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Heterozygous – alleles are different from one another. Color blindness -An X-linked recessive trait
Example: Aa where a affected individual could not distinguish
red from green color (red green color blindness)
Homozygous – alleles are the same. Example: AA, aa Hemophilia - X-linked recessive trait where an
Punnett Square – s a square diagram that is used to affected individual suffers from delayed blood
predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding clotting during injuries because of the absence of
experiment. certain blood clotting factors.
Gregor Mendel – humble monk, part-time scientist, Y-linked – sex-linked trait that is found on Y
founder of the entire discipline of genetics. chromosomes.
Information in the form of base sequence is DNA Gyrase (topiosemerase II) – opens up the strands
transformed (transcribed) into mRNA, tRNA and
Single strand binding proteins – keeps DNA from
rRNA.
reannealing
DNA is the template copied into RNA by base
pairing. G with C; A with U. Primase – synthesizes the RNA primer. Makes primer.
Starting point of polymerase.
4 Levels of protein structure:
Primer – a piece of RNA.
1. Primary – sequence of amino acids (letters)
2. Secondary – interaction between adjacent DNA-polymerase III – synthesizes in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
amino acids (words)
3. Tertiary – 3D folding of the polypeptide DNA-polymerase I – removes primer. Repairs any
(sentences) missing binding protein in DNA.
4. Quaternary – arrangement of multiple DNA ligase – makes a phosphor-di-ester bond which
polypeptide (paragraphs) glues the new and old DNA strands together.
Physical Functional *Cytosine forms 3 hydrogen bonds with guanine.
Biomolecule Property Relevance
*Thymine makes 2 hydrogen bonds with adenine.
DNA Complementary Allows each *Strands of DNA are antiparallel.
base pairs strand to serve
as a template Transcription/RNA synthesis (Transcriptomics)
for replication - Happens in the nucleus.
and - Process of making RNA from DNA template
transcription.
Initiation
RNA Uracil Nitrogenous
base found only - RNA polymerase attaches to a promoter (TATA)
in RNA located upstream from the gene being
transcribed.
Protein Amino (N) Start of - Attachment is made possible by polypeptide
Terminus polypeptide sigma.
chain - Initiation will not start unless ATP is absorbed by
Amino (C) enzymes.
Terminus End of *Downstream is 3’ to 5’. Upstream is 5’ to 3’.
polypeptide
Peptide bond chain Elongation
- Enzymes attached to the TATA box will go
Links amino acid
downstream and create the RNA.
together
Termination V. selection process to screen which cells
actually contain the gene of interest
- Enzymes reach the end of the DNA template. VI. sequencing of the gene to find out the
Translation (Proteromics) primary structure of the protein