A REPORT

ON

Applications of Quality Function

Deployment

BY

Name: AWANEESH SHUKLA ID No 2015ABPS0864P

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI

(Second Semester, 2018-19)

1
 A REPORT

ON

Applications of Quality Function

Deployment
BY

Name: ID. No. Discipline:

AWANEESH SHUKLA 2015ABPS0864P B.E (Hons.) Manufacturing

Prepared in partial fulfillment of

Study Oriented Project

Under the guidance of

Dr. A.K. Digalwar

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI

(Second Semester, 2018-19)

2
 Certificate

This is to certify that Awaneesh Shukla , ID No.

2015ABPS08664P has successfully completed his Study Oriented
Project as a part of Disciplinary Elective for Manufacturing
Engineering under the guidance of Dr. A.K. Digalwar. The
duration of the project was 10-January-2019 to 30-03-2019.

Signature of Professor In-charge: Date:

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 Acknowledgement
Every project big or small is successful largely due to the effort of dedicated
people who come together to work and produce meaningful results. For my
study oriented project, I sincerely appreciate the inspiration, support and
guidance that my project expert/ professor in-charge Dr. A.K. Digalwar provide
through the course of this project.

I would also like to express my sincere thanks to my father, Mr. I.D. Shukla, an
industry expert who provided me with support and relevant information
whenever necessary and also my fellow batch mates from Manufacturing and
Mechanical Engineering who helped me with the surveys required for the
project.

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Table of Content:
Abstract 6
Introduction 7

(i) QFD 7

Literature Review 8-11

Application of QFD in various industries 12
Case Study

(i) Problem Statement 13

(ii) Methodology 14
(iii) Step 1-9 14-19
(iv) House of Quality 19
(v) Analyzing the House Of Quality 20

Conclusion 21

References 22-23

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Abstract: Quality Function Deployment (QFD) has found various applications through different
industries, helping them to better understand the customer’s voice and inculcate them in their
design and processes. This paper attempts to review the existing literature to understand the
variety of applications of QFD, its advantages, limitations and its stepwise approach to building
the House of Quality which is the backbone of this methodology. We also study the application
of QFD in combination with other methodologies like Goal Programming, Fuzzy Set Theory etc.
as it yields better results by reducing the ambiguity in the customer’s voice. Following the
reviews we present a case study for applying QFD to electric vehicles (EVs), taking EV owners,
buyers and considerers as our customer and using surveys.

6
Introduction:
Quality Function Deployment is a very useful tool for manufacturing, automobile and a number
of industries which need to cater to their customers by making sure that they are up to date with
their requirements. Certain companies need to evolve their product on a regular basis, to do so
they need to infuse the Voice of the Customer (VoC) into their products such that the product
satisfies the customer’s needs.
In this paper, an overview of QFD is presented and its methodology is explained. The second
part deals with the applications of QFD and recent developments and uses of QFD. We go
through the research and case studies based on QFD, done in the recent years to understand how
it is applicable for strategy development, material selection and product design. Doing so we
highlight its strengths and weaknesses and also the limitations it has when used as a stand along
quality tool. We then take a look at how QFD is often combined with other quality tools to
provide more accurate and less ambiguous results since the voice of customers is hard to put in
numbers. We see its combination with Fuzzy set theory, Goal Programming, Kano Model and
other quality tools in scenarios where QFD alone would give less than satisfactory results.
The third part of the paper is a case study, where we apply QFD in the automobile industry and
more specifically for Electric Vehicles (EVs) to understand what customers require and expect
from a EV and what criteria needs to be satisfied to make the much required shift from
conventional fuel based vehicles to Electric Vehicles which many industrialists believe is the
future of automobiles.

