Cosmology of Plane Geometry: Concepts and Theorems

Cosmology of Plane Geometry:
Concepts and Theorems
2019
Contents
1 Introduction 2
2 Deformations 3
3 Constructions 7
4 List of Phrases 9
5 Theorems 12
6 References 174
INTRODUCTION
This article was written by Alexander Skutin with a significant contribution of the geometric theorems by
Tran Quang Hung, Antreas Hartzipolakis, Kadir Altintas. It focuses on a new approach to plane geometry
and develops important concepts that can allow researchers to unite and observe plane geometry from a new,
meaningful perspective. All of the plane geometry facts in this paper were obtained by the four authors of the
paper; the original sources of some of them can be found in the bibliography. The paper also includes facts
discovered by other people, all of which are marked with the original source links near their formulations and
can be found in bibliography as well. Almost all of the theorems from the present paper are provided alongside
detailed figures. The following list describes the contents of different sections of this work:
(1) Deformations. This section introduces the deformation principle and provides some first examples of
its application.
(2) Constructions. This section focuses on another important concept of constructing plane-geometric
configurations using basic objects.
(3) List of Phrases. This chapter is dedicated to a variety of phrases, for which we managed to find
geometry facts. Each of these phrases is hyperlinked to the page in the present paper with correspond-
ing theorems. Facts from the phrases are not co-dependent, meaning that the phrases can be read
independently and in a random order.
(4) Theorems. This chapter contains a collection of geometry theorems discovered by the authors of the
article while working on this project, and also the facts which were included here as suitable. There is
a list of theorems dedicated to each phrase.
(5) References. This section is the bibliography of the paper.
2
DEFORMATION PRINCIPLE
In the area of plane geometry, the deformation principle refers to replacing a certain configuration of points,
lines, and circles with more general ones, in which equal points, lines, or circles in the original (undeformed)
configuration are replaced by their deformed versions, i.e. points, lines, and circles that are not equal in the
general case but are related to one another. If one is aware that points, lines, or circles are equal in the
case of non-deformed configuration, one can predict the deformed versions’ connections in terms of general
configuration. Consideration of the non-deformed case aids in predicting which points should be connected in
the general deformed case.
For the first example of application of deformation principle consider the configuration of a square ABCD
with its center O. Now, we can look on the point O as on the third vertices Oab , Obd , Ocd , Oda of the triangles
Oab AB, Obc BC, Ocd CD, Oda DA constructed internally on the sides of ABCD which are isosceles right angled
triangles (∠AOab B = 90◦ , |Oab A| = |Oab B| and so on). So, in the case when ABCD is a square we see that
O = Oab = Obc = Ocd = Oda are equal, thus, the deformation principle predicts that in the general (deformed)
case of an arbitrary ABCD, deformed points Oab , Obc , Ocd , Oda should be connected. And in fact, they are:
Oab Ocd is perpendicular to Obc Oda and they have equal lengths. Therefore, we can state the next result
Theorem 1 (Deformation of a square with its center). Consider any (convex) quadrilateral ABCD
and let points Oab , Obc , Ocd , Oda are chosen inside of ABCD such that Oab AB, Obc BC, Ocd CD, Oda DA are
isosceles right angled triangles (see picture below). Then
(1) Oab Ocd ⊥ Obc Oda
(2) |Oab Ocd | = |Obc Oda |.
B C C
B
Ocd
O Oda
Obc
Oab
A D A D
Theorem 1 (Square case) Theorem 1
In the previous theorem we see how the deformation principle works if we deform a square with its center,
similarly we can deform other simple configurations and get complicated results. Each time when we deform
we should have decided which points we like to deform and how we deform them.
POSSIBLE DEFORMATIONS
Theorem 1 is the deformation of four nested points into four connected points in the general case. Similarly,
other objects equal (or trivially connected) in the non-deformed case can be deformed to understand their
connected deformations. The following table shows which objects may be considered non-deformed and how
their deformations may appear:
Undeformed objects Possible deformations

Coincide points Collinear points, concyclic points
Coincide lines Concurrent lines
Concurrent circles, coaxial circles, circles having
Coincide circles radical line which has many nice properties wrt
original configuration (if there are two circles)
Perspective triangles, triangles which vertices
Coincide triangles
are lying on the same conic
Concyclic points Concyclic points, points lying on the same conic
3
DEFORMATIONS OF AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
Instead of a square ABCD, this paper uses an equilateral triangle ABC and attempts to deform its center,
incircle, circumcircle, and many other closely related objects. Deformation of an equilateral triangle is the most
powerful tool for producing and verifying results throughout this paper.
As an example of the deformation of an equilateral triangle, we can consider an equilateral triangle with
center O and interpret O as the entire set of Clark Kimberling centers Xi (see [27]). Therefore, the deformation
theory predicts that, in the general case of an arbitrary triangle ABC, the triangle centers Xi should have many
relations among themselves, such as collinearity, concyclity, etc. Many of these relationships may be found in
[27].
Next, we introduce some first examples of application of the deformation principle in the case of equilateral
triangles.
Example 1. Consider any triangle ABC. Let A0 BC be the equilateral triangle constructed on the side BC
such that A0 , A are on the same half plane wrt BC. Denote the center Oa of A0 BC. Similarly define Ob , Oc .
In the case of equilateral ABC we get that Oa = Ob = Oc – coincides with the center O of ABC. Thus, we can
predict that in the general case of an arbitrary ABC we will have that the points Oa , Ob , Oc will be connected
and have relations with the base triangle ABC. And, in fact, the next such relation can be formulated: Points
Oa , Ob , Oc form the equilateral triangle which circumcircle is passing through the first Fermat point of ABC.
A A
Oc Oc
Oa O Oa
Ob F
Ob
C B
C B C B
Example 1 (Configuration) Example 1 (4 case) Example 1 (Relation)
Example 2. Consider a triangle ABC with the first and second Fermat points F1 , F2 . Let Fa , Fb , Fc be
the second Fermat points of F1 BC, F1 AC, F1 AB, respectively. In the case of equilateral ABC we get that
F1 coincides with the center O of ABC and F2 coincides with a point P lying on the circumcircle of ABC.
Aditionally, in the equilateral triangle case we have that Fa , Fb , Fc are the reflections of center O of ABC wrt
its sides and the points A, B, C, Fa , Fb , Fc form a regular hexagon which circumcircle contains P . Thus, we
can predict that in the general case of an arbitrary ABC the configuration ABCFa Fb Fc F2 will inherit some
properties of a regular hexagon and a point P on its circumcircle. And, in fact, the next such relation can be
formulated: Point F2 lies on the circumcircle of Fa Fb Fc .
F2 A F2 A
A
P
Fb Fb
Fc Fc
O
F1 F1
C B
C B C B
Fa Fa
Example 2 (Configuration) Example 2 (4 case) Example 2 (Relation)
4
Example 3. Consider a triangle ABC and any point P . Let AP , BP , CP meet the circumcircle (ABC)
of ABC second time at A0 , B 0 , C 0 (i.e. A0 B 0 C 0 is the circumcevian triangle of P wrt ABC). Consider the
nine-point centers N , Na , Nb , Nc of ABC, A0 BC, B 0 AC, C 0 AB, respectively. Denote
(1) the reflections Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 of Na , Nb , Nc wrt BC, AC, AB, respectively
(2) the reflections Na00 , Nb00 , Nc00 of Na , Nb , Nc wrt midpoints of BC, AC, AB, respectively.
In the case of equilateral ABC and P = O – its center we get that Na0 = Nb0 = Nc0 = N = P = O and
Na = Nb00 = Nc00 = N = P = O. Thus, we can predict that in the general case of an arbitrary ABC and any
00
point P we will have that the points Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 , N , P (Na00 , Nb00 , Nc00 , N , P ) will be connected with each other.
And, in fact, the next such connections can be formulated:
(1) Points Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 , N lie on the same circle
(2) Points Na00 , Nb00 , Nc00 , N lie on the same circle.
A A
B0 B0
A
C0 C0
Nb Nb
Nb0 Nb0
Nc Nc
Nc0 Nc0
N P O N P
Na0 Na0
C B
C B C B
A0 A0
Na Na
Example 3(1) (Configuration) (4 case, P = O) Example 3(1) (Relation)
A A
C0 C0
Nc Nc
A
Nb Nb
B0 Nb00 B0 Nb00
P 00 O P 00
Nc00 Na Nc00 Na
N N
C B
C B C B
A0 A0
Na Na
Example 3(2) (Configuration) (4 case, P = O) Example 3(2) (Relation)
5
NEAR – THE – EQUILATERAL – TRIANGLE SHAPES
This paper also uses the following shapes (among others), which may be regarded as shapes close to an
equilateral triangle. The deformations of these shapes will appear in the next sections of the paper.
4 with center 4 with center 2 4 with cevians
4 with midpoint triangle Triangulated 4 4 with incircle
Regular hexagon Regular hexagon 2 Hexagonal star
Crown shape
6
CONSTRUCTIONS OF GEOMETRIC STRUCTURES
FROM BASIC OBJECTS
Fix the sequence of objects O1 , O2 , . . ., On , which have a plane-geometric nature. By the configuration
generated with objects Oi , we mean any configuration that can be constructed from Oi in the following way:
(1) We start with some configuration Conf1 which involves only objects O1 and can be seen as a configuration
closely related to O1 . For example, if O1 = orthocenter, then we can start with the next configuration
Conf1 = triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and three reflection points A0 , B 0 , C 0 of H wrt BC, AC,
AB, respectively;
(2) After that we add/inscribe/include objects O2 to the configuration Conf1 to obtain the resulting con-
figuration Conf2 ;
(3) We repeat a similar procedure with objects O3 , . . ., On and finally obtain the configuration Confn ;
(4) Finally, we search some nice plane-geometric properties of the resulting configuration Confn .
If the Pk – process of inscription/addition/inclusion of objects Ok to a configuration, Confn has the following
inductive meaning:
Conf1 = P1 (·),
Conf2 = P2 (Conf1 ),
...
... (∗)
Confi+1 = Pi+1 (Confi ),
...
Confn = Pn (Pn−1 (. . . P2 (Conf1 ))).
The following image illustrates the process of construction of the configuration Confn after the process of
including objects O1 = orthocenter, O2 = incircle and incenter, On = O3 = circumcenter.
P2 P
3
−→ −→
Conf1 = P1 (·) Conf2 = P2 (Conf1 ) Conf3 = P3 (Conf2 )
In Conf1 , a triangle ABC is used as a starting point, its orthocenter is H, and the reflections Ha , Hb , Hc of
H wrt the sides of ABC. Additional orthocenters of Ha BC, Hb AC, Hc AB, AHb Hc , BHa Hc , and CHa Hb are
considered as it is shown on the first picture through the red points.
LANGUAGE
If given objects O1 , O2 , . . ., On and configuration Confn , which is constructed from Oi as previously described
in (∗), it is natural to correspond to such configuration the phrase O1 – O2 – . . . – On . The phrase O1 – O2 –
. . . – On is also corresponded to any underlying configuration that can be obtained in this way (∗). Therefore,
from a language perspective, each phrase corresponds to many plane geometry facts.
Furthermore, from a language perspective, if given a phrase O1 – O2 – . . . – On with repeating terms
Oi = Oi+1 = . . . = Oj , it may be replaced with the simpler phrase O1 – . . . – Oi – Oj+1 – . . . – On . The goals
of this language are as follows:
• Catalogue plane geometry facts according to the objects that they include;
• Obtain new geometry facts by experimenting with different phrases and searching for corresponding
facts;
• It helps to simplify and to visualize huge formulations of plane geometry facts by corresponding simple
phrases to them.
7
RELATION TO FRACTALS
Fractals are complex geometric figures with an iteration structure. In most known cases, fractals that appear
in nature have a complicated patterned structure, zooming which we get more detailed image. In the area of
plane geometry, a fractal is a geometric configuration that is a result of (infinite) iterative processes of the
inclusion/inscription/addition of particular objects into an original configuration. One example of a plane-
geometric fractal is the Sierpinski triangle, which starts with an equilateral triangle and iteratively inscribes
some equilateral triangles to it. As another well-known example of plane-geometric fractal, we can consider
the Apollonian gasket, which starts with a circle and iteratively inscribes tangent circles to it.
Furthermore, for the objectives of this paper, the plane-geometric fractals are allowed to have several layers of
fractality. Therefore, fractal construction may begin with addition/inscription of equilateral triangles similarly
to the Sierpinski gasket and continue with the inscription of incircles. Such inscription processes have several
steps. Therefore, it is valuable to discuss the type of fractality and correspond to each fractal its type by
determining the underlying phrase of its geometric construction.
For example, the fractality type of the Sierpinski triangle is the one-term phrase Equilateral triangles and
the fractality type of Apollonian gasket is the phrase Tangent circles.
Sierpinski triangle Apollonian gasket
THE MEANING OF ONE- AND TWO-WORD PHRASES

It is also possible to correspond the following meaning to one- and two- word phrases:
One-word phrase “O1 ” → “Fractal-like configurations with objects O1 ”;
Two-word phrase “O1 – O2 ” → Theme: “Objects O2 in configurations with objects O1 ”.
For example, one-word phrase O1 = orthocenters corresponds to the topic “fractal-like configurations with
orthocenters”. Also, if O1 = orthocenters, O2 = circumcenters, then the two-word phrase “O1 – O2 ”, or
“orthocenters – circumcenters” corresponds to the topic “circumcenters in configurations with orthocenters”.
BASIC OBJECTS THAT WE USE IN THIS ARTICLE

This paper focuses on the following objects:
Incenters and incircles (INC), Nine-point centers and circles (NPC), Orthocenters, Circumcen-
ters, Centroids, Fermat points, Isodynamic points, Symmedian points, Feuerbach points, Simson
lines, Euler lines, Brocard axis, Radical lines, Isogonal points (and conjugations), OH pairs, Mixti-
linear circles, Quadrilaterals (cyclic and tangential), Miquel points, Poncelet points, Pascal lines,
Circumconics, Ellipses, Equilateral triangles, Squares.
The paper also uses the following theorems and configurations as the beginning of the phrases:
Pascal’s theorem, Brianchon’s theorem, Japanese theorem, Morley’s theorem, Napoleon’s the-
orem, Miquel’s theorem, Apollonian gasket.
8
LIST OF PHRASES
1. Incenters and incircles (INC)
1.1. INC
1.2. INC – Circumcenters
1.3. INC – Orthocenters
1.4. INC – Orthocenters – INC
1.5. INC – Orthocenters – Circumcenters
1.6. INC – Orthocenters – Isogonal conjugations
1.7. INC – Centroids
1.8. INC – NPC
1.9. INC – NPC – Circumcenters
1.10. INC – NPC – Euler lines
1.11. INC – NPC – Isogonal conjugations
1.12. INC – NPC – Radical lines
1.13. INC – Fermat points
1.14. INC – Symmedian points
1.15. INC – Poncelet points
1.16. INC – Isogonal conjugations
1.17. INC – Miquel points
1.18. INC – Radical lines
1.19. INC – Ellipses
1.20. INC – Ellipses – INC
1.21. INC – Ellipses – Isogonal conjugations
2. Nine-point centers and circles (NPC)
2.1. NPC
2.2. NPC – INC
2.3. NPC – Circumenters
2.4. NPC – Euler lines
2.5. NPC – Mixtilinear circles
2.6. NPC – Isogonal conjugations
2.7. NPC – Radical lines
3. Orthocenters
3.1. Orthocenters
3.2. Orthocenters – INC
3.3. Orthocenters – INC – Circumcenters
3.4. Orthocenters – INC – Isogonal conjugations
3.5. Orthocenters – INC – Radical lines
3.6. Orthocenters – INC – Circumconics
3.7. Orthocenters – INC – Ellipses
3.8. Orthocenters – NPC
3.9. Orthocenters – NPC – Circumcenters
3.10. Orthocenters – NPC – Radical lines
3.11. Orthocenters – Fermat points
3.12. Orthocenters – Fermat points – Circumcenters
3.13. Orthocenters – Feuerbach points
3.14. Orthocenters – Mixtilinear circles
3.15. Orthocenters – Isogonal conjugations
3.16. Orthocenters – Circumconics
3.17. Orthocenters – Squares
3.18. Orthocenters – Squares – INC
4. Circumcenters
4.1. Circumcenters
4.2. Circumcenters – INC
4.3. Circumcenters – INC – Radical lines
4.4. Circumcenters – NPC
9
4.5. Circumcenters – NPC – Radical lines
4.6. Circumcenters – Orthocenters
4.7. Circumcenters – Orthocenters – Circumcenters
4.8. Circumcenters – Isogonal conjugations
5. Centroids
5.1. Centroids – INC
5.2. Centroids – INC – Circumcenters
5.3. Centroids – Circumcenters
5.4. Centroids – Symmedian points
5.5. Centroids – Feuerbach points
6. Fermat points
6.1. Fermat points
6.2. Fermat points – Orthocenters
6.3. Fermat points – Orthocenters – Circumcenters
6.4. Fermat points – Circumcenters
6.5. Fermat points – NPC
6.6. Fermat points – OH pairs
6.7. Fermat points – OH pairs – Circumcenters
6.8. Fermat points – OH pairs – Orthocenters
6.9. Fermat points – Isogonal conjugations
6.10. Fermat points – Isogonal conjugations – Fermat points
6.11. Fermat points – Isodynamic points
6.12. Fermat points – Isodynamic points – Circumcenters
6.13. Fermat points – Radical lines
6.14. Fermat points – Equilateral triangles
7. Symmedian points
7.1. Symmedian points
7.2. Symmedian points – Isodynamic points
7.3. Symmedian points – Brocard axis
8. Feuerbach points
8.1. Feuerbach points – INC
8.2. Feuerbach points – NPC
8.3. Feuerbach points – Orthocenters
8.4. Feuerbach points – Circumcenters
9. Simson lines
9.1. Simson lines
10. Isogonal points
10.1. Isogonal conjugations
10.2. Isogonal points – INC
10.3. Isogonal points – INC – Isogonal conjugations
10.4. Isogonal points – NPC
10.5. Isogonal points – NPC – Isogonal conjugations
10.6. Isogonal points – NPC – Miquel points
10.7. Isogonal points – Orthocenters
10.8. Isogonal points – Orthocenters – Isogonal conjugations
10.9. Isogonal points – Circumcenters
10.10. Isogonal points – Circumcenters – Miquel points
10.11. Isogonal points – Fermat points
10.12. Isogonal points – OH pairs
10.13. Isogonal points – OH pairs – Miquel points
10.14. Isogonal points – Miquel points
11. Mixtilinear circles
11.1. Mixtilinear circles
11.2. Mixtilinear circles – INC
10
11.3. Mixtilinear circles – NPC
11.4. Mixtilinear circles – Radical lines
12. Quadrilaterals
12.1. Cyclic quadrilaterals – INC
12.2. Cyclic quadrilaterals – INC – Ellipses
12.3. Cyclic quadrilaterals – NPC
12.4. Cyclic quadrilaterals – Fermat points
12.5. Tangential quadrilaterals – INC
12.6. Tangential quadrilaterals – INC – Symmedian points
12.7. Tangential quadrilaterals – INC – Isogonal conjugations
12.8. Tangential quadrilaterals – INC – Ellipses
12.9. Tangential quadrilaterals – Isogonal conjugations
PHRASES BEGINNING WITH FAMOUS THEOREMS AND CONFIGURATIONS
13. Miquel’s theorem
13.1. Miquel’s theorem – Simson lines
14. Apollonian gasket
14.1. Apollonian gasket – INC
14.2. Apollonian gasket – Euler lines
14.3. Apollonian gasket – Euler lines – Radical lines
15. Japanese theorem
15.1. Japanese theorem – NPC
15.2. Japanese theorem – Fermat points
15.3. Japanese theorem – Symmedian points
15.4. Japanese theorem – Euler lines
15.5. Japanese theorem – Radical lines
15.6. Japanese theorem – Circumconics
16. Morley’s theorem
16.1. Morley’s theorem – Circumcenters
16.2. Morley’s theorem – Euler lines
16.3. Morley’s theorem – Euler lines – Circumcenters
16.4. Morley’s theorem – Radical lines
16.5. Morley’s theorem – Equilateral triangles
17. Napoleon’s theorem
17.1. Napoleon’s theorem – Euler lines
17.2. Napoleon’s theorem – Euler lines – Radical lines
17.3. Napoleon’s theorem – Radical lines
17.4. Napoleon’s theorem – Equilateral triangles
18. Pascal’s theorem
18.1. Pascal’s theorem – Radical lines
19. Brianchon’s theorem
19.1. Brianchon’s theorem – INC
11
THEOREMS
Before stating the facts that correspond to each phrase from the List of Phrases Section, let’s formulate some
notation and abbreviations that we use.
• A = l1 ∩ l2 indicates that A is the intersection point of the lines l1 and l2 .
• AB: line through A and B or a segment AB (depending on context).
• |AB|: length of a segment AB.
• ∠ABC: oriented angle between the lines AB and BC.
• l1 ⊥ l2 means that the two lines l1 and l2 are perpendicular.
• l1 k l2 means that the two lines l1 and l2 are parallel.
• (ABC): circle through A, B and C.
• (ABCD): circle through A, B, C and D.
• i.e.: in other words.
• e.g.: for example.
• wrt: with respect to.
12
INCENTERS AND INCIRCLES
Fractal-like configurations with incenters and incircles
1.1.1. Consider any triangle ABC. Let its incircle is tangent to sides BC, AC, AB at A0 , B 0 , C 0 . Consider the
intersection G of AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Let à be the perpendicular bisector of a segment between the incenters of GC 0 B,
GB 0 C. Similarly define `b , `c . Then à , `b , `c are concurrent.
1.1.2. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let the incircle of ABC is tangent to BC, AC, AB at A0 , B 0 ,
C 0 respectively. Consider a line à through the incenters of IA0 B, IA0 C. Similarly define `b , `c . Then à , `b , `c form a
triangle which is perspective to ABC.
A A
B0 B0
C0 C0
G I
C A0 B
C A0 B
Fact 1.1.1 Fact 1.1.2
1.1.3. Consider any triangle ABC and any point P . Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of P wrt ABC. Let ωa , ωb ,
ωc be the A, B, C – excircles of ABC. Consider the second intersection point Ab of a tangent from A0 to ωb (which is
different from BC) with AC. Similarly define Ac . Let à be a line through the incenters of triangles A0 BAc , A0 CAb .
Similarly define `b , `c . Then à , `b , `c form a triangle which is perspective to ABC.
1.1.4. Consider any triangle ABC and any point P . Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of P wrt ABC. Let A1 be the
intersection point of two common external tangent lines to the incircles of triangles AB 0 C 0 , P B 0 C 0 . Similarly define B1 ,
C1 . Then A1 B1 C1 is perspective to A0 B 0 C 0 .
A A
Ac
Ab
C0
B0
C0
B0 C1
B1
P
P
A1
C
A0 B C A0 B
Fact 1.1.3 Fact 1.1.4
1.1.5. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Consider the tangent lines la , la0 from A to the incircle of BCI.
Similarly define lb , lb0 , lc , lc0 . Then la , la0 , lb , lb0 , lc , lc0 form a hexagon with concurrent diagonals.
1.1.6. Consider any triangle ABC and let P be any point. Let the two tangents from P to A – excircle of ABC meet
BC at A1 , A2 . Consider the two tangent lines la , la0 from A to the incircle of P A1 A2 . Similarly define lb , lb0 , lc , lc0 .
Then la , la0 , lb , lb0 , lc , lc0 form a hexagon with concurrent diagonals.
13
A A
I P
B A1 A2 B
C C
Fact 1.1.5 Fact 1.1.6
1.1.7. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of I wrt ABC. Then
(1) (A third conjecture of L.Steingarts [28]) Incenters of IA0 B, IA0 C, IB 0 A, IB 0 C, IC 0 A, IC 0 B lie on the same
conic
(2) Consider the second tangent lines àb , àc from A to the incircles of IA0 B, IA0 C respectively. Similarly define
`ba , `bc , `ca , `cb . Then àb , àc , `ba , `bc , `ca , `cb form a hexagon with concurrent diagonals
(3) Let àb , àc meet BC at Ab , Ac . Similarly define Ba , Bc , Ca , Cb . Then the incenters of AAb Ac , BBa Bc , CCa Cb
form a triangle which is perspective to ABC
(4) Gergonne (Nagel) points of AAb Ac , BBa Bc , CCa Cb form a triangle which is perspective to ABC.
A A
C0 C0
B0 B0
I I
C B C B
0
A A0
Fact 1.1.7(1) Fact 1.1.7(2)
1.1.8. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of I wrt ABC. Let Iab , Iac
be the incenters of IA0 B, IA0 C. Similarly define Iba , Ibc , Ica , Icb . Consider the point A1 on BC such that BC is the
external angle ∠Iab A1 Iac bisector. Similarly define B1 , C1 . Then AA1 , BB1 , CC1 are concurrent.
C1
C0
B0
B1 I
B
C
0
A1 A
Fact 1.1.8
LIST OF PHRASES
14
INC – CIRCUMCENTERS
1.2.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of I wrt ABC. Consider the
circumcenters O, Oa , Ob , Oc , OA , OB , OC of ABC, IB 0 C 0 , IA0 C 0 , IA0 B 0 , IOb Oc , IOa Oc , IOa Ob respectively. Then
the lines IO, A0 OA , B 0 OB , C 0 OC are parallel.
Oa
0
B
OB
C0
OC
I
Oc
Ob
C A0 B
OA
Fact 1.2.1
LIST OF PHRASES
15
INC – ORTHOCENTERS
1.3.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let the incircle of ABC is tangent to its sides at A0 , B 0 , C 0
respectively. Consider the orthocenters H, H 0 , Ha , Hb , Hc , HA , HB , HC of ABC, A0 B 0 C 0 , AB 0 C 0 , BA0 C 0 , CA0 B 0 ,
IBC, IAC, IAB respectively. Then
(1) (Jean-Louis Ayme [21]) Lines Ha HA , Hb HB , Hc HC are concurrent at H
(2) Reflections of HA H, HB H, HC H wrt B 0 C 0 , A0 C 0 , A0 B 0 are concurrent at I
(3) Reflections of HA H 0 , HB H 0 , HC H 0 wrt BC, AC, AB are concurrent.
HA A
HA A
Ha
B0 B0
0
C C0
I H I H0
Hc
HC
Hb
HC
C B C B
HB
A0
A0
HB
Fact 1.3.1(1) and (2) Fact 1.3.1(3)
1.3.2. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let A0 B 0 C 0 and A1 B1 C1 be the pedal and the circumcevian
triangles of I wrt ABC respectively. Consider the orthocenters HA , HB , HC of IBC, IAC, IAB. Then
(1) Reflections of HA , HB , HC wrt B 0 C 0 , A0 C 0 , A0 B 0 form a triangle which is perspective to A0 B 0 C 0 with the infinite
concurrency point
(2) Reflections of HA , HB , HC wrt B1 C1 , A1 C1 , A1 B1 form a triangle which is similar to A1 B1 C1 .
HA HA
A
A
B1
B0 C1
C0
I I
HC HC
C B
C B
0
A HB HB
A1
Fact 1.3.2(1) Fact 1.3.2(2)
1.3.3. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let the incircle of ABC is tangent to its sides at A0 , B 0 , C 0 .
Consider the diameters A0 A00 , B 0 B 00 , C 0 C 00 of the incircle of ABC. Let à be a line through the orthocenters of CC 00 B 0 ,
BB 00 C 0 . Similarly define `b , `c . Then à , `b , `c are concurrent at the Feuerbach point of ABC.
16
A
A00
B0
C0
I
C 00
B 00
C
B
A0
Fact 1.3.3
orthocenters Hab , Hac of IA0 B, IA0 C. Similarly define Hba , Hbc and Hca , Hcb . Let Ha , Hb , Hc be the orthocenters of
A0 Hab Hac , B 0 Hba Hbc , C 0 Hca Hcb respectively. Then
(1) Ha Hb Hc is perspective to ABC
(2) Lines through Ha , Hb , Hc and parallel to AI, BI, CI are concurrent.
A A
Hcb Hcb
Hb Hca Hb Hca
Hba C0 Hba C0
B0 Hc B0 Hc
I I
Hbc Hbc
Hac Hac
C Ha C Ha
B B
A0 A0
Hab Hab
Fact 1.3.4(1) Fact 1.3.4(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
17
INC – ORTHOCENTERS – INC
1.4.1. Let I be the incenter of ABC. Let Ha be the orthocenter of BCI, similarly define Hb , Hc . Consider the incenter
Ia of BHa C, similarly define Ib and Ic . Then I is the orthocenter of Ia Ib Ic .
Ha
Ib
Ia
I
Ic Hb
C
B
Hc
Fact 1.4.1
LIST OF PHRASES
18
INC – ORTHOCENTERS – CIRCUMCENTERS
1.5.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Consider the orthocenters HA , HB , HC of IBC, IAC, IAB
respectively. Denote the circumcenters OA , OB , OC of AIHA , BIHB , CIHC respectively. Then the midpoints of AOA ,
BOB , COC are collinear.
OC
HA
A
OA
HC
C
OB B
HB
Fact 1.5.1
LIST OF PHRASES
19
INC – ORTHOCENTERS – ISOGONAL CONJUGATIONS
0 0
Consider the orthocenters HA , HB , HC of IBC, IAC, IAB. Let HA , HB , HC0 be the isogonal conjugations of HA , HB ,
HC wrt IB C , IA C , IA B respectively. Consider the isogonal conjugations IA , IB , IC of I wrt HA B 0 C 0 , HB A0 C 0 ,
0 0 0 0 0 0
HC A0 B 0 respectively. Then the triangles HA

