José Raúl Capablanca

José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (19 November 1888 – 8 March 1942) was a
José Raúl Capablanca
Cuban chess player who was world chess champion from 1921 to 1927. A chess
prodigy, he is considered by many as one of the greatest players of all time,
widely renowned for his exceptional endgame skill and speed of play.

Born in Havana, he beat Cuban champion Juan Corzo in a match on 17

November 1901, two days before his thirteenth birthday.[1][2] His victory over
Frank Marshall in a match in 1909 earned him an invitation to the 1911 San
Sebastian tournament, which he won ahead of players such as Akiba Rubinstein,
Aron Nimzowitsch and Siegbert Tarrasch. Over the next several years,
Capablanca had a strong series of tournament results. After several unsuccessful
attempts to arrange a match with the then world champion Emanuel Lasker,
Capablanca finally won the title from Lasker in 1921. Capablanca was
undefeated for eight years from 10 February 1916 to 21 March 1924, a period
which included the world championship match with Lasker.

Capablanca lost the title in 1927 to Alexander Alekhine, who had never beaten
Capablanca in 1931
Capablanca before the match. Following unsuccessful attempts to arrange a
Full name José Raúl Capablanca
return match over many years, relations between them became bitter. Capablanca
y Graupera
continued his excellent tournament results in this period but withdrew from
serious chess in 1931. He made a comeback in 1934, with some good results, but Country Cuba
also showed symptoms of high blood pressure. His last major tournament was Born 19 November 1888
the AVRO tournament of 1938, where he performed disappointingly. He died in Havana, Cuba
1942 of a brain hemorrhage.
Died 8 March 1942
Capablanca excelled in simple positions and endgames; Bobby Fischer described (aged 53)
him as possessing a "real light touch". He could play tactical chess when New York City, New
necessary, and had good defensive technique. He wrote several chess books York, U.S.
during his career, of which Chess Fundamentals was regarded by Mikhail World 1921–1927
Botvinnik as the best chess book ever written. Capablanca preferred not to Champion
present detailed analysis but focused on critical moments in a game. His style of
chess was influential in the play of future world champions Bobby Fischer and Anatoly Karpov.

Contents
Biography and career
Childhood
Early adult career
World title contender
During World War I
World Champion
Losing the title
Post-championship and partial retirement
Return to competitive chess
 Death
Tributes

Assessment
Playing strength and style
Influence on the game
Personality
Capablanca Chess
Capablanca's writings
Tournament results
Match results
Notable games
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Biography and career

Childhood
José Raúl Capablanca, the second surviving son of a Spanish army officer,[3] was born in Havana on November 19, 1888.[4]
According to Capablanca, he learned the rules of the game at the age of four by watching his father play with friends, pointed out
an illegal move by his father, and then beat his father. At the age of eight he was taken to Havana Chess Club, which had hosted
many important contests, but on the advice of a doctor he was not allowed to play frequently. Between November and December
1901, he narrowly beat the Cuban Chess Champion, Juan Corzo, in a match.[4][5][6] However, in April 1902 he only came in
fourth out of six in the National Championship, losing both his games against Corzo.[6] In 1905 Capablanca passed the entrance
examinations with ease for Columbia University in New York City, where he wished to play for Columbia's strong baseball team,
and soon was selected as shortstop on the freshman team.[5] In the same year he joined the Manhattan Chess Club, and was soon
recognized as the club's strongest player.[4] He was particularly dominant in rapid chess, winning a tournament ahead of the
reigning World Chess Champion, Emanuel Lasker, in 1906.[4] He represented Columbia on top board in intercollegiate team
chess.[7] In 1908 he left the university to concentrate on chess.[4][5]

According to Columbia University, Capablanca enrolled at Columbia's School of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry in
September, 1910, to study chemical engineering.[8] Later, his financial support was withdrawn because he preferred playing chess
to studying engineering. He left Columbia after one semester to devote himself to chess full-time.

Early adult career

Capablanca's skill in rapid chess lent itself to simultaneous exhibitions, and his increasing reputation in these events led to a US-
wide tour in 1909.[9] Playing 602 games in 27 cities, he scored 96.4% – a much higher percentage than, for example, Géza
Maróczy's 88% and Frank Marshall's 86% in 1906. This performance gained him sponsorship for an exhibition match that year
against Marshall, the US champion,[10] who had won the 1904 Cambridge Springs tournament ahead of World Champion
Emanuel Lasker and Dawid Janowski, and whom Chessmetrics ranks as one of the world's top three players at his peak.[11]
Capablanca beat Marshall by 15–8 (8 wins, 1 loss, 14 draws) – a margin comparable to what Emanuel Lasker achieved against
 Marshall (8 wins, no losses, 7 draws) in winning his 1907 World Championship
match. After the match, Capablanca said that he had never opened a book on
chess openings.[4][12] Following this match, Chessmetrics rates Capablanca the
world's third strongest player for most of the period from 1909 through 1912.[13]