QFD:
Quality Function Deployment was first conceptualized in 1966 under Total Quality Control
(TQC) as a method for new product development. It was developed by Dr. Shigeru Mizuno and
Yuki Akao. The purpose of Mizuno and Akao was to develop a quality assurance method which,
before a product is manufactured would design the customer satisfaction into it. The latter
detailed the methods of quality deployment in 1972. From the late 1960's to the early 1980's, it
was a belief that TQC shouldn’t only check the control points during production because that
way the design criteria would be met in production only and there was no formal method to
translate the customer’s voice into design.
Post World War II, Japanese companies majorly produced imitated and copied products and in
1960’s they shifted their approach to adapting original modes of product development and hence
design considerations became of primal importance. Thus QFD got the required thrust and
importance as the need of addressing the design issues prior to production was realized and QFD
came into fruition to check the product in the design phase itself hence making better products
for the customers.

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Literature Review:
S.No. Title of the Research Paper-
Authors (year published)
1 A fuzzy optimization
model for QFD planning
process using analytic
network approach -
Cengiz Kahraman, Tijen
Ertay, Gulcin
Buyukozkan1 (2004)
2 Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) for
services – handbook-
MBA Luis Bernal, Dr.
Utz Dornberger, MBA
Alfredo Suvelza, MBA
Trevor Byrnes
(2009)
3 QFD not just a tool but
a way of quality
management - Cor P.M.
Govers (2000)
4 Using Quality Function
Deployment in Strategic
Planning- Cigdem
SOFYALIOGLU, Burak
KARTAL, Rabia ARTAS
(2008)
5. Fuzzy multi-criteria
models for quality
function deployment-
Kwang-Jae Kim ,
Herbert Moskowitz,
Anoop Dhingra, Gerald
Objective and Methodology
1. An integrated framework
based on fuzzy-QFD and a
fuzzy optimization model is
proposed to determine the
product technical
requirements (PTRs) to be
considered in designing a
product.
2. An application in a
Turkish Company producing
PVC window and door
systems is presented to
illustrate the proposed
framework.
A stepwise guide to using
QFD for the service industry
using examples of A
Doctor’s Office’ and how
QFD can be applied to its
various aspects.
Based on document and case
studies from the USA and the
Netherlands reflecting upon
differences between the
Japanese and `Western and
practices and resulting
implementation problems of
QFD.
Using the example of a
Turkish food company to
explain usage of QFD in the
strategic planning process.
Proposing a fuzzy theoretic
modeling approach to QFD
by developing and
illustrating fuzzy multi-
objective models
8
Conclusion
A combined ANP and a fuzzy
logic approach to incorporate
the CNs and the PTRs
systematically into the product
design phase in QFD,
illustrated through via a PVC
window system producer.
Developing a House Of
Quality for the study case and
other aspects analyzed through
QFD.
Need of a cultural change to
implement QFD effectively
Applying QFD we find the
company should focus on
building brand reputation and
customer satisfaction which is
achievable through a combined
effort of R&D and QFD teams.
Presenting an integrated
formulation and solution
approach to Quality Function
Deployment. Multi attribute
value theory combined with
fuzzy regression and fuzzy
 Evans optimization theory could
(1998) allow mathematical
consideration for trade-offs
among the various
performance characteristics
and the inherent fuzziness in
the system.
6. Product briefs To present a step wise guide A 12 step process is laid out to
development tools- to QFD and how to include execute QFD along with
Quality Function different parameters into the instructions for each step.
Deployment- AUT HOQ and interpreting the
University same.
7. A Case Study on Providing a general overview Explaining the when, how,
Quality Function of the QFD methodology and why and benefits of QFD
Deployment (QFD)- approach to product along with its weaknesses and
Eshan S. Jaiswal development along with a recommendations for the
(Mechanical real-life application of the same.
Department, Mewar technique via a case study.
University, India)
(2012)
8. Analysis & Designing How to design education QFD can be applied to fulfill
an Engineering Course program for improving student expectations from
Using QFD- Dr. Rupesh undergraduate engineering education system.
Gupta, Dr. Sheifali competitiveness is focused. Requirement oriented
Gupta, Kuldeep Nagi QFD theory is applied to education program for students
(2016) education program design for are designed through QFD.
satisfying market
requirements taking the
students as customers.
9. What and how about A rigorous treatment of QFD, QFD’s usage in improving the
quality function explaining its components planning and control of the
deployment- C.P.M. and usage for process Development processes
Govers (1996) improvement. explained through figures and
illustrations.
10. An application of QFD method, which employs QFD is applicable in more
Quality Function materials indices, is used complicated scenarios when
Deployment method in along with Ashby’s materials compared to the conventional
engineering selection. The QFD method methods and provides
materials selection- is modified here to fit the comparable results to MDL
Afshar Kasaei, Ali materials selection field, and Z-transformation method.
Abedian, A.S. Milani provides the designer with
(2014) the required weighting
factors for the material
indices.