0 0
HB HC0 , IA IB IC have equal sides.
HA
0
HA
0 A
HB
0
HC
B0 C0
C HC A0 B
HB
IA
IC
IB
Fact 1.6.1
0 0
Consider the orthocenters HA , HB , HC of IBC, IAC, IAB. Let HA , HB , HC0 be the isogonal conjugations of HA , HB ,
HC wrt AB 0 C 0 , BA0 C 0 , CA0 B 0 respectively. Then
(1) Circles (A0 HB
0
HC0 ), (B 0 HA
0
HC0 ), (C 0 HA
0 0
HB ), (A0 B 0 C 0 ) are concurrent (deformed Miquel point)
0 0 0 0 0 0
(2) Midpoints of A HA , B HB , C HC lie on the same line which goes through I (deformed Gauss line).
A
HA
0
HA C0
B0
0
I
HC
HB
B
HCC
A0
0
HB
Fact 1.6.2(1) and (2) Equilateral triangle case
orthocenters Hab , Hac of IA0 B, IA0 C. Let Hab 0 0
, Hac be the isogonal conjugations of Hab , Hac wrt ABC. Denote À as
0 0
a line through Hab , Hac , similarly define `B , `C . Then À , `B , `C are concurrent.
20
0
Hac
0
Hab
Hbc
B0 Hba Hcb
Hca
C0
I
0
Hca 0
Hba
C Hab
B
0 Hac
Hcb A0
0
Hbc
Fact 1.6.3
LIST OF PHRASES
21
INC – CENTROIDS
1.7.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let I be its incenter. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of I wrt ABC. Consider
the centroids GA , GB , GC of IB 0 C 0 , IC 0 A0 , IA0 B 0 respectively.
(1) Triangles ABC and GA GB GC are perspective.
(2) Let G0A be the reflection of GA wrt AI and MA be the midpoint of BC. Consider the line À through GA and
MA , similarly define `B , `C . Then the lines À , `B , `C are concurrent.
A A
B0 B0
GA
C0 G0A C0
I
GC
GB G0B
I
G0C
C B C B
0 0
A A
Fact 1.7.1(1) Fact 1.7.1(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
22
INC – NPC
1.8.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I and the incircle ω which is tangent to BC, AC, AB at A0 , B 0 ,
C 0 . Let Na , Nb , Nc be the nine-point centers of IBC, IAC, IAB. Consider the reflections a N , b N , c N of Na , Nb , Nc
wrt IA0 , IB 0 , IC 0 respectively. Then
(1) Circles (a N INa ), (b N INb ), (c N INc ), (Na Nb Nc ), (a N b N c N ) are concurrent
(2) Consider the nine-point centers Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 of IB 0 C 0 , IA0 C 0 , IA0 B 0 and let a N 0 , b N 0 , c N 0 be the reflections of
Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 wrt IA0 , IB 0 , IC 0 respectively. Denote by N 0 , Ns , Ns0 , s N , s N 0 the nine-point centers of A0 B 0 C 0 ,
Na Nb Nc , Na0 Nb0 Nc0 , a N b N c N and a N 0 b N 0 c N 0 . Then I, N 0 , s N , Ns0 are collinear, Ns0 is the midpoint of s N I.
A
C0
Nb
B0 I
Na
aN
bN
cN
Nc
C B
A0
Fact 1.8.1(1)
1.8.2. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let Na , Nb , Nc , NA , NB , NC be the nine-point centers of
IBC, IAC, IAB, Na BC, Nb AC, Nc AB respectively. Then lines Na NA , Nb NB , Nc NC are parallel. Additionally, if the
nine-point circles of IBC, Na BC meet at point A0 different from the midpoint of BC and similarly define B 0 , C 0 , then
the nine-point circles of IBC, IAC, IAB meet on (A0 B 0 C 0 ).
A
NANa
NC Nc
I
NB Nb
C B
Fact 1.8.2
23
1.8.3. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be points chosen on lines AI, BI, CI such that
triangles ABC and A0 B 0 C 0 are homothetic. Let P be any point. Consider the nine-point centers Na , Nb , Nc , Na0 , Nb0 ,
Nc0 of BIC, AIC, AIB, P AA0 , P BB 0 , P CC 0 respectively. Then the midpoints of Na Na0 , Nb Nb0 , Nc Nc0 are collinear if
and only if P lies on a rectangular hyperbola passing through A0 , B 0 , C 0 , I, or P lies on the circumcircle of ABC.
P
Na0
A0
Nb
I
Na
Nc
C0 B0
Nb0
C Nc0 B
Fact 1.8.3
1.8.4. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let Na , Nb , Nc , Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 be the nine-point centers of BIC,
AIC, AIB, ANb Nc , BNa Nc , CNa Nb respectively. Then
(1) Midpoints of Na Na0 , Nb Nb0 , Nc Nc0 are collinear
(2) If Na00 , Nb00 , Nc00 are the nine-point centers of Na BC, Nb AC, Nc AB, then the midpoints of Na0 Na00 , Nb0 Nb00 , Nc0 Nc00
are collinear.
Na0
Na0
Nb
Nb00
Nb0 Nb
Nc0 I
Nb0
Na I
Nc0 Na
Na00
Nc
C B Nc Nc00
C B
Fact 1.8.4(1) Fact 1.8.4(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
24
INC – NPC – CIRCUMCENTERS
1.9.1. Consider any triangle with the incenter I. Let Na , Nb , Nc be the nine-point centers of IBC, IAC, IAB.
Consider the circumcenters Oa , Ob , Oc of INb Nc , INa Nc , INa Nb . Then
(1) Triangles Oa Ob Oc and ABC are perspective
(2) Let Oa0 , Ob0 , Oc0 be the circumcenters of IOb Oc , IOa Oc , IOa Ob . Then Oa0 Ob0 Oc0 is perspective to ABC
(3) Let OA , OB , OC be the circumcenters of Na Ob Oc , Nb Oa Oc , Nc Oa Ob . Then OA OB OC is perspective to ABC.
Nb Oc
Ob0
I Na Oc
Oa
Ob Oa I
0
Oa
Nc Oc0
B
C
Ob
C B
Fact 1.9.1(1) Fact 1.9.1(2)
Oc
Nb
OA I
Oa Na
OC OB
Ob
Nc
C B
Fact 1.9.1(3)
LIST OF PHRASES
25
INC – NPC – EULER LINES
1.10.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let Na , Nb , Nc be the nine-point centers of IBC, IAC, IAB
respectively. Consider the Euler lines à , `b , `c of Na BC, Nb AC, Nc AB. Let `0a be a line through A and parallel to à ,
similarly define `0b , `0c . Consider a triangle 4 formed with lines à , `b , `c . Let the lines `0a , `0b , `0c form a triangle 40 .
Then 4, 40 are homothetic with homothety coefficient 2/3.
Na
I
Nc
2
Nb
B
C
Fact 1.10.1
LIST OF PHRASES
26
INC – NPC – ISOGONAL CONJUGATIONS
respectively. Consider the isogonal conjugations Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 of Na , Nb , Nc wrt IBC, IAC, IAB respectively. Then
(1) Points I, Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 are collinear
(2) Circles (ANb0 Nc0 ), (BNa0 Nc0 ), (CNa0 Nb0 ), (ABC) are concurrent (deformed Miquel point).
A
A
Nb0
Nb0 Nb Na
I I
Nc Nc0 Nc0
Na0
C B C B Na0
Fact 1.11.1(1) and (2) Fact 1.11.1 Case of an equi-

lateral triangle
1.11.2. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I and A, B, C – excenters Ia , Ib , Ic . Let Na , Nb , Nc be the
nine-point centers of IBC, IAC, IAB respectively. Consider the isogonal conjugations Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 of Na , Nb , Nc wrt
Ia BC, Ib AC, Ic AB respectively. Then Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 are collinear.
respectively. Consider the isogonal conjugations Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 of Na , Nb , Nc wrt IBC, IAC, IAB respectively. For any
point P consider the isogonal conjugations Na00 , Nb00 , Nc00 , Na000 , Nb000 , Nc000 of Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 , Na , Nb , Nc wrt P BC, P AC,
P AB, Na00 BC, Nb00 AC, Nc00 AB respectively. Then
(1) Circles (ANb000 Nc000 ), (BNa000 Nc000 ), (CNa000 Nb000 ), (ABC) are concurrent (deformed Miquel point)
(2) Midpoints of ANa000 , BNb000 , CNc000 are collinear (deformed Gauss line)
(3) Orthocenters of ANb000 Nc000 , BNa000 Nc000 , CNa000 Nb000 , ABC are collinear (deformed Steiner line).
Nb0
Na
I
Nb Na00
Nc
Nb00P
Nc00
Nb000
A
C
Na0 B
Na000 Nc000
Nb000
C B
Na000
Nc000
Fact 1.11.3(1) and (2) Case of equilateral ABC

and P = I
Remark. We can generalize 1.11.3 by replacing P with a triangle Pa Pb Pc such that A, B, C lie on the respective sides
of Pa Pb Pc . Then instead the isogonal conjugations wrt P BC, P AC, P AB we should consider the isogonal conjugations
wrt Pa BC, Pb AC, Pc AB respectively.
Definition 1.1. Consider any triangle ABC, and let Ia , Ib , Ic be points such that ∠CAIc = ∠Ib AB, ∠CBIc = ∠Ia BA,
∠BAIb = ∠Ic AC. Name such triangle Ia Ib Ic as generalized incenter for ABC.
Remark. Next theorem can be seen as a generalization of 1.11.1 and 1.11.2.
27
1.11.4. Consider any triangle ABC. Let Ia Ib Ic be the generalized incenter of ABC. Also let given that ∠AIb C +
∠BIc A + ∠CIa B = 2π. Let Na , Nb , Nc be the nine-point centers of Ia BC, Ib AC, Ic AB respectively. Consider the
isogonal conjugations Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 of Na , Nb , Nc wrt Ia BC, Ib AC, Ic AB respectively. Then
(1) Points Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 are collinear
(2) Circles (ANb0 Nc0 ), (BNa0 Nc0 ), (CNa0 Nb0 ), (ABC) are concurrent (deformed Miquel point).
A A
Ic
Nb0 Nb0
Nb Na
I
Ib Nc0
Ia Nc Na0 Nc0
B C B Na0
C
Fact 1.11.4(1) and (2) Case of an equilateral tri-

