-"IETl

t'
L_A-VfWf[ 6r u'] 4la**$d
n ,n.v L=<;'-b I

Chapter 1

TELEPHONY TRAINING
STUDENT'S WORKBOOK Introductlon

{r'"

i I !ntroduction
;

I This manuai provides computer-based assignments which mlke ,_tP 91]elqn]n9ny

Training Slstem equipment, the Diicovery II environment and the 58-912-USB Tplgphony
I software package to provide an understanding of the fundamental principles on Wn&nf
complex telephony systems are based L//
Assignments are divided into practicals whose objectives are clearly defined. Every
practical is designed to contain as much circuit investigation, rneasurement and
observation as possible. Explanatory text, diagrams and instrumentation are fully
integrated.

Details of hardware and software installation are giveh in Reference Manual 58-001-USB
together with Discovery II environment and product operating instructions.

t.t =l-eEephone & lnterface Workboard 58-'100

This Workboard is intended to introduce the principles of operation of the Telephone

lnstrument and its interface with the Switching Control Centre. Six Assignments are
provided in the Discovery ll software package covering'the following subjects:
"/
/ V"tephone - Signatling Circuits
/,/, 1\ '
TelePhone - SPeech Giifilits
t/,/ l{ o Subscribe/s Line lnterface Circuit (SLIC) functions
\ ,,
,\\
e Dual Tone Multi-Frequency Signalting (DTMF)'operation r'\J
o SLIC Hybrid Circuit . 4\
,= C_ \ rt L-
( )
:i
These Assignments are covered in Chapter 2. 'Y '
"c
-E
( I *\ *vrra
''$" 'A "
5

f .'1,'i confrotrs ti
)
,A
The Telephone & lnterface Workboard had*{ir potentiometerQhs well as the telephone \\\--J
itself - which are all under the control of the user. (--

For each practical, one or more of the potentiometers should be set in a particular
position: and the single piece telephorte must be in one of three possible positions,

58-001-USB(WB) 1-1
 :
+=.-
=-:

TELEPHONY TR,AINING
STUDENT'$ WORKBOOK

1.1.1.1 Telephone Positions

1. oN-HooK. The telephone is removed from the boarej and placeg face
that the Hook switch (the button at the bottom of the telephone) ib prer
For some telephones this may mean it has to be insented into iis bise
but NCIT in the Acoustic Coupler.

2. oFF-HooK. The telephone is turned cver so that the controls are

and the Hook switch is free. This can bre on its back, either on the w
or away from it; or held in the hand.

@ ln the AcoUSTlc couPLER. The telephone is face down in the clamp o*

board. The Telephone Transmitter is held above a smafi loudspeaker, and
t
rubber inserts in the clamp keep the tetephone oFF-F{ooK.

1.1.1.2 Telephone & Control Settinss

For each practical there is a display showing the correct start position of the
and the relevant potentiometers.

Figure 1.'f
Figure 1-1 shows the three possible telephone positions, and a typical potention
requirement. Note that due to changes in Telep.hone production,-these'sketches
always be accurate a1d are only intended to indicate ihe required posifion. ruuays
sure the Hook Switch is not pressed rvhen the Telephone is in the Acoustic Coupg.-'=
#
1.1.2 Prior Knawledge and SkiIIs Required
ln order to carry out this set of Assignments, the following ComBetencies are

o Basic Practical skills including familiarity with the Discoveryz software

o Basic Measurement Skills with the following instruments provided on scree*
D'iscovery N software:
o An Ammeter
 Ghapter 1
TEI.ffiPI.IONY TRAINING
STI,JffiEhIT'S WORKBOOK tntroduction

,i.-11
i ,-!
c An Oscillator -! {

o ff Frequency Meter
:3 c fi Stop Watch {'i;.
Obsenration
o Basic Mathematical Calculation.
_v

,"'It
1.2 TDM & PCM Principles SB-I10
This \fforkboard is intended to introduce the principles of firigital coding and transmission
used in Telephony.Systems. Eight Assignrnents are provided in the Discovery II software
.'n
coverlng the following sub.fiects:
l
" Sampling
. Multiplexing (TDM)
.+d o Pulse Code Modulation (pCM)