9
11. Analysis The Leanness Lean assessment is dealt with HoQ was used to identify lean
of The Supply Chain By along with Fuzzy indicators enablers for achieving Lean
Fuzzy QFD- Mukesh applying a four step Attributes and Fuzzy QFD was
Singh Baghel ,Pavan framework to attain a Lean used to prioritize them by
Agrawal(2014) Supply Chain by Fuzzy reducing vagueness of
QFD. linguistic judgments.

12. Approach based on Taking satisfaction of each Maximum customer

fuzzy goal programming CR as the response variable satisfaction, minimum
and quality function and the fulfillment levels of incremental cost and minimum
deployment for new the corresponding DRs as the technical difficulty of DRs in
product planning- explanatory variables, each NPP.
Liang-Hsuan Chen, CR’s satisfaction expression An additive fuzzy goal
Wen-Chang Ko, Feng- is formulated using the programming model is
Ting Yeh mathematical programming proposed to obtain the optimal
(2017) method to facilitate NPP. satisfaction under the
preemptive priority structure
of all goals

13. QFD Integrated in New Integrating QFD in NPD A QFD based methodology for
Product Development – cycle through a case study of NPD is proposed which offers
Biometric Identification biometric identification the possibility to continuously
System Case Study- system to develop a estimate the current state of
Andreea Cristina Ionica mathematical model using product development by means
, Monica Leba QFD formalism. of an offset that is an overall
(2015) index for customer
requirements achievement.

14. Using quality function A real case study on
deployment for developing various types of
collaborative product sport and water digital
design and optimal cameras is used to propose an
selection of module approach to assist an
mix- enterprise in fulfilling
Chih-Hsuan Wang, collaborative product design
Jiun-Nan Chen (2012) and optimal selection of
module mix when aiming at
multi-segments.
15. Application of quality Presenting a case study from
function deployment in the semiconductor industry
the semiconductor integrating QFD,
industry: A case study- management techniques to
Chee-Cheng Chen optimize product-design
(2010) investment, process
Improvement and phase-into
meet customer requirements
A Fuzzy MCDM based QFD
approach is presented to assist
in NPD, particularly:
collaborative product design
and optimal selection of
module
mix.
The methodology proposed
here is a systematic approach
to accomplishing integrated
product and process
development and
provides an integrated
decision-support mechanism
for all product-