angle and Ia Ib Ic = I
Remark. Theorem 1.11.3 also can be generalized with use of generalized incenter (with the additional condition that
∠AIb C + ∠BIc A + ∠CIa B = 2π).
LIST OF PHRASES
28
INC – NPC – RADICAL LINES
respectively. Let ra be the radical line of (Na BC), (ANb Nc ). Similarly define rb , rc . Then ra , rb , rc are concurrent.
Na
Nb
I
Nc
C B
Fact 1.12.1
1.12.2. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let Ab , Ac be the reflections of B, C wrt CI, BI respectively.
Consider the radical line ra of the nine-point circles of IAAb , IAAc . Similarly define rb , rc . Then ra , rb , rc are
concurrent.
Ab
A
Ac
I Bc
Ca C Ba B
Cb
Fact 1.12.2
1.12.3. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let N , Na , Nb , Nc be the nine-point centers of ABC, IBC,
IAC, IAB respectively. Consider any triangle A0 B 0 C 0 such that the perpendiculars from A0 , B 0 , C 0 to BC, AC, AB
are concurrent and also the perpendiculars from A0 , B 0 , C 0 to Nb Nc , Na Nc , Na Nb are concurrent at a point which lies
on IN . Let ωA0 , ωB 0 , ωC 0 be the circles with centers A0 , B 0 , C 0 and radiuses A0 Na , B 0 Nb , C 0 Nc respectively. Then the
reflections of the radical lines of pairs of circles ωB 0 , ωC 0 ; ωA0 , ωC 0 ; ωA0 , ωB 0 wrt AI, BI, CI are concurrent
Remark. In the previous theorem it is also true that if ϕ is any angle, then the reflections of the radical lines of pairs
of circles ωB 0 , ωC 0 ; ωA0 , ωC 0 ; ωA0 , ωB 0 wrt À , `B , `C are concurrent, where À , `B , `C are the rotated images of AI, BI,
CI wrt point I on angle ϕ.
29
A
B0
C0
Na
N
Nc
Nb I
C B
A0
Fact 1.12.3
LIST OF PHRASES
30
INC – FERMAT POINTS
1.13.1. Given a triangle ABC with the incenter I and the incircle ω. Let ω is tangent to BC, AC, AB at A0 , B 0 , C 0 .
Let Fa , Fb , Fc be the first Fermat points of AB 0 C 0 , BA0 C 0 , CA0 B 0 . Consider the second Fermat points FA , FB , FC of
IBC, IAC, IAB. Then Fa FA , Fb FB , Fc FC are concurrent.
FB
A
FC
Fa
B0
C0
Fc
Fb
C B
0
A
FA
Fact 1.13.1
LIST OF PHRASES
31
INC – SYMMEDIAN POINTS
1.14.1. Given a triangle ABC with the incenter I and let SA , SB , SC be the symmedian points of BCI, CAI, ABI
respectively. Let the lines AI, BI, CI meet the sides of SA SB SC at A0 , B 0 , C 0 respectively. Then SA A0 , SB B 0 , SC C 0
are concurrent on SI where S is the symmedian point of ABC.
1.14.2. (Morendo [18]) Let ABC be a triangle with the incenter I. Let SA be the symmedian point of BIC, similarly
define SB , SC . Consider the midpoint A0 of AI, similarly define B 0 , C 0 . Then A0 SA , B 0 SB , C 0 SC are concurrent.
A0
SB
SB 0 SC
A
SC I
I
B0 C0 B0
C0
SA
C B
SA
C B
Fact 1.14.1 Fact 1.14.2
1.14.3. Let ABC be a triangle with the incenter I. Let the incircle of ABC is tangent to its sides at A0 , B 0 , C 0 .
Consider any point P . Then the triangle formed with the symmedian points SA , SB , SC of P B 0 C 0 , P A0 C 0 , P A0 B 0 is
perspective to ABC.
1.14.4. Given a triangle ABC with the incenter I and let A0 B 0 C 0 be the circumcevian triangle of I wrt ABC. Consider
the symmedian points SAB , SAC of A0 IB, A0 IC respectively. Let lA be the line through A0 and the midpoint of SAB SAC ,
similarly define lB , lC . Then lA , lB , lC are concurrent.
C0
A
B0
C0 I
B0 SA SAC
P C B
SC SB SAB
C B
A0
A0
Fact 1.14.3 Fact 1.14.4
1.14.5. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I and let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of I wrt ABC.
(1) Let the line À goes through the symmedian points of AA0 B and AA0 C. Similarly define `B , `C . Then À , `B ,
`C form a triangle which is perspective to ABC.
(2) Let the line µA goes through the symmedian points of IA0 B and IA0 C. Similarly define µB , µC . Then µA , µB ,
µC form a triangle which is perspective to XY Z, where X, Y , Z are the midpoints of IA, IB, IC respectively.
32
A
C0
B0
I
C A0 B
Fact 1.14.5(1)
X
C0
B0
I
Z Y
C A0 B
Fact 1.14.5(2)
1.14.6. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I and let A0 B 0 C 0 be the circumcevian triangle of I wrt ABC. Let
B 0 C 0 meet AB and AC at AB , AC respectively. Similarly define BA , BC , CA , CB .
(1) Let SA be the symmedian point of IBC CB . Similarly define SB , SC . Then SA SB SC is perspective to both ABC
and A0 B 0 C 0
(2) Consider the intersection point PA of (ABC), (A0 BC CB ) different from A0 . Let À be the line through the
symmedian points of A0 BC CB , PA BC CB . Similarly define `B , `C . Then À , `B , `C form a triangle which is
perspective to ABC
(3) Let ηA be the line through the symmedian points of A0 PA BC , A0 PA CB . Similarly define ηB , ηC . Then ηA , ηB ,
ηC form a triangle which is perspective to ABC.
A
C0
A
AB
AC PB
0 AC
B0 SC
B AB
SB C0
CA I PC
BA
I
SA CA
BA
C CB BC B B
BC
CB
C
PA
A0 A0
Fact 1.14.6(1) Fact 1.14.6(2)
1.14.7. Consider a triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let the perpendicular line to AI through I intersect AB, AC at
AB , AC respectively. Similarly define BA , BC , CA , CB .
(1) Let the line LA goes through the symmedian points SA , Sa of ACA BA , AAB AC . Similarly define SB , Sb SC , Sc .
Then SA Sa , SB Sb , SC Sc are concurrent
0 0 0
(2) Let SA and SA be the symmedian points of ACA BA and ICB BC respectively. Similarly define SB , SC , SB , SC .
0 0 0
Then the perpendiculars from SA , SB , SC to SB SC , SA SC , SA SB are concurrent.
33
A A
SA SA
CA BA CA BA
Sa 0
AB SC
AB
0
SB
I I
Sb
AC Sc AC
SB 0
SA
SC SB
SC
C B C B
BC BC CB
CB
Fact 1.14.7(1) Fact 1.14.7(2)
1.14.8. Given a triangle ABC and let I, IA , IB , IC be the incenter and A, B, C – excenters of ABC respectively.
Consider any point P and let SP XY be the symmedian point of P XY , for arbitrary points X, Y . Then the triangles
SP IA SP IB SP IC and SP IIA SP IIB SP IIC are perspective.
IB
SP IIB
A
SP IA
IC
SP IIC
I
SP IC
SP IB
C SP IIA
IA
Fact 1.14.8
1.14.9. Consider a triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let A0 B 0 C 0 , A00 B 00 C 00 be the cevian and the circumcevian triangles
of I wrt ABC respectively. Consider two intersection points A1 , A2 of B 0 C 0 with (ABC). Let à be the line through the
symmedian points Sa1 , Sa2 of IAA1 , IAA2 . Similarly define `b , `c . Then the triangle formed by à , `b , `c is perspective
to both A0 B 0 C 0 and A00 B 00 C 00 .
34
A00 A
A1
Sa1
B0 Sa2 B 00
A2
I C0
C B
A0
C 00
Fact 1.14.9
1.14.10. Consider a triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let the incircle of ABC is tangent to its sides at A0 , B 0 , C 0 .
Let AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 meet at G. Consider the second intersection points A1 , B1 , C1 of AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 with the incircle
of ABC. Let the line through the symmedian points of AA1 B 0 , GA1 B 0 meet AB 0 at Ab , similarly let the line through the
symmedian points of AA1 C 0 , GA1 C 0 meet AC 0 at Ac . Consider the intersection point A00 of Ab Ac with BC, similarly
define B 00 , C 00 . Then A00 , B 00 , C 00 , G are collinear.
B 00
Ac
Ab
C 00
B0
A1
C0
I
G
C1
B1
B
C
A00 A0
Fact 1.14.10
LIST OF PHRASES
35
INC – PONCELET POINTS
1.15.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of I wrt ABC. Then the
Poncelet points P , Pa , Pb , Pc of quadrilaterals A0 B 0 C 0 I, AB 0 C 0 I, A0 BC 0 I, A0 B 0 CI are cyclic.
C0
Pa
B0
Pc
Pb
C B
A0
Fact 1.15.1
LIST OF PHRASES
36
INC – ISOGONAL CONJUGATIONS
isogonal conjugations A1 , B1 , C1 of I wrt AB 0 C 0 , BA0 C 0 , CA0 B 0 respectively. Also consider the isogonal conjugations
A2 , B2 , C2 of A, B, C wrt IB 0 C 0 , IA0 C 0 , IA0 B 0 respectively. Then
(1) Isogonal conjugations I1 , I2 of I wrt A1 B1 C1 and A2 B2 C2 lie on the OI line of ABC (O is the circumcenter of
ABC), also I is the midpoint of I1 I2
(2) Triangles A1 B1 C1 , A2 B2 C2 have equal sides
(3) More generally, we can replace the cevian triangle A0 B 0 C 0 with any triangle A0 B 0 C 0 which vertices are lying on
the sides of ABC. In this case, we also get |II1 | = |II2 | and A1 B1 C1 , A2 B2 C2 have equal sides.
I2
I1
A2 A1
C1
A A
C2
B2
B1
C0
I
B0 O C0
B0
I
C B
C B 0
A B2
A0 A2
A1
B1
I2
C1
I1 C2
Fact 1.16.1(1) and (2) Fact 1.16.1(3)
1.16.2. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let P , Q be any two isogonal points wrt ABC. Consider
the isogonal conjugations A0 , B 0 , C 0 of A, B, C wrt IP Q. Let Pa Pb Pc Pi be the quadrilateral formed with the isogonal
conjugations of P wrt IB 0 C 0 , IA0 C 0 , IA0 B 0 , A0 B 0 C 0 and let Qa Qb Qc Qi be the quadrilateral formed with the isogonal
conjugations of Q wrt Pi Pb Pc , Pi Pa Pc , Pi Pa Pb , Pa Pb Pc . Similarly define Qa Qb Qc Qi and P a P b P c P i . Then
(1) Quadrilaterals A0 B 0 C 0 I, Pa Pb Pc Pi , Qa Qb Qc Qi , P a P b P c P i , Qa Qb Qc Qi are cyclic, and P a P b P c P i = Qa Qb Qc Qi
(2) Circles (A0 B 0 C 0 I), (Pa Pb Pc Pi ), (Qa Qb Qc Qi ), (P a P b P c P i ), (Qa Qb Qc Qi ) share the same radical line ` which is
tangent to the incircle of ABC.
C0
0
Qa B A
Pa
Pc
Q
Qc
I
Pb
P Qb
A0
C B
Fact 1.16.2(1) and (2)
37
1.16.3. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Consider any line `. Let ` meet AI, BI, CI at A` , B` , C` .
Consider a triangle 4` formed with the isogonal conjugations of A` , B` , C` wrt ABC. Let I` be the isogonal conjugation
of I wrt 4` . Now, consider any two lines `1 , `2 which are symmetric wrt IO (O is the circumcenter of ABC). Then the
points I`1 , I`2 are symmetric wrt IO.
A A
`2
B` A` C` I`2 O `1
I `
I
I`1
I` 4`
C B C B
Fact 1.16.3 Construction of I` Fact 1.16.3
1.16.4. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let P be a point on the plane. Consider the circle ωP with
center at P which goes through I. Let ωP meet AI, BI, CI second time at Pa , Pb , Pc . Consider the isogonal conjugations
Pa0 , Pb0 , Pc0 of Pa , Pb , Pc wrt ABC. Let IP be the isogonal conjugation of I wrt Pa0 Pb0 Pc0 . Then if P moves on some fixed
line through I we get that IP lies on a fixed line through the circumcenter O of ABC.
1.16.5. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I and A, B, C – excenters Ia , Ib , Ic respectively. Let P be a
point on the plane. Consider the isogonal conjugations Ia0 , Ib0 , Ic0 of Ia , Ib , Ic wrt P BC, P AC, P AB respectively. Then
Ia Ia0 , Ib Ib0 , Ic Ic0 are concurrent.
Ib
A Ic
IP P Ic0
Ib0
Pc C B
Pb0 Pa0
O
I
P
Pb Ia0
Pa
Ia
Pc0
C B
Fact 1.16.4 Fact 1.16.5
1.16.6. Consider any triangle ABC with the incircle ω. Let ω is tangent to sides of ABC at A1 , B1 , C1 and let A1 A2 ,
B1 B2 , C1 C2 be the diameters of ω. Consider the isogonal conjugations A02 , B20 , C20 of A2 , B2 , C2 wrt ABC. Then A2 A02 ,
B2 B20 , C2 C20 are concurrent.
1.16.7. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let A0 B 0 C 0 , A1 B1 C1 be the cevian and the pedal triangles of
I wrt ABC respectively. Consider the isogonal conjugations Ia , Ia0 of I wrt B 0 C 0 B1 , B 0 C 0 C1 . Similarly define Ib , Ib0 , Ic ,
Ic0 . Then
(1) Ia , Ia0 , Ib , Ib0 , Ic , Ic0 lie on the same conic
(2) Hexagon Ia Ia0 Ib Ib0 Ic Ic0 has concurrent diagonals.
38
A
A
Ia
Ia0
A2 B1
B0
C1
C20
C0
I
B1 C1
I
B20
B2
C A1 B
0
A
A02
C2
C A1 B
Fact 1.16.6 Fact 1.16.7(1) and (2)
1.16.8. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I and the incircle ω. Let A1 , B1 , C1 be the tangency points of ω
with BC, AC, AB. Consider the isogonal conjugations Ab , Ac of A1 wrt AIB, AIC respectively. Similarly define Ba ,
Bc , Ca , Cb . Then
(1) Midpoints of Ab Ac , Ba Bc , Ca Cb lie on ω
(2) Lines Ab Ac , Ba Bc , Ca Cb form a triangle which vertices together with the vertices of ABC lie on the same conic
(3) Consider the isogonal conjugations Ia , Ib , Ic of I wrt AAb Ac , BBa Bc , CCa Cb . Then IIa Ib Ic is cyclic.
1.16.9. Consider any triangle ABC and any point P . Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of P wrt ABC and Ia , Ib , Ic
be the A0 , B 0 , C 0 – excenters of A0 B 0 C 0 respectively. Consider the isogonal conjugations Ia0 , Ib0 , Ic0 of Ia , Ib , Ic wrt ABC.
Then
(1) Ia0 , Ib0 , Ic0 are collinear
(2) If P – incenter of ABC or P – Gergonne point of ABC, then the line Ia0 Ib0 Ic0 goes through the incenter and the
circumcenter of ABC.
Ca Ia
A
Ba
A
C1
Ib0
B1 Ib I
a
I C0
Ab B0
Ic P Ic0
Bc
Ib Ia0
C A1 B
C B
A0
Ac
Cb
Ic
Fact 1.16.8(1) and (3) Fact 1.16.9(1)
LIST OF PHRASES
39
INC – MIQUEL POINTS
Definition 1.2. Consider any two segments AB, CD. By definition, let M(AB, CD) be the Miquel point of a complete
quadrilateral formed with lines AC, AD, BC, BD.
1.17.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let Ba , Ab be the reflections of B, A wrt AI, BI respectively.
Similarly define Bc , Cb , Ac , Ca . Then the circumcircle of a triangle formed with points M(Ab Ba , Ac Ca ), M(Ac Ca , Bc Cb ),
M(Ab Ba , Bc Cb ) is tangent to the incircle of ABC at the Feuerbach point.
Bc
Cb
Ca
I
Ab
B
C Ac
Ba
Fact 1.17.1
LIST OF PHRASES
40
INC – RADICAL LINES
1.18.1. Consider any triangle ABC. Let its incircle is tangent to sides BC, AC, AB at A0 , B 0 , C 0 . Consider the
circles ωab , ωac which are both tangent to BC, B 0 C 0 and also tangent to AB, AC (i.e. ωab is tangent to AB and ωac is
tangent to AC). Let ra be the radical line of ωab and ωac . Similarly define rb , rc . Then ra , rb , rc are concurrent.
C0
B0
B
C
A0
Fact 1.18.1
LIST OF PHRASES
41
INC – ELLIPSES
1.19.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let I be its incenter. Consider the ellipse EA with focuses B, C and passing
through I. Similarly define EB , EC . Let EB , EC meet at I, A0 . Similarly define B 0 , C 0 . Then
(1) AI coincides with the internal angle bisector of ∠B 0 AC 0 and similarly for BI, CI (or, in other words, the lines
AB 0 , AC 0 are isogonal wrt ∠BAC). And, as a result, the following fact also holds
(2) (Colescu [22]) AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 are concurrent.
A0
A0
A
A
I
I
C B
C0 B0
C B
B0
C0
Fact 1.19.1(1) Fact 1.19.1(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
42
INC – ELLIPSES – INC
1.20.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let I be its incenter. Let EA be an ellipse with focuses B, C and passing through
I. Let EA meet the segments AB, AC at AB , AC respectively. Similarly define BA , BC , CA , CB .
(1) Let the incircle (or A – excircle) of ABC CB is tangent to BC at Ta . Similarly define Tb , Tc . Then ATa , BTb ,
CTc are concurrent
(2) Consider the incenter (or A – excenter) Ia of ABC CB . Similarly define Ib , Ic . Then Ia Ib Ic is perspective to
ABC.
A
A
CA
BA CA
BA
Tb
Tc
AC
I Ib
AB AC Ic
I
AB
Ia
C B
BC Ta CB C B
BC CB
Fact 1.20.1(1) Fact 1.20.1(2)
CA BA
Tb
Tc
AC I
AB
C B
BC Ta CB
Fact 1.20.1(1) Excircles case
Remark. Theorem 1.20.1 has its natural analog for generalized incenter.
I. Similarly define EB , EC . Let EB meet EC at I, A0 . Similarly define B 0 , C 0 . Consider the line À through the incenters
of BCB 0 , BCC 0 . Similarly define `B , `C . Then the lines À , `B , `C form a triangle which is perspective to ABC.
43
A0
C B
C0 B0
Fact 1.20.2
LIST OF PHRASES
44
INC – ELLIPSES – ISOGONAL CONJUAGATIONS
I. Similarly define EB , EC . Let EB meet EC at I, A0 . Similarly define B 0 , C 0 . Consider the isogonal conjugations A00 ,
B 00 , C 00 of A0 , B 0 , C 0 wrt ABC. Then A0 A00 , B 0 B 00 , C 0 C 00 are concurrent.
A0
I
B 00
C 00
C B
A00
C0 B0
Fact 1.21.1
I. Let EA meet the segments AB, AC at AB , AC respectively. Similarly define BA , BC , CA , CB . Consider the isogonal
conjugations Ia , Ib , Ic of I wrt ABC CB , BAC CA , CAB BA respectively. Let IIa meet BC at A1 , similarly define B1 ,
C1 . Then AA1 , BB1 , CC1 are concurrent.
A A
CA BA
C1 C1
B1 Ic B1
Ib
I AB
AC
Ia
C BC A1 CB B C A1 B
Fact 1.21.2 Fact 1.21.2 Concurrency
LIST OF PHRASES
45
NINE-POINT CENTERS AND CIRCLES
Fractal-like configurations with nine-point centers and circles
2.1.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the nine-point center N . Consider the nine-point centers Na , Nb , Nc of N BC,
N AC, N AB. Let Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 be the nine-point centers of N Nb Nc , N Na Nc , N Na Nb . Then
(1) Triangles ABC, Na Nb Nc are perspective
(2) Triangles Na Nb Nc , Na0 Nb0 Nc0 are perspective at N
(3) Let Na00 , Nb00 , Nc00 be the nine-point centers of N Nb0 Nc0 , N Na0 Nc0 , N Na0 Nb0 . Then ABC, Na0 Nb0 Nc0 , Na00 Nb00 Nc00 are
pairwise homothetic
(4) Let Ns Ns0 , Ns00 be theB 0 0 0 00 00 00 00
Anine-point centers of Na Nb Nc , Na Nb Nc , Na Nb Nc . Then Ns is the midpoint of N Ns ,
0
Ns = Ns0 . Also quadrilaterals Na0 Nb0 Nc0 N and Na00 Nb00 Nc00 Ns0 are homothetic and both are cyclic.
Na
Nb
Nb0 Na00 Nc0
N
Nb00
Nc00
Na
Nb Na0
Nc
C B
Nc
Fact 2.1.1(1) Fact 2.1.1(2), (3) and (4)
2.1.2. Consider any triangle ABC with the nine-point center N . Denote the pedal triangle A0 B 0 C 0 of N wrt ABC.
Consider the nine-point centers Na , Nb , Nc , Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 , NA , NB , NC of N BC, N AC, N AB, N B 0 C 0 , N A0 C 0 , N A0 B 0 ,
AB 0 C 0 , BA0 C 0 , CA0 B 0 , respectively. Also let Nab , Nac be the nine-point centers of AN B 0 , AN C 0 . Similarly define Nba ,
Nbc , Nca , Ncb . Then
(1) Circles (NA Nab Nac Na0 ), (NB Nba Nbc Nb0 ), (NC Nca Ncb Nc0 ) are concurrent at point L
(2) Consider the reflections a N , a N 0 of Na , Na0 wrt N A0 , respectively. Similarly define b N , b N 0 , c N , c N 0 . Then the
circles (Na Nb Nc ), (Na0 Nb0 Nc0 ), (a N b N c N ), (a N 0 b N 0 c N 0 ) are concurrent at L. Moreover, (a N b N c N ) is a line
(3) Circle through the nine-point centers N a , N b , N c of b N c N N , a N c N N , a N b N N is tangent to a N b N c N at L
(4) Consider the nine-point centers N 0 , Ns , Ns0 , s N , s N 0 of A0 B 0 C 0 , Na Nb Nc , Na0 Nb0 Nc0 , a N b N c N , a N 0 b N 0 c N 0 .
Then N , N 0 , Ns0 , L lie on the perpendicular from N to a N b N c N , Ns0 is the midpoint of N L, and N Ns k s N 0 Ns0 .
A
A
NA
Nac
C0
C0
Nab
Nb
B0 Nbc
Nb0 Na
L N
Ncb B0 N
NB L
NC Na0
Nca Nba Nc0
Nc
C B C B
0 0
A A
Fact 2.1.2(1) Fact 2.1.2(2)
46
A
aN
Ns
N
N0
C0
0
Ns0 sN
Nb
Na L
B0 N
bN
Nc
cN
C B
A0
Fact 2.1.2(2) Fact 2.1.2(3) and (4)
2.1.3. Consider any triangle ABC with the nine-point center N . Let Na be the nine-point center of N BC. Consider
the reflections Aa , Ba , Ca of Na wrt BC, AC, AB, respectively. Let Ma be the midpoint of the segment between Aa and
the nine-point center NA of ABa Ca . Similarly define Mb , Mc . Then Ma , Mb , Mc are collinear.
A
A
NA Bb
Bb
Cc
Ba
NA
Ca
Mb
N
Cc
Na Ma
Mc
C B
NC NC NB
NB B
C
Aa Aa
Fact 2.1.3 Obtuse triangle case 4 case
LIST OF PHRASES
47
NPC – INC
2.2.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let N be its nine-point center. Consider the nine-point centers Na , Nb , Nc of
N BC, N AC, N AB, respectively. Consider the triangle Aa Ba Ca with two vertices Ba , Ca lying on AB, AC and such
that the circle with center A and radius ANa is its incircle (or excircle) which is tangent to Ba Ca at Na . Let N Aa meet
BC at A0 . Similarly define B 0 , C 0 . Then
(1) Triangles ABC and Aa Bb Cc are perspective
(2) Perpendiculars from A0 , B 0 , C 0 to BC, AC, AB are concurrent.
Cc
A A
Cc
C0
Bb Bb
B0
Nb Na
N
N
Nc
B
C B
A0
C
Aa
Aa
Fact 2.2.1(1) Fact 2.2.1(2)
2.2.2. Consider any triangle ABC and any point P . Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of P wrt ABC. Consider the
nine-point centers Na , Nb , Nc of P BC, P AC, P AB, respectively. Let ωA0 , ωB 0 , ωC 0 be the circles with centers A0 ,
B 0 , C 0 and radiuses A0 Na , B 0 Nb , C 0 Nc , respectively. Consider the triangle 4A0 with two vertices A1 , A2 lying on AP ,
BC and such that ωA0 is its incircle (or excircle) which is tangent to A1 A2 at Na . Let A3 be the third vertex of 4A0 .
Similarly define B3 , X3 . Then A3 , B3 , X3 are collinear.
B0
C0
P
Na
A0 B
C
C3
A3
B3
Fact 2.2.2
LIST OF PHRASES
48
NPC – CIRCUMCENTERS
2.3.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the nine-point center N . Let Na , Nb , Nc be the nine-point centers of N BC,
N AC, N AB. Consider the circumcenters Oa , Ob , Oc of N Nb Nc , N Na Nc , N Na Nb , respectively. Then the reflections of
N Oa , N Ob , N Oc wrt sides of ABC are concurrent.
N AC, N AB, respectively. Consider the circumcenters OA , OB , OC , Oa , Ob , Oc of N BC, N AC, N AB, N Nb Nc ,
N Na Nc , N Na Nb . Then the circles (Oa OB OC ), (Ob OA OC ), (Oc OA OB ), (Oa Ob Oc ) are concurrent at the same point.
A
OB
Na OC
Ob
Oc N
Nc
A
Oa
Nb
C B
Na
Ob
Oc
N
Nb Oa Nc
C B
OA
Fact 2.3.1 Fact 2.3.2
N AC, N AB, respectively. Consider the circumcenters OA , OB , OC , Oa , Ob , Oc of N BC, N AC, N AB, N Nb Nc ,
0 0 0
N Na Nc , N Na Nb , respectively. Let OA , OB , OC , Oa0 , Ob0 , Oc0 be the circumcenters of N OB OC , N OA OC , N OA OB ,
N Ob Oc , N Oa Oc , N Oa Ob , respectively. Then
0 0 0
(1) Triangles OA OB OC and Oa Ob Oc are perspective
(2) Triangles OA OB OC and Oa0 Ob0 Oc0 are perspective.
0
OA
OC
A
OB
Oc Na
Nb
N
Ob
Oa
Nc 0
OB
C B
0
OC
OA
Fact 2.3.3(1)
49
A
OC
OB
Oc
0
Ob0 Oa
N
Oa
Ob
C B
Oc0
OA
Fact 2.3.3(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
50
NPC – EULER LINES
2.4.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let ω be its nine-point circle. Let ω meet the sides of ABC at A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2
where A1 B1 C1 is the midpoint triangle and A2 B2 C2 is the orthic triangle of ABC. Consider the second intersection
points A01 , A02 of AA1 , AA2 with ω. Let the Euler lines of AA1 A02 , AA2 A01 meet at Ea . Similarly define Eb , Ec . Then
ABC is perspective to Ea Eb Ec .
A01
A02
Ea
Eb
Ec
C B
A2 A1
Fact 2.4.1
LIST OF PHRASES
51
NPC – MIXTILINEAR CIRCLES
2.5.1. (N.Dergiades and A.Myakishev [24]) Consider any triangle ABC and let ω be its nine-point circle. Consider
the circle ωa which is internally tangent to ω and is tangent to AB, AC (which is different from the incircle of ABC).
Similarly define ωb , ωc . Then the centers of ωa , ωb , ωc are collinear.
C B
Fact 2.5.1
LIST OF PHRASES
52
NPC – ISOGONAL CONJUGATIONS
2.6.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let N be its nine-point center. Let A0 be the foot of A – altitude of ABC.
Consider the isogonal conjugations Ab , Ac of A0 wrt ABN , ACN . Then the line Ab Ac is tangent to the nine-point circle
of ABC.
2.6.2. Consider any quadrilateral ABCD. Let Na , Nb , Nc , Nd be the nine-point centers of BCD, ACD, ABD, ABC,
respectively. Consider the common point P of the nine-point circles of ABC, BCD, CDA, DAB (i.e. the Poncelet point
of ABCD). Then the isogonal conjugations of P wrt Na Nb Nc , Na Nb Nd , Na Nc Nd , Nb Nc Nd form a quadrilateral which
is homothetic to Na Nb Nc Nd .
B
C
Ac
N Na
Nd
Pb
P Pc
C B
0
A
Nc
Nb
Pa Pd
Ab A
Fact 2.6.1 Fact 2.6.2
2.6.3. Consider any triangle ABC and let N be its nine-point center. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the pedal triangle of N wrt ABC.
Consider the nine-point centers Na , Nb , Nc of N BC, N AC, N AB, respectively.
(1) Let Na0 be the isogonal conjugation of Na wrt N B 0 C 0 , similarly define Nb0 , Nc0 . Then N , Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 are collinear
(2) Circles (A0 Nb0 Nc0 ), (B 0 Na0 Nc0 ), (C 0 Na0 Nb0 ), (A0 B 0 C 0 ) are concurrent (deformed Miquel point)
(3) Let NA0 be the isogonal conjugation of Na wrt AB 0 C 0 , similarly define NB0 , NC0 . Then NA0 , NB0 , NC0 are collinear
(4) Isogonal conjugations of Na , Nb , Nc wrt A0 B 0 C 0 lie on the circle with diameter N H, where H is the orthocenter
of ABC.
A
0
NA
∞
0
NB
Nb0
0
NC
B0
Na0 C0
Na
Nc
N
Nc0 Nb
C B
A0
53
0
NC
0
NA
0
NB
B0 C0
Na
N
Nb Nc
B
C
A0
Fact 2.6.3(3)
2.6.4. Consider any triangle ABC and let N be its nine-point center. Let A1 B1 C1 , A2 B2 C2 be the midpoint and the
orthic triangles of ABC, respectively. Consider a triangle 41 formed with the isogonal conjugations of N wrt AB1 C1 ,
BA1 C1 , CA1 B1 . Similarly let 42 be a triangle formed with the isogonal conjugations of N wrt AB2 C2 , BA2 C2 , CA2 B2 .
Then
(1) Triangles 41 , 42 are similar
(2) Triangles 41 , 42 share the same orthocenter H 0 .
H0
A 41
C2
B2
B1 C1
N
C B
42 A2 A1
Fact 2.6.4
LIST OF PHRASES
54
NPC – RADICAL LINES
2.7.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the nine-point circle ω and the nine-point center N . Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the midpoint
triangle of ABC. Consider the nine-point circles Ωab , Ωac of AN B 0 , AN C 0 and let à be their radical line. Similarly
define `b , `c . Then
(1) Lines à , `b , `c are concurrent
(2) Consider any point P on ω and let ωab , ωac be the nine-point circles of AP B 0 , AP C 0 . Denote by ra the radical
line of ωab , ωac (in fact, ωab , ωac are tangent and ra is their common tangent line). Similarly define rb , rc . Then
ra , rb , rc form a triangle which is perspective to both ABC and A0 B 0 C 0 .
P
B0 C0
B0 C0
N
C B C B
0 0
A A
Fact 2.7.1(1) Fact 2.7.1(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
55
ORTHOCENTERS
Fractal-like configurations with orthocenters
3.1.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the orthic triangle of ABC. Consider the
orthocenters Ha , H a of AB 0 C 0 , AA0 Ha , respectively. Similarly define H b , H c . Then H a , H b , H c are collinear.
Hc
A Hb
Ha
Ha
0 C0
B
H Hb
Hc
C B
A0
Fact 3.1.1
3.1.2. (Based on Angel Montesdeoca [23]) Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let the line through H
and parallel to BC meet AB, AC at Ab , Ac , respectively. Consider the intersection point A0 of BAc , CAb . Let Hab ,
Hac be the orthocenters of A0 BAb , A0 CAc , respectively. Similarly define Hba , Hbc , Hca , Hcb . Then
(1) Points Hab , Hac , Hba , Hbc , Hca , Hcb lie on the same conic
(2) Lines Hab Hac , Hba Hbc , Hca Hcb form a triangle with vertices lying on AH, BH, CH.
A A
Hca Hca
Hba Hba
Hac Hac
Hab Hab
H H
Ac Ab Ac Ab
A0 A0
C B C B
Hcb Hcb
Hbc Hbc
Fact 3.1.2(1) Fact 3.1.2(2)
3.1.3. Let AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 be the altitudes of a triangle ABC and H be its orthocenter. Consider the orthocenter Ha
and the altitudes B 0 B1 , C 0 C1 of HB 0 C 0 . Let à be the line through the orthocenters of A0 B1 C1 , Ha B1 C1 . Similarly
define `b , `c . Then à , `b , `c are parallel.
56
A
C0
B0
H
B1 C1
Ha
C
B
A0
Fact 3.1.3 Equilateral triangle case
LIST OF PHRASES
57
ORTHOCENTERS – INC
3.2.1. Consider a triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Let D = B 0 C 0 ∩ AA0 . Let I1 ,
I2 , I3 , I4 , I5 , I6 be the incenters of the triangles BA0 C 0 , CA0 B 0 , HBC 0 , HCB 0 , HC 0 D, HB 0 D, respectively. Then
(1) Lines I1 I3 , I2 I4 , AA0 are concurrent.
(2) Lines I3 I5 , I4 I6 , AA0 are concurrent.
D C0 C0
B0 D
0
B I5
I4 H I3 I6
I3
I4
I2 I1
H
C A0 B C A0
B
Fact 3.2.1(1) Fact 3.2.1(2)
3.2.2. Let given a triangle ABC with altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Let lA be the line which passes through the incenters
of AA0 B and AA0 C. Similarly define lB , lC . Then the triangle formed by lA , lB , lC is perspective to ABC.
3.2.3. (Equivalent version of Thanh Tùng Vũ [19]) Let given a triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let AA0 , BB 0 ,
CC 0 be the altitudes of ABC. Consider any point P and let Ia , Ib , Ic be the incenters of P BC, P AC, P AB, respectively.
Then AIa , BIb , CIc are concurrent.
A
A
C0
P
B0
H
C0
B0
H A0 B
C
C A0 B
Fact 3.2.2 Fact 3.2.3
3.2.4. Let given a triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 be the altitudes of ABC. Let A00 be the
intersection point of AA0 with B 0 C 0 , similarly define B 00 , C 00 . Consider the line àb through the incenters of B 0 A00 A,
B 0 A00 H, similarly let `bc be the line through the incenters of C 0 A00 A, C 0 A00 H. Let àb , àc meet at A1 . Similarly define
B1 , C1 . Then A1 B1 C1 is perspective to ABC.
A
C0
A00 C1
B0
B1
H
A1
C A0 B
Fact 3.2.4
58
3.2.5. Let given a triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Let the second tangent line
through A0 to A – excircle of ABC meet the second tangent line through B 0 to B – excircle of ABC at C1 . Let the second
tangent line through A0 to C – excircle of ABC meet the second tangent line through B 0 to C – excircle of ABC at C2 .
Then C 0 , C1 , C2 are collinear.
B0
C0
C2
C1 H
A0 B
C
Fact 3.2.5
3.2.6. Let given a triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Let the circle ω1 is internally
tangent to the incircles of the triangles HA0 C, HB 0 A, HC 0 B. Similarly let the circle ω2 is internally tangent to the
incircles of the triangles HA0 B, HB 0 C, HC 0 A. Then H lies on the radical line of ω1 and ω2 .
3.2.7. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Let Ia , Iab , Iac be the incenters
of HBC, HA0 B, HA0 C. Similarly define Ib , Ic , Ibc , Icb , Iba , Ica . Then the lines Iba Ica , Iab Icb , Iac Ibc form a triangle
which is perspective to Ia Ib Ic .
A
B0
Ica C0
C0
H Iba Ic
B0 Icb
Ib
Ibc H
C Ia I
Iac ab
A0 B
C B
0
A
Fact 3.2.6 Fact 3.2.7
3.2.8. Let given a triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let WA , WB , WC be the reflections of H wrt lines BC,
AC, AB, respectively. Let IAB be the H – excenter of the triangle AHWB (and let (IAB ) be the excircle itself ), IBA
be the H – excenter of the triangle BHWA (and let (IBA ) be the excircle itself ). Similarly define IBC , ICB , IAC , ICA
and (IBC ), (ICB ), (IAC ), (ICA ). Suppose that the circle ω1 externally touches to (IAB ), (IBC ), (ICA ). Suppose that the
circle ω2 externally touches to (IAC ), (IBA ), (ICB ). Then
(1) Point H lies on the radical line of (IAB IBC ICA ) and (IBA ICB IAC )
(2) Point H lies on the radical line of ω1 and ω2 .
59
ICB C
ICA
WB
WA
WA WB
IAB
IBA H
A H
B
WC A
IAC
B
IBC
WC
Fact 3.2.8(1) Fact 3.2.8(2)
3.2.9. Let given a triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let WA , WB , WC be the reflections of H wrt lines BC,
