AP P E NDI X A

Sample Size Tables

Table A1. Sample sizes for cohort studiesa

Incidence Relative risk to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 970 717 2 788 497 6 306 290 29 429 320 37 837 603 10 510 431 3 153 120 1 634 946 1 051 034 756 742 583 904 394 133 211 445 142 727 61 134 22 318
0.00005 394 133 557 684 1 261 219 5 885 657 7 567 179 2 101 980 630 585 326 965 210 189 151 334 116 768 78 816 42 280 28 538 12 220 4 458
0.0001 197 060 278 832 630 585 2 942 699 3 783 376 1 050 923 315 268 163 467 105 083 75 657 58 376 39 401 21 135 14 264 6 106 2 225
0.0005 39 401 55 751 126 078 588 332 756 333 210 078 63 015 32 669 20 999 15 117 11 662 7 870 4 219 2 845 1 215 439
0.001 19 694 27 865 63 015 294 037 377 953 104 973 31 483 16 320 10 488 7 549 5 823 3 928 2 104 1 418 603 216
0.005 3 928 5 557 12 564 58 600 75 249 20 888 6 257 3 240 2 080 1 495 1 152 775 412 276 114 37
0.01 1 957 2 769 6 257 29 170 37 411 10 378 3 104 1 605 1 028 738 568 381 201 133 53 15
0.05 381 538 1 212 5 627 7 140 1 969 582 297 188 133 101 65 32 19 4 —
0.10 184 259 582 2 684 3 357 918 266 133 82 57 42 26 10 4 — —
0.15 118 166 372 1 703 2 095 568 161 79 47 32 23 13 — — — —
0.20 85 120 266 1 212 1 465 393 109 52 30 19 13 6 — — — —
0.25 65 92 203 918 1 086 287 77 35 19 12 7 — — — — —
0.30 52 73 161 722 834 217 56 24 12 6 — — — — — —

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
0.35 43 60 131 582 654 167 41 16 7 — — — — — — —
0.40 36 50 109 477 519 130 30 11 — — — — — — — —
0.45 30 42 91 395 414 101 21 6 — — — — — — — —
0.50 26 36 77 329 329 77 14 — — — — — — — — —
0.55 22 31 66 276 261 58 8 — — — — — — — — —
0.60 19 27 56 231 203 42 2 — — — — — — — — —

Pharmacoepidemiology, Fifth Edition. Edited by Brian L. Strom, Stephen E. Kimmel, Sean Hennessy.
0.65 17 23 48 194 155 29 — — — — — — — — — —
0.70 15 20 41 161 113 17 — — — — — — — — — —
0.75 13 17 35 133 77 7 — — — — — — — — — —
0.80 11 15 30 109 46 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.85 10 13 25 87 18 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.90 8 11 21 68 — — — — — — — — — — — —
0.95 7 9 17 51 — — — — — — — — — — — —

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.10 (power = 90%), control : exposed ratio = 1 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the exposed group. An
equivalent number would be included in the control group.
Table A2. Sample size for cohort studiesa

Incidence Relative risk to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 529 057 2 153 636 4 825 616 22 279 822 28 149 090 7 764 537 2 302 889 1 183 56 3 755 529 540 883 415 381 278 329 147 626 99 000 41 938 15 197
0.0001 152 896 215 349 482 527 2 227 804 2 814 625 776 367 230 258 118 337 151 093 108 167 83 068 55 659 29 520 19 795 8 384 3 036
0.0005 30 570 43 057 96 475 445 402 562 673 155 196 46 024 23 651 75 539 54 077 41 528 27 825 14 756 9 895 4 189 1 516
0.001 15 280 21 521 48 218 222 602 281 179 77 550 22 994 11 815 15 095 10 805 8 297 5 558 2 946 1 974 834 300
0.005 3 047 4 292 9 613 44 362 55 984 15 433 4 571 2 346 7 540 5 396 4 143 2 774 1 469 984 414 148
0.01 1 518 2 138 4 787 22 082 27 834 7 668 2 268 1 163 1 496 1 069 820 548 288 192 79 26
0.05 295 415 927 4 258 5 315 1 456 426 216 740 528 404 269 141 93 37 11
0.10 142 200 444 2 030 2 500 680 196 97 136 95 72 47 23 14 3 —
0.15 91 128 283 1 287 1 561 421 119 58 60 41 31 19 8 3 — —
0.20 66 92 203 916 1 092 291 80 38 35 23 17 9 — — — —
0.25 50 70 155 693 811 214 57 26 22 14 10 4 — — — —
0.30 40 56 123 545 623 162 42 18 14 9 5 — — — — —
0.35 33 46 100 439 489 125 31 12 9 4 — — — — — —
0.40 27 38 82 359 388 97 22 8 5 — — — — — — —
0.45 23 32 69 297 310 76 16 — — — — — — — — —
0.50 20 27 58 248 248 58 11 — — — — — — — — —
0.55 17 23 49 207 196 44 5 — — — — — — — — —
0.60 15 20 42 173 154 32 — — — — — — — — — —
0.65 13 17 36 145 117 22 — — — — — — — — — —
0.70 11 15 31 120 86 13 — — — — — — — — — —
0.75 9 13 26 99 59 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.80 8 11 22 80 35 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.85 7 10 18 64 — — — — — — — — — — — —
0.90 6 8 15 49 — — — — — — — — — — — —
0.95 5 7 12 36 — — — — — — — — — — — —

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.10 (power = 90%), control : exposed ratio = 2 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the exposed group. Double
this number would be included in the control group.
Table A3. Sample sizes for cohort studiesa