'v o Companding

-ai
o Filtering Speech

."t " PCM Transmission

o CEPT Multichannel PCM

'-i T1 Multichannel PCM

:3
These Assignment are covered in Chapter S.
-rn

"R
't.2.1 Controls
The TDM & PCM Principles Workboard has seven potentiometers
3 of the user.
- atl under the control
b
For each practical, one or more of the potentiometers should be set in particular position.
-a For each practical there is a display showing the most convenient start position of the
relevant potentiometers.
_v

""'s Figure 1-2

Figure 1-2 shows a typical potentiometer requirement.
-rE
ThercFPT/T1 system changeover switch position is indicated by an illurirlnated LED. Also
whene appropriate, a label is shown on the screen.
:p

:c 58-001-USB(WB)
1-3
'!r
 Chapter 1

TELEPHONY TRAINING
STUDENTS WORKBOOK lntroduction

1.2.2 Prior Knowledge and SkiIIs Required

ln order to carry out th'rs set of Assignments, the following Competencies are

a Basic Practical Skills including familiarity with the Diseovery II software

I Basic Measurement Skills with the following instruments provided on screen by the
Discovery ll software:
* An Ammeter
* An Oscillator
e ft Frequency Meter
c Observation
e tsasic Mathematical Calculation.
a An understanding of Binary Numbers.

[,
ll

i
i
h,

$
Ir
:,

1-4 5&001-usB(wB)
 Chapter 2
TELEPI"IONY TRAIhIING Assignments using the
STUDENT'S WORKBOOK Telephone & lnterface Workboard i

& Assignments usiltg the Telephone & lntedaee Workboand

1'
2,1 Telephone: Signalting Circuits Assignment

Topics in this assignment are the signalling components of the telephone. They perform
the functions of local signalling, between the telephone and the Switching Centre,

2.1.'8 Objectives
On cernpletion of this assignment you will have:

o Recognised the need for and the use of 'Local Signalling' in Telephony.
. ldentified the component parts associated with Local Signalling.
s Observed how the individual digits are sent to the Switching Centre.
o Determined the Characteristics of the alerting signat from the Switching Centre to
the Telephone instrument.

Additionally, you will:

o Have an understanding of how a Telephone instrument is interfaced with a

Switching Centre.
o Know what is meant by 'l-ocal Signalling' and why it is necessary,

'A.i.2 Frior Knowledge

Before commencing this assignment you should be familiar with:

o The basics of Electnicity.

' The ditference between ac and dc.

o The operation of a telephone.

2.'i.3 Practicals
Fractloal exercises are provided as follows:

o Practical 1: The Switch Hook - On Hook/Off Hook operation

o Practical 2: Keypad operation
o Practical 3: Ringing (Alerting)

58-001-USB(WB) 2-1
 ,Ji Chapter 2
Assignments using the
Telephone & Interface Workboard
]
f..]
1- 2.1.4.2 Local Signallins
"l
These 3 circuits perform !-ocal Signalling between the telephone and the local Switq-hing
Cemtre. Also used for this is the receiver (see the Telephone - Speech Circuits
-.-v ii

-3
't -r
Assignment), which can detect Signalling Tones or messages, either live or recorded.
a^
"_J The Switching Centre has different names in different parts of lhe w-orld. The British name
{* is telepnone [xchange, and in the USA it is known as a switching otfice, or central office
-rI or end office, They all pedorm the same function.
n
..'4
Signmlling is a'major function of a telephone network. lt is required for setting up calls
qi .-
_r, ueiweeninyofthemilliorrsoftelephoneSconnectedthroughoutthewortd
-_*:i tocal signalling is the first stage in this complex process'
I,L

,i
!.
2. 1 .4.3 Subscrlbe-r LooP
fr---
i-q
l Most telephones are connected to the Switching Centre by a single pair of wires, known
as the su'bscriber !oop. These are usuaily in multi-pair cables, each providing from 6 to
I
t".:
i
I
270A wire pairs.