Capablanca won six games and drew one in the 1910 New York State
Championship. Both Capablanca and Charles Jaffe won their four games in the
knock-out preliminaries and met in a match to decide the winner, who would be
the first to win two games. The first game was drawn and Capablanca won the
second and third game. After another gruelling series of simultaneous
exhibitions,[9] Capablanca placed second, with 9½ out of 12, in the 1911
National Tournament at New York, half a point behind Marshall, and half a point
ahead of Charles Jaffe and Oscar Chajes.[14][15] Marshall, invited to play in a
tournament at San Sebastián, Spain, in 1911, insisted that Capablanca also be
Capablanca in 1919 allowed to play.[16]

According to David Hooper and Ken Whyld, San Sebastián 1911 was "one of
the strongest five tournaments held up to that time", as all the world's leading players competed except the World Champion,
Lasker.[17][18] At the beginning of the tournament, Ossip Bernstein and Aron Nimzowitsch objected to Capablanca's participation
because he had not fulfilled the entry condition of winning at least third prize in two master tournaments.[4] Capablanca won
brilliantly against Bernstein in the very first round, more simply against Nimzowitsch,[9] and astounded the chess world by taking
first place, with a score of six wins, one loss and seven draws, ahead of Akiba Rubinstein, Milan Vidmar, Marshall, Carl
Schlechter and Siegbert Tarrasch, et al.[4] His loss, against Rubinstein, was one of the most brilliant achievements of the latter's
career.[19] Some European critics grumbled that Capablanca's style was rather cautious, though he conceded fewer draws than
any of the next six finishers in the event. Capablanca was now recognized as a serious contender for the world championship.[9]

World title contender

In 1911, Capablanca challenged Emanuel Lasker for the World Chess Championship. Lasker accepted his challenge while
proposing 17 conditions for the match. Capablanca objected to some of the conditions, which favored Lasker, and the match did
not take place.[20][21]

In 1913, Capablanca won a tournament in New York with 11/13, half a point ahead of Marshall.[14][22] Capablanca then finished
second to Marshall in Capablanca's hometown, Havana, scoring 10 out of 14, and losing one of their individual games.[14][23]
The 600 spectators naturally favored their native hero, but sportingly gave Marshall "thunderous applause".[23][24] In a further
tournament in New York in 1913, at the Rice Chess Club, Capablanca won all thirteen games.[9][14]

In September 1913, Capablanca accepted a job in the Cuban Foreign Office,[4]

Capablanca vs Alekhine. The St.
Petersburg 1914 chess tournament.
which made him financially secure for life.[18] Hooper and Whyld write that,
"He had no specific duties, but was expected to act as a kind of ambassador-at-
large, a well-known figure who would put Cuba on the map wherever he
travelled."[25] His first instructions were to go to Saint Petersburg, where he was
due to play in a major tournament.[9] On his way, he gave simultaneous
exhibitions in London, Paris and Berlin, where he also played two-game matches
against Richard Teichmann and Jacques Mieses, winning all four games.[4][9] In
Saint Petersburg, he played similar matches against Alexander Alekhine, Eugene
Znosko-Borovsky and Fyodor Duz-Chotimirsky, losing one game to Znosko-
Borovsky and winning the rest.[4]
The St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament was the first in which Capablanca confronted Lasker under tournament conditions.[9]
This event was arranged in an unusual way: after a preliminary single round-robin tournament involving 11 players, the top five
were to play a second stage in double round-robin format, with total scores from the preliminary tournament carried forward to
the second contest.[9] Capablanca placed first in the preliminary tournament, 1½ points ahead of Lasker, who was out of practice
and had made a shaky start. Despite a determined effort by Lasker, Capablanca still seemed on course for ultimate victory.
However, in their second game of the final, Lasker reduced Capablanca to a helpless position and Capablanca was so shaken by
this that he blundered away his next game to Siegbert Tarrasch.[9] Lasker then won his final game, against Marshall, thus
finishing half a point ahead of Capablanca and 3½ ahead of Alekhine.[4][26] Alekhine commented:

His real, incomparable gifts first began to make themselves known at the time of St. Petersburg, 1914, when I too
came to know him personally. Neither before nor afterwards have I seen – and I cannot imagine as well – such a
flabbergasting quickness of chess comprehension as that possessed by the Capablanca of that epoch. Enough to
say that he gave all the St. Petersburg masters the odds of 5–1 in quick games – and won! With all this he was
always good-humoured, the darling of the ladies, and enjoyed wonderful good health – really a dazzling
appearance. That he came second to Lasker must be entirely ascribed to his youthful levity – he was already
playing as well as Lasker.[27]

After the breakdown of his attempt to negotiate a title match in 1911, Capablanca drafted rules for the conduct of future
challenges, which were agreed by the other top players at the 1914 Saint Petersburg tournament, including Lasker, and approved
at the Mannheim Congress later that year. The main points were: the champion must be prepared to defend his title once a year;
the match should be won by the first player to win six or eight games, whichever the champion preferred; and the stake should be
at least £1,000 (worth about £26,000 or $44,000 in 2013 terms[28]).[21]