Incidence Relative risk to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 369 471 1 930 847 4 322 614 19 888 657 24 913 372 6 843 626 2 014 756 1 029 014 653 418 465 696 356 275 237 254 124 571 83 030 34 793 12 510
0.00005 273 886 386 158 864 495 3 977 589 4 982 452 1 368 657 402 927 205 788 130 673 93 131 71 248 47 445 24 910 16 602 6 955 2 499
0.0001 136 938 193 072 432 230 1 988 706 2 491 087 684 286 201 449 102 885 65 330 46 560 35 619 23 719 12 452 8 299 3 476 1 248
0.0005 27 380 38 603 86 418 397 599 497 995 136 790 40 266 20 563 13 055 9 303 7 117 4 738 2 486 1 656 692 247
0.001 13 685 19 294 43 192 198 711 248 859 68 352 20 118 10 272 6 521 4 646 3 554 2 365 1 240 825 344 122
0.005 2 729 3 847 8 611 39 600 49 549 13 603 4 000 2 040 1 294 921 703 467 244 161 66 21
0.01 1 359 1 916 4 288 19 711 24 636 6 759 1 985 1 011 640 455 347 230 119 78 31 9
0.05 264 372 830 3 800 4 705 1 284 373 188 117 82 62 40 19 12 2 —
0.10 127 179 398 1 811 2 213 600 171 85 52 36 26 16 7 3 — —
0.15 81 114 254 1 148 1 383 372 104 50 30 20 14 8 — — — —
0.20 58 82 181 817 968 257 71 33 19 12 8 4 — — — —
0.25 45 63 138 618 719 189 50 23 13 7 4 — — — — —
0.30 36 50 109 485 552 143 37 16 8 4 — — — — — —
0.35 29 41 89 391 434 111 27 11 4 — — — — — — —
0.40 24 34 73 319 345 86 20 7 — — — — — — — —
0.45 20 28 61 264 275 67 14 — — — — — — — — —
0.50 17 24 52 220 220 52 9 — — — — — — — — —
0.55 15 21 44 184 175 39 — — — — — — — — — —
0.60 13 18 37 154 137 29 — — — — — — — — — —
0.65 11 15 32 128 105 19 — — — — — — — — — —
0.70 10 13 27 106 77 10 — — — — — — — — — —
0.75 8 11 23 87 53 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.80 7 10 19 71 31 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.85 6 8 16 56 — — — — — — — — — — — —
0.90 5 7 13 43 — — — — — — — — — — — —
0.95 4 6 11 31 — — — — — — — — — — — —

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.10 (power = 90%), control : exposed ratio = 3 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the exposed group. Triple this
number would be included in the control group.
Table A4. Sample sizes for cohort studiesa

Incidence Relative risk to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 285 566 1 815 876 4 068 209 18 690 665 23 293 643 6 381 472 1 869 238 950 463 601 217 427 061 325 766 215 895 112 429 74 554 30 945 11 048
0.00005 257 106 363 164 813 616 3 737 999 4 658 521 1 276 231 373 825 190 079 120 234 85 404 65 147 43 174 22 482 14 907 6 186 2 207
0.0001 128 548 181 575 406 791 1 868 916 2 329 131 638 076 186 899 95 031 60 111 42 697 32 569 21 583 11 238 7 451 3 091 1 102
0.0005 25 702 36 304 81 332 373 649 465 619 127 552 37 358 18 993 12 013 8 532 6 507 4 311 2 244 1 487 615 218
0.001 12 846 18 145 40 650 186 741 232 680 63 737 18 665 9 488 6 000 4 261 3 249 2 152 1 119 741 306 107
0.005 2 562 3 618 8 104 37 214 46 329 12 684 3 711 1 884 1 190 844 643 425 220 145 58 19
0.01 1 276 1 802 4 035 18 523 23 035 6 303 1 842 934 589 417 318 209 107 70 27 8
0.05 248 349 781 3 571 4 399 1 198 346 174 108 76 57 36 17 10 2 —
0.10 119 168 374 1 702 2 070 560 159 78 48 33 24 15 6 2 — —
0.15 76 107 238 1 079 1 294 347 97 47 28 19 13 7 — — — —
0.20 55 77 171 767 905 240 66 31 18 11 8 3 — — — —
0.25 42 59 130 580 672 177 47 21 12 7 4 — — — — —
0.30 33 47 103 456 517 134 34 15 7 — — — — — — —
0.35 27 38 83 366 406 103 25 10 3 — — — — — — —
0.40 23 32 69 300 323 81 18 6 — — — — — — — —
0.45 19 27 58 248 258 63 13 — — — — — — — — —
0.50 16 23 48 206 206 48 8 — — — — — — — — —
0.55 14 19 41 172 164 37 — — — — — — — — — —
0.60 12 16 35 144 128 27 — — — — — — — — — —
0.65 10 14 30 120 98 18 — — — — — — — — — —
0.70 9 12 25 99 72 7 — — — — — — — — — —
0.75 8 10 21 81 50 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.80 6 9 18 66 29 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.85 6 8 15 52 — — — — — — — — — — — —
0.90 5 6 12 39 — — — — — — — — — — — —
0.95 4 5 10 28 — — — — — — — — — — — —

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.10 (power = 90%), control: exposed ratio = 4 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the exposed group. Quadruple
this number would be included in the control group.
Table A5. Sample sizes for cohort studiesa

Incidence Relative risk to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 472 091 2 082 958 4 710 686 21 983 178 28 264 016 7 851 105 2 355 325 1 221 276 785 104 565 273 436 166 294 411 157 946 106 615 45 666 16 672
0.00005 294 411 416 580 942 108 4 396 481 5 652 548 1 570 142 471 036 244 238 157 008 113 044 87 224 58 875 31 583 21 318 9 129 3 330
0.0001 147 201 208 283 471 036 2 198 144 2 826 115 785 022 235 500 122 108 78 496 56 515 43 606 29 433 15 788 10 656 4 562 1 663
0.0005 29 433 41 645 94 178 439 474 564 968 156 925 47 071 24 404 15 686 11 292 8 712 5 879 3 152 2 126 908 329
0.001 14 711 20 816 47 071 219 641 282 325 78 413 23 518 12 191 7 835 5 639 4 350 2 935 1 572 1 060 451 162
0.005 2 935 4 152 9 385 43 774 56 210 15 604 4 675 2 421 1 554 1 117 861 579 309 207 86 28
0.01 1 463 2 069 4 675 21 790 27 946 7 752 2 319 1 199 769 552 425 285 151 100 40 12
0.05 285 402 906 4 204 5 334 1 471 435 222 141 100 76 49 24 15 3 —
0.10 138 194 435 2 005 2 508 686 200 100 62 43 32 20 8 4 — —
0.15 89 125 278 1 273 1 566 425 121 59 36 24 17 10 — — — —
0.20 64 90 200 906 1 095 294 82 39 15 15 10 5 — — — —
0.25 49 69 152 686 812 215 58 27 10 9 6 — — — — —
0.30 40 55 121 540 623 163 42 19 6 5 — — — — — —
0.35 33 45 99 435 489 125 31 13 — — — — — — — —
0.40 27 38 82 357 388 97 23 8 — — — — — — — —
0.45 23 32 69 295 309 76 16 5 — — — — — — — —
0.50 20 27 58 247 247 58 11 — — — — — — — — —
0.55 17 24 50 207 195 44 7 — — — — — — — — —
0.60 15 20 42 173 152 32 2 — — — — — — — — —
0.65 13 18 36 145 116 22 — — — — — — — — — —
0.70 11 15 31 121 85 13 — — — — — — — — — —
0.75 10 13 27 100 58 6 — — — — — — — — — —
0.80 9 12 23 82 35 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.85 8 10 19 66 14 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.90 7 9 16 51 — — — — — — — — — — — —
0.95 6 8 14 38 — — — — — — — — — — — —