For gris reason it is necessary to provide for transmission of speech and signalling in both
I

:1- -
i.'!
.a- -. directions along one Pair.
I
t:i',
r;.ttr
i
l
The altematives are to provide 4 wire circuits, with transmission on separate wire pairs for
c-_
-lq,*r each direction; or to use fibre-optic cables. However these would be very expensive,
partlcularly for the large number of connections already installed.
[--
','s 9n

i-
'l-[
P,.1.# Fractical 'l: The $wifcft tlook

ira This Practical demonstrates the simple but essential functions of the Switch Hook.

rh & Its name derlves from the first telephones in which the receiver hung frorn a hook at the
side of the upright telePhone.
'a *ri
The functions are:
's '-!
,- .1
'i. $ignalling to the Switching Centre that the telephone is in use'
lv
'a. Disconnecting the Alerter, and connecting all the other telephone circuits.
: 'iry

A "rr
On the single piece telephone used in the assignment, the Switch Hook is a button under
the'ieiephone.
q "5q

With the button pressed in, the telephone is On Hook.

j16

q "gt
 ChaPter 2
Assignmernts using the
TELEPhIONY TRAINING Telephmne & ln{erface Workboard
$TUE}ENT'S WORKBOCIK

With tl"re button released, it is

Off Hook'
on the particurar terephone
used with the
The position of thoswitch hook.depends
fi"r"'microphone, in which case
rt may ue ,t tn* bottom ;f'th" telephone, 'i"ir
workboard.
the tetephon" go"Jil'H;;k
brluving iif.t" bown on anv flat surface'
which case the button
the switch hgol mqv !e near the ear piece, in
rn other terephones
;;i h* prelseo 6y nano to set it on Hook'

2.1.5.1 Procedure
piactical show that:
The Workboard Settings for this

l"ThetelephoneisotfHook;eg,onltsback,awayfromtheWorkbclard.
2.TheLineCurrentcontrolissetatthecentreposition.
This is the normal
tf neeessary adiu$lhg lgp
cuncntffi]fl*o)
[ff:ffiil1{;iiiffii*fffi;;;ip.racTiEarson-rhisw6rkboard. r] *

srruitch
the telephone and note the openation of the change-over
press the button under
d#iid 6;ki, ,no the readinss on the amrnefer'
practicar. To answer them you can return to the practical'
Answer the questions for this

(Fs

58-001-usB(wB)
2-4
 Ghapter 2
TELEPHONY.TRAINING Assignments using the
.::':q1,
STUDENT'S WORKBOOK Telephone & lnterface Workboard
::,J.-
r'&'
.1

'd-
rl 'l
2.1.5.2 Questions
t"
-'a- 1. what is the Ltur connected to, inside the te-lephone, when it is on Hook?
\:
r*
_rr|l

i^
!-
:..+'
'.
ri-

t.
.
.-:
2. How can the Switching Centredetect whether the telephone is On or Off Hook? Which
component is essential for this?
't..
j,
n{.
i'5
;-'
,h-
'!:.q
'ri
: .,'r
ltl;

I-
I 3. Which components are connected to the Line, when the telephone is Off Hook?

I
*)
!
I

t'i-
-ili

ct-l:l
-
ri
ti.
-'"st
t*
i*,1.!
1i-
h
-?h

Fl*-
- -. "{a

,;,
:r -tl1Q
.i !!:
i{
-,:l
t'-
5l rr
!'-
;, -,'
:: ![:-
ilr - .rt
{ t'*
i. .,
t!
t.f
I t{i-
,!
'-!
t'-
:i
_!.,:*
t*- 58-001-USB(WB)
2-5
'
ir
ir" q --.

I
' l+rl*S
1\;:ir
i"j
q\
f.
ft.

i
.i
GhaPter 2
TELEPHONY TRAINING Assignments using the
STUDENT'S WORKBOOK Telephone & lnterface Workboard

2.1.6 Practical 2: Keypad OPeration

This practical is an introduction to the operation of the keypad, which uses DTMF
signalling. E; .

Dual Tone Multi.Frequency signalling (DTMF) is also known as tone slgnatling. lf the
telephone in use also has pulse dialling, it must be switched to tone.

There are 7 frequencies available in the keypad circuit. Two of them are ehosen from the
7 for each button on the keypad.

The aotualfre{uencies are investigated in the Assignment on DTMF Operation. t

:.I
The frequencies tie within the speech band, and thus can be transmitted over tne sieecn ti
,,ii
path.

