can rob these people of their most
desired goal, your terror.

(c) SFC Red Thomas (Ret) Armor Master Gunner Mesa, AZ

Unlimited reproduction and distribution is authorized. Just give me credit for my

work and keep it in context.