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.20 (power = 80%), control : exposed ratio = 1 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the exposed group. An
equivalent number would be included in the control group.
Table A6. Sample sizes for cohort studiesa

Incidence Relative risk to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 190 356 1 663 432 3 680 447 16 792 779 20 878 641 5 726 194 1 683 582 859 799 546 209 389 547 298 242 198 909 104 767 69 986 29 458 10 630
0.00005 238 065 332 677 736 066 3 358 436 4 175 543 1 145 183 336 697 171 948 109 233 77 903 59 643 39 777 20 950 13 994 5 889 2 124
0.0001 119 028 166 332 368 018 1 679 143 2 087 655 572 556 168 336 85 967 54 611 38 947 29 818 19 886 10 473 6 995 2 943 1 061
0.0005 23 799 33 257 73 580 335 708 417 346 114 455 33 648 17 182 10 914 7 783 5 958 3 973 2 091 1 396 586 210
0.001 11 895 16 622 36 775 167 779 208 557 57 193 16 812 8 584 5 452 3 887 2 975 1 983 1 043 696 292 104
0.005 2 372 3 315 7 332 33 436 41 526 11 382 3 343 1 705 1 082 771 589 392 205 136 56 19
0.01 1 182 1 651 3 651 16 643 20 647 5 656 1 659 845 536 381 291 193 100 66 26 8
0.05 230 321 707 3 208 3 944 1 075 312 157 99 69 52 34 17 10 2 —
0.10 111 154 339 1 529 1 856 503 144 71 44 30 23 14 6 3 — —
0.15 71 99 216 969 1 160 312 88 43 26 17 13 7 — — — —
0.20 51 71 155 689 812 216 60 28 17 11 8 4 — — — —
0.25 39 54 118 522 603 159 43 20 11 7 4 — — — — —
0.30 31 43 93 410 464 121 32 14 7 4 — — — — — —
0.35 26 35 76 330 365 93 23 10 4 — — — — — — —
0.40 21 29 63 270 290 73 17 6 — — — — — — — —
0.45 18 25 52 223 232 57 13 — — — — — — — — —
0.50 15 21 44 186 186 44 9 — — — — — — — — —
0.55 13 18 38 155 148 34 5 — — — — — — — — —
0.60 11 16 32 130 116 25 — — — — — — — — — —
0.65 10 13 27 108 89 18 — — — — — — — — — —
0.70 9 12 23 90 66 11 — — — — — — — — — —
0.75 8 10 20 74 46 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.80 7 9 17 60 28 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.85 6 7 14 47 — — — — — — — — — — — —
0.90 5 6 12 36 — — — — — — — — — — — —
0.95 4 5 9 26 — — — — — — — — — — — —

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.20 (power = 80%), control : exposed ratio = 2 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the exposed group. Double
this number would be included in the control group.
Table A7. Sample sizes for cohort studiesa

Incidence Relative risk to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 088 323 1 516 254 3 330 831 15 057 392 18 412 768 5 014 203 1 456 566 736 622 464 207 328 848 250 342 165 451 85 870 56 861 23 565 8 410
0.00005 217 658 303 242 666 145 3 011 370 3 682 391 1 002 792 291 297 147 315 92 835 65 764 50 064 33 087 17 171 11 370 4 711 1 681
0.0001 108 825 151 615 333 059 1 505 617 1 841 094 501 366 145 638 73 651 46 413 32 879 25 029 16 541 8 584 5 684 2 355 839
0.0005 21 759 30 314 66 590 301 015 368 057 100 225 29 111 14 721 9 276 6 570 5 001 3 305 1 714 1 134 469 166
0.001 10 875 15 151 33 281 150 439 183 927 50 082 14 545 7 354 4 634 3 282 2 498 1 650 855 566 233 82
0.005 2 169 3 021 6 635 29 979 36 623 9 968 2 892 1 461 920 651 495 326 168 111 45 15
0.01 1 080 1 505 3 304 14 922 18 210 4 954 1 436 725 456 322 245 161 83 54 21 6
0.05 210 292 639 2 876 3 480 942 271 135 84 59 44 29 14 8 2 —
0.10 101 140 306 1 370 1 638 441 125 62 38 26 19 12 5 2 — —
0.15 65 90 195 868 1 025 274 76 37 22 15 11 6 — — — —
0.20 46 64 139 617 718 190 52 25 14 9 6 3 — — — —
0.25 36 49 106 466 534 140 37 17 10 6 4 — — — — —
0.30 28 39 84 366 411 107 28 12 6 3 — — — — — —
0.35 23 32 68 294 323 83 21 9 4 — — — — — — —
0.40 19 26 56 240 257 65 15 6 — — — — — — — —
0.45 16 22 47 199 206 51 11 — — — — — — — — —
0.50 14 19 39 165 165 39 8 — — — — — — — — —
0.55 12 16 33 138 132 30 — — — — — — — — — —
0.60 10 14 28 115 104 23 — — — — — — — — — —
0.65 9 12 24 96 80 16 — — — — — — — — — —
0.70 8 10 20 79 60 9 — — — — — — — — — —
0.75 7 9 17 65 42 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.80 6 7 14 52 26 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.85 5 6 12 41 — — — — — — — — — — — —
0.90 4 5 10 31 — — — — — — — — — — — —
0.95 3 4 8 22 — — — — — — — — — — — —