The advantages of DTIVIF include:

1. Fast dialling.
2. Can be used during a call.

Therefore it can be used for specialfacilities on the telephone system, or for other special
networks.

2-6 58-001-USB(WB)
 I

ffi
itffiffi

ffi&ffis Ghapter 2
Assigmmrents using the
TELEPHOhIY TRAINING Telephone & lniedace Workboard
STUDEhIT'$ WORKBOOK

2.1"6.1 Procedure
l-ine cwrrentcontror at the normal cpntre
offi hrook,and reave the
Keep the tetephone
position.

H
ffi
@

MonitorPoint I]EH
{& 17 channel 1 Enable

Press one btltton on the keYPad'

view of
signal on ttre line, shown on the oscilloscope. change to'the large
ohserve the
the oscilloscope, on="*e the maxlnnum voltage of the signal'
"nO
0,9 'Tilgger:

i :tB
't.7 cF;{!q' e tues,ti,u

lCrC rr.,UCC'

{s TicreBase hms il
,{
Ldffafte! 17 Enabled

l3i i5u5 .

.::s !
nigntlur*er P Enrblgd

is oi2rn5
...-
'q-3 !:A I
'MalkerlDifierence
36
F.?.ffifr
l'.r*

:yi:9
o
5B
MlnlrorFoi;i
fia
llf!
inanrii t 'enarie ', 'tl
'o
oc H', wl
1n'3 button on the
the switching centre for a particular
Note the Binary code received at
''4 -rr{
keypad. comparei;;ico;" with
th;r"sor Doio D3 on the workboard'
-;.
Rrlpeat with other buttuns'
.; *m
practicat'
Ar:swer the Questions for this
'"0 S
2-7
'rfl "s 5S-001-usB(wB)

G:d
 Chapter 2
TELEPHONY TMINING
' Assignments using the
STUDENT'S WORKBOOK Telephone & lnterface Workboard

2.1.6.2 Questions

1. What is the apprioximate peak voltage of the signal? (Use the large oscilloscope
dispiay.) '{,{

2. ls that voltage acceptable in a speech circuit?

3. Why is this method called Dual Tone Multi-Frequency signalling?

What is the received code for the # button?

5. Can you estimate how soon the code appears after pressing'the'button?

2-8 58-001-USB(WB)
 -- e#'
"M
- ffi{
_w
E;;{

i!: l'
Chapter 2
,G TEI.EPHONY TRAINING Assigmments using the
.,"t STUDENT'S WORKBOOK Eelephone & lnterface Workboard
rf
x
x
I
-:ft
I
*]
-.1
':*l 2"1,,7 Praetical 3 : Ringing
.\,I
qlI
.::: This practical is concerned with the ringing. signal sent to the telephone. r-
I
,tl
3lI Ringing, or alerting, was originally provided by a bell. In rnodern telephones, such as the
i3
-I |
,"*
."* one provided here, it is performed by a tone alerter. However the system must provide a
-l t
sigrral, who$e voltage is large enough to ring a bell.
-f
v'€l
*!

I
if When the switching centre detects that the telephone is Off Hook, the Ringing signal is..
al removed. This is known as RingTrip. This is required because the speech signals use the
t
*t
"rt
same pair of wires as the ringing signal.
'-
:'r I
ri. "';
^i
'ql Although the Ringing voltage is large, it is fed from a higtr impedance clrcuit, so that when
"v
L
3 the telephone is Off Hook, if the Ring Trip fails, the voltage at the telephone is small.
i9
Note that the full ringing voltage is not accessible to the c.rser, for safety reasons, Thus the
.:s voltage at testpoint 12 is one eighth of the actual value used for ringing.

3 2.1.7.1 Procedure
''ai
A Ringing (alerting) signal is applied from the Switching Centre to the Telephone.
-T,f
Flace the telepbone On Hook; and set the $ine Oscillslglanf!rc ffuryy1lg5tntrols as
s ; shown b! the workboard settings.
i
i*e I

E By using the large oscilloscope display, observe the voltage and type of the signal on the
io
oscilloscope.
-'vi

rb TELEPHONE
'ra
I
ltE
lt I
-rt ttt
III
i
,s
I

;, ."!li
i

".;..