AC, AB, respectively. Let JAB be the incenter of the triangle AHWB (and let (JAB ) be the incircle itself ), JBA be the
incenter of the triangle BHWA (and let (JBA ) be the incircle itself ). Similarly define JBC , JCB , JAC , JCA and (JBC ),
(JCB ), (JAC ), (JCA ). Suppose that the circle π1 internally touches to (JAB ), (JBC ), (JCA ). Suppose that the circle π2
internally touches to (JAC ), (JBA ), (JCB ). Then
(1) Point H lies on the radical line of (JAB JBC JCA ) and (JBA JCB JAC )
(2) Point H lies on the radical line of π1 and π2 .
WB WB
A A
JAB
JAC
WC WC
JCB
H H
JBC
C JCA JBA B C B
WA WA
Fact 3.2.9(1) Fact 3.2.9(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
60
ORTHOCENTERS – INC – CIRCUMCENTERS
Definition 3.3. Two triangles A1 B1 C1 and A2 B2 C2 are orthologic if the perpendiculars from the vertices A1 , B1 ,
C1 on the sides B2 C2 , A2 C2 , A2 B2 are concurrent. Furthermore, if this is the case, then the perpendiculars from the
vertices A2 , B2 , C2 on the sides B1 C1 , A1 C1 , A1 B1 are also concurrent.
3.3.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Consider the incenters Iab , Iac
of HA0 B, HA0 C. Similarly define Iba , Ibc , Ica , Icb . Let Oa , Ob , Oc be the circumcenters of HIab Iac , HIba Ibc , HIca Icb .
Then
(1) Triangles Oa Ob Oc and ABC are orthologic
(2) Triangles Oa Ob Oc and A0 B 0 C 0 are orthologic.
A A
Ica Ica
Iba C0 Iba C0
B0 B0
Oc Oc
Ob Ob
Icb Icb
Ibc H Ibc H
Oa Oa
Iac Iab Iac Iab
C B C B
A0 A0
Fact 3.3.1(1) Fact 3.3.1(2)
of HBC, HA0 B, HA0 C. Similarly define Ib , Ic , Ibc , Icb , Iba , Ica . Consider the circumcenters OA , OB , OC of Ia Iab Iac ,
Ib Iba Ibc , Ic Ica Icb . Then the triangles OA OB OC and A0 B 0 C 0 are orthologic.
OC
C0
OB
B0
Ia
Iab
Iac
C B
0
A
OA
Fact 3.3.2
LIST OF PHRASES
61
ORTHOCENTERS – INC – ISOGONAL CONJUGATIONS
3.4.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Consider the incenters Ia ,
Ib , Ic of AB 0 C 0 , BA0 C 0 , CA0 B 0 respectively. Let Ia0 be the isogonal conjugation of Ia wrt ABC. Similarly define Ib0 , Ic0 .
Let A1 , B1 , C1 be the isogonal conjugations of A, B, C wrt Ia0 Ib0 Ic0 . Then Ia A1 , Ib B1 , Ic C1 are parallel. In addition, the
triangle A1 B1 C1 can be obtained from the triangle Ia Ib Ic after some parallel translation.
Ia
A1
C0
Ic0
B 0 Ib0
H
Ib
B1
Ic
C1
C Ia0 B
0
A
Fact 3.4.1
3.4.2. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Consider the incenters IA ,
Ia , Iab , Iac of AB 0 C 0 , HB 0 C 0 , HAB 0 , HAC 0 respectively. Let Ha , A1 be the isogonal conjugations of H, A wrt Ia Iab Iac ,
IA Iab Iac respectively. Similarly define Hb , Hc , B1 , C1 . Then
(1) Triangles Ha Hb Hc and ABC are perspective
(2) Lines B 0 C1 , C 0 B1 , A0 B1 , B 0 A1 , A0 C1 , C 0 A1 form a convex hexagon which three vertices (different from A1 , B1 ,
C1 ) lie on AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 .
IA
Iac
Ha C0 Iac
Iab C0
Iab B 0 A1
B0 Ia
Ibc
H H Ibc
Icb Icb
Ib B1
C1
Hc Hb
Ic IB
IC
Iba Ica Iba
Ica
C B C B
0 0
A A
Fact 3.4.2(1) Fact 3.4.2(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
62
ORTHOCENTERS – INC – RADICAL LINES
of HBC, HA0 B, HA0 C. Similarly define Ib , Ic , Ibc , Icb , Iba , Ica .
(1) Consider the radical ra line of (ABC), (Ia Iab Iac ), similarly define rb , rc . Then ra , rb , rc form a triangle which
is perspective to ABC
(2) Consider the radical la line of (AB 0 C 0 ), (Ia Iab Iac ), similarly define lb , lc . Then la , lb , lc form a triangle which
is perspective to ABC.
C0
B0
Ia
Iac Iab
C B
0
A
Fact 3.5.1(1)
C0
B0
Ia
Iab
Iac
C B
0
A
Fact 3.5.1(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
63
ORTHOCENTERS – INC – CIRCUMCONICS
3.6.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Consider the circumconic Ca
passing through H, B, C and the incenters of HA0 B, HA0 C. Similarly define Cb , Cc . Consider two intersection points
A1 , A2 of Cb , Cc which are different from A, H. Similarly define B1 , B2 , C1 , C2 . Then
(1) Points A1 , A2 , B1 , B2 , C1 , C2 lie on the same conic
(2) Lines A1 A2 , B1 B2 , C1 C2 form a triangle with vertices lying on AH, BH, CH.
C0
A2
B0
A1
H B1
C2
C1 B2
C B
0
A
Fact 3.6.1(1)
C0
A2
B0
A1
H B1
C2
C1 B2
C B
0
A
Fact 3.6.1(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
64
ORTHOCENTERS – INC – ELLIPSES
Definition 3.4. Consider any three points A, B, C and let CAB , CAC be any two ellipses with focuses A, B (for CAB )
and A, C (for CAC ). Consider the two real intersection points X, Y of CAB , CAC (it is a known fact that there are only
two of them if the ellipses are not nested). By definition, let LA (CAB , CAC ) be the internal angle bisector of ∠XAY .
3.7.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let HA be the reflection of H wrt BC. Similarly define
HB and HC . Let IAHB be the incenter of a triangle formed by AC, HB HC and AHB . And let CAHB be a conic with
focuses A, HB and which goes through IAHB . Similarly define the conics CCHB , CAHC , CBHC , CCHA , CBHA . Let A0 be
the second intersection point of LA (CAHB , CAHC ) with (ABC). Similarly define B 0 , C 0 .
(1) Line LHA (CBHA , CCHA ) is tangent to (ABC) at HA
(2) Lines HA A0 , HB B 0 , HC C 0 are concurrent.
HC
HB
HA
Fact 3.7.1(1) and (2)
LIST OF PHRASES
65
ORTHOCENTERS – NPC
3.8.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be the reflections of H wrt sides of ABC.
Consider the nine-point centers N , Na , NA of ABC, A0 BC, HB 0 C 0 . Similarly define Nb , Nc , NB , NC . Then
(1) Circles (N Na NA ), (N Nb NB ), (N Nc NC ) are coaxial
(2) Nine-point circles of N Na NA , N Nb NB , N Nc NC are coaxial.
C0 C0
A A
NA NA
B0 B0
H H
N N
C B C B
Na Na
0 0
A A
Fact 3.8.1(1) Fact 3.8.1(2)
Consider the nine-point centers NA , NB , NC , NA0 , NB0 , NC0 of AB 0 C 0 , BA0 C 0 , CA0 B 0 , A0 BC, B 0 AC, C 0 AB, respectively.
(1) The hexagon NA NC0 NB NA0 NC NB0 is centrally symmetric
(2) The nine-point centers N , N 0 , N1 , N2 of ABC, A0 B 0 C 0 , NA NB NC , NA0 NB0 NC0 form a parallelogram
(3) Reflection of N 0 N1 wrt N N2 goes through H
(4) Consider the nine-point centers Na , Nb , Nc of HB 0 C 0 , HA0 C 0 , HA0 B 0 , respectively. Let MA , MB , MC , MA0 ,
MB 0 , MC 0 be the midpoints of Na NA , Nb NB , Nc NC , Na NA0 , Nb NB 0 , Nc NC 0 , respectively. Then the triangles
MA MB MC and MA0 MB 0 MC 0 are homothetic to A0 B 0 C 0 and ABC, respectively. Moreover, MA MB MC and
MA0 MB 0 MC 0 share the same nine-point circle.
NA NA
A
A C0
NC 0
NB 0 B0 MA NC 0
NB 0
H
0
MB 0 MC 0
N N
2
Nb Na
N1 N
Nc
MB
NB
NC
C B MC
NB
NC C MA0 B
NA0
NA0
A0
Fact 3.8.2(1), (2) and (3) Fact 3.8.2(4)
LIST OF PHRASES
66
ORTHOCENTERS – NPC – CIRCUMCENTERS
(1) Consider the nine-point centers Na , Nb , Nc , Na0 , Nb0 , Nc0 of AB 0 C 0 , BA0 C 0 , CA0 B 0 , A0 BC, B 0 AC, C 0 AB,
respectively. Then the circumcenters OA , OB , OC of Na Nb0 Nc0 , Nb Na0 Nc0 , Nc Na0 Nb0 form a triangle which is
perspective to ABC
(2) H is the orthocenter of OA OB OC .
NA
A C0
NC 0
NB 0
B0
OB OA
H
NB
OC
C B
NC
NA0
A0
3.9.2. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be the reflections of H wrt sides of ABC. Let
the line B 0 C 0 meet AB, AC at Ac , Ab , respectively. Similarly define Ba , Bc , Ca , Cb . Consider the nine-point centers
Nab , Nac of AB 0 Ab , AC 0 Ac , respectively. Similarly define Nba , Nbc , Nca , Ncb . Then the circumcenters of ANab Nac ,
BNba Nbc , CNca Ncb form a triangle which is perspective to ABC.
C0
OA
Nac
Ac
Nab
0
B Ab
Bc
Nbc
H
Ncb A
0
Cb B C0
H
OC OB
Nba C B
C Nca
B
Ca Ba A0
A0
Fact 3.9.2 Equilateral triangle case
LIST OF PHRASES
67
ORTHOCENTERS – NPC – RADICAL LINES
3.10.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the orthic triangle of ABC. Consider points
A1 , B1 , C1 on AH, BH, CH, such that A1 B1 C1 is homothetic to ABC. Let ra be the radical line of the nine-point
circles of AA1 B 0 and AA1 C 0 . Similarly define rb , rc . Then ra , rb , rc are concurrent.
A1
C0
0
B
C1 B1
C B
A0
Fact 3.10.1
LIST OF PHRASES
68
ORTHOCENTERS – FERMAT POINTS
3.11.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let A0 B 0 C 0 be its orthic triangle. Consider the first Fermat points F , Fa , Fb ,
Fc of A0 B 0 C 0 , AB 0 C 0 , BA0 C 0 , CA0 B 0 , respectively. Let FA , FB , FC be the second Fermat points of Fa B 0 C 0 , Fb A0 C 0 ,
Fc A0 B 0 , respectively. Then FA FB FC F is cyclic.
Fa
C0
B0
FA
F
FB
H
FC
Fc
Fb
C B
A0
Fact 3.11.1
Remark. For another examples of facts that belong to this section, it is possible to replace the first Fermat point F (or
F1 ) of ABC in each fact 6.1.1, 6.1.3 and 6.1.4 from the topic Fermat points with the orthocenter H of ABC (see also
the Remark).
LIST OF PHRASES
69
ORTHOCENTERS – FERMAT POINTS – CIRCUMCENTERS
3.12.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Consider a circle with center
OA which goes through H and the first Fermat points of HBC 0 , HCB 0 . Similarly define OB , OC . Then
(1) AOA , BOB , COC are concurrent at the second Fermat point of ABC
(2) Triangles ABC and OA OB OC are orthologic.
A
OA
C0
B0
H
OC
C A0 B
OB
Fact 3.12.1(1) and (2)
3.12.2. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Consider the first Fermat
points Fa , Fb , Fc of AB 0 C 0 , BA0 C 0 , CA0 B 0 , respectively. Let Fab , Fac be the second Fermat points of AC 0 Fa , AB 0 Fa .
Similarly define Fba , Fbc , Fca , Fcb . Consider the circumcenters Oa , OA of Fa Fab Fac , A0 Fbc Fcb , respectively. Similarly
define Ob , OB , Oc , OC . Then
(1) Triangles Oa Ob Oc and Fa Fb Fc are perspective
(2) Lines through A, B, C and perpendicular to the sides of OA OB OC are concurrent.
A
Oa
Fac Fab
Fa
OC
Fab OB
Fac C0
B0
Fa Fba
Fca H
C0 Fb
Fc
B0
Fba
B
C
Fca H Fb
Fcb A0
Fc Fbc
Oc Ob
C
B
Fcb A0 Fbc
OA
Fact 3.12.2(1) Fact 3.12.2(2)
70
3.12.3. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Let Ha , Hb , Hc be the
reflections of H wrt BC, AC, AB, respectively. Consider the first (second) Fermat points Fab , Fac of Ha A0 B, Ha A0 C.
Similarly define Fba , Fbc , Fca , Fcb . Let Oa , Ob , Oc be the circumcenters of Ha Fab Fac , Hb Fba Fbc , Hc Fca Fcb . Then the
lines Ha Oa , Hb Ob , Hc Oc form an equilateral triangle.
Hc
A
Oc
C0
Hb
Ob
B0
H
C A0 B
Fac
Fab
Oa
Ha
Fact 3.12.3
LIST OF PHRASES
71
ORTHOCENTERS – FEUERBACH POINTS
3.13.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be the reflections of H wrt BC, AC, AB.
Consider the intersections Ab , Ac of AB, AC with B 0 C 0 . Let the nine-point circle of AAb Ac is tangent to its A – excircle
at Fa . Also let the nine-point circle of HAb Ac is tangent to its H – excircle at F a . Consider the line à through A and
the intersection of Fa F a with B 0 C 0 . Similarly define `b , `c . Then à , `b , `c are concurrent.
C0
Ab
a
F Fa
Ac
B0
C
B
A0
Fact 3.13.1
3.13.2. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and let A0 B 0 C 0 be the orthic triangle of ABC. Let Fa , Fb ,
Fc be the tangent points of the nine-point circle of A0 B 0 C 0 with its A0 , B 0 , C 0 – excircles. Let F a be the tangent point
of the nine-point circle of AB 0 C 0 with its incircle. Similarly define F b , F c . Let the circle ωa goes through F a and is
tangent to the nine-point circle of A0 B 0 C 0 at Fa . Consider the line à through the incenter of AB 0 C 0 and the center of
ωa . Similarly define `b , `c . Then à , `b , `c are concurrent.
ωa Fa
C0
Fa
B0
H ωb
ωc Fb
Fc
Fb
c
F
C B
0
A
Fact 3.13.2
LIST OF PHRASES
72
ORTHOCENTERS – MIXTILINEAR CIRCLES
Definition 3.5. By mixtilinear circle we mean a circle which is tangent to some two lines l1 , l2 and to some circle
ω. Also by A – mixtilinear incircle of a triangle ABC we mean a circle which is tangent to AB, AC and is internally
tangent to the smaller arc BC of (ABC).
3.14.1. Given a triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let the circle ωA is tangent to AB, AC and is externally tangent
to (BHC) at A0 . Similarly define B 0 , C 0 , ωB , ωC .
(1) Points A0 , B 0 , C 0 , H lie on the same circle
(2) Let the circle Ω is externally tangent to ωA , ωB , ωC . Then H lies on Ω.
B0
A0
C0
H
C B
Fact 3.14.1(1) and (2) Fact 3.14.1 Equilateral triangle case
3.14.2. Given a triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and the orthic triangle A0 B 0 C 0 . Let the circle ωA is tangent to
AB, AC and is internally tangent to (AB 0 C 0 ) at A0 . Similarly define B 0 , C 0 , ωB , ωC .
(1) Points A0 , B 0 , C 0 , H lie on the same circle
(2) Let the circle Ω is externally tangent to ωA , ωB , ωC . Then H lies on Ω.
C0
B0
H
C B
A0
Fact 3.14.2(2) Fact 3.14.2 Equilateral triangle case
3.14.3. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Let the H – mixtilinear
incircle of AHC 0 is tangent to (AHC 0 ) at AB . Let the H – mixtilinear incircle of BHC 0 is tangent to (BHC 0 ) at BA .
Consider the second intersection point C1 of (AB BA C 0 ) with AB. Similarly define A1 , B1 . Then AA1 , BB1 , CC1 are
concurrent.
73
A
AB
C0
BA
AC 0
B
CA H
C A0 B
BC
CB
Fact 3.14.3
3.14.4. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Let the circle ωA is tangent
to BB 0 , CC 0 and is internally tangent to the smaller arc B 0 C 0 of (BCB 0 C 0 ) at point TA . Consider the center OA of ωA ,
similarly define OB , OC , TB , TC . Then
(1) Triangles ABC, OA OB OC are perspective
(2) Triangles ABC, TA TB TC are perspective
(3) Circles (ATA A0 ), (BTB B 0 ), (CTC C 0 ) are coaxial.
A
A
C0 C0
TA
TA
B0
H B0
H
TC TC
TB
TB
C A0 C A 0
B
B
Fact 3.14.4(1) and (2) Fact 3.14.4 (3)
3.14.5. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Let the circle ωAB is tangent
to the lines AH, B 0 C 0 and is internally tangent to the smaller arc AB 0 of the circle (AB 0 C 0 ) at point A1 . Let the circle
ωAC is tangent to the lines AH, B 0 C 0 and is internally tangent to the smaller arc AC 0 of the circle (AB 0 C 0 ) at point
A2 . Consider the line À through A1 A2 . Similarly define `B , `C . Then the vertices of the triangle formed with À , `B ,
`C lie on the lines AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 .
3.14.6. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Let the circle ωAB is tangent
to the lines AH, B 0 C 0 and is internally tangent to the smaller arc AB 0 of the circle (AB 0 C 0 ) at point A1 . Let the circle
ωAC is tangent to the lines AH, B 0 C 0 and is internally tangent to the smaller arc AC 0 of the circle (AB 0 C 0 ) at point
A2 . Consider two tangent lines À1 , À2 from A1 , A2 to the circle (AB 0 C 0 ). Similarly define `B1 , `B2 , `C1 , `C2 . Then
the lines À1 , À2 , `B1 , `B2 , `C1 , `C2 form a hexagon with vertices on the lines AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 which has an incircle ω.
Moreover, ω coincides with the incircle of ABC.
74
A A
B0
C0
H
H
C B C B
0
A
Fact 3.14.5 Fact 3.14.6
3.14.7. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Let the H – mixtilinear
incircle of B 0 HC 0 is tangent to (B 0 HC 0 ) at A1 . Similarly define B1 , C1 . Then AA1 , BB1 , CC1 form a triangle which
A1
C0 B1
C1 B0
B
C A0
Fact 3.14.7
LIST OF PHRASES
75
ORTHOCENTERS – ISOGONAL CONJUGATIONS
3.15.1. Consider any triangle ABC and any point P . Let Ha , Hb , Hc be the orthocenters of P BC, P AC, P AB.
Then the isogonal conjugations Ha0 , Hb0 , Hc0 of Ha , Hb , Hc wrt ABC lie on the same line. Moreover, circles (AHb0 Hc0 ),
(BHa0 Hc0 ), (CHa0 Hb0 ), (ABC) are concurrent (deformed Miquel point).
Ha
A
Hb0 C B
P
Hc0
Hb
B Ha0
C
Hc
Fact 3.15.1 4 case, P = O
3.15.2. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the orthic triangle of ABC. Consider any
point P and let A1 , B1 , C1 be the isogonal conjugations of A, B, C wrt P B 0 C 0 , P A0 C 0 , P A0 B 0 , respectively. Then AA1 ,
BB1 , CC1 are concurrent.
P
C0
B0
H A1
A0 B
C
B1
C1
Fact 3.15.2
3.15.3. Let given any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let A1 be the reflection of H wrt BC, similarly define the
points B1 , C1 . Let A1 B1 meet CA and CB at CB , CA , respectively. Similarly define AB , AC , BA , BC . Let HAB1 be
the isogonal conjugation of H wrt AAB B1 . Similarly define HAB1 , HBA1 , HBC1 , HCA1 , HAC1 . Then
(1) Lines HAB1 HBA1 , HBC1 HCB1 , HCA1 HAC1 are concurrent
76
(2) Let HA be the isogonal conjugation of H wrt AAB AC , similarly define HB , HC . Then H coincides with the
orthocenter of HA HB HC .
HAC1
A
HAB1 A
C1
AC C1
AB
AC
B1
AB
B1 HB
BC
HBC1 BC
HCB1 H
CB H
CB HC HA
CA BA CA BA
C B C B
HCA1 A1
A1 HBA1
Fact 3.15.3(1) Fact 3.15.3(2)
3.15.4. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the orthic triangle of ABC. Consider
the reflections A1 , B1 , C1 of H wrt BC, AC, AB, respectively. Consider the second intersection points A2 , B2 , C2 of
the circles (AB 0 C 0 ), (A0 BC 0 ), (A0 B 0 C) with (ABC). Let A00 , A02 be the isogonal conjugations of A, A2 wrt HB1 C1 .
Consider the perpendicular bisector à of A00 A02 . Similarly define `b , `c . Then à , `b , `c are concurrent.
3.15.5. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be the reflections of H wrt BC, AC, AB.
Let A0 B 0 , A0 C 0 , BC form a triangle 4A . Consider the isogonal conjugation Ha of H wrt 4A . Similarly define Hb , Hc .
Then the isogonal conjugation of H wrt Ha Hb Hc lies on (ABC).
A2 A
A
C1
B1 C1
0
C
B0 B1
H Ha Hc
Hb
C2
B2
A0 C B
B
C
A02 A00
A1
A1
Fact 3.15.4 Fact 3.15.5
LIST OF PHRASES
77
ORTHOCENTERS – CIRCUMCONICS
3.16.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the orthocenter H and altitudes AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 . Consider the reflections A1 ,
B1 , C1 of H wrt BC, AC, AB. Let Ca be the circumconic of AB1 B 0 C1 C 0 . Similarly define Cb , Cc . Then
(1) Triangle formed with centers of Ca , Cb , Cc is perspective to ABC
(2) Let A2 be the intersection point of Ca with (ABC) different from A, B1 , C1 , similarly define B2 , C2 . Let the
circumconic of ABCHA2 meet Cb , Cc second time at Ab , Ac . Similarly define Ba , Bc , Ca , Cb . Then Ab , Ac ,
Ba , Bc , Ca , Cb lie on the same conic.
C1
B1 C0
B0
C B
0
A
A1
Fact 3.16.1(1)
A
A2 C1
B1 C0
Ca Ba
B0
H
Ac Ab
C2 Cb
Bc
B2
C B
0
A
A1
Fact 3.16.1(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
78
ORTHOCENTERS – SQUARES
3.17.1. Let given any (convex) quadrilateral ABCD. Consider the orthocenters Ha , Hb , Hc , Hd of BCD, ACD, ABD,
ABC, respectively. Construct the squares AHb , BHa on the segments AHb , BHa , such that their centers lie inside
ABCD. Let Nab be the midpoint of the segment between the centers of AHb , BHa , Similarly define Nbc , Ncd , Nda .
Then Nab Ncd ⊥ Nbc Nda and |Nab Ncd | = |Nbc Nda |.
B
Ncd
B
Nab
Nbc
Nab
Nda
Ha
Hb
D C
D C
Fact 3.17.1 Construction of Nab Fact 3.17.1
LIST OF PHRASES
79
ORTHOCENTERS – SQUARES – INC
3.18.1. Consider a triangle ABC with the orthocenter H. Let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be the reflections of H wrt BC,AC, AB,
respectively. Construct the squares AB 0 AB BA and AC 0 AC CA on the segments AB 0 , AC 0 which are outside wrt ABC.
Let Iab , Iac , IA be the incenters of AHC 0 , AHB 0 , ABA CA , respectively. Similarly define Iba , Ibc , Ica , Icb , IB , IC . Then
the perpendiculars from IA , IB , IC to Iab Iac , Iba Ibc , Ica Icb are concurrent.
CA
BA
AC
IA
AB
A
C0
Iab
Iac
B0
Iba
Ica H
Ibc B
C Icb
IC IB
A0
Fact 3.18.1
LIST OF PHRASES
80
CIRCUMCENTERS
Fractal-like configurations with circumcenters
0 0 0
4.1.1. Consider any triangle ABC and a point P . Let Oa , Ob , Oc , OA , OB , OC , OA , OB , OC be the circumcenters
0
of P BC, P AC, P AB, AOb Oc , BOa Oc , COa Ob , Oa BC, Ob AC, Oc AB, respectively. Then the midpoints of OA OA ,
0 0
OB OB , OC OC are collinear.
Ob
OA Oc
0
OB OC
0
OB P
OC
0
OA B
C
Oa
LIST OF PHRASES
81
CIRCUMCENTERS – INC
4.2.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the circumcenter O. Let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be the reflections of A, B, C wrt O. Let
C1 = B 0 C 0 ∩ AB, A1 = A0 C 0 ∩ BC, B1 = A0 B 0 ∩ AC. Consider the incenters IA , IC 0 , IB , IA0 , IC , IB 0 of AB 0 C1 , BC 0 C1 ,
A1 BC 0 , A0 A1 C, A0 B1 C, AB1 B 0 , respectively. Then the perpendicular bisectors of IA IC 0 , IB IA0 , IC IB 0 are concurrent.
IA
C1 C0
B0
IB 0 IC 0
B1
IB
IC A1 B
C
IA0
A0
Fact 4.2.1
LIST OF PHRASES
82
CIRCUMCENTERS – INC – RADICAL LINES
4.3.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the circumcenter O. Let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be the reflections of A, B, C wrt O.
Consider the circles ω1 , ω2 which are both tangent to AA0 , BC 0 and also tangent to AC 0 , BA0 (i.e. ω1 is tangent to
AC 0 and ω2 is tangent to BA0 ). Let ra be the radical line of ω1 and ω2 . Similarly define rb , rc . Then ra , rb , rc are
concurrent.
B0
C0
C
B
A0
Fact 4.3.1
LIST OF PHRASES
83
CIRCUMCENTERS – NPC
4.4.1. Consider any triangle ABC and any point P . Let Oa , Ob , Oc be the circumcenters of P BC, P AC, P AB,
respectively. Consider the midpoint Ma of the segment between the nine-point centers of AOb Oc , Oa BC. Similarly define
Mb , Mc . Then Ma , Mb , Mc are collinear.
Oc
Ob
B
C
Oa
LIST OF PHRASES
84
CIRCUMCENTERS – NPC – RADICAL LINES
4.5.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the circumcenter O. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of O wrt ABC. Consider
the nine-point circles Ωab , Ωac of AOB 0 , AOC 0 . Let à be the radical line of Ωab , Ωac . Similarly define `b , `c . Let à
meet BC at A00 , similarly define B 00 , C 00 . Then AA00 , BB 00 , CC 00 are concurrent.
C0
B0
B 00
O
C 00
C A0 A00 B
Fact 4.5.1
LIST OF PHRASES
85
CIRCUMCENTERS – ORTHOCENTERS
4.6.1. Let given any triangle ABC with the circumcenter O. Consider the orthocenters Ha , Hb , Hc , HA , HB , HC of
OBC, OAC, OBC, OHb Hc , OHa Hc , OHa Hb , respectively. Then the lines HA O, HB HC , BC are concurrent.
HA
A
Ha
HC
Hb
C B
Hc HB
Fact 4.6.1
4.6.2. Consider any quadrilateral ABCD. Let Oa , Ob , Oc , Od be the circumcenters of BCD, ACD, ABD, ABC.
Consider the orthocenters Ha , Hb , Hc , Hd of Ob Oc Od , Oa Oc Od , Oa Ob Od , Oa Ob Oc . Then
(1) ABC and Ha Hb Hc are orthologic
(2) Midpoints of different sides of ABCD lie on the sides of Ha Hb Hc Hd .
B C
Ha
Od
Hb Oc
Hc Ob
D
A Oa Hd
Fact 4.6.2(1) and (2)
LIST OF PHRASES
86
CIRCUMCENTERS – ORTHOCENTERS – CIRCUMCENTERS
4.7.1. Let given any triangle ABC with the circumcenter O. Consider the orthocenters Ha , Hb , Hc , HA , HB , HC of
OBC, OAC, OBC, OHb Hc , OHa Hc , OHa Hb , respectively. Consider the reflections A1 , A2 , A3 of O wrt BC, Hb Hc ,
HB HC , respectively. Let Oa be the circumcenter of A1 A2 A3 and let à be a line through A1 , Oa . Similarly define `b , `c .
Then à , `b , `c are concurrent.
HA
Ha
HC Hb
Hc C
B
HB
O3
O1 O2
Fact 4.7.1
LIST OF PHRASES
87
CIRCUMCENTERS – ISOGONAL CONJUGATIONS
4.8.1. Consider any triangle ABC and any point P . Let Oa , Ob , Oc be the circumcenters of P BC, P AC, P AB,
respectively. Consider the isogonal conjugations A0 , B 0 , C 0 of A, B, C wrt P Ob Oc , P Oa Oc , P Oa Ob , respectively. Let
A00 , B 00 , C 00 be the isogonal conjugations of A0 , B 0 , C 0 wrt Oa Ob Oc . Then
(1) Circles (Oa B 00 C 00 ), (Ob A00 C 00 ), (Oc A00 B 00 ), (Oa Ob Oc ) are concurrent (deformed Miquel point)
(2) Midpoints of Oa A00 , Ob B 00 , Oc C 00 are collinear (deformed Gauss line).
A00 Oc
Ob C0
B0
P
B 00
C B
Oa
A0
C 00
Fact 4.8.1(1)
Ob A00 Oc
P
B 00
C B
Oa
C 00
4 case, P = O
LIST OF PHRASES
88
CENTROIDS – INC
5.1.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let G be its centroid. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of G wrt ABC. Consider
the incenters Iab , Iac , Iba , Ibc , Ica , Icb of A0 GB, A0 GC, B 0 GA, B 0 GC, C 0 GA, C 0 GB, respectively. Then
(1) Perpendicular bisectors of Iab Iba , Iac Ica , Ibc Icb are concurrent
(2) Midpoints of Iab Iba , Iac Ica , Ibc Icb lie on a circle which goes through G.
A
Iba
Ica
B0 C0
Icb
Ibc G
Iac
Iab
C B
A0
Fact 5.1.1(1)
LIST OF PHRASES
89
CENTROIDS – INC – CIRCUMCENTERS
5.2.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let G be its centroid. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of G wrt ABC.
Consider the incenters Iab , Iac , Iba , Ibc , Ica , Icb of A0 GB, A0 GC, B 0 GA, B 0 GC, C 0 GA, C 0 GB, respectively. Then the
circumcenters of (GIab Iac ), (GIba Ica ), (GIba Ibc ), (GIab Icb ), (GIca Icb ), (GIac Ibc ) lie on the same conic.
Iba
Ica
B0 C0
G Icb
Ibc
Iac
Iab
C A0 B
Fact 5.2.1
LIST OF PHRASES
90
CENTROIDS – CIRCUMCENTERS
5.3.1. (Van Lamoen [25]) Consider any triangle ABC and let G be its centroid. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of G
wrt ABC. Then the circumcenters of GA0 B, GA0 C, GB 0 A, GB 0 C, GC 0 A, GC 0 B lie on the same circle.
B0 C0
C A0 B
Fact 5.3.1
LIST OF PHRASES
91
CENTROIDS – SYMMEDIAN POINTS
5.4.1. Consider any triangle ABC with centroid G and let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of G wrt ABC. Let SA be the
symmedian point of GB 0 C 0 and SA 0
be its reflection wrt B 0 C 0 . Similarly define SB 0 0
, SC . Then
0 0 0
(1) ASA , BSB , CSC are concurrent
(2) Consider the symmedian points S A , S B , S C of AB 0 C 0 , BA0 C 0 , CA0 B 0 , respectively. Let S A SA
0
meet B 0 C 0 at A1 ,
similarly define B1 , C1 . Then AA1 , BB1 , CC1 are concurrent.
SA
0
0
SA SA
B0 C0 B0 C0
SA
SA
G 0
SB
0 SB G
SC SC SC SB
0
0
SB
SC
C
S SB
C B
A0
C B
0
A
Fact 5.4.1(1) Fact 5.4.1(2)
5.4.2. Consider any triangle ABC with centroid G and let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of G wrt ABC. Let Sa , Sb ,
Sc be the symmedian points of BCG, ACG, ABG.
(1) Lines A0 Sa , B 0 Sb , C 0 Sc are concurrent
(2) Consider the cevian triangle A00 B 00 C 00 of G wrt A0 B 0 C 0 . Then A00 Sa0 , B 00 Sb0 , C 00 Sc0 are concurrent.
A
A
B0 A00 C0
B0 C0
Sc
Sc
Sb Sb
G G
Sa
C 00 B 00
Sa
C B C B
A0
A0
Fact 5.4.2(1) Fact 5.4.2(2)
5.4.3. Consider any triangle ABC with centroid G. Consider the points A1 , B1 , C1 on the lines AG, BG, CG, such
that A1 B1 C1 is homothetic to ABC. Consider the line À through the symmedian points of GBC1 , GCB1 , similarly
define `B , `C . Let the lines À , `B , `C form a triangle 4. Then the lines through the vertices of 4 and parallel to AG,
BG, CG are concurrent.
92
A
A1
B0 C0
C1
B1
C B
A0
Fact 5.4.3
LIST OF PHRASES
93
CENTROIDS – FEUERBACH POINTS
5.5.1. Given a triangle ABC with centroid G. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of G wrt ABC. Let F , Fa , Fb , Fc be
the tangent points of the nine-point circle of A0 B 0 C 0 with the incircle and A0 , B 0 , C 0 – excircles of A0 B 0 C 0 , respectively.
Let F a be the tangent point of the incircle and nine-point circle of AB 0 C 0 . Similarly define F b , F c . Let the circle with
center Oa goes through F a and is tangent to the nine-point circle of A0 B 0 C 0 at Fa . Similarly define Ob , Oc . Let Wa ,
Wb , Wc be the midpoints of smaller arcs B 0 C 0 , A0 C 0 , A0 B 0 of (A0 B 0 C 0 ), respectively. Then Oa Wa , Ob Wb , Oc Wc are
concurrent. Moreover, F is the homothety center of the triangles Wa Wb Wc and Oa Ob Oc .
Fa
Oa
Wa
Fa
B0 C0
Fc G
Fb
Fb
Fc
Ob
F
C Oc B
0
A
Fact 5.5.1
LIST OF PHRASES
94
FERMAT POINTS
Fractal-like configurations with Fermat points
6.1.1. Given a triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F1 and the second Fermat point F2 . Let FA be the second
Fermat point of BCF1 , similarly define FB , FC .
(1) Then F2 FA FB FC is cyclic
(2) Consider the reflection FA0 of FA wrt AF1 , similarly define FB0 , FC0 . Then F2 FA0 FB0 FC0 is cyclic.
A A
F2 F2
FC FC
0 0
FB FC
FB FB
F1 F1
C B C B
0
FA FA FA
Fact 6.1.1(1) Fact 6.1.1(2)
6.1.2. Consider a triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F . Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of F wrt ABC.
Consider the second Fermat points Fa , Fb , Fc of F B 0 C 0 , F A0 C 0 , F A0 B 0 . Then
(1) Fa Fb Fc is perspective to ABC
(2) Consider the midpoints Ma , Mb , Mc of AF , BF , CF . Then Ma Mb Mc is perspective to Fa Fb Fc .
Fa A
0
C Fa
B0 C0
B0 Ma
F
Fc Fb
F
Fc Fb Mc Mb
C A0 B C A0 B
Fact 6.1.2(1) Fact 6.1.2(2)
6.1.3. Given a triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F . Let FB , FC be the second Fermat points of AF C, AF B.
Let BF meet CFB at Ab and CF meet BFC at Ac . Consider the line à through Ab , Ac . Similarly define `b , `c . Then
à , `b , `c form a triangle which is perspective to both ABC and the cevian triangle A0 B 0 C 0 of F wrt ABC.
A
FC
FB
Ac
Ab
0
C
B0
C B
0
A
Fact 6.1.3 Deformation of a Crown Shape
95
6.1.4. Consider any triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F . Consider the cevian triangle A0 B 0 C 0 of F wrt ABC.
Let A1 , B1 , C1 be the second intersection points of AF , BF , CF with (ABC). Consider the circle ωA through A1 and
the second Fermat points of A1 A0 B, A1 A0 C and let A2 be the second intersection point of ωA , (ABC), different from
A1 . Similarly define B2 , C2 . Then AA2 , BB2 , CC2 are concurrent.
C1
B1 C0
0
B
F
C A0 B
A1
Fact 6.1.4
6.1.5. Given a triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F . Let FA be the second Fermat point for F BC. Similarly
define FB , FC . Let FBA be the first Fermat point of F FB A and FCA be the first Fermat point of F FC A. Then
(1) Lines FBA FCA , FAB FCB , FAC FBC form a triangle which is perspective to FA FB FC
(2) Points FAC FAB ∩ BC, FBA FBC ∩ AC, FCA FCB ∩ AB form a triangle which is perspective to ABC
(3) Denote Xa = FB FBA ∩ FCA FC , Xb = FA FAB ∩ FCB FC , Xc = FA FAC ∩ FBC FB . Then Xa , Xb , Xc , F are
collinear
(4) Circles (FA Xb Xc ), (FB Xa Xc ), (FC Xa Xb ), (FA FB FC ) are concurrent (deformed Miquel point)
(5) Let two tangents from FBA , FCA to the circle (AFBA FCA ) meet at Ta . Similarly define Tb , Tc . Then Ta , Tb , Tc
lie on the same line which coincides with the line Xa Xb Xc .
A A A
FC FC
FCA FCA
FCA FC
FBA FBA
FB FB FBA
FB
FCB FCB
FBC F F FCB
FBC F
FBC
FAB FAB FAB