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.20 (power = 80%), control : exposed ratio = 3 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the exposed group. Triple this
number would be included in the control group.
Table A8. Sample sizes for cohort studiesa

Incidence Relative risk to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 034 606 1 440 316 3 154 116 14 188 116 17 178 604 4 657 092 1 342 104 674 194 422 454 297 814 225 764 148 182 76 019 49 975 20 438 7 223
0.00005 206 915 288 054 630 802 2 837 520 3 435 570 931 374 268 406 134 830 84 485 59 558 45 149 29 633 15 201 9 993 4 086 1 443
0.0001 103 454 144 022 315 388 1 418 696 1 717 691 465 659 134 194 67 410 42 238 29 776 22 572 14 815 7 599 4 995 2 042 721
0.0005 20 685 28 795 63 057 283 636 343 387 93 087 26 824 13 473 8 442 5 950 4 510 2 960 1 518 997 407 143
0.001 10 338 14 392 31 515 141 754 171 599 46 516 13 402 6 731 4 217 2 972 2 253 1 478 757 497 203 71
0.005 2 061 2 870 6 282 28 248 34 169 9 259 2 665 1 338 837 590 446 292 149 98 39 13
0.01 1 027 1 429 3 128 14 059 16 990 4 601 1 323 663 415 292 221 144 73 48 19 6
0.05 199 277 605 2 709 3 247 876 250 124 77 53 40 26 12 8 2 —
0.10 96 133 289 1 290 1 529 410 115 57 35 24 17 11 5 2 — —
0.15 61 85 184 817 957 255 71 34 20 14 10 6 — — — —
0.20 44 61 132 581 670 177 48 23 13 9 6 3 — — — —
0.25 34 47 100 439 499 130 35 16 9 5 3 — — — — —
0.30 27 37 79 344 384 99 26 11 6 — — — — — — —
0.35 22 30 64 277 302 77 19 8 3 — — — — — — —
0.40 18 25 53 226 241 60 14 5 — — — — — — — —
0.45 15 21 44 186 193 47 10 — — — — — — — — —
0.50 13 18 37 155 155 37 7 — — — — — — — — —
0.55 11 15 31 129 124 28 — — — — — — — — — —
0.60 9 13 26 108 97 21 — — — — — — — — — —
0.65 8 11 22 89 75 15 — — — — — — — — — —
0.70 7 9 19 74 56 7 — — — — — — — — — —
0.75 6 8 16 60 39 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.80 5 7 13 48 24 — — — — — — — — — — —
0.85 4 6 11 38 — — — — — — — — — — — —
0.90 4 5 9 28 — — — — — — — — — — — —
0.95 3 4 7 20 — — — — — — — — — — — —

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.20 (power = 80%), control : exposed ratio = 4 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the exposed group. Quadruple
this number would be included in the control group.
Table A9. Sample sizes for case–control studiesa

Prevalence Odds ratio to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 970 728 2 788 519 6 306 363 29 429 793 37 838 497 10 510 715 3 153 225 1 635 011 1 051 081 756 780 583 937 394 159 211 464 142 743 61 147 22 330
0.00005 394 143 557 705 1 261 292 5 886 130 7 568 072 2 102 264 630 690 327 029 210 236 151 372 116 801 78 842 42 300 28 555 12 234 4 469
0.0001 197 070 278 853 630 659 2 943 172 3 784 269 1 051 207 315 373 163 532 105 130 75 696 58 409 39 427 21 155 14 281 6 120 2 237
0.0005 39 412 55 772 126 151 588 806 757 227 210 362 63 120 32 734 21 046 15 155 11 695 7 896 4 238 2 862 1 228 451
0.001 19 704 27 887 63 088 294 510 378 847 105 257 31 588 16 384 10 535 7 587 5 856 3 954 2 124 1 435 617 228
0.005 3 939 5 579 12 638 59 074 76 145 21 173 6 363 3 304 2 127 1 533 1 184 801 432 293 128 49
0.01 1 968 2 790 6 331 29 646 38 309 10 663 3 210 1 669 1 076 777 601 407 221 150 67 27
0.05 391 560 1 288 6 111 8 059 2 261 690 363 237 172 135 93 52 37 18 9
0.10 195 281 659 3 181 4 302 1 219 379 202 133 98 77 54 32 23 13 8
0.15 129 189 451 2 215 3 072 879 278 150 100 75 60 43 26 19 11 8
0.20 97 143 348 1 741 2 476 716 230 126 85 64 52 37 23 18 11 8
0.25 77 116 287 1 465 2 137 624 203 113 77 59 48 35 23 18 12 9
0.30 64 98 248 1 289 1 930 569 188 106 73 56 46 34 23 18 13 10
0.35 56 86 222 1 174 1 802 536 180 103 72 56 46 35 24 19 14 11
0.40 49 77 203 1 097 1 727 519 177 102 72 56 47 36 25 20 15 12
0.45 44 70 191 1 048 1 694 513 178 104 74 58 49 38 27 22 17 14
0.50 40 66 182 1 023 1 696 519 182 108 77 61 52 40 29 24 19 16
0.55 38 62 178 1 019 1 732 535 191 114 82 66 56 44 32 27 21 18
0.60 36 61 177 1 035 1 806 562 203 123 89 72 61 49 36 31 25 21
0.65 35 60 180 1 077 1 927 605 222 135 99 80 69 56 42 36 29 25
0.70 34 61 188 1 149 2 110 669 248 153 113 92 79 64 49 43 35 31
0.75 35 64 203 1 268 2 390 764 287 178 133 109 94 77 59 52 43 38
0.80 37 70 230 1 465 2 831 913 348 218 164 135 117 97 75 66 55 49
0.85 43 82 278 1 811 3 591 1 168 451 285 216 179 156 129 101 90 75 68
0.90 54 108 379 2 527 5 143 1 687 659 420 320 266 233 195 154 137 116 105
0.95 93 190 690 4 717 9 851 3 257 1 288 828 635 531 466 391 313 280 238 217