+ 3
,i*3
ltrorkhoard SettinEs

I t! MonitorPoint Iffi
W'

ll
,"i?,
,:H:i
1{',tri
,ut1i
Line
Currard
ffiMffi
Leva low hi,:h
Frequencli
& 17 Channel 1 Enable

$
ir ll!
r*r
*,'t
Lift the telephone Off lflook, and notice the effect on the Ringing signal.
Lrj

.i;'E
i{e
:. : 'Y,, 58-001-USB(WB) 2-9
i.
irt .^
r.'"q
i,' I
 j-r
,lin
t.:li

Ghapter 2
TEI.HPHONY TR,AINING Assignments using the
STUDEhIT'S WORKBOOK Telephone & lnterface Workboard

lf the telephone does not make an audible alert when the swiich hook is pressed, try
adjusting the Frequ ency and Leyel controls until the alert is triggered. l''loilce the
frequcncy and level that is used to activate the alert.
"lq

Trigger:

(r FositHe l- l\tEgalive
. -:-i
6:AC CDt
rimeease: I7.1lrl=

LefrMarker. Iq Enabied

:ir : lifrG:i
RighlMErkbr lA Enabled

.
11s.80ffis

rMarker Diference
-50
rei@
-75

'1 q0

-125.0
l::12
"1,0,,,
Tlme in ms

MsritorPoint fffi anc

17 ,Chamell Ensble C :0C ffi@lte]

Modern telephones often generate their own alert signal rather than uslmg the signals
presented by the switching centre'

Answer the Questions fon this practical.

<.q

''.k\
-54t
vl

2-10 58-001-usB(wB) ':

:;

i&
I
 I
Iffi
rcy
Ghapter 2
TELEPHONY TMINING Assignments using the
STUDENTS WORKBOOK Te$ephone & lnterface Workboard
,;[
tF
frrE'
2.1.7.2 Questions
*
:.*:l'
r 1. What is the peak voltage of the Ringing signal?
4E
B
,,. I
"-{rt

;[
fl
ail
;I
-.I
"r, E
2. Would this voltage be acceptable in a speech circuit?
"-iI "

et
;- r
'nI
ir r
;!
if

,$
ls
k
f,
3. Why is the Ringing signal an alternating voltage?
ir'
q
r'!

,,1
.t E

rH
BT

yr
4. why is the Ringing removed when the telephone is off Hook?
!I...
,'I' ,

iI
I-
."t

,i t
; I-- 5. Does the handset generate its own alert?
r '-
,1.
I:
r.l.:
t'.-
' : .:
.-..-

' ",i
58-00.1-USB(WB)
2-11
il,l

Chapter 2
THLEPHONY TRAINING Assignments using the
STUDENT'S WORKBOOK Telephone & lnte#ace Workboard

2.2 Telephone: Speech Circuits Assignment

This assignment covers the operation of the speech components of ths telephone.'\:'

2.ft.1 Objectives
On completion of this assignment you will have:

o Determined the frequency response of a typical Telephone instrument.

e Recognised the need for the Telephone Hybrid circuit and examined its function.

Additionally, you will:

Have an understanding of how speech is transmitted from and received at a

" Telephone instrument.
n Have gained a knowledge of typical signal levels and frequency ranges in a
Telephone System

2.2.2 Prior Knowtedge

Before commencing this assignment you should be fanriliar with:

o The basics of Electricity,

o What is meant by the term 'Signal Frequency'.

2.2.g Fracticals
Practical exercises are provided as foliows:

. Practical 1: Receiver Operatiotl

o Practical 2: Transmitter Operatlon

" Fractical 3: Telephone Hybrid Circuit

2-12 58-001-usB(wB)
 Ghapter 2
TELEPHONY TRAINING Asslgnments using the
$TUDENT'S WORKBOOK Telephone & lnterface Workboard

2.2.4 Theory

i-^. "i*^ q
2.2.4.1 Speech Cilcuits

This assignment examines the speecfi components of the single telephone in the 3
practicals.

TELEPHONE

rlf
III
IIf
lrl

Trensrniiier

The diagram shows the simplified telephone circuit, connected to the transmission line
and switching centre.

The tnree speech components are the receiver, and transmitter or microphone, in the
handset, and the hybnid eircuit in the telephone.

More information about the telephone circuits is given in the Theory for the Telephone -
Signalling Circuits Assignment.