C FAC B C FAC B C FAC B
FA FA FA
Fact 6.1.5(1) Fact 6.1.5(2) Fact 6.1.5(3) and (4)
A
FC
FCA
FBA
FB
FCB
FBC FAB
C FAC B
FA
Fact 6.1.5(5) Equilateral triangle case
96
6.1.6. Given a triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F . Let FA be the second Fermat point of BCF . Similarly
define FB , FC . Consider the second Fermat point FA0 of FB FC F . Similarly define FB0 , FC0 . Let FAB , FBA be the first
Fermat points of F FA FB0 , F FB FA0 , respectively. Similarly define FBC , FCB , FCA , FAC . Then
(1) The hexagon FAB FCB FCA FBA FBC FAC is centrally symmetric
(2) Lines FAC FAB , FCB FCA , FBC FBA form a triangle which is perspective to FA0 FB0 FC0
(3) Lines FBA FCA , FAB FCB , FBC FAC form a triangle which is perspective to FA FB FC
(4) FA FA0 , FB FB0 , FC FC0 are concurrent at the first Fermat point F 0 of FA FB FC
0 0
Let FAB , FBA be the first Fermat points of F 0 FA FB0 , F 0 FB FA0 , respectively. Similarly define FBC
0 0
, FCB 0
, FCA 0
, FAC .
0 0
(a) Then FAB , FAC , FC are collinear and similarly for other similar triples of points
0 0 0 0 0 0
(b) Lines FAC FAB , FCB FCA , FBC FBA form a triangle which is perspective to FA0 FB0 FC0
0 0 0 0 0 0
(c) Points FBA FCA ∩ FB FC , FAB FCB ∩ FA FC , FBC FAC ∩ FA FB form a triangle which is perspective to FA FB FC
(d) Let FC FAC meet FAB FB at XA . Similarly define XB , XC . Then XA , XB , XC , F , F 0 are collinear
0 0 0 0
(e) Circles (FA0 XB XC ), (FB0 XA XC ), (FC0 XA XB ), (FA0 FB0 FC0 ) are concurrent (deformed Miquel point)
0 0 0 0
(f) Let TA be the intersection point of two tangent lines from FAC , FAB to (FA FAC FAB ), similarly define TB , TC .
Then TA , TB , TC lie on the same line which coincides with the line XA XB XC .
0 0
FA A FA A
FC FC
0
FA A
FCA FCA FC
FBA FBA
FB FB
FB
FCB FCB
FBC F FBC F
F0 F
FAB 0 FAB 0
0
FC FB 0
FC FB 0 0
FB
FAC FC
C B C FAC B C B
FA
FA FA
Fact 6.1.6(2) Fact 6.1.6(3) Fact 6.1.6(4)
0 0
FA FA
FC FC
0
FA A 0 0
FCA FCA
FC
0 0
FBA FBA
FB FB FB
0 0
F0 FCB FCB
F 0
FBC F0 0
FBC F0
0 0 FAB 0
FC FAC FB 0
FAC 0 0 0
C B 0
FC
0
FAB FB 0
FC FAC 0
FAB FB
0
FAC FAB
FA FA FA
Fact 6.1.6(a) Fact 6.1.6(b) Fact 6.1.6(c)
0
FA
FC
0
FCA
0
FBA
FB
F 0
FCB
0
FBC F0
0 0
0 FAC 0
FAB FB
FC
FA
Fact 6.1.6(d) and (e) Equilateral triangle case
97
Remark. In theorems 6.1.1, 6.1.3 and 6.1.4 it is possible to replace the first Fermat point F (or F1 ) of ABC with any
point on the Neuberg cubic of ABC. For example, the next generalization of 6.1.3 holds: Given a triangle ABC and let
P be any point on its Neuberg cubic. Let FB , FC be the second Fermat points of AP C, AP B. Let BP meet CFB at Ab
and CP meet BFC at Ac . Consider the line à through Ab , Ac . Similarly define `b , `c . Then à , `b , `c form a triangle
which is perspective to both ABC and the cevian triangle A0 B 0 C 0 of P wrt ABC.
LIST OF PHRASES
98
FERMAT POINTS – ORTHOCENTERS
6.2.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F . Let Fa , Fb , Fc be the second Fermat points of F BC,
F AC, F AB. Denote by Hab , Hac the orthocenters of F Fa B, F Fa C, respectively. Similarly define Hba , Hbc , Hca , Hcb .
Then
(1) Lines through A, B, C and perpendicular to Hab Hac , Hba Hbc , Hca Hcb are concurrent
(2) Foot of Fa – altitude of Fa Hab Hac coincides with the intersection point of BC and Hab Hac , and similarly for Fb ,
Fc .
Hca Fc
Fb Hba
F Hcb
Hbc
Hab
Hac
B
C
Fa
Fact 6.2.1(1) and (2)
LIST OF PHRASES
99
FERMAT POINTS – ORTHOCENTERS – CIRCUMCENTERS
6.3.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F . Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of F wrt ABC.
Consider the orthocenters Ha , Ha0 of F BA0 , F CA0 . Let Oa be the circumcenter of A0 Ha Ha0 , similarly define Ob , Oc .
Then the lines through Oa , Ob , Oc and parallel to AF , BF , CF are concurrent.
C0
B0
Hac
A0 B
C
Hab
Fact 6.3.1
F AC, F AB. Consider the orthocenters Ha , Hb , Hc of F BC, F AC, F AB. Let Oa be the circumcenter of a triangle
formed with the reflection of F wrt Hb Hc and also with points F , Fa . Similarly define Ob , Oc . Then Ha Oa , Hb Ob , Hc Oc
are concurrent.
A
Ha
Fc
Fb F
Hb
C B
Hc Fa
Fact 6.3.2
100
6.3.3. Consider any triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F . Let Fa , Fb , Fc , Fa0 , Fb0 , Fc0 be the second Fermat
points of F BC, F AC, F AB, F Fb Fc , F Fa Fc , F Fa Fb , respectively. Consider the intersection point T of Fa Fa0 , Fb Fb0 ,
Fc Fc0 . Let Ha , Hb , Hc , Ha0 , Hb0 , Hc0 be the orthocenters of T Fb Fc , T Fa Fc , T Fb Fc , T Fb0 Fc0 , T Fa0 Fc0 , T Fa0 Fb0 , respectively.
(1) Let Oa be the circumcenter of a triangle formed with the reflection of T wrt Hb Hc and also with points T , Fa0 .
Similarly define Ob , Oc . Then Ha Oa , Hb Ob , Hc Oc are concurrent
(2) Let Oa0 be the circumcenter of a triangle formed with the reflection of T wrt Hb0 Hc0 and also with points T , Fa .
Similarly define Ob0 , Oc0 . Then Ha0 Oa0 , Hb0 Ob0 , Hc0 Oc0 are parallel.
A
Fa0 Fc
Fa0 Fc
Hb
Hc
Fb
Fb
T F
T
Fc0 Fb0
C B Fc0 Fb0
Fa
Fa
Ha
Construction of T Fact 6.3.3(1)
Fa0
Ha0
Fc
Fb
Fc0 Hb0
Hc0
Fb0
Fa
Fact 6.3.3(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
101
FERMAT POINTS – CIRCUMCENTERS
6.4.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of F wrt ABC.
Consider the first Fermat points Fa , Fb , Fc of AB 0 C 0 , BA0 C 0 , CA0 B 0 . Then
(1) The circumcenters Oa , Ob , Oc of AF Fa , BF Fb , CF Fc lie on a line through A1 = BC ∩ B 0 C 0 , B1 = AC ∩ A0 C 0 ,
C1 = AB ∩ A0 B 0
(2) Let OA be the circumcenter of F Oa A1 , similarly define OB , OC . Then ABC and OA OB OC are perspective.
OC
C1
Oc
Fa C0
OA B0
Oa F Fb
A1 Fc
C B
0
A
OB
B1
Ob
Fact 6.4.1(1) and (2)
LIST OF PHRASES
102
FERMAT POINTS – NPC
6.5.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let F be its first Fermat point. Let A0 BC, B 0 AC, C 0 AB be the equilateral triangles
constructed outside wrt ABC. Consider the nine-point circles ωa , ωb , ωc of F B 0 C 0 , F A0 C 0 , F A0 B 0 , respectively. Let ωa0
be the reflection of ωa wrt midpoint of BC. Similarly define ωb0 , ωc0 . Then ωa0 , ωb0 , ωc0 are concurrent at the same point.
C0
A
B0
C B
A0
Fact 6.5.1
LIST OF PHRASES
103
FERMAT POINTS – OH PAIRS
6.6.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let F be its first Fermat point. Let Oa Ha , Ob Hb , Oc Hc be the OH pairs of
F BC, F AC, F AB, respectively. Then
(1) Lines OA HA , OB HB , OC HC are concurrent at the centroid G of ABC
(2) Consider the OH pair Oab Hab of GHA OB . Let àb be the perpendicular bisector of OH pair of GHab Oab .
Similarly define `bc , `ca , `ba , àc , `cb . Then àb , `bc , `ca , `ba , àc , `cb from a centrally symmetric hexagon.
HA
Oac OC
Oab Hac
Hab
OB
F
G
HB
C B
HC
OA
Fact 6.6.1(1) and (2)
LIST OF PHRASES
104
FERMAT POINTS – OH PAIRS – CIRCUMCENTERS
6.7.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let F be its first Fermat point. Let OA HA , OB HB , OC HC be the OH pairs of
0 0
(2) Consider the OH pair Oab Hab of GHA OB and let Oab be the circumcenter of GOab Hab . Similarly define Obc ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oca , Oba , Ocb , Oac . Then Oab , Obc , Oca , Oba , Ocb , Oac lie on the same conic
0 0 0 0 0 0
(3) G lies on the radical line of (Oab Obc Oca ) and (Oba Ocb Oac ).
HA HA
A A
Oac OC Oac OC
Oab Hac Oab Hac
Hab Hab
OB 0 OB
Oac 0
0 0
Oac
Oab Oab
0 0
F Obc Obc
G F
0 0
G
Ocb Ocb
0 0
Oba HB Oba HB
0 0
Oca Oca
C B C B
HC HC
OA OA
Fact 6.7.1(1) and (2) Fact 6.7.1(3)
LIST OF PHRASES
105
FERMAT POINTS – OH PAIRS – ORTHOCENTERS
6.8.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let F be its first Fermat point. Let OA HA , OB HB , OC HC be the OH pairs of
0 0
(2) Consider the OH pair Oab Hab of GHA OB and let Hab be the orthocenter of GOab Hab . Similarly define Hbc ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hca , Hba , Hcb , Hac . Then Hab , Hbc , Hca , Hba , Hcb , Hac lie on the same conic
0 0 0 0 0 0
(3) G lies on the radical line of (Hab Hbc Hca ) and (Hba Hcb Hac ).
HA HA
A
A
Oac Oac
Oab 0
OC Oab
HacHac 0 OC
0 0 Hac Hac
Hab Hab
Hab Hab
OB OB
F 0 F
Hbc 0
Hbc
G G
0 0
Hcb Hcb
0 HB
Hba HB
0
Hba
C B C B
0
0
Hca Hca
HC
HC
OA OA
Fact 6.8.1(1) and (2) Fact 6.8.1(3)
LIST OF PHRASES
106
FERMAT POINTS – ISOGONAL CONJUGATIONS
6.9.1. Given a triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F . Let FA be the second Fermat point of BCF , similarly
define FB , FC . Consider the isogonal conjugations FAA , FAB , FAC of FA wrt BCF , ACF , ABF respectively. Similarly
define FBA , FBB , FBC , FCA , FCB , FCC . Then
(1) ∠FAB FAA FAC = π/3
(2) Triangles ABC and FAA FBB FCC are perspective.
A
A
FA
60◦
FC
FB
C
FA
C B
B
FA
FA
Fact 6.9.1(1)
6.9.2. Consider any triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F and let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of F wrt ABC.
Let FA be isogonal to F wrt AB 0 C 0 and let FA0 be isogonal to FA wrt ABC. Similarly define FB0 , FC0 . Then the points
FA0 , FB0 , FC0 form an equilateral triangle with center at F .
6.9.3. Consider any triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F and let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of F wrt ABC.
Consider the isogonal conjugations FA , FA0 of A, FA wrt F B 0 C 0 and ABC, respectively. Let FA00 be the reflection of FA0
wrt BC. Similarly define FB00 , FC00 . Then F coincides with the first Fermat point of FA00 FB00 FC00 .
A A
0
0
FC FC
0
FB
0
FB C0
C0 00
0 B0 FA
B 00
FB
F F
00
FC
C B C B
A0 A 0
0
FA
0
FA
Fact 6.9.2 Fact 6.9.3
6.9.4. Consider any triangle ABC and let F1 , F2 be its first and second Fermat points. Consider the isogonal conjug-
ations F2a , F2b , F2c of F2 wrt F1 BC, F1 AC, F1 AB, respectively. Then
(1) F2a , F2b , F2c form an equilateral triangle with center at F1
(2) F2 F2a F2b F2c is cyclic.
6.9.5. Consider any triangle ABC and let F1 , F2 be its first and second Fermat points. Consider the second Fermat
points Fa , Fb , Fc of F1 BC, F1 AC, F1 AB, respectively. Then the isogonal conjugations F20 , Fa0 , Fb0 , Fc0 of F2 , Fa , Fb , Fc
wrt ABC lie on the same circle.
107
A
F2
F2c
F2b
F1
C
B
F2a
Fact 6.9.4(1) and (2)
Fa0
Fb0
A Fc
F2
F20
Fb F1
C B
Fc0
Fa
Fact 6.9.5
LIST OF PHRASES
108
FERMAT POINTS – ISOGONAL CONJUGATIONS – FERMAT POINTS
6.10.1. Given a triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F1 and the second Fermat point F2 , let A0 B 0 C 0 be the pedal
triangle of F1 wrt ABC. Consider the isogonal conjugations AB , AC of A0 wrt AF1 B, AF1 C, respectively. Let FA be
the second Fermat point of F1 AB AC . Similarly define FB , FC . Then F2 FA FB FC is cyclic.
A
F2
FC
FB C0
B0
F1
AB
C B
0
AC A
FA
Fact 6.10.1
Equilateral triangle case
LIST OF PHRASES
109
FERMAT POINTS – ISODYNAMIC POINTS
6.11.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F . Let Sa , Sa0 be the first and the second isodynamic
points of F BC. Similarly define Sb , Sb0 , Sc , Sc0 . Then
(1) Sa Sb Sc coincides with the cevian triangle of F wrt ABC
(2) Lines ASa0 , BSb0 , CSc0 are concurrent at P
(3) Let S1 , S2 be the first and the second isodynamic points of Sa Sb Sc . Similarly let S10 , S20 be the first and the second
isodynamic points of Sa0 Sb0 Sc0 . Then S1 , S10 , F lie on the same line which also goes through the point P (from
part (2))
(4) Let SA , SB , SC be the first isodynamic points of ASb Sc , BSa Sc , CSa Sb , respectively. Then the second isodynamic
point S of SA SB SC lies on the circle (F S2 S20 ).
A
Sa0
Sc
Sb
P
S10 F S1
Sc0 Sb0
C B
Sa
Fact 6.11.1(1), (2) and (3)
S20
Sa0
SA
Sc
Sb
F
S SB
SC
Sc0 Sb0 B
C
Sa
S2
Fact 6.11.1(4)
LIST OF PHRASES
110
FERMAT POINTS – ISODYNAMIC POINTS – CIRCUMCENTERS
6.12.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the first Fermat point F . Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the cevian triangle of F wrt ABC.
Consider the first isodynamic point Sa of AB 0 C 0 , similarly define Sb , Sc . Denote by S the first isodynamic point of
0 0 0
Sa Sb Sc . Let Oa , Ob , Oc , OA , OB , OC , OA , OB , OC be the circumcenters of AF Sa , BF Sb , CF Sc , F Sb Sc , F Sa Sc ,
F Sa Sb , SSb Sc , SSa Sc , SSa Sb , respectively. Denote by A1 B1 C1 the triangle formed by Sa Oa , Sb Ob , Sc Oc . Then
(1) Triangles A1 B1 C1 and OA OB OC are perspective
0 0 0
(2) Triangles A1 B1 C1 and OA OB OC are perspective.
C1
Sa
B1 C0
OC
OB
0
Oa B
F
Sb
Sc
C
OA B
A0
A1
Fact 6.12.1(1)
C1
Sa 0
OC
B1
0
OB
S
Sb
Sc
C 0
OA B
A1
Fact 6.12.1(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
111
FERMAT POINTS – RADICAL LINES
6.13.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the first and the second Fermat points F1 , F2 . Let Fa , Fb , Fc be the second
Fermat points of F1 BC, F1 AC, F1 AB, respectively. Consider a circle ω with center F2 and radius F2 F1 . Let ωa be a
circle with center Fa and radius Fa F1 , similarly define ωb , ωc . Then
(1) Radical line ` of ω and (ABC) contains the midpoint of F1 F2
(2) Consider the radical line à of ωa and (ABC), similarly define `b , `c . Then there exists a hyperbola passing
through the vertices of both triangles ABC and a triangle formed with the lines à , `b , `c .
Fc
A
F2
Fb
F1
F1
C B
C B
Fa
Fact 6.13.1(1) Fact 6.13.1(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
112
FERMAT POINTS – EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES
F AC, F AB, respectively. Consider an equilateral triangle F Ab Ac such that Ab , Ac lie on Fa B, Fa C and also Ab Ac is
parallel to BC. Let A0 BC be an equilateral triangle constructed on side BC such that A0 and A lie on the different half
planes wrt BC. Consider the line à through the centers of F Ab Ac , A0 BC. Similarly define `b , `c . Then à , `b , `c are
concurrent.
C0
A
Fc
B0
Fb
F
B
C
Ac Ab
Fa
A0
Fact 6.14.1
LIST OF PHRASES
113
SYMMEDIAN POINTS
Fractal-like configurations with symmedian points
7.1.1. Let ABC be a triangle with the symmedian point S. Consider the second intersection points A0 , B 0 , C 0 of AS,
BS, CS with (ABC). Let AB, BC meet B 0 C 0 , B 0 A0 at Ca , Ac , respectively. Similarly define Ab , Ba , Bc , Cb . Consider
the symmedian points Sac , Sca of AC 0 Ca , CA0 Ac , respectively. Similarly define Sab , Sba , Sbc , Scb . Then
(1) Sab , Sac , Sba , Sbc , Sca , Scb lie on the same conic. Moreover, two focuses of this conic are symmetric wrt SO
(where O is the circumcenter of ABC)
(2) Lines Sab Sba , Sac Sca , Sbc Scb are concurrent
(3) Symmedian points of BB 0 Ac , BB 0 Ca , CC 0 Ab , CC 0 Ba , AA0 Bc , AA0 Cb lie on the same conic
(4) Both hexagons Sab Sac Sba Sbc Sca Scb and the hexagon from part (3) are projectively equivalent to regular hexagons.
A A
Sac
C0 C0
Sab
B0 B0
Ba Ca Ca
Ba
S Sbc S
Scb Bc Bc
Cb Cb
C C
Ac Ab B Ac Ab B
Sca
A0 Sba A0
Fact 7.1.1(1) and (2) Fact 7.1.1(3)
BS, CS with (ABC). Let AB, BC meet B 0 C 0 , B 0 A0 at Ca , Ac , respectively. Similarly define Ab , Ba , Bc , Cb . Let the
line through the symmedian points of ACa B 0 , ABa C 0 meet B 0 C 0 at PA , let the line through the symmedian points of
A0 Ab C, A0 Ac B meet BC at PA0 . Similarly define PB , PB 0 , PC , PC 0 . Then PA , PA0 , PB , PB 0 , PC , PC 0 lie on the same
line which is perpendicular to SO, where O is the circumcenter of ABC.
C0
Ca
Ba
PA
B0
PB 0
Cb
Bc S
PB
Ac Ab PA0
C B
A0
Fact 7.1.2
7.1.3. Let ABC be a triangle with the symmedian point S and A0 B 0 C 0 be the circumcevian triangle of S wrt ABC.
Consider the pedal triangles A1 B1 C1 and A2 B2 C2 of S wrt ABC, A0 B 0 C 0 , respectively. Let Sab 0 0
, Sac be the symmedian
0 0 0 0
points of SA2 B1 , SA2 C1 , respectively. Similarly define Sba , Sbc , Sca , Scb . Then
0 0 0 0 0 0
(1) Sab , Sac , Sba , Sbc , Sca , Scb lie on the same conic. Moreover, two focuses of this conic are symmetric wrt SO
(where O is the circumcenter of ABC)
0 0 0 0 0 0
114
0 0 0 0 0 0
(3) Hexagon Sab Sac Sba Sbc Sca Scb is projectively equivalent to the regular hexagon
0 0 0 0 0 0
(4) Define the points Sab , Sac , . . ., Scb as in 7.1.1. Then Sab Sba ∩ Sab Sba , Sac Sca ∩ Sac Sca , Scb Sbc ∩ Scb Sbc are
collinear.
A A
C0 C0
A2 A2
B0 B0
0
0
Sac C1 0
0
Sac C1
Sab Sab
B1 B1
0 S 0
Sbc 0 S 0
Sbc
Scb Scb
0 0 0 0
C2 Sca Sba B2 C2 Sca Sba B2
C A1 B C A1 B
0 0
A A
Fact 7.1.3(1) Fact 7.1.3(2)
Sab
Sac
B0 A2
C0
0 0
B1 Sab Sac C1
0 Sbc
Sbc
0
Scb S
Scb B2
0
Sba
0
Sca
B
C2
A1
Sba
C Sca
A0
Fact 7.1.3(4)
7.1.4. Let ABC be a triangle with the symmedian point S. Let the line through S and parallel to BC meet AB, AC
at Cb , Bc , respectively. Similarly define Ab , Ba , Ac , Ca . Consider the symmedian points Sab , Sac of ASBa , ASCa .
Consider the intersection point A0 of Cb Sac and Bc Sab . Similarly define B 0 , C 0 . Then AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 are concurrent.
A0
Ba
Sab
Ca
Sac
Bc S Cb
C0 B0
C B
Ac Ab
Fact 7.1.4
LIST OF PHRASES
115
SYMMEDIAN POINTS – ISODYNAMIC POINTS
7.2.1. Let ABC be a triangle with the symmedian point S. Consider the second intersection points A0 , B 0 , C 0 of
AS, BS, CS with (ABC). Let AB, BC meet B 0 C 0 , B 0 A0 at Ca , Ac , respectively. Consider the first and the second
0
isodynamic points Sac , Sac of AC 0 Ca , respectively. Similarly define Sbc , Sba , Sca , Scb , Sab , Sbc
0 0
, Sba 0
, Sca 0
, Scb 0
, Sab Then
0 0 0 0 0 0
(1) Six points Sab , Sac , Sbc , Sba , Scb , Sca lie on the same circle. Six points Sab , Sac , Sbc , Sba , Scb , Sca lie on the
same circle. Moreover, centers of these two circles lie on SO (where O is the circumcenter of ABC)
0 0 0 0 0 0
(3) Hexagons Sab Sac Sba Sbc Sca Scb , Sab Sac Sba Sbc Sca Scb are projectively equivalent to regular hexagons.
A A
Sac Sac
0
C C0
Sab Ca Sab Ca
Ba Ba
B0 B0
Sbc Sbc
Cb Cb
Bc S S
Scb Bc
Scb
C Ac Ab B C Ac Ab B
Sca Sba Sca Sba
A0 A0
Fact 7.2.1(1) Fact 7.2.1(2)
Consider the pedal triangles A1 B1 C1 and A2 B2 C2 of S wrt ABC, A0 B 0 C 0 , respectively. Let Sab 0 0
, Sac be the first (second)
0 0 0 0
isodynamic points of SA2 B1 , SA2 C1 , respectively. Similarly define Sba , Sbc , Sca , Scb . Then
0 0 0 0 0 0
(1) Sab , Sac , Sba , Sbc , Sca , Scb lie on the same circle with center on SO (where O is the circumcenter of ABC)
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
(3) Hexagon Sab Sac Sba Sbc Sca Scb is projectively equivalent to the regular hexagon.
A A
C0 C0
A2 A2
C1 0 C1
B0 B 0
0
Sac 0
Sac
0
Sab Sab
B1
B1 0
0 Sbc
0 Sbc 0 S
Scb S Scb
0 0
C2 0 0 C2 Sca Sba B2
Sca Sba B2
C A1 C A1 B
B
A0
A0
Fact 7.2.2(1) Fact 7.2.2(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
116
SYMMEDIAN POINTS – BROCARD AXIS
BS, CS with (ABC). Let AB, BC meet B 0 C 0 , B 0 A0 at Ca , Ac , respectively. Let the Brocard axis of triangles AC 0 Ca ,
CA0 Ac meet at Xb , similarly define Xa , Xc . Then the triangles ABC and Xa Xb Xc share the same Brocard axis.
C0
Ca
Ba
B0
Cb
Xa S
Xc
Bc
B
Xb
Ab
Ac
A0
Fact 7.3.1
Consider the pedal triangles A1 B1 C1 and A2 B2 C2 of S wrt ABC, A0 B 0 C 0 , respectively. Let the Brocard axis of triangles
SA2 C1 , SA1 C2 meet at Yb , similarly define Ya , Yc . Then the triangles ABC and Ya Yb Yc share the same Brocard axis.
A
C0
A2
C1
B0
B1
S
C2 B2
C A1 B
A0
Fact 7.3.2
LIST OF PHRASES
117
FEUERBACH POINTS – INC
8.1.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the Feuerbach point F . Let A1 B1 C1 , A2 B2 C2 , A0 B 0 C 0 be its midpoint triangle,
orthic triangle and a triangle formed with tangency points of the incircle of ABC. Then
(1) Incenters of F A1 A2 , F B1 B2 , F C1 C2 and F lie on the same circle
(2) Incenters of F A1 A0 , F B1 B 0 , F C1 C 0 and F lie on the same circle
(3) Consider the circle ω1 through the incenters of F A1 A0 , F B1 B 0 , F C1 C 0 , also let ω2 be the circle through the F –
excenters of F A1 A0 , F B1 B 0 , F C1 C 0 . Then ω1 , ω2 and the incircle of ABC are coaxial.
A A
C2
F F
C0
B1 C1 B1 C1
B0
B2
C B C B
A2 0
A
A1 A1
Fact 8.1.1(1) Fact 8.1.1(2)
F
C0
B1
C1
B0
C B
A0 A1
Fact 8.1.1(3)
LIST OF PHRASES
118