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.10 (power = 90%), control : case ratio = 1 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the case group. An equivalent
number would be included in the control group.
Table A10. Sample sizes for case–control studiesa

Prevalence Odds ratio to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 529 065 2 153 652 4 825 672 22 280 178 28 149 758 7 764 749 2 302 966 1 183 610 755 564 540 911 415 405 278 348 147 639 99 012 41 948 15 205
0.00005 305 811 430 731 965 148 4 456 162 5 630 233 1 553 041 460 628 236 743 151 128 108 194 83 091 55 678 29 534 19 807 8 393 3 044
0.0001 152 904 215 366 482 583 2 228 160 2 815 293 776 578 230 335 118 385 75 573 54 105 41 552 27 844 14 770 9 906 4 199 1 524
0.0005 30 578 43 073 96 531 445 759 563 340 155 407 46 101 23 698 15 130 10 833 8 321 5 577 2 960 1 986 843 307
0.001 15 288 21 537 48 274 222 959 281 846 77 761 23 072 11 862 7 574 5 424 4 167 2 793 1 483 996 424 155
0.005 3 055 4 308 9 669 44 719 56 653 15 644 4 649 2 393 1 530 1 097 844 567 302 204 88 34
0.01 1 526 2 154 4 843 22 440 28 505 7 880 2 346 1 210 775 556 428 289 155 105 46 19
0.05 303 431 984 4 623 6 001 1 674 506 264 171 124 97 66 37 26 13 7
0.10 150 216 503 2 405 3 207 904 279 148 97 71 56 39 23 17 9 6
0.15 100 145 343 1 673 2 292 653 205 111 74 55 44 31 19 14 8 6
0.20 74 110 265 1 313 1 849 533 170 93 63 47 38 28 17 13 8 6
0.25 59 89 218 1 104 1 597 465 151 84 57 44 35 26 17 13 9 6
0.30 49 75 188 971 1 443 425 140 79 55 42 34 26 17 14 9 7
0.35 42 65 168 883 1 349 401 135 77 54 42 34 26 18 14 10 8
0.40 37 58 154 825 1 294 388 133 77 54 42 35 27 19 15 11 9
0.45 33 53 144 788 1 270 385 133 78 56 44 37 28 20 17 13 10
0.50 31 50 137 768 1 272 389 137 81 58 46 39 31 22 19 14 12
0.55 28 47 133 764 1 301 402 144 86 62 50 42 33 24 21 16 14
0.60 27 45 133 775 1 357 423 154 93 68 55 47 37 28 24 19 16
0.65 26 45 135 805 1 449 456 168 103 76 61 52 42 32 28 22 19
0.70 26 45 140 859 1 588 505 188 116 86 70 61 49 38 33 27 23
0.75 26 47 151 947 1 799 577 218 136 102 84 72 59 46 40 33 29
0.80 28 51 170 1 092 2 133 690 265 166 125 104 90 74 58 51 42 38
0.85 31 60 205 1 349 2 708 884 343 218 165 137 120 100 78 70 58 53
0.90 39 78 279 1 880 3 881 1 278 503 322 246 205 180 150 119 107 90 82
0.95 66 137 506 3 505 7 438 2 472 984 635 489 410 360 303 243 218 186 169

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.10 (power = 90%), control : case ratio = 2 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the case group. Double this
number would be included in the control group.
Table A11. Sample size for case–control studiesa

Prevalence Odds ratio to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 369 478 1 930 861 4 322 663 19 888 975 24 913 964 6 843 813 2 014 824 1 029 056 653 448 465 720 356 295 237 271 124 583 83 040 34 800 12 517
0.00005 273 893 386 172 864 545 3 977 907 4 983 044 1 368 844 402 996 205 830 130 703 93 155 71 268 47 461 24 922 16 612 6 963 2 506
0.0001 136 945 193 086 432 280 1 989 023 2 491 679 684 473 201 517 102 927 65 360 46 584 35 640 23 735 12 464 8 309 3 483 1 254
0.0005 27 387 38 617 86 468 397 917 498 587 136 977 40 334 20 604 13 086 9 328 7 137 4 754 2 498 1 666 700 253
0.001 13 692 19 309 43 242 199 028 249 451 68 540 20 186 10 314 6 551 4 671 3 574 2 382 1 252 836 352 128
0.005 2 736 3 862 8 661 39 918 50 143 13 790 4 068 2 082 1 324 945 724 484 256 171 73 28
0.01 1 367 1 931 4 338 20 030 25 231 6 947 2 054 1 053 671 480 368 246 131 88 39 16
0.05 271 387 881 4 125 5 313 1 477 444 231 149 108 84 57 32 22 11 6
0.10 134 194 450 2 145 2 841 799 245 129 85 62 49 34 20 14 8 5
0.15 89 130 307 1 491 2 031 577 180 97 64 48 38 27 16 12 7 5
0.20 66 98 236 1 171 1 639 471 150 82 55 41 33 24 15 12 7 5
0.25 53 79 195 984 1 417 412 133 74 50 38 31 23 15 12 8 6
0.30 44 67 168 865 1 281 376 124 70 48 37 30 23 15 12 8 6
0.35 38 58 150 786 1 197 355 119 68 47 37 30 23 16 13 9 7
0.40 33 52 137 734 1 149 345 118 68 48 37 31 24 16 14 10 8
0.45 30 47 128 700 1 128 342 119 69 49 39 32 25 18 15 11 9
0.50 27 44 122 682 1 131 346 122 72 52 41 35 27 19 16 12 10
0.55 25 42 119 679 1 156 357 128 76 55 44 38 30 22 18 14 12
0.60 24 40 118 689 1 207 377 137 83 60 49 41 33 25 21 17 14
0.65 23 40 119 715 1 289 406 150 91 67 55 47 38 28 24 20 17
0.70 23 40 124 762 1 414 450 168 104 77 63 54 44 33 29 24 21
0.75 23 42 133 839 1 602 515 195 121 91 75 65 53 41 36 29 26
0.80 24 45 150 968 1 900 616 236 149 112 93 80 66 52 45 38 34
0.85 27 52 180 1 194 2 413 789 307 195 148 123 107 89 70 62 52 46
0.90 34 68 245 1 664 3 459 1 142 450 288 220 184 161 134 107 95 80 72
0.95 57 119 444 3 100 6 632 2 208 881 569 438 367 323 271 217 194 165 150