During World War I

World War I began in midsummer 1914, bringing international chess to a virtual halt for more than four years.[9] Capablanca won
tournaments in New York in 1914, 1915, 1916 (with preliminary and final round-robin stages) and 1918, losing only one game in
this sequence.[29] In the 1918 event Marshall, playing Black against Capablanca, unleashed a complicated counterattack, later
known as the Marshall Attack, against the Ruy Lopez opening. It is often said that Marshall had kept this secret for use against
Capablanca since his defeat in their 1909 match;[30] however, Edward Winter discovered several games between 1910 and 1918
where Marshall passed up opportunities to use the Marshall Attack against Capablanca; and an 1893 game that used a similar
line.[31] This gambit is so complex that Garry Kasparov used to avoid it,[32] and Marshall had the advantage of using a prepared
variation. Nevertheless, Capablanca found a way through the complications and won.[18] Capablanca was challenged to a match
in 1919 by Borislav Kostić, who had come through the 1918 tournament undefeated to take second place. The match was to go to
the first player to win eight games, but Kostić resigned the match after losing the first five games.[4][33] Capablanca considered
that he was at his strongest around this time.[9][34]

World Champion
The Hastings Victory tournament of 1919 was the first international competition on Allied soil since 1914. The field was not
strong,[9] and Capablanca won with 10½ points out of 11, one point ahead of Kostić.[29]

In January 1920, Emanuel Lasker and Capablanca signed an agreement to play a World Championship match in 1921, noting that
Capablanca was not free to play in 1920. Because of the delay, Lasker insisted that if he resigned the title, then Capablanca
should become World Champion. Lasker had previously included in his agreement before World War I to play Akiba Rubinstein
for the title a similar clause that if he resigned the title, it should become Rubinstein's.[35] Lasker then resigned the title to
Capablanca on June 27, 1920, saying, "You have earned the title not by the formality of a challenge, but by your brilliant
mastery." When Cuban enthusiasts raised $20,000 to fund the match provided it
was played in Havana, Lasker agreed in August 1920 to play there, but insisted
that he was the challenger as Capablanca was now the champion. Capablanca
signed an agreement that accepted this point, and soon afterwards published a
letter confirming it.[35]

The match was played in March–April 1921; Lasker resigned it after fourteen
games, having lost four games and won none.[35] Reuben Fine and Harry
Golombek attributed the one-sided result to Lasker's being in mysteriously poor
form.[29][36] Fred Reinfeld mentioned speculations that Havana's humid climate
weakened Lasker and that he was depressed about the outcome of World War I,
especially as he had lost his life savings.[9] On the other hand, Vladimir Kramnik
thought that Lasker played quite well and the match was an "even and
fascinating fight" until Lasker blundered in the last game. Kramnik explained
that Capablanca was twenty years younger, a slightly stronger player, and had
more recent competitive practice.[37]
Capablanca in 1920
Edward Winter, after a lengthy summary of the facts, concludes that, "The press
was dismissive of Lasker's wish to confer the title on Capablanca, even
questioning the legality of such an initiative, and in 1921 it regarded the Cuban as having become world champion by dint of
defeating Lasker over the board."[35] Reference works invariably give Capablanca's reign as titleholder as beginning in 1921, not
1920.[38][39][40] The two challengers beside Capablanca to win the title without losing a game are Kramnik, in the Classical
World Chess Championship 2000 against Garry Kasparov,[41] and Magnus Carlsen in the World Chess Championship 2013
against Viswanathan Anand.

Capablanca won the London tournament of 1922 with 13 points from 15 games with no
losses, ahead of Alexander Alekhine on 11½, Milan Vidmar (11), and Akiba Rubinstein
(10½).[42] During this event, Capablanca proposed the "London Rules" to regulate future
World Championship negotiations: the first player to win six games would win the match;
playing sessions would be limited to 5 hours; the time limit would be 40 moves in
2½ hours; the champion must defend his title within one year of receiving a challenge
from a recognized master; the champion would decide the date of the match; the champion
was not obliged to accept a challenge for a purse of less than US $10,000 (worth about
$260,000 in 2006 terms[43]); 20% of the purse was to be paid to the title holder and the
remainder divided, 60% going to the winner of the match, and 40% to the loser; the
highest purse bid must be accepted.[44] Alekhine, Efim Bogoljubow, Géza Maróczy,
Richard Réti, Rubinstein, Tartakower and Vidmar promptly signed them.[45] Between

The score sheet of
Capablanca's defeat by
Richard Réti in the New York
1924 chess tournament, his
first loss in eight years
1921 and 1923 Alekhine, Rubinstein and Nimzowitsch all challenged Capablanca, but
only Alekhine could raise the money, in 1927.[46]
In 1922, Capablanca also gave a simultaneous exhibition in Cleveland against 103
opponents, the largest in history up to that time, winning 102 and drawing one – setting a
record for the best winning percentage ever in a large simultaneous exhibition.[47]

After beginning with four draws, followed by a loss,[9] Capablanca placed second at the New York 1924 chess tournament with
the score of 14/20 (+10−1=9), 1½ points behind Emanuel Lasker, and 2 ahead of third-placed Alekhine.[42] Capablanca's defeat
at the hands of Richard Réti in the fifth round was his first in serious competition in eight years.[14][48] He made another bad start
at the Moscow 1925 chess tournament,[9] and could only fight back to third place, two points behind Bogoljubow and ½ point
behind Emanuel Lasker. Capablanca won at Lake Hopatcong, 1926 with 6 points out of 8, ahead of Abraham Kupchik (5) and
Maroczy (4½).[49]