FEUERBACH POINTS – NPC
8.2.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the Feuerbach point F . Let the incircle of ABC is tangent to its sides at A0 ,
B 0 , C 0 . Consider the midpoint triangle A1 B1 C1 of ABC. Then the nine-point centers of F A1 A0 , F B1 B 0 , F C1 C 0 form
a triangle which is homothetic to A0 B 0 C 0 .
C0
B1 C1
B0
C B
A0 A1
Fact 8.2.1
LIST OF PHRASES
119
FEUERBACH POINTS – ORTHOCENTERS
8.3.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the Feuerbach point Fe . Let the incircle of ABC is tangent to its sides at
A0 B 0 C 0 . Consider the orthocenters Ha , Hb , Hc of Fe B 0 C 0 , Fe A0 C 0 , Fe B 0 C 0 . Then Ha Hb Hc is perspective to ABC.
Ha A
Fe C0
Hb
B0
Hc
C B
A0
Fact 8.3.1
8.3.2. Consider any triangle ABC with the inner Feuerbach point F and three external Feuerbach points Fa , Fb , Fc ,
related to A, B, C – excircles respectively. Let the tangent lines from Fa , Fb , Fc to the nine-point circle of ABC form
a triangle with the orthocenter H 0 . Then H 0 lies on the perpendicular bisector to ON , where O is the circumcenter of
ABC and N is its nine-point center.
Fc
Fb
H0
C Fa B
Fact 8.3.2
LIST OF PHRASES
120
FEUERBACH POINTS – CIRCUMCENTERS
8.4.1. Consider any triangle ABC with the incenter I and nine-point center N . Let the incircle of ABC is tangent to
sides of ABC at A0 , B 0 , C 0 . Let A1 B1 C1 be the orthic triangle of ABC. Consider the Feuerbach point Fe of ABC. Then
I, N coincides with the incenter and the circumcenter of a triangle formed with the circumcenters of Fe A0 A1 , Fe B 0 B1 ,
Fe C 0 C1 .
Fe C2
C0
B0
I
N
B2
C B
A2
A0
Fact 8.4.1
LIST OF PHRASES
121
SIMSON LINES
Fractal-like configurations with Simson lines
9.1.1. Let given a triangle ABC and let P be any point on its circumcircle. Let the Simson line of P wrt ABC intersects
with (ABC) at Q, R. Consider the intersection point N of the Simson lines of Q, R wrt ABC. Then the middle of P N
lies on QR.
Q
A
C
B
Fact 9.1.1
LIST OF PHRASES
122
ISOGONAL CONJUGATIONS
Fractal-like configurations with isogonal conjugations
10.1.1. Given a triangle ABC and let P , Q be any two isogonal points wrt ABC. Consider any three points A0 , B 0 ,
C 0 on sides BC, AC, AB. Let Pa , Pb , Pc be the isogonal conjugations of P wrt AB 0 C 0 , BA0 C 0 , CA0 B 0 . Consider the
isogonal conjugations P a , P b , P c of A, B, C wrt P B 0 C 0 , P A0 C 0 , P A0 B 0 . Let P 0 , Q0 be the isogonal conjugations of P ,
Q wrt Pa Pb Pc , P a P b P c respectively. Then Pa Pb Pc P P 0 and P a P b P c Q0 Q are equal figures (i.e. they have equal sides).
Pc
Pa
Q0
C0
B0
P
Q
Pb
Pb
C A0 B
P0
Pc
Pa
Fact 10.1.1
LIST OF PHRASES
123
ISOGONAL POINTS – INC
10.2.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let P , Q be its two isogonal points. Consider the incenters IPa , IPb , IPc , IQ
a
,
b c a a b b c c
IQ , IQ of P BC, P AC, P AB, QBC, QAC, QAB respectively. Then the lines IP IQ , IP IQ , IP IQ form a triangle which
b
IQ
c
IQ
Q
b c
IP IP
a
IQ
P
a
IP
Fact 10.2.1
LIST OF PHRASES
124
ISOGONAL POINTS – INC – ISOGONAL CONJUGATIONS
10.3.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let P , Q be its two isogonal points. Consider the incenters Ia , Ib , Ic , Ia0 , Ib0 ,
Ic0 of P BC, P AC, P AB, QBC, QAC, QAB respectively. Let à be the line through the isogonal conjugations of Ia , Ia0
wrt ABC. Similarly define `b , `c . Then
(1) Lines à , `b , `c form a triangle which is perspective to ABC
(2) Consider the line `0a through the isogonal conjugations of Ia , Ia0 wrt QBC, P BC respectively. Similarly define
`0b , `0c . Then the lines `0a , `0b , `0c form a triangle which is perspective to ABC.
Q
Q
P
P C
B
C B
Fact 10.3.1(1) Fact 10.3.1(2)
a
10.3.2. Consider any triangle ABC and let P , Q be its two isogonal points. Consider the incenters IPa , IPb , IPc , IQ b
, IQ ,
c 0 0 a b c
IQ of P BC, P AC, P AB, QBC, QAC, QAB respectively. Let P , Q be the isogonal conjugations of P , Q wrt IP IP IP
IQ IQ respectively. Then in the case when the incenter I of ABC lies on P P 0 we get that I also lies on QQ0 .
a b c
and IQ
b
IQ
c
Q IQ
Q0
I
c
IP
b
IP
P0 a
IQ
P
a
IP
B
C
Fact 10.3.2
LIST OF PHRASES
125
ISOGONAL POINTS – NPC
10.4.1. Consider any triangle ABC and a point P . Let Q be the isogonal conjugation of P wrt ABC. Consider the
nine-point centers N , NaP , NbP , NсP , NaQ , NbQ , NcQ , NP , NQ of the triangles ABC, P BC, P AC, P AB, QBC, QAC,
QAB, NaP NbP NcP , NaQ NbQ NcQ respectively. Then NP NQ k P Q. Moreover, the reflection of P Q wrt NP NQ contains N .
NbQ
NcP NaQ
NaP
NP Q
NQ
NbP
C B
NcQ
Fact 10.4.1
10.4.2. (Telv Cohl [20]) Consider any triangle ABC. Let P , Q be any two isogonal conjugate points wrt ABC. Consider
the nine-point circles ω, ωa , ωb , ωc of ABC, AP Q, BP Q, CP Q respectively. Let A0 be the second intersection point of
ωb , ωc which is different from the midpoint of P Q. Similarly define B 0 , C 0 . Then the circumcenter of A0 B 0 C 0 lies on ω.
B0 C0
0
A
P Q
C
B
Fact 10.4.2
LIST OF PHRASES
126
ISOGONAL POINTS – NPC – ISOGONAL CONJUGATIONS
10.5.1. Consider any triangle ABC and its two isogonal points P , Q. Let M be the midpoint of P Q. Consider the
nine-point centers N , NA , NB , NC of ABC, AP Q, BP Q, CP Q respectively. Let à be the line through the nine-point
centers of P BC, QBC, similarly define `b , `c . Consider the triangle A0 B 0 C 0 formed with lines à , `b , `c . Let M 0 , M 00
be the isogonal conjugations of M , M 0 wrt NA NB NC , A0 B 0 C 0 respectively. Then
(1) M 0 lies on the nine-point circle of ABC
(2) N M 00 ⊥ P Q. Moreover, M 00 A0 , M 00 B 0 , M 00 C 0 are perpendicular to the sides of ABC.
M0
NA
A0
NC
NB
B0
Q
M C0
P
à
M 00
C
B
Fact 10.5.1(1) and (2)
LIST OF PHRASES
127
ISOGONAL POINTS – NPC – MIQUEL POINTS
10.6.1. Consider any triangle ABC and its two isogonal points P , Q. Let M be the midpoint of P Q. Consider
the nine-point centers N , NaP , NbP , NсP , NaQ , NbQ , NcQ of the triangles ABC, P BC, P AC, P AB, QBC, QAC,
QAB respectively. Let Ma = M(NbP NbQ , NcP NcQ ) (click M to see its definition). Similarly define Mb , Mc . Then the
circumcenter of Ma Mb Mc lies on N M .
NaQ
NbQ NbP
Mc
P Q
NaP
N
Ma Mb
C NcP
B
NcQ
Fact 10.6.1
LIST OF PHRASES
128
ISOGONAL POINTS – ORTHOCENTERS
10.7.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let P , Q be any two isogonal points wrt ABC. Consider the orthocenters H,
Ha , Hb , Hc , Ha0 , Hb0 , Hc0 of ABC, P BC, P AC, P AB, QBC, QAC, QAB respectively. Then
(1) Lines AA1 , BB1 , CC1 form a triangle A1 B1 C1 which is perspective to ABC with the perspective point - infinite
point on the line perpendicular to P Q
(2) Points Ha Hb Hc Ha0 Hb0 Hc0 P Q lie on the same conic
(3) Let Hb Hc , Hb0 Hc0 meet at A0 and also intersect with BC at La , L0a respectively. Similarly define B 0 , Lb , L0b , C 0 ,
Lc , L0c . Then AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 are concurrent at H
(4) Orthocenters of A0 La L0a , B 0 Lb L0b , C 0 Lc L0c and the point H lie on the same circle.
C1
Ha
Ha0
B1
A1
Q
P Hb0
Hc
B
C
Hb
Hc0
Fact 10.7.1(1)
Ha
Ha0
P Q
Hb0
Hc
C A0 B
L0a La Hb
Hc0
Fact 10.7.1(4)
LIST OF PHRASES
129
ISOGONAL POINTS – ORTHOCENTERS – ISOGONAL CONJUGATIONS
10.8.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let P , Q be its two isogonal points. Consider the orthocenters Ha , Hb , Hc ,
Ha0 , Hb0 , Hc0 of P BC, P AC, P AB, QBC, QAC, QAB respectively. Let à be the line through the isogonal conjugations
of Ha , Ha0 wrt ABC. Similarly define `b , `c . Then
(1) Lines à , `b , `c form a triangle which is perspective to ABC with the perspective point lying on (ABC)
(2) Consider the line `0a through the isogonal conjugations of Ha , Ha0 wrt QBC, P BC respectively. Similarly define
`0b , `0c . Then the lines `0a , `0b , `0c form a triangle which is homothetic to ABC.
`0c
Q
P
`0b
Q
C `b `c B P
B
à
C
`0a
Fact 10.8.1(1) Fact 10.8.1(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
130
ISOGONAL POINTS – CIRCUMCENTERS
Definition 10.6. For any quadrilateral ABCD consider the circumcenters OA , OB , OC , OD of BCD, ACD, ABD,
ABC respectively. Let by definition OA OB OC OD be the circumcenter quadrilateral of ABCD.
10.9.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let P , Q be any two isogonal points wrt ABC. Consider the circumcen-
0 0 0
ter quadrilaterals OOap Obp Ocp , Op Oap Obp Ocp and Op0 Oap
00 00
Obp 00
Ocp 0
of quadrilaterals ABCP , OOap Obp Ocp , Op Oap 0
Obp 0
Ocp
0
respectively. Similarly define points Oq , Oq . Then
(1) Points O, Op , Oq lie on the same line which is parallel to P Q
(2) Lines Op Oq , P Oq0 , QOp0 are concurrent at O
(3) Points P , Q, Op , Oq , Op0 , Oq0 lie on the same conic.
A A
0
Oap
Obp
Ocp
00
Obp Oq
00
Ocp Q
Q
Oq0
O
P P
Op0 Op0
Op
Op
C B B
C
0 0
Ocp Obp
Oap
00
Oap
Fact 10.9.1 Construction of Op , Op0 Fact 10.9.1(1) and (2)
Op0
Oq0
Oq Op
O
Q P
C B
Fact 10.9.1(3)
LIST OF PHRASES
131
ISOGONAL POINTS – CIRCUMCENTERS – MIQUEL POINTS
10.10.1. Let P and Q be two isogonal conjugated points wrt ABC. Let O, OaP , ObP , OcP , OaQ , ObQ , OcQ be the circum-
P Q P Q
centers of the triangles ABC, BCP , CAP , ABP , BCQ, CAQ, BCQ respectively. Denote Ma = M(OB OB , OC OC )
P Q
and Na = M(P Q, OA OA ), similarly define the points Mb , Mc , Nb , Nc (click M to see its definition). Then
(1) Points Na , Nb , Nc , Ma , Mb , Mc lie on the same circle
(2) Lines Na Ma , Nb Mb , Nc Mc are concurrent
(3) Quadrilaterals AMa ONa , BMb ONb , CMc ONc are cyclic and their circumcircles are coaxial.
A OcQ A OcQ
OcP OcP
Ma Ma
ObP ObP
ObQ Nc ObQ Nc
Nb O Nb O
P Mb P Mb
Q Q
Mc Mc
Na Na
C B C B
P P
Oa Oa
Q Q
Oa Oa
Fact 10.10.1(1) and (2) Fact 10.10.1(3)
LIST OF PHRASES
132
ISOGONAL POINTS – FERMAT POINTS
10.11.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let P , Q be any two isogonal points wrt ABC. Consider the second Fermat
points FaP , FaQ of P BC, QBC. Similarly define FbP , FbQ , FcP , FcQ . Then the lines FaP FaQ , FbP FbQ , FcP FcQ form a
FbQ FcP
FcQ
FbP
Q
P
C B
FaP FaQ
Fact 10.11.1
LIST OF PHRASES
133
ISOGONAL POINTS – OH PAIRS
10.12.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let P , Q be any two isogonal points wrt ABC. Consider the OH – pairs
OaP HaP , OaQ HaQ of P BC, QBC. Let the perpendicular bisectors of OaP HaP , OaQ HaQ meet BC at AP , AQ . Similarly define
BP , BQ , CP , CQ . Then AP , AQ , BP , BQ , CP , CQ lie on the same conic.
HaP HaQ
AP B AQ
C
P
Oa
Q
Oa
CP
Fact 10.12.1
LIST OF PHRASES
134
ISOGONAL POINTS – OH PAIRS – MIQUEL POINTS
10.13.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let P , Q be any two isogonal points wrt ABC. Consider the OH – pairs
OaP HaP , OaQ HaQ of P BC, QBC. Let Ma = M(OaP OaQ , HaP HaQ ) (click M to see its definition). Similarly define Mb , Mc .
Then the circles (Ma BC), (Mb AC), (Mc AB), (Ma Mb Mc ) are concurrent.
HaP
HaQ
Mb Q
Ma
Mc
C
B
Q
Oa
P
Oa
Fact 10.13.1
P
A Ha
HaQ
Q
P
Ma
C B
Q
Oa
P
Oa
Fact 10.13.1 another picture 4 case, P = Q – center of ABC
LIST OF PHRASES
135
ISOGONAL POINTS – MIQUEL POINTS
10.14.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let P P 0 , QQ0 , RR0 , T T 0 be three pairs of isogonal points wrt ABC. Consider
Mpq = M(P P 0 , QQ0 ) (click M to see its definition). Similarly define Mpr , Mpt , Mqr , Mqt , Mrt . Then Mpq Mrt , Mpr Mqt ,
Mpt Mqr are concurrent.
Remark. In previous theorem it is known fact1 that all these Mpq , Mpr , Mpt , Mqr , Mqt , Mrt lie on (ABC).
R0
Q0
Mqr
A
R
Mpr
Mpq
Q
Mrt
P
P0
Mqt
B
C
Mpt
T0
Fact 10.14.1
LIST OF PHRASES
1See the lemma from the article [3].
136
MIXTILINEAR CIRCLES
Fractal-like configurations with mixtilinear circles
11.1.1. Consider any cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. Let the circle Ωab is tangent to AC, BD and is internally tangent
to the smaller arc AB of (ABCD) at point Tab . Similarly define Tbc , Tcd , Tda .
(1) Let the circle ωab is tangent to P A, P Tab and is internally tangent to the smaller arc ATab of (ABCD) at Ab .
Let the circle ωba is tangent to P B, P Tab and is internally tangent to the smaller arc Tab B of (ABCD) at Ba .
Denote by àb the line through Ab Ba . Similarly define `bc , `cd , `da . Let àb , `bc , `cd , `da form a quadrilateral
A0 B 0 C 0 D0 . Then if some three of the lines AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 , DD0 are concurrent then all of them are concurrent
(2) Let the circle πab is tangent to CA, Tab Tcd and is internally tangent to the smaller arc ATab of (ABCD) at
AB . Let the circle πba is tangent to DB, Tab Tcd and is internally tangent to the smaller arc Tab B of (ABCD)
at BA . Denote by Lab the line through AB BA . Similarly define Lbc , Lcd , Lda . Let Lab , Lbc , Lcd , Lda form a
quadrilateral A1 B1 C1 D1 . Then if some three of the lines AA1 , BB1 , CC1 , DD1 are concurrent then all of them
are concurrent.
A0 Ab Tab
Ba
B0
A
B
Tda
Tbc
P
D C
C0
D0
Tcd
Fact 11.1.1(1)
A1 Tab
AB
BA
B1
A
B
Tda
Tbc
P
D C
C1
D1
Tcd
Fact 11.1.1(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
137
MIXTILINEAR CIRCLES – INC
11.2.1. Given a triangle ABC with the incenter I. Let A – mixtilinear incircle of ABC is tangent to AB, AC at Ab ,
Ac , respectively. Similarly define the points Ba , Bc , Ca , Cb . Let Ia be the incenter of ICb Bc and Wa be the midpoint of
smaller arc BC of (ABC). Similarly define the points Ib , Ic , Wb , Wc . Then Ia Wa , Ib Wb , Ic Wc are concurrent.
C0
A Wc
Wb
Ic
Ib
I
B0
Ia
C B
A0
Wa
Fact 11.2.1
11.2.2. Consider any cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. Let the circle Ωab is tangent to BC, AD at Tbc , Tad and is internally
tangent to the smaller arc AB of (ABCD). Similarly define circles Ωbc , Ωcd , Ωda and points Tcb , Tba , . . ., Tda . Consider
the incircle ωa of ATad Tab , similarly define ωb , ωc , ωd . Then the external homothety center of ωc , ωd coincides with
CD ∩ Tda Tcb .
B
Tba
Tab Tbc
A
Tad
Tcb
Tda
D Tdc
Tcd
C
Fact 11.2.2
LIST OF PHRASES
138
MIXTILINEAR CIRCLES – NPC
11.3.1. Consider any cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. Let the circle Ωab is tangent to BC, AD at Tbc , Tad and is internally
tangent to the smaller arc AB of (ABCD). Similarly define circles Ωbc , Ωcd , Ωda and points Tcb , Tba , . . ., Tda . Consider
the nine-point circle πa of ATad Tab , similarly define πb , πc , πd . Then
(1) The external homothety center Hab of πc , πd lies on AB. Similarly define Hbc , Hcd , Hda
(2) Hab Hcd k Hbc Hda .
Hbc
Hda
B
Tba
Tab
Tbc
A
Tad
Tcb
Hcd
Tda
Hab
Tdc
Tcd
Fact 11.3.1
LIST OF PHRASES
139
MIXTILINEAR CIRCLES – RADICAL LINES
11.4.1. Consider any triangle ABC. Let the circle ωa is tangent to AB, AC at Ab , Ac and is internally tangent to
(ABC) at A0 (i.e. ωa is the A – mixtilinear incircle of ABC). Similarly define ωb , ωc , B 0 , C 0 , Ba , Bc , Ca , Cb . Let ra , rb ,
rc be the radical lines of pairs of circles (A0 Bc Cb ), (CAc Bc ); (B 0 Ac Ca ), (ABa Ca ) and (C 0 Ab Ba ), (BAb Cb ), respectively.
Then ra , rb , rc are concurrent.
C0
A
Ca Ba
B0
Ab
Ac
Bc Cb B
C
A0
Fact 11.4.1
11.4.2. Consider any triangle ABC. Let the A, B, C – mixtilinear incircles of ABC has centers Oa , Ob , Oc and are
tangent to (ABC) at A0 , B 0 , C 0 , respectively. Consider the midpoints Wa , Wb , Wc of smaller arcs BC, AC, AB of
(ABC). Let ra be the radical line of (B 0 Wb Oc ) and (C 0 Wc Ob ). Similarly define rb , rc . Then ra , rb , rc are concurrent.
11.4.3. Consider any triangle ABC. Let the A, B, C – mixtilinear incircles of ABC has centers Oa , Ob , Oc and are
tangent to (ABC) at A0 , B 0 , C 0 , respectively. Consider the midpoints Wa , Wb , Wc of smaller arcs BC, AC, AB of
(ABC). Let ra be the radical line of (A0 Wa Oa ) and the incircle of ABC. Similarly define rb , rc . Then ra , rb , rc form a
C0 A
A Wc
C0
Wc
Wb
Oc B0 Oc
Wb
Ob
Ob
B0
Oa
Oa
C B
C B
A0 A0 Wa
Wa
Fact 11.4.2 Fact 11.4.3
LIST OF PHRASES
140
CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS – INC
12.1.1. Given a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. Let P = AB ∩ CD, Q = BC ∩ AD. Consider the angle bisector lP of
∠AP D and the angle bisector lQ of ∠AQB. Let lP meet AD, BC at X, Y and lQ meet AB, CD at Z, W , respectively.
Then the external homothety center of the incircles of the triangles DXW , BY Z lies on P Q.
Q
B
X
P
D
W C
Fact 12.1.1
LIST OF PHRASES
141
CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS – INC – ELLIPSES
12.2.1. Consider a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. Let P = AC ∩ BD. Let the conic KAB has foci at points A, B and goes
through the incenter of ABP . Let the conic KBC has foci at points B, C and goes through the incenter of BCP . Similarly
define conics KCD and KDA . Consider the intersection point PAB of the lines LA (KAB , KDA ) and LB (KAB , KBC ) (click
L to see its definition). Similarly define points PBC , PCD , PDA . Then
(1) Lines PAB PCD , PBC PDA intersect at P
(2) Define A0 as the second intersection point of the line LA (KAB , KDA ) with (ABCD). Similarly define points B 0 ,
C 0 , D0 . Then the lines A0 C 0 and B 0 D0 intersect at P .
PAB
A
A0
PDA
D0
B
P
D
B0
PCD C C0 PBC
Fact 12.2.1
LIST OF PHRASES
142
CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS – NPC
12.3.1. Consider any cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. Let P , Q, R, T be the points on AB, BC, CD, DA, such that
P Q k AC k RT and QR k BD k T P . Consider the nine-point circles ωA , ωB , ωC , ωD of AP T , BP Q, CQR, DRT .
Then the tangent lines from A to ωC and from C to ωA form a tangential quadrilateral which incenter lies on a fixed
line while P QRT varies.
B
P
D
R
C
Fact 12.3.1
LIST OF PHRASES
143
CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS – FERMAT POINTS
12.4.1. Consider a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. Let Fa , Fb , Fc , Fd be the first Fermat points of ABD, ABC, BCD,
CDA. Consider the line àb through the second Fermat points of ABFa , ABFb . Similarly define `bc , `cd , `da . Let àb
meet `da at A1 , similarly define B1 , C1 , D1 . Then
(1) Fa Fb Fc Fd is cyclic
(2) If some three of the lines AA1 , BB1 , CC1 , DD1 are concurrent, then all four of them are concurrent
(3) If some three of the lines Fa A1 , Fb B1 , Fc C1 , Fd D1 are concurrent, then all four of them are concurrent.
A1
B1
A
B
B Fa
Fa
Fb Fb
Fd
Fc
D
Fd
C
Fc
D1 C
C1
Fact 12.4.1(1) Fact 12.4.1(2)
A1
A B1
B
Fa
Fb
Fd
Fc
D
C
D1 C1
Fact 12.4.1(3)
LIST OF PHRASES
144
TANGENTIAL QUADRILATERALS – INC
12.5.1. (Nikolai Beluhov [26]) Consider a tangential quadrilateral ABCD with the incircle ω. Let AC meet BD at
E. Consider the inenters IA , IB , IC , ID , Iab , Ibc , Icd , Ida of ABD, ABC, BCD, CDA, EAB, EBC, ECD, EDA
respectively. Then
(1) Iab Ibc Icd Ida is cyclic
(2) Ia Ib meet Ic Id at the circumcenter of (Iab Ibc Icd Ida ).
Ibc
IC
IB
Icd
Iab
ID
IA
Ida
A D
Fact 12.5.1(1) and (2)
12.5.2. Consider a tangential quadrilateral ABCD with the incircle ω which is tangent to AB, BC, CD, DA at TAB ,
TBC , TCD , TDA respectively. Denote by I the center of ω. Let the line ÀB goes through the incenters of ITAB A, ITAB B
and meet AB at PAB . Similarly define PBC , PCD , PDA . Let the lines AB, CD intersect at X and the lines BC, DA
intersect at Y . Then points PAB , PBC , PCD , PDA , X, Y lie on the same conic.
PAB
PCD
B
TBC
C
PBC
TAB
TCD
I
Y
PDA
D
TDA
Fact 12.5.2
12.5.3. Consider a quadrilateral ABCD with the incircle ω which is tangent to AB, BC, CD, DA at TAB , TBC , TCD ,
TDA respectively. Let P be the intersection point of AC and BD. Let the line ÀB goes through the incenters of P TAB A,
P TAB B and meet AB at PAB . Similarly define PBC , PCD , PDA . If AB meet CD at X and BC meet DA at Y , then
points PAB , PBC , PCD , PDA , X, Y lie on the same conic.
145
PAB
PCD
TBC C
TAB TCD
PBC PDA
P
Y
TDA
Fact 12.5.3
12.5.4. Consider a tangential quadrilateral ABCD with the incircle ω and the incenter I. Denote by X, Y the