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.10 (power = 90%), control : case ratio = 3 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the case group. Triple this number
would be included in the control group.
Table A12. Sample sizes for case–control studiesa

Prevalence Odds ratio to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 285 573 1 815 890 4 068 256 18 690 963 23 294 197 6 381 647 1 869 301 950 501 601 245 427 084 325 786 215 910 112 440 74 563 30 952 11 054
0.00005 257 112 363 178 813 662 3 738 297 4 659 075 1 276 406 373 889 190 118 120 262 85 427 65 166 43 189 22 493 14 916 6 193 2 213
0.0001 128 555 181 589 406 838 1 869 214 2 329 685 638 251 186 963 95 070 60 139 42 720 32 588 21 599 11 249 7 461 3 098 1 108
0.0005 25 709 36 318 81 379 373 947 466 173 127 727 37 422 19 032 12 041 8 554 6 526 4 326 2 255 1 496 622 224
0.001 12 853 18 159 40 697 187 039 233 234 63 912 18 729 9 527 6 028 4 284 3 269 2 167 1 130 750 313 113
0.005 2 568 3 632 8 151 37 513 46 884 12 860 3 775 1 923 1 219 867 662 440 231 154 65 25
0.01 1 283 1 816 4 082 18 823 23 592 6 479 1 906 973 618 440 337 224 118 79 34 14
0.05 255 363 829 3 876 4 969 1 378 412 214 137 99 77 52 29 20 10 5
0.10 126 182 423 2 015 2 658 746 228 120 78 57 45 31 18 13 7 4
0.15 83 122 289 1 401 1 901 539 168 90 60 44 35 25 15 11 7 4
0.20 62 92 222 1 099 1 534 440 140 76 51 38 31 22 14 11 7 5
0.25 50 74 183 923 1 326 385 125 69 47 36 29 21 14 11 7 5
0.30 41 63 158 812 1 200 352 116 65 45 34 28 21 14 11 7 6
0.35 35 55 140 738 1 122 333 111 63 44 34 28 21 14 12 8 6
0.40 31 49 128 688 1 077 323 110 63 45 35 29 22 15 13 9 7
0.45 28 44 120 657 1 058 320 111 65 46 36 30 23 17 14 10 8
0.50 25 41 114 640 1 060 324 114 67 48 38 32 25 18 15 11 10
0.55 23 39 111 636 1 084 335 120 72 52 41 35 28 20 17 13 11
0.60 22 38 110 645 1 132 354 128 78 57 46 39 31 23 20 15 13
0.65 21 37 111 669 1 209 381 140 86 63 51 44 35 26 23 18 16
0.70 21 37 116 713 1 326 422 158 97 72 59 51 41 31 27 22 19
0.75 21 39 125 786 1 504 483 183 114 85 70 61 50 38 33 27 24
0.80 22 42 140 905 1 784 579 222 140 105 87 75 62 48 42 35 31
0.85 25 48 168 1 117 2 266 742 289 183 139 115 101 83 65 58 48 43
0.90 31 63 228 1 556 3 248 1 073 423 271 207 173 151 126 100 89 75 67
0.95 52 110 412 2 897 6 229 2 076 829 536 412 345 303 255 203 182 154 139

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.10 (power = 90%), control : case ratio = 4 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the case group. Quadruple this
number would be included in the control group.
Table A13. Sample sizes for case–control studiesa

Prevalence Odds ratio to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 472 099 2 082 974 4 710 741 21 983 531 28 264 683 7 851 317 2 355 404 1 221 324 785 139 565 302 436 191 294 430 157 960 106 627 45 676 16 681
0.00005 294 418 416 596 942 163 4 396 835 5 653 216 1 570 354 471 115 244 286 157 043 113 073 87 248 58 894 31 598 21 330 9 139 3 339
0.0001 147 208 208 299 471 091 2 198 497 2 826 782 785 234 235 579 122 156 78 531 56 544 43 631 29 452 15 803 10 668 4 572 1 671
0.0005 29 440 41 661 94 233 439 828 565 636 157 137 47 150 24 452 15 721 11 321 8 736 5 899 3 166 2 138 918 337
0.001 14 719 20 831 47 126 219 994 282 992 78 625 23 596 12 239 7 870 5 668 4 375 2 954 1 587 1 072 461 171
0.005 2 943 4 168 9 441 44 128 56 879 15 816 4 753 2 469 1 589 1 146 885 599 323 219 96 37
0.01 1 470 2 085 4 730 22 145 28 617 7 966 2 398 1 248 804 581 449 305 165 113 50 20
0.05 293 419 962 4 566 6 020 1 690 516 272 177 129 101 70 39 28 14 7
0.10 146 211 493 2 377 3 214 911 283 151 100 74 58 41 24 18 10 6
0.15 97 142 337 1 655 2 295 657 208 113 75 56 45 32 20 15 9 6
0.20 73 107 260 1 301 1 850 535 172 95 64 48 39 28 18 14 9 6
0.25 58 87 215 1 095 1 597 466 152 85 58 44 36 27 17 14 9 7
0.30 49 74 186 964 1 442 425 141 80 55 42 35 26 18 14 10 8
0.35 42 65 166 877 1 346 401 135 77 54 42 35 26 18 15 11 9
0.40 37 58 152 820 1 291 388 133 77 54 42 35 27 19 16 12 10
0.45 33 53 143 784 1 266 384 133 78 56 44 37 29 20 17 13 11
0.50 31 50 137 765 1 267 388 137 81 58 46 39 31 22 19 15 12
0.55 29 47 133 761 1 294 400 143 85 62 50 42 33 25 21 16 14
0.60 27 46 133 774 1 350 421 152 92 67 54 46 37 28 24 19 16
0.65 26 45 135 805 1 440 453 166 101 75 61 52 42 32 27 22 19
0.70 26 46 141 859 1 577 500 186 115 85 69 60 49 37 32 26 23
0.75 27 48 152 948 1 785 571 215 134 100 82 71 58 45 39 33 29
0.80 28 53 172 1 095 2 115 682 260 163 123 101 88 73 57 50 42 37
0.85 32 62 208 1 353 2 683 873 337 213 162 134 117 97 76 68 57 51
0.90 41 81 283 1 888 3 842 1 260 493 314 240 200 175 146 116 103 87 79
0.95 70 142 516 3 524 7 359 2 433 962 619 475 397 349 293 234 210 179 162