2"2.5 Practical 1: Receiver Operation

This practical demonstrates the function and limitations of the receiver,sr-eap#eOe.
,iir M odern Receive rs, u* r.J lil1hlsil;;; r" r ritiveJheLqarapercLte ove r
..*ti a wide rarlge-otra$g tEdg"riieslitno only require tow amplitude siffis.
' r."q
ii{i

i 'rr
ln the prac_gellle-sigLql can be heard, an@at_the same time, to
demonstrate the chE-racter of ditferent frequEncies.
'w
, l-4
The $ine Oscitlatoron the Workboard can be varied over a wide range of frequencies,
'rw
,,.qw
using only 2 controls.
"q
i.,fo To obtain the lowest frequencies it is necessary to keep the high frequency control at its
,,sa
minirnum position (anti-cloikwise). Simrilarlyfor the highest frequencieslht6t/ conlrel
;'-'t must be at maximum.
{lti

tI -"r

.sr
,{ --r
rIi 58-001-USB(WB) 2-13
t;'-
 )

Ghapter 2
T'ffiLHPFIONY TRAIN!NG Assigmments using the
$1$"UEEF{T'S WORKBOOK Telmpfaone & lnterface Workboard

2.2.5.1 Prodedure
The Sine Oscillator is connected to the switching centre. The oscilloscope and frequency
meter monitor the signal to the telephone. Set the Sfne Oscillator and Line Curfent
csntnols as shown Oy tfle workboard sefiings.

Hvbrid o "-L.

^"[r'&"
qW
Ursrhb6ard Seitin$S
SinE ,']scillatDr MonitorPoint

ffiffiffi
[]'[.....$[

'rU,4 (* ff Chamdl Enable

Lrne los! hioh
Cuilent
LEVH Freuuen'Y-

Listen to the signal at the telephone Receiver. Vary the frequency of the Sine Oscillator,
uslng the high and /ow Frequency controls, over its full range and hear the difference in
tone,

:frigger

&.i:g3lil!: ! Nes6rile

CAC T] DC

lmeease: l.zms... gl

LBi Marker 17 Enahled

119.53u8:
Riqmfir*r, ,17 Enabled

:,1,,' [m
Marr.er Ditrsr€ncB . :

lt e6oma
t ........._ ......

r,tonrrql.eoim,ji[E'o,ec
E: Channelrl Enai,le .iC lic @Iffi]ru

Answer the Questions for this practicai.

2-14 58-001-USB(WB)
 fl

TEI.EPHONY TRAINING Assisnments::f,lJi[:

STUDENT'S WORKBOOK Telephone & lnterface Workboard

--3
2.2.5:2 Questions
'_{

1. While listening.to the receiver, vary the oscillator frequency between its highest and
v
lowest frequencies. What are the frequencies? - {*
;
}

:"E

.3 Can allthe frequencies be heard comfortably?

r}
:l

:P

3 3" ]ne tlgAryncJirespongg telephone systems'is,limited

3.4 kHz.
il to the range 300 Hz to
Does this restriction affect the quality of speech or musici'
118

-t

\
ib

3 4. Set the frequency to about 800 Hz, wtrich is normally very easy to hear. Using
the
'Level' control, find what'the minimum pe'ak vottage is foicomtbrtaUle llstenins. (Note
,!n
thai.the.frequency metei'requires a reasonable jignal lereito prorio. ,n .ffi;ffi
reading).

'q

xt

5, How does that voltage compare with the Ringing Signal in the Ringing Practical of the
Signalling Circuits Aisignment?

58-001.USB(WB)
2-15
 GhaPter 2
Assignrments using the
TELEFhTONY TRA!NING
Telephone & !ntedace Workboard
ST'UMENT'S WORKEOOK