A group of Argentinian businessmen, backed by a guarantee from the president of Argentina, promised the funds for a World
Championship match between Capablanca and Alekhine in 1927.[50] Since Nimzowitsch had challenged before Alekhine,
Capablanca gave Nimzowitsch until January 1, 1927 to provide a deposit in order to arrange a match.[51] When this did not
materialize, a Capablanca–Alekhine match was agreed, to begin in September 1927.[52]

In the New York 1927 chess tournament, played from February 19 to March 23, 1927,[53][54] six of the world's strongest masters
played a quadruple round-robin, with the others being Alekhine, Rudolf Spielmann, Milan Vidmar, Nimzowitsch and
Marshall,[49] with Bogoljubow and Emanuel Lasker not present.[18] Before the tournament, Capablanca wrote that he had "more
experience but less power" than in 1911, that he had peaked in 1919 and that some of his competitors had become stronger in the
meantime.[9] However, Capablanca had overwhelming success: he finished undefeated with 14/20, winning the mini-matches
with each of his rivals, 2½ points ahead of second-place Alekhine, and won the "best game" prize for a win over Spielmann.[49]

In December 1921, shortly after becoming World Champion, Capablanca married Gloria Simoni Betancourt. They had a son, José
Raúl Jr., in 1923 and a daughter, Gloria, in 1925.[55] According to Capablanca's second wife, Olga, his first marriage broke down
fairly soon, and he and Gloria had affairs.[56] Both his parents died during his reign, his father in 1923 and mother in 1926.[55]

Losing the title

Since Capablanca had won the New York 1927 chess tournament
overwhelmingly and had never lost a game to Alekhine, the Cuban was regarded
by most pundits as the clear favorite in their World Chess Championship 1927
match.[9] However, Alekhine won the match, played from September to
November 1927 at Buenos Aires, by 6 wins, 3 losses, and 25 draws[51] – the
longest formal World Championship match until the contest in 1984–85 between
Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov.[57] Alekhine's victory surprised almost the Alekhine vs. Capablanca
entire chess world.[51] After Capablanca's death, Alekhine expressed surprise at
his own victory, since in 1927 he had not thought he was superior to Capablanca,
and he suggested that Capablanca had been overconfident.[27] Capablanca entered the match with no technical or physical
preparation,[4][9] while Alekhine got himself into good physical condition,[58] and had thoroughly studied Capablanca's play.[59]
According to Kasparov, Alekhine's research uncovered many small inaccuracies, which occurred because Capablanca was
unwilling to concentrate intensely.[60] Vladimir Kramnik commented that this was the first contest in which Capablanca had no
easy wins.[37] Luděk Pachman suggested that Capablanca, who was unaccustomed to losing games or to any other type of
setback, became depressed over his unnecessary loss of the eleventh game, a long, grueling endgame, featuring errors by both
players.[61][62] The match became somewhat notorious for its extremely lopsided use of the Queen's Gambit Declined opening;
all games after the first two used this opening, and Capablanca's defeat has been partially attributed to his unwillingness to
attempt any other openings.

Immediately after winning the match, Alekhine announced that he was willing to give Capablanca a return match, on the same
terms that Capablanca had required as champion – the challenger must provide a stake of US $10,000, of which more than half
would go to the defending champion even if he was defeated.[63] Alekhine had challenged Capablanca in the early 1920s, but
Alekhine could not raise the money until 1927.[46] After Capablanca's death, Alekhine wrote that Capablanca's demand for a
$10,000 stake was an attempt to avoid challenges.[27] Negotiations dragged on for several years, often breaking down when
agreement seemed in sight. Their relationship became bitter, and Alekhine demanded much higher appearance fees for
tournaments in which Capablanca also played.[58][64]
Post-championship and partial retirement
After losing the World Championship in late 1927, Capablanca played more
often in tournaments, hoping to strengthen his claim for a rematch.[65] From
1928 through 1931, he won six first prizes, also finishing second twice and one
joint second.[14] His competitors included rising stars such as Max Euwe and
Isaac Kashdan,[66][67] as well as players who had been established in the 1920s,
but Capablanca and Alekhine never played in the same tournament during this
period, and would next meet only at the Nottingham, 1936 tournament, after
Alekhine had lost the world title to Euwe the preceding year.[65][68][69] In late
Giving a simultaneous display on
1931, Capablanca also won a match (+2−0=8) against Euwe,[14][69] whom
thirty boards in Berlin, June 1929
Chessmetrics ranks sixth in the world at the time.[70]

Despite these excellent results, Capablanca's play showed signs of decline: his
play slowed from the speed of his youth, with occasional time trouble;[18] although he continued to produce many superb games,
he also made some gross blunders.[9][18][69] Chessmetrics nonetheless ranks Capablanca as the second strongest player in the
world (after Alekhine) from his loss of the title through to autumn 1932, except for a brief appearance in the top place.[13]