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.20 (power = 80%), control : case ratio = 1 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the case group. An equivalent
number would be included in the control group.
Table A14. Sample sizes for case–control studiesa

Prevalence Odds ratio to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 190 363 1 663 444 3 680 489 16 793 046 20 879 138 5 726 351 1 683 639 859 834 546 235 389 568 298 260 198 923 104 777 69 995 29 465 10 635
0.00005 238 071 332 689 736 108 3 358 703 4 176 039 1 145 339 336 754 171 983 109 259 77 923 59 660 39 791 20 960 14 003 5 896 2 129
0.0001 119 034 166 344 368 060 1 679 410 2 088 152 572 713 168 393 86 001 54 637 38 967 29 835 19 899 10 483 7 004 2 950 1 066
0.0005 23 805 33 269 73 622 335 976 417 842 114 612 33 705 17 216 10 939 7 803 5 975 3 986 2 101 1 405 593 216
0.001 11 901 16 635 36 817 168 047 209 054 57 349 16 869 8 618 5 477 3 907 2 993 1 997 1 053 705 298 109
0.005 2 378 3 327 7 374 33 704 42 024 11 540 3 400 1 740 1 107 791 607 406 215 145 63 24
0.01 1 188 1 664 3 693 16 911 21 146 5 814 1 717 880 561 402 308 207 211 75 33 14
0.05 236 333 750 3 482 4 455 1 237 371 193 125 91 70 48 27 19 10 5
0.10 117 167 383 1 810 2 383 669 205 109 71 53 41 29 17 13 7 5
0.15 77 112 261 1 258 1 704 484 152 82 54 41 32 23 14 11 7 5
0.20 58 84 201 987 1 376 396 126 69 47 35 28 21 13 10 7 5
0.25 46 68 166 829 1 190 346 112 62 43 33 27 20 13 10 7 5
0.30 38 57 143 729 1 076 316 105 59 41 32 26 20 13 11 7 6
0.35 33 50 127 662 1 006 299 101 58 40 31 26 20 14 11 8 7
0.40 29 45 116 618 966 290 99 58 41 32 27 21 15 12 9 7
0.45 26 41 108 590 949 288 100 59 42 33 28 22 16 13 10 8
0.50 24 38 103 574 951 292 103 61 44 35 30 24 17 15 11 10
0.55 22 36 100 571 973 301 108 65 47 38 32 26 19 16 13 11
0.60 21 34 99 579 1 016 318 116 70 52 42 36 29 22 19 15 13
0.65 20 34 101 601 1 085 343 127 78 58 47 40 33 25 22 18 16
0.70 20 34 105 640 1 190 380 143 89 66 54 47 38 29 26 21 19
0.75 20 35 112 705 1 350 435 166 104 78 64 56 46 36 32 26 23
0.80 21 38 126 812 1 601 520 201 127 96 80 70 58 45 40 34 30
0.85 23 44 152 1 002 2 034 667 261 167 127 106 93 77 61 55 46 42
0.90 29 58 205 1 395 2 916 965 383 246 189 158 139 117 94 84 71 65
0.95 48 100 371 2 598 5 592 1 868 750 487 376 316 279 236 190 171 147 134

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.20 (power = 80%), control : case ratio = 2 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the case group. Double this
number would be included in the control group.
Table A15. Sample sizes for case–control studiesa

Prevalence Odds ratio to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 088 329 1 516 265 3 330 869 15 057 631 18 413 208 5 014 341 1 456 616 736 652 464 229 328 865 250 357 165 463 85 879 56 868 23 570 8 415
0.00005 217 664 303 253 666 182 3 011 608 3 682 831 1 002 930 291 347 147 345 92 856 65 782 50 079 33 098 17 180 11 377 4 717 1 685
0.0001 108 831 151 626 333 096 1 505 856 1 841 534 501 504 145 688 73 681 46 435 32 896 25 044 16 553 8 592 5 691 2 360 844
0.0005 21 764 30 325 66 628 301 253 368 496 100 363 29 161 14 751 9 298 6 588 5 016 3 316 1 723 1 141 474 171
0.001 10 881 15 162 33 319 150 678 184 367 50 220 14 595 7 384 4 655 3 299 2 513 1 662 864 573 239 87
0.005 2 174 3 032 6 672 30 218 37 064 10 107 2 943 1 491 942 668 510 338 177 118 50 19
0.01 1 086 1 516 3 342 15 161 18 652 5 093 1 486 755 478 340 259 173 91 61 27 11
0.05 215 303 678 3 120 3 932 1 085 323 167 107 77 60 41 23 16 8 4
0.10 107 152 345 1 620 2 105 588 179 94 62 45 35 25 15 11 6 4
0.15 70 101 235 1 125 1 507 426 132 71 47 35 28 20 12 9 6 4
0.20 52 76 181 882 1 218 349 111 60 41 31 25 18 11 9 6 4
0.25 42 62 149 741 1 053 305 99 55 37 29 23 17 11 9 6 5
0.30 35 52 128 650 954 280 92 52 36 28 23 17 12 9 7 5
0.35 30 45 114 590 892 265 89 51 36 28 23 18 12 10 7 6
0.40 26 40 104 550 857 257 88 51 36 28 24 18 13 11 8 7
0.45 23 36 97 525 843 256 89 52 37 30 25 19 14 12 9 7
0.50 21 34 92 511 846 259 92 55 39 32 27 21 15 13 10 9
0.55 19 32 89 507 866 268 97 58 42 34 29 23 17 15 12 10
0.60 18 30 88 514 905 283 104 63 46 38 32 26 19 17 13 12
0.65 18 30 89 533 967 306 114 70 52 42 36 30 23 20 16 14
0.70 17 30 92 567 1 061 339 128 80 60 49 42 35 27 23 19 17
0.75 17 31 99 624 1 204 389 149 93 70 58 51 42 32 29 24 21
0.80 18 33 111 718 1 429 466 181 115 87 72 63 52 41 37 31 28
0.85 20 38 132 884 1 817 598 235 151 115 96 84 70 56 50 42 38
0.90 25 50 179 1 230 2 607 867 345 223 172 144 127 107 85 77 65 59
0.95 41 85 323 2 288 5 002 1 678 678 442 342 288 255 215 174 157 134 123