P.Z.ffi Fractical 2: Transmitter Operat(on

Thispracticaldemonstratesthefunctionandlimitationsofthetransmitteror,i
nricrophone.
is used to provide.a test ?1s;rfl:*n:^
The acoustic coupler (AC) on the workboard the switch
ptaceo carefuily over the without pressing
system, rne transrlitt"i *rut oe
Hook.
is sensitive to a wide range of audio
Like the receiver, the modern microphone
itlqrun.i"s; and.can detect low level sound'
cause farse resurts with analogue to
digital
rts sensitivity to high frequencies could
conversion, necessary for a digital s1,.tJi'
i1'e neeo for filters to remove the high
Speech Assignment'
freeluencies is Oemontto.t"O iritne Fittering
characteristics requires elaborate acoustic
Ac+urate measurement of the transmitter caused
WorXUoard may show some resonances
equipment. The measurements on-thJ
biiti; simple nature of the acoustic coupler'
2.':.6.1 Procedure .
The
to the acoustic coupler (AS) as shown'
ln this practical, the oscillator is conneeted from
oscirloscope and frequency
t" monitoi either the signal on the line
mete1il;;;
ine tenpnone or the inPut to the AC'

TELEPHONE

HeyFad

Swiiuh Hook
:-{t- ts{
Hwrid on
t uNE
AlBrter -1- "
ffiM FH

Y$orkhosfd Setiirrgs
$ine Oscillator
I rl
tt
it
rl
11r.i
$
lt ffi$ffi
#E* Lever
lo[igquency

picked up by the
put the telephone into the acoustie.*ouplerso that the signal is
itr."riGr imicrophone)' observe the Line waveform

58-001-usB(wB)
2-16

l*
 i
I
\.-Al
"i{
)l)
lli
\ Chapter 2
TELFPHONY TRAINING
Assignrnents using the
STUDENT'S WORKBOOK Telephone & lnterface Workboard

Triqg6r

agr*ilG C Negalile
ia AC c0a
iim€Bas8:
l.sms I
LeElrlafier E Enaatec

hEi
'"11{ Eignl Marksr f. :nEoled

l lc,Ei1 nls
Marl€r Diferenrs
I :9.i
goznr$ :
I{

rr .-
Monitorpbint,,i.
:[EE c*
t.^ e l7 channet l.Enahte "c,.ac ilsrlffil@1
c-

t--.s
" VaYthe frequency of the sine osc illator, and observe
the Line wavefonrn.
tr-ift the telephone, and tar[< into the microphone, Again
obse_rve the waveform.
Answer the Questions for this practical.

'rn

,.8

lY

3 58-001-USB(WB)
2-17
:R
I'
 Chapter 2
TELEPHONY TR.AINING Assignments using the
STI,TDENT'S WORKBOOK TetrepFrone & lnterfaee Workboard

2.2.6.2 Questions

1. ,Using the acoustic coupler (AC), vary the oscillator bQtween lts lowes] frequency and
g00 Hz. Find the frequency at which'tlre voltageon,the line at.test point 16 is a 'n
rnaximum

2. Adjust the Level control so that the voltage is not quite distorted
G*,0-Qf.e.ak) 1t
that frequency. Without changing the Level, find the voltage at 300Tlz, 800 H2,1.6
kHz, 3.4 kHz, and 4 kt1z.

.3. What is the maximum frequency at which an output can be detected?

4. What are the approximate maximum voltages produced on the line by your own voice,
using normal and quiet speech? Can you speak loud enough to distor:t the output
wave?

2-18 58-001-usB(wB)
 n.llj

,# ,
ffi'
ffi
TELEPHONY TRAINING
STUDffiNT'S WORKBOOK
ChaPter 2
Assignrnents using the
Telephone & lnterfaee Workboard
,::ri

-t.,-y

:d

$
2"2.7 Practical 3: Telephone Hybrid Cirauit
This practical demonstrates the operation of the hybrid circuit in the telephone by .L
!:4
showing the existence of the two signals on the transmission Line. h

l "'!i

The hybrid is a circuit which connects two two-wire circults to a single two-wire circuit, lt
."+
performs twoto-four wire conversion.
6{q
Behnreen the telephone and the switching centre, signals at voice level are transmitted in
*q bofh directions along one pair of wires. The hybrid circuit separafes the incoming and
outgoing signal's at the telephone
,a
i -Jr
)
i;
. i,< 2.2.7.'i Side Tone
, i''ti
{,l
'lr lf the hybrid is not quite perfect, some of the signal from the microphone is fed to the
Receiver, so that the user hears their own voice. This is known as side tone, and is
l{q welcome, because it gives the user confidence that the telephone is operating,

"-3 ln fact it is necessary to ensure that the side tone is at a suitable level. lf [t is too high, the
,i\ user wilt tend to whisper, or if too low it will encourage shouting!
._,ql

:_
,GI 2.2.7.?- Limitation
:.