10
 and company goals.
16. Evaluation of a Digital The digital library of the
Library by Means University of Guadalajara
of Quality Function (Mexico) is presented as a
Deployment (QFD) case study to propose a
and the Kano Model- by utilization of QFD-Kano
Cecilia Garibay, Model to evaluate service
Humberto Gutiérrez and quality.
Arturo Figueroa (2010)
17. Framework for Proposing a methodology for
prioritizing infrastructure maintenance
infrastructure user and avoiding repeated
expectations using customer surveys by using
Quality Function HMM and expert opinion
Deployment (QFD) - from government, individuals
Aman A. Bolar, to predict future customer
Solomon Tesfamariam, requirements.
Rehan Sadiq (2017)
18. Quality function An application example of
deployment: an example the HoQ to the improvement
of the application of the of a map & tourist guide for a
house of quality (HOQ) natural park with a stepwise
to Cartography- Ariza approach from HoQ basics to
López, Francisco specific development of HoQ
Javier; García Balboa, in three sections through the
José Luis; Fernández paper.
Oliveras, Paz.
(2005)
19. An approach for Proposing an approach for
manufacturing strategy manufacturing
development based on Strategy development based
fuzzy-QFD - G.Z. Jia, QFD with the analysis of the
M. Bai (2011) processes of manufacturing
strategy development and the
features of QFD. QFD is
used as a transforming device
to link competitive factors
with manufacturing decision
categories such as structural
decision categories and
infrastructural categories, and
QFD is used as a main tool in
different stages of
manufacturing strategy
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related processes which can
have real life application in
industries
Through online questionnaire,
customer voice and
satisfaction level was realized
with help of QFD-Kano Model
which would help in storage of
collections and access.
A framework that utilizes
HMM (Hidden Markov model)
is proposed for evaluating
customer expectation by using
probabilities of focus areas
that are of interest to the
infrastructure user as hidden
parameters.
The bases of the QFD
methodology are presented and
an example is shown for a new
cartographic product
development by means of the
House of Quality.
A methodology related to
manufacturing strategy
development based on QFD is
developed, which comprises
two stages and eleven steps. It
also integrates Fuzzy set
theory and HoQ to facilitate
the analysis of decision
relevant QFD information.
 development process.

20. Application of fuzzy The scientific prioritization The correlation between SDDs
QFD for enabling of SPMs, SAs and SEs for has been studied. The
Sustainability- S. identifying the improvement prioritized SAs and SEs
Vinodh & Suresh Kumar areas of sustainability using identified the improvement
Chintha Fuzzy QFD areas for sustainability. The
(2010) Improvements in
environmental, economic and
social sustainability were
determined. The validation
results indicate that fuzzy QFD
can be practically deployed for
ensuring sustainability.

Application of QFD in various industries:

Taking a look at the relevant research in the field of Quality Deployment, we come across a
number of research papers spanning across decades since its conception in 1960’s. Listed here
are papers that illustrate the applications of QFD. A quick glance of the list shows how (2), (6),
(7) and (9) provide us a stepwise approach to QFD and also present the various advantages and
limitations of the same via real cases through different industries.
(3) Highlights QFD is a way of quality management and should aim at not just the processes but
a companywide ‘culture change’, if one is to extract the full benefit from its application.
(4) and (19) apply QFD to strategy planning in a food company and in a manufacturing firm
respectively. This yet again shows that QFD is not restricted only to product planning and
development which (13), (14), (15) and (18) illustrate through a wide range of products such as
biometric identification system, digital camera and cartographic products.
(8) shows how an engineering course can be designed using QFD to identify the prime need of
the students and market from the course.
(1) and (5) combine QFD with Fuzzy set theory to give an integrated framework for product
development. (12) also goes on a similar line combining Fuzzy Goal Programming with QFD for
new product planning.
The other papers, (10) uses QFD along with Ashby’s material selection, while in (16) we come
across a unique usage of QFD along with Kano Model for evaluating a digital library.
(17) Gives a framework to prioritize infrastructure users expectations, (11) apply QFD along
with Lean Assessment to develop a Lean Supply Chain. Finally, (20) shows the application of
QFD with Fuzzy Theory for enabling sustainability in the environment.

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Case Study: Applying QFD to Electric Vehicles:

Problem Statement:
With the growing awareness about saving the environment from global warming and pollution,
the automobile industry has responded with a range of hybrid and electric vehicles, which don’t
only cut on emissions but are also economical for the customers in the longer run as they cut fuel
costs considerably. With the customers being an integral part of the product design and
development process, it becomes important to hear and translate their requirements to adaptable
design parameters in electric vehicles. Here, we utilize existing surveys and other online sources
to record the Voice of Customer and work upon building a House Of Quality for the same. We
take a general electric vehicle and compare it with conventional fuel based vehicles for
competitive assessment.