concurrency points of the pairs of lines AB, CD and BC, DA. Let the line through I and parallel to the external angle
bisector of ∠BXC meet AB, CD at PAB , PCD . Similarly, let the line through I and parallel to the external angle bisector
of ∠CY D meet BC, DA at PBC , PDA . Then the external common tangents to the incircles of BPAB PBC , DPCD PDA
meet on XY .
B
PBC
C
PAB
PCD
A PDA D Y
Fact 12.5.4
LIST OF PHRASES
146
TANGENTIAL QUADRILATERALS – INC – SYMMEDIAN POINTS
12.6.1. Consider any tangential quadrilateral ABCD which also is cyclic. Let AC meet BD at E and IAB , IBC ,
ICD , IDA be the incenters of EAB, EBC, ECD, EDA. Let À be the line through the symmedian points of AIAB IDA ,
AICD IBC . Similarly define `B , `C , `D . Then E, À ∩ `C , `B ∩ `D are collinear.
A
Iab
Ibc
Ida E
Icd
Fact 12.6.1
LIST OF PHRASES
147
TANGENTIAL QUADRILATERALS – INC – ISOGONAL CONJUGATES
12.7.1. Consider any tangential quadrilateral ABCD with the incenter I. Let AC meet BD at E. Consider the
incenters IA , IB , IC , ID , Iab , Ibc , Icd , Ida of ABD, ABC, BCD, CDA, EAB, EBC, ECD, EDA, respectively.
(1) Consider the isogonal conjugations Ea , Eb , Ec , Ed of E wrt AIab Ida , BIbc Iab , CIbc Icd , DIcd Ida , respectively.
Then the lines AC, BD, Ea Ec , Eb Ed form a parallelogram
(2) Isogonal conjugations of A, B, C, D wrt EIab Ida , EIbc Iab , EIbc Icd , EIcd Ida , respectively, form a parallelogram
1
(3) Isogonal conjugations of IA IC ∩ IB ID wrt IA Iab Ida , IB Ibc Iab , IC Ibc Icd , ID Icd Ida , respectively, form a parallelo-
gram 2
(4) 1 is symmetric to 2 wrt angle ∠AEB bisector.
B B
A A
Iab Iab
IA IB IA IB
Ec
E Ida E Ibc
Ibc
Ida
Ed
IC ID IC
ID
Icd Icd
Eb
Ea
D D
C C
Fact 12.7.1(1) Fact 12.7.1(2)
B
B
A
A
Iab Iab
IB IA IB
IA
Ida E Ibc
Ida E Ibc
IC
ID IC ID
Icd
Icd
D D
C C
Fact 12.7.1(3) Fact 12.7.1(4)
LIST OF PHRASES
148
TANGENTIAL QUADRILATERALS – INC – ELLIPSES
12.8.1. In a tangential quadrilateral ABCD, let E be the intersection of the diagonals AC, BD. Consider the in-
centers Iab , Ibc , Icd , Ida of AEB, BEC, CED, DEA, respectively. Let Cab be a conic with focuses A and B, passing
through Iab . Similarly define the conics CBC , CCD , CDA . Let XAB be the intersection point of the lines LA (CDA , CAB )
and LB (CAB , CBC ) (click L to see its definition), similarly define XBC , XCD , XDA . Then XAB XCD , XBC XDA are
concurrent at E.
B
Iab
Ida
E Ibc
Icd
D
C
Fact 12.8.1
LIST OF PHRASES
149
TANGENTIAL QUADRILATERALS – ISOGONAL CONJUGATES
12.9.1. Consider any tangential quadrilateral ABCD with the incenter I. Then the isogonal conjugations of I wrt
ABC, BCD, CDA, DAB form a parallelogram.
D
C
Fact 12.9.1
12.9.2. Consider any tangential quadrilateral ABCD with the incenter I. Let AC meet BD at E. Consider the isogonal
conjugations Eab , Ebc , Ecd , Eda of E wrt IAB, IBC, ICD, IDA, respectively. Then I is the incenter of the quadrilateral
formed with Eab Ebc , Ebc Ecd , Ecd Eda , Eda Eab .
Ebc
Eda
A B
Eab
C
D
Ecd
Fact 12.9.2
LIST OF PHRASES
150
MIQUEL’S THEOREM – SIMSON LINES
13.1.1. Consider any four lines l1 , l2 , l3 , l4 which form four triangles 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 . Let l be any line. Consider two
intersection points P1 , P10 of l with the circumcircle of 41 . Let the Simson lines of P1 , P10 wrt 41 meet at X1 . Similarly
define X2 , X3 , X4 . Then X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 are collinear.
` P1
X1
P2
`4
`1
`3
`2
Fact 13.1.1
13.1.2. Consider any triangle ABC and let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be any points on the sides BC, AC, AB of ABC, respectively.
Consider any line `. Let PA , QA be the intersection points of ` with (AB 0 C 0 ). Let the Simson lines of PA , QA wrt AB 0 C 0
meet at XA . Similarly define XB , XC .
(1) Points XA , XB , XC are collinear
(2) Let (AB 0 C 0 ), (A0 BC 0 ), (A0 B 0 C) are concurrent at P and A1 B1 C1 be the pedal triangle of P wrt ABC. Then
the midpoints of A1 XA , B1 XB , C1 XC are collinear (deformed Gauss line).
PA
0 C0 B1 C1
XA B XA
QA
XC P
XC P
XB
C B
A0 XB
C B
A1
Fact 13.1.2(1) Fact 13.1.2(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
151
APOLLONIAN GASKET – INC
14.1.1. Let given three circles Ωa , Ωb , Ωc , which are pairwise tangent at A0 , B 0 , C 0 . Let the circle Ω is internally
tangent to Ωa , Ωb , Ωc at A, B, C. Let AB be the second intersection point of BC with Ωb , similarly define BA , CA ,
AC , CB , BC . Let the line lA goes through the incenters of A0 AB B, A0 AC C, similarly define lB , lC . Then the triangle
formed by lA , lB , lC is perspective to ABC.
BA
CA
BC CB
B0 C0
A0
C
AC AB B
Fact 14.1.1
Remark. Note that (A0 BC), (B 0 AC), (C 0 AB) are pairwise tangent at A, B, C and also are tangent to (A0 B 0 C 0 ) at A0 ,
B 0 , C 0 . Thus, in every fact about Apollonian gaskets it is possible to replace A ↔ A0 , B ↔ B 0 , C ↔ C 0 .
LIST OF PHRASES
152
APOLLONIAN GASKET – EULER LINES
14.2.1. Consider any three circles ΩA , ΩB , ΩC which are pairwise tangent at points A0 , B 0 , C 0 (ΩB is tangent to ΩC
at A0 and so on). Let the circle Ω is internally tangent to ΩA , ΩB , ΩC at points A, B, C, respectively. Then
(1) Euler lines of ABC, AB 0 C 0 , A0 BC 0 , A0 B 0 C are concurrent
(2) Euler lines of A0 B 0 C 0 , A0 BC, AB 0 C, ABC 0 are concurrent.
A
A
C0
B0 B0 C0
A0
A0
C C
B B
Fact 14.2.1(1) Fact 14.2.1(2)
Definition 14.7. Consider any triangle ABC with the Euler line `. By the Euler reflection point of ABC we call
the intersection point of the reflections of ` wrt sides of ABC. Note that the Euler reflection point always lies on the
circumcircle of ABC.
at A0 and so on). Let the circle Ω is internally tangent to ΩA , ΩB , ΩC at points A, B, C, respectively. Consider the
Euler reflection points E, Ea , Eb , Ec of ABC, AB 0 C 0 , A0 BC 0 , A0 B 0 C, respectively. Then EEa Eb Ec is cyclic.
14.2.3. Consider any three circles ΩA , ΩB , ΩC which are pairwise tangent at points A0 , B 0 , C 0 (ΩB is tangent to ΩC at
A0 and so on). Let the circle Ω is internally tangent to ΩA , ΩB , ΩC at points A, B, C, respectively. Consider the Euler
reflection points Ea , Eb , Ec , Ea0 , Eb0 , Ec0 of AB 0 C 0 , A0 BC 0 , A0 B 0 C, A0 BC, AB 0 C, ABC 0 , respectively. Then Ea Ea0 ,
Eb Eb0 , Ec Ec0 are concurrent.
A
A
Ea
Ea
Eb0 Ec0
C0
E B0 C0
B0
Ea0
A0 A0
C B C B
Ec
Ec
Eb Eb
Fact 14.2.2 Fact 14.2.3
LIST OF PHRASES
153
APOLLONIAN GASKET – EULER LINES – RADICAL LINES
at A0 and so on). Let the circle Ω is internally tangent to ΩA , ΩB , ΩC at points A, B, C, respectively. Consider the
Euler reflection points Ea , Eb , Ec , Ea0 , Eb0 , Ec0 of AB 0 C 0 , A0 BC 0 , A0 B 0 C, A0 BC, AB 0 C, ABC 0 , respectively. Let à be
the radical line of (Ea Eb Ec ) and
(1) (AB 0 C 0 )
(2) (AEb0 Ec0 )
(3) (Ea Eb0 Ec0 )
Similarly define `b , `c (for each of the three cases). Then à , `b , `c form a triangle which is perspective to Ea Eb Ec .
Ea
C0
0
B
A0
C
Ec B
Eb
Fact 14.3.1(1)
A
Ea
Eb0 Ec0
C0
B0
Ea0
A0
C B
Ec
Eb
Fact 14.3.1(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
154
JAPANESE THEOREM – NPC
15.1.1. Consider any cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. Let Ia , Ib , Ic , Id be the incenters of ABD, ABC, BCD, CDA.
Consider the case when ABCD has an incircle. Then
(1) Nine-point circles of AIb Id , CIb Id meet on AC
(2) Nine-point centers of AIb Id , CIb Id , BIa Ic , DIa Ic lie on the same circle.
Ia
Ib
Id
Ic
Fact 15.1.1(1) and (2)
LIST OF PHRASES
155
JAPANESE THEOREM – FERMAT POINTS
15.2.1. Consider a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. Let Ia , Ib , Ic , Id be the incenters of ABD, ABC, BCD, CDA.
Consider a line Lab through the second (first) Fermat points of ABIa , ABIb . Similarly define Lbc , Lcd , Lda . Let Lab
meet Lda at A1 , similarly define B1 , C1 , D1 . Then
(1) If some three of the lines Ia A1 , Ia B1 , Ic C1 , Id D1 are concurrent, then all four of them are concurrent
(2) If some three of the lines AA1 , BB1 , CC1 , DD1 are concurrent, then all four of them are concurrent.
B1
A1
A B
Ia Ib
Id Ic
D C
D1
C1
Fact 15.2.1(1)
B1
A1
A B
Ia Ib
Id Ic
D
C
D1
C1
Fact 15.2.1(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
156
JAPANESE THEOREM – SYMMEDIAN POINTS
Consider a line Lab through the symmedian points of ABIa , ABIb . Similarly define Lbc , Lcd , Lda . Let Lab meet Lda at
A1 , similarly define B1 , C1 , D1 . Then
(1) Circumcenter of (Ia Ib Ic Id ) lies on the Gauss line of the complete quadrilateral formed with lines Ia A1 , Ib B1 ,
Ic C1 , Id D1
(2) If some three of the lines Ia A1 , Ia B1 , Ic C1 , Id D1 are concurrent, then all four of them are concurrent
(3) If some three of the lines AA1 , BB1 , CC1 , DD1 are concurrent, then all four of them are concurrent.
A1
B
B1
Ia
Ib
Id
Ic
C1
D1 C
Fact 15.3.1(1)
B
A
A B
B1
A1 B1
A1
Ia Ib
Ib
Ia
Id Ic Ic
Id
C1 C1
D1 D1
C C
D
D
Fact 15.3.1(2) Fact 15.3.1(3)
157
Consider the symmedian points Sa , Sb , Sc , Sd of AId Ib , BIa Ic , CIb Id , DIc Ia .
(1) Circumcenter of (Ia Ib Ic Id ) lies on the Gauss line of the complete quadrilateral formed with lines Ia Sa , Ib Sb , Ic Sc ,
Id Sd
(2) If some three of the lines Ia Sa , Ib Sb , Ic Sc , Id Sd are concurrent, then all four of them are concurrent
(3) If some three of the lines ASa , BSb , CSc , DSd are concurrent, then all four of them are concurrent.
B
B
A A
Ib Ib
Ia Ia
Sb Sa Sb
Sa
Sd Sc Sc
Sd
Ic Ic
Id Id
C
D C D
Fact 15.3.2(1) Fact 15.3.2(2)
B
A
Ib
Ia
Sa Sb
Sc
Sd
Ic
Id
Fact 15.3.2(3)
LIST OF PHRASES
158
JAPANESE THEOREM – EULER LINES
15.4.1. Consider a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. Let Ia , Ib , Ic , Id be the incenters of ABD, ABC, BCD, CDA. Then
the Euler lines of Ia Ib B, Ia Id D meet on (ABCD).
Ia
Ib
Id
Ic
D
C
Fact 15.4.1
Consider the case when ABCD has an incircle. Then the Euler lines of AIb Id , CIb Id , BIa Ic , DIa Ic are concurrent.
A
B
Ia
Ib
Id
Ic
Fact 15.4.2
LIST OF PHRASES
159
JAPANESE THEOREM – RADICAL LINES
15.5.1. Given a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. Let IA , IB , IC , ID be the incenters of DAC, ABC, BCD, CDA,
respectively. Then the circles with diameters AIA , BIB , CIC , DID have the same radical center.
A
IB
IA
IC
ID
C
D
Fact 15.5.1
respectively. Define the points AB = AB ∩ IA ID , AD = AD ∩ IA IB . Similarly define BA , BC , CB , CD , DC , DA . Then
(1) Circles (AAB AD ), (BBA BC ), (CCB CD ), (DDC DA ) have the same radical center
(2) Let the circle (AAB AD ) meet IA IB , IA ID second time at A0B , A0D . Consider the circle ωa through IA A0B A0D ,
similarly define ωb , ωc , ωd . Then the circles ωa , ωb , ωc , ωd have the same radical center
(3) Circles (ABCD), (IA IB IC ID ), (AB BA CD DC ), (AD DA BC CB ) have the same radical center.
BA B
A AB BA B
AB
A
IB BC
AD IA A0B IB BC
IA
AD
A0D
DA ID IC
CB CB
IC
ID
DA
D DC CD
C
CD C
DC
D
Fact 15.5.2(1) Fact 15.5.2(2)
LIST OF PHRASES
160
JAPANESE THEOREM – CIRCUMCONICS
respectively. Consider any point P on (ABCD) and two conics CAC , CBD through ACIB ID P , BDIA IC P , respectively.
Then
(1) Conics CAC , CBD meet on (ABCD) second time at Q
(2) Other two intersection points of CAC , CBD lie on a fixed conic through IA , IB , IC , ID and the incenters of EAB,
EBC, ECD, EDA, where E = AC ∩ BD.
IA
IB
ID
IC
D
C
Fact 15.6.1(1) and (2)
LIST OF PHRASES
161
MORLEY’S THEOREM – CIRCUMCENTERS
16.1.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let A0 B 0 C 0 be its inner Morley triangle. Consider the circumcenters OA , Ob ,
Oc , Wa of A0 BC, A0 BC 0 , A0 B 0 C, OA Ob Oc , respectively. Similarly define Wb , Wc . Then Wa Wb Wc is perspective to
A0 B 0 C 0 .
OC
Wc
OB Oa
Wb
B0 C0
Oc Ob
A0
C B
Wa
OA
Fact 16.1.1
LIST OF PHRASES
162
MORLEY’S THEOREM – EULER LINES
16.2.1. Consider any triangle ABC and its inner Morley’s triangle A0 B 0 C 0 . Let the Euler line of A0 BC meet the bigger
arc BC of (ABC) at A1 . Similarly define B1 , C1 . Then the triangles A1 B1 C1 and A0 B 0 C 0 are homothetic equilateral
triangles.
A1
A
B0 C0
A0
B
C
B1
C1
Fact 16.2.1
16.2.2. Consider any triangle ABC and its inner Morley’s triangle A0 B 0 C 0 . Then the Euler lines of AB 0 C 0 , A0 BC 0 ,
A0 B 0 C are concurrent.
16.2.3. Consider any triangle ABC and its inner and outer Morley’s triangles A1 B1 C1 and A2 B2 C2 . Then the Euler
lines of A1 B2 C2 , B1 A2 C2 , C1 A2 B2 are concurrent.
A
C2
B2
B1 C1
0
B0 C
A1
C B
A0
C B
A2
Fact 16.2.2 Fact 16.2.3
LIST OF PHRASES
163
MORLEY’S THEOREM – EULER LINES – CIRCUMCENTERS
16.3.1. Consider any triangle ABC and its inner and outer Morley’s triangles A1 B1 C1 and A2 B2 C2 . Let A01 be the
Euler reflection point of AB1 C1 . Similarly define B10 , C10 . Let A02 be the Euler reflection point of AB2 C2 . Similarly
define B20 , C20 . Then the triangle formed with the circumcenters of AA01 A02 , BB10 B20 , CC10 C20 is homothetic to ABC.
A02
A
A01
C2
B2
B1 C1
A1
C10
C20 B20
B10
A2
Fact 16.3.1
LIST OF PHRASES
164
MORLEY’S THEOREM – RADICAL LINES
16.4.1. Consider any triangle ABC and its Morley’s triangle A0 B 0 C 0 . Let lA be the radical line of (AB 0 C 0 ) and (A0 BC).
Similarly define lB , lC . Then the lines lA , lB , lC form an equilateral triangle which is perspective to ABC.
C0
B0
A0
C B
Fact 16.4.1
16.4.2. Consider any triangle ABC and its three external Morley’s triangles AA BA CA , AB BB CB , AC BC CC (see
picture below for more details). Let lA be the radical line of (AA AB AC ) and (CA BA BB CC ). Similarly define lB , lC .
Then the lines lA , lB , lC form a triangle with vertices lying on the sides of AA BB CC , which is perspective to ABC.
AB
AC
CC BC
CB BB
B
C
AA
CA BA
Fact 16.4.2
16.4.3. Consider any triangle ABC and its internal and external Morley’s triangles A1 B1 C1 , A2 B2 C2 , respectively
(see the picture below for more details). Consider the intersection point MA of B1 C2 and B2 C1 . Similarly define MB ,
MC . Let ra be the radical line of (B2 C2 MA ) and (A2 MB MC ). Similarly define rb , rc . Consider the intersection point
QA of B1 C1 and ra , similarly define QB , QC . Then the triangles A1 B1 C1 and QA QB QC are perspective at a point on
(A1 B1 C1 ).
165
A
C2
QB
B2
QC
QA C1
B1
A1
C
B
A2
Fact 16.4.3
LIST OF PHRASES
166
MORLEY’S THEOREM – EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES
16.5.1. Consider any triangle ABC and let A0 B 0 C 0 be its (inner) Morley triangle. Let 4A be a triangle which is
homothetic to A0 B 0 C 0 and is inscribed in AB 0 C 0 (i.e. vertices of 4A lie on the sides AB 0 , AC 0 , B 0 C 0 ). Reflect one
of the vertex of 4A which lies on B 0 C 0 wrt opposite side of 4A and get a point A1 . Similarly define B1 , C1 . Then
A0 A1 , B 0 B1 , C 0 C1 are concurrent.
A1
C0
B0
A0 B1
C1
Fact 16.5.1
LIST OF PHRASES
167
NAPOLEON’S THEOREM – EULER LINES
17.1.1. Consider any triangle ABC and its Napoleon’s triangle A0 B 0 C 0 . Let E, Ea , Eb , Ec be the Euler reflection
points of ABC, AB 0 C 0 , A0 BC 0 , A0 B 0 C, respectively. Then EEa Eb Ec is cyclic.
A Ea
C0
B0
Eb
Ec
C B
A0
Fact 17.1.1
LIST OF PHRASES
168
NAPOLEON’S THEOREM – EULER LINES – RADICAL LINES
17.2.1. Consider any triangle ABC and its Napoleon’s triangle A0 B 0 C 0 . Let Ea , Eb , Ec be the Euler reflection points
of AB 0 C 0 , A0 BC 0 , A0 B 0 C, respectively. Consider the radical line à of (AB 0 C 0 ) and (A0 Eb Ec ), similarly define `b , `c .
Then à , `b , `c are concurrent.
A Ea
C0
B0
Eb
Ec
C B
A0
Fact 17.2.1
LIST OF PHRASES
169
NAPOLEON’S THEOREM – RADICAL LINES
17.3.1. Consider any triangle ABC and its Napoleon’s triangle A0 B 0 C 0 . Let lA be the radical line of (AB 0 C 0 ) and
(A0 BC). Similarly define lB , lC . Then the lines lA , lB , lC are concurrent.
C0
B0
À
B
C
A0
Fact 17.3.1
LIST OF PHRASES
170
NAPOLEON’S THEOREM – EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES
17.4.1. Consider any triangle ABC and three external equilateral triangles ABC1 , AB1 C, A1 BC. Let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be
the centers of BCA1 , ACB1 , ABC1 (i.e. A0 B 0 C 0 is the Napoleon’s triangle of ABC). Let the triangle 4A is homothetic
to A0 B 0 C 0 and is inscribed in a triangle formed by lines AB1 , AC1 , BC. Similarly define the triangles 4B , 4C . Then
the centers of 4A , 4B , 4C lie on the sides of A0 B 0 C 0 . Moreover, they are collinear.
A
C1
B1
C0
B0
C B
A0
A1
Fact 17.4.1
LIST OF PHRASES
171
PASCAL’S THEOREM – RADICAL LINES
18.1.1. Consider any cyclic hexagon ABCDEF . Let X = AE ∩ BF , Y = DB ∩ CE and Z = DA ∩ CF . Let l1 be
the radical line of circles (EF X) and (BCY ), let l2 be the radical line of circles (DY E) and (BXA), and let l3 be the
radical line of circles (AXF ) and (CDY ). Consider the Pascal line ` of the hexagon AECF BD (i.e ` = XY Z). Let the
line W goes through the center of (ABCDEF ) and is perpendicular to `. Then
(1) Lines W, BE, l3 are concurrent
(2) Lines W, l1 , l2 are concurrent.
E
W
`3
`1 `2 F
Z X
Y
Fact 18.1.1(1) and (2)
LIST OF PHRASES
172
BRIANCHON’S THEOREM – INC
19.1.1. Consider a hexagon ABCDEF which has an incircle ω. Let AD, BE, CF are concurrent at P . Let ωAB be
the incircle of P AB and lAB be the second external tangent to ω, ωAB different from AB. Similarly define lBC , lCD ,
lDE , lEF , lF A . Let the lines lAB , lBC , lCD , lDE , lEF , lF A form a hexagon A0 B 0 C 0 D0 E 0 F 0 . Consider the intersection
point P 0 of A0 D0 , B 0 E 0 , C 0 F 0 . Then the center of ω lies on P P 0 .
P
P0
Fact 19.1.1
LIST OF PHRASES
173
REFERENCES
Here is a list of geometry resources and articles, the geometry problems of which were directly used in this
paper or were motivating while creating some of the facts from this article.
[1] Skutin Alexander, Some new theorems in plane geometry, arXiv:1704.04923 (2017).
[2] Skutin Alexander, Creative geometry, arXiv:1802.03543 (2018).
[3] Skutin Alexander, On rotation of a isogonal point, Journal of Classical Geometry, Vol 2 66—67.
[4] Skutin Alexander, AoPS blog “Geometry blog”.
[5] Antreas Hatzipolakis, Hyacinthos message 28886. (Generalized to the fact 1.8.3 by A.Skutin).
[6] Antreas Hatzipolakis, Hyacinthos message 28548. (Generalized to the fact 1.12.3 by A.Skutin).
[7] Antreas Hatzipolakis, Hyacinthos message 28193. (Fact 2.3.1).
[10] Antreas Hatzipolakis, Hyacinthos message 24559. (Fact 1.3.1(3)).
[11] Antreas Hatzipolakis, Hyacinthos message 23896. (Fact 2.1.2(1)).
[12] Kadir Altintas, Hyacinthos message 28895.
[13] Kadir Altintas, AoPS forum post “Concurrency with reflections of symmedian points”. (Fact 5.4.1(1)).
[14] Kadir Altintas, AoPS forum post “A general concurrence with symmedians”. (Fact 1.14.3).
[15] Tran Quang Hung, AoPS forum post “Six points lie on a conic 3”. (Fact 7.1.1(1) and (2)).
[16] Tran Quang Hung, AoPS forum post “Collinear points with isogonal conjugate”.
[17] Tran Quang Hung, AoPS forum post “Isogonal lines”.
[18] Morendo, AoPS forum post “Symmedian Points of Triangles Formed by Incenter”. (Fact 1.14.2).
[19] Thanh Tùng Vũ, AoPS forum post “Excenters-Incenter Concurrent Lines”. (Fact 3.2.3).
[20] Telv Cohl, AoPS forum post “Problem about Nine point circle”. (Fact 10.4.2).
[21] Jean-Louis Ayme, “Ayme-Emelyanov’s line”. (Fact 1.3.1(1)).
[22] Colescu, https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1897127. (Fact 1.19.1(2)).
[23] Angel Montesdeoca, https://amontes.webs.ull.es/otrashtm/HGT2019.htm#HG010219.
[24] N. Dergiades and A. Myakishev, A triad of circles tangent internally to the nine-point circle, Forum
Geom. 13 (2013) 7-10.
[25] Van Lamoen circle theorem. (Fact 5.3.1).
[26] Nikolai Beluhov, Kvant 2010. (Fact 12.5.1).
[27] C. Kimberling, Encyclopedia of triangle centers – ETC.
[28] D. S. Grigoryev, A. G. Myakishev, On hypotheses by L. Steingarts, Math. Ed., 2013, no. 3(67), 40–56.
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Cosmology of Plane Geometry: Concepts and Theorems