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.20 (power = 80%), control : case ratio = 3 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the case group. Triple this number
would be included in the control group.
Table A16. Sample sizes for case–control studiesa

Prevalence Odds ratio to be detected

in control
group 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 20.0 50.0

0.00001 1 034 611 1 440 327 3 154 151 14 188 340 17 179 015 4 657 221 1 342 151 674 222 422 474 297 830 225 778 148 193 76 026 49 982 20 443 7 227
0.00005 206 920 288 065 630 838 2 837 745 3 435 981 931 503 268 452 134 858 84 505 59 574 45 162 29 644 15 209 9 999 4 091 1 447
0.0001 103 459 144 032 315 424 1 418 920 1 718 102 465 788 134 240 67 438 42 259 29 792 22 585 14 825 7 607 5 002 2 047 725
0.0005 20 690 28 806 63 092 283 861 343 799 93 216 26 870 13 501 8 462 5 966 4 524 2 970 1 525 1 003 412 147
0.001 10 344 14 403 31 551 141 978 172 011 46 645 13 449 6 759 4 237 2 988 2 266 1 489 765 504 207 75
0.005 2 067 2 880 6 318 28 473 34 581 9 388 2 712 1 366 858 606 460 303 157 104 44 17
0.01 1 032 1 440 3 164 14 285 17 404 4 731 1 370 691 435 308 234 155 81 54 23 10
0.05 205 288 641 2 938 3 670 1 009 298 153 98 70 54 37 20 14 7 4
0.10 101 144 327 1 525 1 966 547 166 87 57 41 32 23 13 10 5 3
0.15 67 96 222 1 059 1 408 397 123 66 43 32 26 18 11 8 5 4
0.20 50 72 171 830 1 138 325 103 56 38 28 23 17 10 8 5 4
0.25 39 58 140 696 985 285 92 51 35 26 21 16 10 8 6 4
0.30 33 49 121 611 892 261 86 48 33 26 21 16 11 9 6 5
0.35 28 42 107 554 836 248 83 47 33 26 21 16 11 9 7 5
0.40 24 38 97 517 803 241 82 48 34 26 22 17 12 10 7 6
0.45 22 34 91 492 790 240 83 49 35 28 23 18 13 11 8 7
0.50 20 32 86 479 793 243 86 51 37 30 25 20 14 12 9 8
0.55 18 30 83 475 812 252 91 55 40 32 27 22 16 14 11 9
0.60 17 28 82 481 849 266 97 59 44 35 30 24 18 16 13 11
0.65 16 28 83 498 908 288 107 66 49 40 34 28 21 18 15 13
0.70 16 28 86 530 997 319 121 75 56 46 40 33 25 22 18 16
0.75 16 29 92 583 1 131 366 140 88 67 55 48 39 31 27 22 20
0.80 17 31 103 670 1 343 439 171 108 82 68 60 50 39 35 29 26
0.85 18 35 123 826 1 708 564 222 143 109 91 80 67 53 47 40 36
0.90 23 45 166 1 148 2 452 817 327 211 163 137 120 101 81 73 62 56
0.95 37 78 298 2 133 4 707 1 583 641 419 325 273 242 205 165 149 127 116

a
α = 0.05 (two-tailed), β = 0.20 (power = 80%), control : case ratio = 4 : 1. The sample size listed is the number of subjects needed in the case group. Quadruple this
number would be included in the control group.
Table A17. Tabular values of 95% confidence limit factors for estimates of a Poisson-distributed variable

Observed number Lower limit Upper limit Observed number on Lower limit Upper limit Observed number on Lower limit Upper limit
on which estimate is factor (L) factor (U) which estimate is factor (L) factor (U) which estimate is factor (L) factor (U)
based (n) based (n) based (n)

1 0.0253 5.57 21 0.619 1.53 120 0.833 1.200

2 0.121 3.61 22 0.627 1.51 140 0.844 1.184
3 0.206 2.92 23 0.634 1.50 160 0.854 1.171
4 0.272 2.56 24 0.641 1.49 180 0.862 1.160
5 0.324 2.33 25 0.647 1.48 200 0.868 1.151
6 0.367 2.18 26 0.653 1.47 250 0.882 1.134
7 0.401 2.06 27 0.659 1.46 300 0.892 1.121
8 0.431 1.97 28 0.665 1.45 350 0.899 1.112
9 0.458 1.90 29 0.670 1.44 400 0.906 1.104
10 0.480 1.84 30 0.675 1.43 450 0.911 1.098
11 0.499 1.79 35 0.697 1.39 500 0.915 1.093
12 0.517 1.75 40 0.714 1.36 600 0.922 1.084
13 0.532 1.71 45 0.729 1.34 700 0.928 1.078
14 0.546 1.68 50 0.742 1.32 800 0.932 1.072
15 0.560 1.65 60 0.770 1.30 900 0.936 1.068
16 0.572 1.62 70 0.785 1.27 1000 0.939 1.064
17 0.583 1.60 80 0.798 1.25
18 0.593 1.58 90 0.809 1.24
19 0.602 1.56 100 0.818 1.22
20 0.611 1.54