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Methodology:
Building the House of Quality: The first phase in the implementation of QFD for Electric
Vehicles process involves putting together a "House of Quality" for which we take a stepwise
approach.

Step 1: Customer Requirements - "Voice of the Customer"

The first step in a QFD project is to determine what market segments will be analyzed
during the process and to identify who the customers are. In this case, the customers are: EV
owners and EV considerers.
To gather responses we refer to a few existing surveys and research papers which aim at
recording the customer’s voice in this regard. The papers and survey reports in (22), (23) and
(24) have been used to get a quantifiable measure of the VoC. For e.g. from a survey report
conducted by Cox Automotive, a research paper comparing gasoline and electric vehicles and a
university study to see how the cost comparison is done between EVs and fuel based vehicles,
we get the numbers required to allot weight to the customer requirements,
A few questions from these sources are as listed below:

Q. How important is fuel efficiency?

Fuel Efficiency as important to consumers with good buying capability and so we see a
downward trend in its importance, contrary to popular belief.

Fig.(1) Source: (22) EV Consumer Study

Q: Owner’s and Considerer’s primary reason for purchasing EVs:
Saving cost of fuel: 67%
Environmental factor: 40%
Lower maintenance: 62%
Cheaper monthly payment/lease: 39%
Receiving an HOV sticker: 23%
Q. Most customers are driven by costs and other immediate factors that affect them and not
environment consciousness. Among considerers, the common denominator were:
Helping the environment, Lower Maintenance and Available Incentives
Q: What would it take for you to consider an Electric Vehicle?
Affordable Pricing: 69%,
Longer Driving Range: 37%,
Improved infrastructure: 19%
Q. Most important factor for EV considerers when thinking of buying an EV?
Long Term Battery Reliability: 68%, Customers want the batteries to last for at least 4-5 years
so that they do not have to spend on replacing the batteries very frequently as it also increases the
maintenance cost and reduces the vehicles reliability as well.

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Outdated Technology: 25%, EVs being new have a lot of scope of improvement and hence also
bring the fear of being outdated by advances in technology sooner than most conventional cars.

Step 2: Customer Importance Ratings

From the above questionnaire, we can select the following 10 customer requirement to move
ahead with our assessment, from the percentage of responses in favor of the requirements; we
also assign ‘Customer Importance’ to each requirement on a scale of 1-5, with a scale:
Percentage
Scale favorable
1 0-20%
2 21-40%
3 41-60%
4 61-80%
5 81-100%
Fig.(ii) Customer Importance Scale

Which gives us the following summarized customer requirements along with their weights:
Requirements
Importance
Customer

Customer

3 Fuel efficiency
4 Saving cost on fuel
3 Environmental factor
4 Lower maintenance
5 Affordable Pricing
3 Longer Driving Range
3 Improved Infrastructure
4 Long Term Battery Reliability
2 New Technology
3 Comfort
Fig. (iii) Weights of customer requirements

Step 3: Technical Descriptors - "Voice of the Engineer":

The technical descriptors are the attributes which can also be called the voice of the engineers as
they are tangible, quantifiable and can be measured. Technical descriptors need not always be
discovered or introduced. Most of them are already used by EV. They relate to the CRs in a way
to translate them to TRs which can be developed into design parameters at later stages of
product-design by quantifying them.
Here we have listed down the technical requirements corresponding to the customer
requirements although one TR can and is mostly related to multiple CRs.