Alekhine's offer to play Capablanca in a rematch if $10,000 could be raised came to naught thanks to the Great Depression. After
winning an event at New York in 1931, he withdrew from serious chess,[14] perhaps disheartened by his inability to secure a
return match against Alekhine,[69] and played only less serious games at the Manhattan Chess Club and simultaneous
displays.[71] On 6 December 1933, Capablanca won all 9 of his games in one of the club's weekly rapid chess tournaments,
finishing 2 points ahead of Samuel Reshevsky, Reuben Fine and Milton Hanauer.[71]

It is from this period that the only surviving voiced film footage survives. He is with Max Euwe and Dutch radio sports journalist
Han Hollander. Hollander asks Capablanca for his views on the upcoming world Championship match between Euwe and
Alekhine in October of that year (1935). Capablanca replies: "Dr. Alekhine's game is 20% bluff. Dr. Euwe's game is clear and
straightforward. Dr. Euwe's game—not so strong as Alekhine's in some respects—is more evenly balanced." Then Euwe gives his
assessment in Dutch, explaining that his feelings alternated from optimism to pessimism, but in the previous ten years, their score
had been evenly matched at 7–7.[72]

Return to competitive chess

At first Capablanca did not divorce his first wife, as he had not intended to remarry. Olga, Capablanca's second wife, wrote that
she met him in the late spring of 1934; by late October the pair were deeply in love, and Capablanca recovered his ambition to
prove he was the world's best player.[56] In 1938 he divorced his first wife and then married Olga on October 20, 1938,[56] about
a month before the AVRO tournament.[73]

Starting his comeback at the Hastings tournament of 1934–35, Capablanca finished fourth, although coming ahead of Mikhail
Botvinnik and Andor Lilienthal.[74] He placed second by ½ point in the Margate tournaments of 1935 and 1936. At Moscow
1935 Capablanca finished fourth, 1 point behind the joint winners,[74] while Emanuel Lasker's third place at the age of 66 was
hailed as "a biological miracle."[75] The following year, Capablanca won an even stronger tournament in Moscow, one point
ahead of Botvinnik and 3½ ahead of Salo Flohr, who took third place;[74] A month later, he shared first place with Botvinnik at
Nottingham, with a score of (+5−1=8), losing only to Flohr. The loss to Flohr was because of being disturbed while in time
trouble by the bystander Max Euwe.[76] Alekhine placed sixth, only one point behind the joint winners.[74] These tournaments of
1936 were the last two that Lasker played,[77] and the only ones in which Capablanca finished ahead of Lasker, now 67.[78]
During these triumphs Capablanca began to suffer symptoms of high blood pressure.[34] He tied for second place at Semmering
in 1937, then could only finish seventh of the eight players at the 1938 AVRO tournament,[79] an elite contest designed to select a
challenger for Alekhine's world title.[80][81]
Capablanca's high blood pressure was not correctly diagnosed and treated until after the AVRO tournament, and caused him to
lose his train of thought towards the end of playing sessions.[34] In 1940, Capablanca was found to have extremely dangerous
hypertension of 210 systolic/180 diastolic (hypertensive crisis is 180/120 or above, and even after treatment Capablanca had
180/130).[82]

After winning at Paris in 1938 and placing second in a slightly stronger tournament at Margate in 1939, Capablanca played for
Cuba in the 8th Chess Olympiad, held in Buenos Aires, and won the gold medal for the best performance on the top board.[83]
While Capablanca and Alekhine were both representing their countries in Buenos Aires, Capablanca made a final attempt to
arrange a World Championship match. Alekhine declined, saying he was obliged to be available to defend his adopted homeland,
France, as World War II had just broken out.[84] Capablanca announced in advance that he would not play Alekhine if their teams
met.[85]

Death
Not long before his death, his familial hypertension had shot up to the ultra-
hazardous 200–240/160+. The day before his fatal stroke, his vascular specialist
Dr. Schwarzer strongly advised him that his life was endangered unless he
totally relaxed, but Capablanca said that he couldn't because his ex-wife and
children had started court proceedings against him. The doctor blamed his death
on "his troubles and aggravation".[86]

On 7 March 1942, Capablanca was observing a skittles game and chatting with
friends at the Manhattan Chess Club in New York City, when he asked for help Capablanca's grave at Colón
Cemetery
removing his coat, and collapsed shortly afterward. Eminent physician Dr. Eli
Moschcowitz administered first aid and then arranged an ambulance. He was
taken to Mount Sinai Hospital, where he died at 6:00 AM the next day. Capablanca's great rival Emanuel Lasker had died in the
same hospital only a year earlier.[87] The cause of death was given as "a cerebral hemorrhage provoked by hypertension", in
particular a hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage. The hospital admissions report stated:

When admitted to Mt. Sinai Hospital, the examination showed: Patient critically ill in deep coma, unreceptive to
nocioceptive stimuli, unequal pupils with the left one dilated (fixed and unresponsive to light), left facial palsy,
left hemiplegia, globally depressed tendinous reflexes and arterial tension 280/140. A lumbar puncture was
performed which showed hemorrhagic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with a pressure of 500 mm of water.[88]