:i ni The practical demonstrates the existence of two signals present on the LIne
.i
;,A simultaneously, which are separated at the'telephone.
ldis

Accurate measurement of the performance ofrthe hybrid circuit requires careful acoustic
ir{Q
isolatr,OiT between the microphone and receiver.
,-'6
Thls isolation is only obtainable with elaborate test equipment.
-.q
Hybrid operation is analysed more precisely in the assignment on the SLIC Hybrid
"- it Cincuit.
lr-*
._,rl

; -.-
'i9
&

.--trt
.nqiE

,.tm,il

- 'E$

YBi 58'001-USB(WB) 2-19

*rN, :
i

ChaPter 2
Assignments using the
TELffiPhtONY TRAINING
Telephone & lnterfaee Workhoard
$TU$}ENT'S WOR.KEOOK

2.2.7.:3 Procedure
frequency'"'
the acoustic couprer (AC); and a fixec*
The $rne oscilator is connected to
il;# *"uL ot.lllator to the switching centre'

|..eyped

Swilch Hook
HAI\jBSET 1

Hybrid
v
Alerfert -

]6rd Settinss
Sine MonitorPoint I]!...-H

s @fi
OsDillator
lrrl
l:i:l ( --i li @ 17 Channell Enable
ir,l
.Ej \--!J:
Ltne . ltrv{ higir
-' a-ureni
Level Freur:etrc,/

hrwok,use theaff
oscilroscope to observe the single frequency signal
with the terephone
note the frequency'
un in* line. Listen to the receiver and

Trigger:

f,rffi@ Ii tteoative
|.-,:,qC' 'COC
TtmeBase. I 5ms J
rJen Mar'Gt rl7 En3bled

l4B.e2us

RrghtMerk?r p, En3bied

ll sstms

ida*ier -nitterencr: :

'' lFe.:ni

Menl*i;tlinr :,,r,: arFq

ilEE
J-v- clannei'l.Erclrte c Dcl @1ffi1,

g00 Hz. put the terephone into to the acousffc

set the sine osc*rator Frequency_to about
a@uprer. Again ,"" tn" line wav6t"rri
*ni"l'' no* n"t two frequencies cffimbined

Answer the questions for this practical'

5S-001-usB(WB)
2-?0
TELEPHONY TMINII{G ChapterZ
SruDEN.rS WORKBOOK Asslgnments usins the
Telephone & lnterf,ace Workb-oard

,1
2.2.1.,4. Que $

1' the side tone when yut speak into the tetephone? (stop
ffi#=Uetect tne prayuicat,

what connection between the teleohone

E vr' and thE switchlng cantre vrould be necded if
hybrftli
thera viBro no
 Chapter 2
TELEPHONY TRAINING Assignments using the
STUDENT'S WORKBOOK Telephone & lnterface Workboard

11i
l:.'
2.3 SLiC Functions Assignment

i Subjects in this assignment cover the. immediate hardware interface at the switching I
centre for each telePhone

'2.g.1 0bjeeffves

On coryrplgtl"lB[is assignment you will have investigated the following items from the
acronym'BORTS\

B Battery feed The need for a constant current dc supply, and

the recommended values.
O Overvoltage Protection Why it is required.
R Rinsins advantase of usinE a rinsins
|3:H:S.the
the operation of the Ring rrip
llffi:fl:ted
S Signalling Related the local signals Answer Detect and
Call Detect to the operation of the Hook Switch
(lifting and replacing of the handset within the
sequen of a calt)'
Additionary, you wi*:
e Understand,how a telephone instrument is powered fnom the Switchlng Centre.
. '8" familiar with the principles of overvoltage protection and why it is required.
" tJnderstand the methods used to alert the telephone instrument.
o Know how the Switch hook state is detected under various conditiorrs.
2.3.2 Prior Knowledge
Before sommencing this assignment you shoutd be familiar with:

c The basics of Electricity.

o 'The difference between ac and dc.
o A Zenerdiode

2-22 58-001-usB(wB)

t-