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 Customer Technical
Requirements Requirements
Fuel efficiency engine efficiency, transmission design, and tire design
Saving cost on fuel Battery electric/hydrogen fuel cell
Environmental factor Tailpipe emissions
Reliability Battery life, Ah Capacity
Affordable Pricing Incentives, Cost of Materials
Longer Driving Range Traction battery pack (EVB)
Improved Infrastructure Latest in-car tech
Long Term Battery Reliability Ah Capacity
New Technology Latest in-car tech
Comfort In-car features
Fig. (iv) CRs and corresponding TRs

Step 4: Customer Rating of the Competition:

Understanding how customers rate the competition on the basis of their requirements is of
tremendous importance. In this step of the QFD process, we have the customers rate our product
in relation to the competition on the scale of 1-5, five being most favorable and 1 being poor.

Customer Competitive Assessment

Our Product (Electric Competitor(Conventional

Vehicles) fuel based vehicles)
3 4
5 2
5 1
4 3
2 5
2 5
4 5
3 5
4 3
4 5
Fig. (v) Customer Competitive Assessment
Step 5: Relationship Matrix:
The relationship matrix is the most crucial part of the House of Quality because it relates what
customers want from the product and what parameters the company can work on to achieves
these needs and wants. The underlining theme of the same is: ‘What is the strength of the
relationship between the technical descriptors and the customers’ needs?" Relationships can be
strong, moderate or weak and carry a numeric value of 9, 3 or 1.

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Relationships Weight

Strong ● 9

Medium ○ 3

Weak ▽ 1

Fig.(vi) Relationship parameters

Step 6: Direction of Improvement:
Now each technical descriptor is allotted its direction of improvement. Some aspects need to be
improved upon while others, the less the better.

Direction of Improvement

Maximize ▲

Target □

Minimize ▼

Fig. (vii) Direction of improvement

With the above 6 steps we have a partially built house of quality:
Direction of Improvement ▲ □ ▼ ▲ ▼ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ □
Engine Efficiency

Latest in-car tech

Cost of Materials
Traction Battery
Type of Battery

In-car features
Requirements

Ah Capacity
Battery Life

Automation
Customer

Emission

Level Of
Tailpipe

pack

Fuel efficiency ● ● ● ● ● ●
Saving cost on fuel ● ● ○ ○
Environmental factor ○ ● ○
Lower maintenance ○ ● ○
Affordable Pricing ▽ ○ ○ ● ▽ ▽ ▽
Longer Driving Range ○ ● ● ● ● ▽
Improved Infrastructure ● ● ● ●

Long Term Battery/Reliability

○ ● ● ● ●
New Technology ○ ○ ● ● ○
Comfort ● ● ●
Fig. (viii) Relationship matrix

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Step 7: Correlation Matrix: The roof of the House Of Quality: It helps the design engineers in
the next phase of a comprehensive QFD project. Once documented, the design team works on
the strong negative relationships and works to eliminate contradictions so as to arrive at a
physically viable design.

Correlations

Positive +

Negative -

No Correlation

Functional Requirements
▲ □ ▼ ▲ ▼ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ □
Engine Efficiency

Tailpipe Emission

Battery Life

Latest in-car tech

Ah Capacity

Level Of Automation
Traction Battery pack

In-car features
Cost of Materials
Type of Battery

Fig. (ix) Correlation Matrix

Step 8: Technical Analysis of Competitor Products

To better understand the competition, engineering then conducts a comparison of competitor
technical descriptors. This process involves reverse engineering competitor products to
determine specific values for competitor technical descriptors.

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Step 9: Calculating the importance rating: Relative weight* importance:
This is of utmost importance as it tells the design team which parameters to focus on, which to
leave out.