The full autopsy, by Drs. Moschcowitz, Prill, and Levin, showed that the right thalamus was almost totally destroyed, and in its
place was a hematoma 2 inches wide and 2 inches high. The whole ventricular system and cisterna magna were flooded with
blood. The gyri were flattened and sulci narrowed, consistent with years of extreme hypertension. His heart was enlarged, 575 g
instead of the normal 300–350 g, including 3 cm hypertrophy of left ventricle wall. This wall had a number of subendiocardial
hemorrhages, which was later proved to be common in patients with severe intercranial hypertension. This caused the release of a
large amount of vasoactive substances into the bloodstream, including acetylcholine and noradrenaline that caused these
hemorrhages.[89],[90]

The lumbar puncture was a bad idea, as intracranial hypertension is now a well-known contraindication because it releases the
pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid counteracting the herniating force of the hypertension. However, present-day Cuban
neurosurgeon Dr. Orlando Hernández-Meilán (1948– ) has stated that it made no difference, as Capablanca could not have been
revived even if the best modern medicine had been available.[88]

Capablanca was given a public funeral in Havana's Colón Cemetery on March 15, 1942.[86]
Tributes
His old rival Alekhine wrote in a tribute to Capablanca: "... Capablanca was snatched from the chess world much too soon. With
his death, we have lost a very great chess genius whose like we shall never see again."[27] Emanuel Lasker once said: "I have
known many chess players, but only one chess genius: Capablanca."

An annual Capablanca Memorial tournament has been held in Cuba, most often in Havana, since 1962.[91]

Assessment

Playing strength and style

As an adult, Capablanca lost only 34 serious games.[87] He was undefeated from February 10, 1916, when he lost to Oscar Chajes
in the New York 1916 tournament, to March 21, 1924, when he lost to Richard Réti in the New York International tournament.
During this streak, which included his 1921 World Championship match against Lasker, Capablanca played 63 games, winning
40 and drawing 23.[48][92] In fact, only Marshall, Lasker, Alekhine and Rudolf Spielmann won two or more serious games from
the mature Capablanca, though in each case, their overall lifetime scores were minus (Capablanca beat Marshall +20−2=28,
Lasker +6−2=16, Alekhine +9−7=33), except for Spielmann who was level (+2−2=8). Of top players, only Keres had a narrow
plus score against him (+1−0=5).[93] Keres' win was at the AVRO 1938 chess tournament, during which tournament Capablanca
turned 50, while Keres was 22.[94]

Statistical ranking systems place Capablanca high among the greatest players of all time. Nathan Divinsky and Raymond Keene's
book Warriors of the Mind (1989) ranks him fifth, behind Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, Bobby Fischer and Mikhail
Botvinnik – and immediately ahead of Emanuel Lasker.[95] In his 1978 book The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present,
Arpad Elo gave retrospective ratings to players based on their performance over the best five-year span of their career. He
concluded that Capablanca was the strongest of those surveyed, with Lasker and Botvinnik sharing second place.[96]
Chessmetrics (2005) is rather sensitive to the length of the periods being compared, and ranks Capablanca between third and
fourth strongest of all time for peak periods ranging in length from one to fifteen years.[97] Its author, the statistician Jeff Sonas,
concluded that Capablanca had more years in the top three than anyone except Lasker, Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov –
although Alexander Alekhine had more years in the top two positions.[98] A 2006 study stated that Capablanca was the most
accurate of all the World Champions when compared with computer analysis of World Championship match games.[99][100]
However, this analysis was criticized for using a second-rank chess program, Crafty, modified to limit its calculations to six
moves by each side, and for favoring players whose style matched that of the program.[101] A 2011 computer analysis by Bratko
and Guid using Rybka 2 and Rybka 3 found similar results to the 2006 Crafty analysis for Capablanca.[102]

Boris Spassky, World Champion from 1969 to 1972, considered Capablanca the best player of all time.[103] Bobby Fischer, who
held the title from 1972 to 1975, admired Capablanca's "light touch" and ability to see the right move very quickly. Fischer
reported that in the 1950s, older members of the Manhattan Chess Club spoke of Capablanca's performances with awe.[104]

Capablanca excelled in simple positions and endgames, and his positional judgment was outstanding, so much so that most
attempts to attack him came to grief without any apparent defensive efforts on his part. However, he could play great tactical
chess when necessary – most famously in the 1918 Manhattan Chess Club Championship tournament (in New York) where
Marshall sprang a deeply analyzed prepared variation on him, which he refuted while playing under the normal time limit
(although ways have since been found to strengthen the Marshall Attack).[18][105] He was also capable of using aggressive
tactical play to drive home a positional advantage, provided he considered it safe and the most efficient way to win, for example
against Spielmann in the 1927 New York tournament.[106][107]

Influence on the game

Capablanca founded no school per se, but his style influenced world champions: Bobby Fischer, Anatoly Karpov and Botvinnik.
Alekhine received schooling from Capablanca in positional play, before their fight for the world title made them bitter enemies.