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Cosmology of Plane Geometry: Concepts and Theorems

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Cosmology of Plane Geometry:

Concepts and Theorems

Theorem 1 (Square case) Theorem 1

Undeformed objects Possible deformations

Example 1 (Configuration) Example 1 (4 case) Example 1 (Relation)

Example 2 (Configuration) Example 2 (4 case) Example 2 (Relation)

Example 3(1) (Configuration) (4 case, P = O) Example 3(1) (Relation)

Example 3(2) (Configuration) (4 case, P = O) Example 3(2) (Relation)

4 with center 4 with center 2 4 with cevians

4 with midpoint triangle Triangulated 4 4 with incircle

Regular hexagon Regular hexagon 2 Hexagonal star

Sierpinski triangle Apollonian gasket

THE MEANING OF ONE- AND TWO-WORD PHRASES

BASIC OBJECTS THAT WE USE IN THIS ARTICLE

Fact 1.1.1 Fact 1.1.2

Fact 1.1.3 Fact 1.1.4

Fact 1.1.5 Fact 1.1.6

Fact 1.1.7(1) Fact 1.1.7(2)

Fact 1.3.1(1) and (2) Fact 1.3.1(3)

Fact 1.3.2(1) Fact 1.3.2(2)

Fact 1.3.4(1) Fact 1.3.4(2)

HC A0 B 0 respectively. Then the triangles HA

Fact 1.6.2(1) and (2) Equilateral triangle case

Fact 1.7.1(1) Fact 1.7.1(2)

Fact 1.8.4(1) Fact 1.8.4(2)

Fact 1.9.1(1) Fact 1.9.1(2)

Fact 1.11.1(1) and (2) Fact 1.11.1 Case of an equi-

Fact 1.11.3(1) and (2) Case of equilateral ABC

Fact 1.11.4(1) and (2) Case of an equilateral tri-

Fact 1.14.1 Fact 1.14.2

Fact 1.14.3 Fact 1.14.4

Fact 1.14.6(1) Fact 1.14.6(2)

Fact 1.14.7(1) Fact 1.14.7(2)

Fact 1.16.1(1) and (2) Fact 1.16.1(3)

Fact 1.16.2(1) and (2)

Fact 1.16.3 Construction of I` Fact 1.16.3

Fact 1.16.4 Fact 1.16.5

Fact 1.16.6 Fact 1.16.7(1) and (2)

Fact 1.16.8(1) and (3) Fact 1.16.9(1)

Fact 1.19.1(1) Fact 1.19.1(2)

Fact 1.20.1(1) Fact 1.20.1(2)

Fact 1.20.1(1) Excircles case

Fact 1.21.2 Fact 1.21.2 Concurrency

Fact 2.1.1(1) Fact 2.1.1(2), (3) and (4)

Fact 2.1.2(1) Fact 2.1.2(2)

Fact 2.1.2(2) Fact 2.1.2(3) and (4)

Fact 2.1.3 Obtuse triangle case 4 case

Fact 2.2.1(1) Fact 2.2.1(2)

Fact 2.3.1 Fact 2.3.2

Fact 2.6.1 Fact 2.6.2

Fact 2.6.3(1) and (2) Equilateral triangle case

Fact 2.7.1(1) Fact 2.7.1(2)

Fact 3.1.3 Equilateral triangle case

Fact 3.2.1(1) Fact 3.2.1(2)

Fact 3.2.2 Fact 3.2.3

Fact 3.2.6 Fact 3.2.7

Fact 3.2.8(1) Fact 3.2.8(2)

Fact 3.2.9(1) Fact 3.2.9(2)

Fact 3.3.1(1) Fact 3.3.1(2)

Fact 3.7.1(1) and (2)

Fact 3.8.1(1) Fact 3.8.1(2)

Fact 3.8.2(1), (2) and (3) Fact 3.8.2(4)

Fact 3.9.1(1) and (2) Equilateral triangle case

Fact 3.9.2 Equilateral triangle case