Importance Rating 315 464 182 455 273 309 242 309 161 169.7
Sum (Importance x Relationship)
Relative Weight 11% 16% 6% 16% 9% 11% 8% 11% 6% 6%
Our Product (Electric Vehicles) 3 5 5 4 3 5 3 2 3 5
Competitor(Conventional fuel based 4 1 1 5 4 2 5 5 4 1
vehicles)
Technical Competitive Assessment
Fig. (x) Bottom of the house of quality

Applying all the steps we have the House of Quality in its final shape as follows:

Fig. (xi) House Of Quality

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Analyzing the House of Quality:
The house itself isn’t definitive and can’t be used directly for designing or making design
changes to the EV. Instead it allows an inter-functional team to debate and discuss the various
conclusions that can be drawn from the different parameters discussed. For instance, if we look
at the most informative part of the house, the bottom line, we can say the ‘Type of Battery’ and
‘Battery Life’ are the technical aspects which need to be worked upon as according to the
customers’ requirements these have the highest weight. Next we have the Battery capacity and
Engine Efficiency which can be improved upon for better customer experience. Although all the
suggested changes can’t be adopted as it is. It does give the design team a sense of what trade-
offs to make in order to arrive at an optimum design with the primary issues at the top of their
priority which have been pointed out by the HoQ.
Coming to the Customer’s assessment of the Competitor product against EVs, we see that while
EVs have the edge over fuel based vehicles when it comes to environmental factor, saving cost
on fuel and including new technology but they lag behind in reliability, longer driving range and
affordability. These factors need to be looked into and the technical factors that directly affect
these requirements can then be worked upon in the further phases.

20
Conclusion:
Following the above methodology for developing the house of quality gives us a quantifiable
sense of how much customers weigh their requirement and what TRs are more important to them
accordingly than the rest. The building of this HoQ will be followed by a design team assessing
the ‘Hows? Or TRs, considering them now as the VoC or ‘Whats?’ and laying down design
parameters (now TRs) against each ‘How’. The same goes on till 2-4 steps, according to the
product requirement, or till the team has clearly laid out the design parameters to forward it to
the production team.
QFD as we have seen here, through a case study and reviewing research papers, is quality tool
which can be molded and utilized in almost every industry that has to be responsive to the voice
of its customers and hence succeed in business by getting a competitive edge.
Although it has certain limitations such as the ambiguity in the voice of customer and the over
dependence on surveys, it serves as a primary tool to give the engineers an idea of what the
customers idea of the product is even before it’s in the production phase, hence helping them to
build better products.

21
References:

(1) C. Kahraman et al. A fuzzy optimization model for QFD planning process using
analytic network approach, European Journal of Operational Research 171, 390–411,
2013.
(2) Bernal, Luis et al. Quality Function Deployment for Services Handbook [Online].
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HandbookQFD_Services.pdf [Jan.2019]
(3) C.P.M. Govers, QFD not just a tool but a way of quality management, Int. J.
Production Economics 69,151-159,2001
(4) Cigdem SOFYALIOGLU et al , Using Quality Function Deployment in Strategic
Planning, 2008
(5) K.-J. Kim et al., Fuzzy multicriteria models for quality function deployment,
European Journal of Operational Research 121, 504-518, 2000.
(6) AUT University, Product brief development tools: Quality Function Deployment,
Creative Industries Research Institute
(7) Jaiswal, Eshan S., A Case Study on Quality Function Deployment (QFD), IOSR
2278-1684 Volume 3, Issue 6 (Nov-Dec. 2012), PP 27-35, 2012.
(8) Gupta, Rupesh & Gupta, Sheifali & Nagi, Kuldeep. QFD For Course Vol.2, Issue.3,
May-June 2012 pp-896-901. 2012.
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(10) A. Kasaei et al. An application of Quality Function Deployment method in
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(12) L.-H. Chen et al., Approach based on fuzzy goal programming and quality
function deployment for new product planning, European Journal of Operational
Research 259, 654–663, 2017.
(13) Andreea Cristina Ionica and Monica Leba, QFD Integrated in New Product
Development – Biometric Identification System Case Study, Procedia Economics and
Finance 23, 986 – 991, 2015
(14) C.-H. Wang, J.-N. Chen, Using quality function deployment for collaborative
product design and optimal selection of module mix, Computers & Industrial
Engineering 63, 1030–1037, 2012.
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