As a chess writer, Capablanca did not present large amounts of detailed analysis, instead focusing on the critical moments in a
game. His writing style was plain and easy to understand.[108] Botvinnik regarded Capablanca's book Chess Fundamentals as the
best chess book ever written.[108] Capablanca in a lecture and in his book A Primer of Chess pointed out that while the bishop
was usually stronger than the knight, queen and knight was usually better than queen and bishop, especially in endings – the
bishop merely mimics the queen's diagonal move, while the knight can immediately reach squares the queen cannot.[109][110]
Research is divided over Capablanca's conclusion: in 2007, Glenn Flear found little difference,[111] while in 1999, Larry
Kaufman, analysing a large database of games, concluded that results very slightly favored queen plus knight.[112] John Watson
wrote in 1998 that an unusually large proportion of queen and knight versus queen and bishop endings are drawn, and that most
decisive games are characterized by the winning side having one or more obvious advantages in that specific game.[113]

Personality
Early in his chess career, Capablanca had received some criticism, mainly in Britain, for the allegedly conceited description of his
accomplishments in his first book, My Chess Career. He therefore took the unprecedented step of including virtually all of his
tournament and match defeats up to that time in Chess Fundamentals, together with an instructive group of his victories.
Nevertheless, his preface to the 1934 edition of Chess Fundamentals is confident that the "reader may therefore go over the
contents of the book with the assurance that there is in it everything he needs."[108] Julius du Mont wrote that he knew
Capablanca well, however, and could vouch that he was not conceited. In du Mont’s opinion, critics should understand the
difference between the merely gifted and the towering genius of Capablanca, and the contrast between the British tendency
towards modesty and the Latin and American tendency to say "I played this game as well as it could be played" if he honestly
thought that it was correct.[4] Capablanca himself said, in his author's note prefacing My Chess Career: "Conceit I consider a
foolish thing, but more foolish still is the false modesty that vainly attempts to conceal which all facts tend to prove." Fischer also
admired this frankness.[104] Du Mont also said that Capablanca was rather sensitive to criticism,[4] and chess historian Edward
Winter documented a number of examples of self-criticism in My Chess Career.[108]

Despite his achievements Capablanca appeared more interested in baseball than in chess, which he described as "not a difficult
game to learn and it is an enjoyable game to play."[114] His second wife, Olga, thought he resented the way in which chess had
dominated his life, and wished he could have studied music or medicine.[56]

Capablanca Chess
In an interview in 1925 Capablanca denied reports that he thought chess had already currently reached its limit because it was
easy for top players to obtain a draw. He was concerned, however, that the accelerating development of chess technique and
opening knowledge might cause such stagnation in 50 years' time. Hence he suggested the adoption of a 10×8 board with two
extra pieces per side:

a chancellor that moves as both a rook and a knight;

an archbishop that moves as both a bishop and a knight. This piece would be able to deliver checkmate on
its own, which none of the conventional pieces can do; however, checkmate cannot be forced without the help of
its own king. He thought this would prevent technical knowledge from becoming such a dominant factor, at least
for a few centuries.[116]
Capablanca and Edward Lasker experimented with 10×10 and 10×8 boards, using the same expanded set of pieces. They
preferred the 8-rank version as it encouraged combat to start earlier, and their games typically lasted 20 to 25 moves.[115]
Contrary to the claims of some critics, Capablanca proposed this variant while he was world champion, not as sour grapes after
losing his title.[117]
Similar 10×8 variants had previously been described in 1617 by
a b c d e f g h i j
Pietro Carrera and in 1874 by Henry Bird, differing only in how
8 8
the new pieces were placed in each side's back row. Subsequent
variants inspired by Capablanca's experimentation have been 7 7

proposed, including Grand Chess (a 10×10 board with pawns on 6 6

the third rank) and Embassy Chess (the Grand Chess setup on a
5 5
10×8 board).
4 4

3 3
Capablanca's writings
2 2
Havana 1913. This is the only tournament book he 1 1
wrote. (Originally published in Spanish in 1913 in
Havana, ISBN 4871877531.) Edward Winter translated a b c d e f g h i j
it into English, and it appeared as a British Chess Capablanca Chess. The archbishops
Magazine reprint, Quarterly No. 18, in 1976.
(bishop+knight compounds) start on c1/c8; the
My Chess Career. (Originally published by G. Bell and
chancellors (rook+knight compounds), on
Sons, Ltd. of London, and The Macmillan Company in
New York in 1920. Republished by Dover in 1966. h1/h8.[115]
Republished by Hardinge Simpole Limited, 2003,
ISBN 1-84382-091-9.)
Chess Fundamentals. (Originally published in 1921. Republished by Everyman Chess, 1994, ISBN 4871878414.
Revised and updated by Nick de Firmian in 2006, ISBN 0-8129-3681-7.)
Fundamentos del Ajedrez. (ISBN 4871878422.)
The World's Championship Chess Match between José Raul Capablanca and Dr. Emanuel Lasker, with an
introduction, the scores of all the games annotated by the champion, together with statistical matter and the
biographies of the two masters, 1921. (Republished in 1977 by Dover, together with a book on the 1927 match
with annotations by Frederick Yates and William Winter, as World's Championship Matches, 1921 and 1927,
ISBN 0-486-23189-5.)
A Primer of Chess, with preface by Benjamin Anderson. (Originally published by Harcourt, Brace and Company
in 1935. Republished in 2002 by Harvest Books, ISBN 0-15-602807-7.)
Last Lectures. (Simon and Schuster, January 1966, ASIN B0007DZW6W, ISBN 4871877574.)

Tournament results
The following table gives Capablanca's placings and scores in tournaments.[14][29][42][49][65][68][69][74][79][118] The first "Score"
column gives the number of points out of the total possible. In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won
games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.
Date Location Place Score Notes
Capablanca won six games and drew one in the 1910
New York State Championship. Both Capablanca and
Charles Jaffe won their four games in the knock-out
New York
1910 1st 6½/7 +6−0=1 preliminaries and met in a match to decide the winner,
State
who would be the first to win two games. The first game
was drawn and Capablanca won the second and third
game.
New York 2nd 9½/12 +8−1=3 Marshall was 1st ahead of Capablanca.
Ahead of Akiba Rubinstein and Milan Vidmar (9), Frank
1911 San James Marshall (8½)[118] and 11 other world-class
Sebastián 1st 9½/14 +6−1=7 players.[17] His only loss was to Rubinstein, and his win
(Spain) against Ossip Bernstein was awarded the brilliancy
prize.[118]
Ahead of Marshall (10½), Charles Jaffe (9½) and Dawid
New York 1st 11/13 +10−1=2
Janowski (9)[118]
1913 Behind Marshall (10½); ahead of Janowski (9) and five
Havana 2nd 10/14 +8−2=4
others.[118]
New York 1st 13/13 +13−0=0 Ahead of Oldřich Duras
Behind Emanuel Lasker (13½); ahead of Alexander
Alekhine (10), Siegbert Tarrasch (8½) and Marshall (8).
This tournament had an unusual structure: there was a
preliminary tournament in which eleven players played
each other player once; the top five players then played
a separate final tournament in which each player who
made the "cut" played the other finalists twice; but their
1914 St. Petersburg 2nd 13/18 +10−2=6
scores from the preliminary tournament were carried
forward. Even the preliminary tournament would now be
considered a "super-tournament". Capablanca "won"
the preliminary tournament by 1½ points without losing
a game, but Lasker achieved a plus score against all his
opponents in the final tournament and finished with a
combined score ½ point ahead of Capablanca's.[118]

1915 New York 1st 13/14 +12−0=2 Ahead of Marshall (12) and six others.[29]
Ahead of Janowski (11) and 11 others. The structure
1916 New York 1st 14/17 +12−1=4
was similar to that of St. Petersburg 1914.[29]
1918 New York 1st 10½/12 +9−0=3 Ahead of Boris Kostić (9), Marshall (7), and four others
Ahead of Kostić (9½), Sir George Thomas (7), Frederick
1919 Hastings 1st 10½/11 +10−0=1
Yates (7) and eight others[29]
Ahead of Alekhine (11½), Vidmar (11), Rubinstein
1922 London 1st 13/15 +11−0=4 (10½), Efim Bogoljubow (9), and 11 other players,
mostly very strong[42]
Behind Lasker (16); ahead of Alekhine (12), Marshall
1924 New York 2nd 14½/20 +10−1=9 (11), Richard Réti (10½) and six others, mostly very
strong[42]
Behind Bogojubow (15½) and Lasker (14); ahead of
1925 Moscow 3rd 13½/20 +9−2=9 Marshall (12½) and a mixture of strong international
players and rising Soviet players[49]

Lake Ahead of Abraham Kupchik (5), Géza Maróczy (4½),

1926 1st 6/8 +4−0=4
Hopatcong Marshall (3) and Edward Lasker (1½)[49]
Ahead of Alekhine (11½), Aron Nimzowitsch (10½),
1927 New York 1st 14/20 +8−0=12
Vidmar (10), Rudolf Spielmann (8) and Marshall (6).[49]
 1928 Bad Kissingen 2nd 7/11 +4−1=6 Behind Bogojubow (8); ahead of Max Euwe (6½),
Rubinstein (6½), Nimzowitsch (6) and seven other
strong masters[65]
Ahead of Marshall (6), Hans Kmoch (5), Spielmann (5)
Budapest 1st 7/9 +5−0=4
and six others[65]
Ahead of Nimzowitsch (7), Spielmann (6½) and four
Berlin 1st 8½/12 +5−0=7
other very strong players[65]
Ahead of Vera Menchik (5), Rubinstein (5), and four
Ramsgate 1st 5½/7 +4−0=3
others[68]
Behind Nimzowitsch (15); tied with Spielmann; ahead of
Carlsbad 2nd= 14½/21 +10−2=9
1929 Rubinstein (13½) and 18 others, mostly very strong[68]
Ahead of Rubinstein (9½), Savielly Tartakower (8) and
Budapest 1st 10½/13 +8−0=5
11 others[68]

Barcelona 1st 13½/14 +13−0=1 Ahead of Tartakower (11½) and 13 others[68]

1929– [119]
Hastings 1st 6½/9 +4-0=5
30
1930–
Hastings 2nd 6½/9 +5−1=3 Behind Euwe (7); ahead of eight others[69]
31

1931 New York 1st 10/11 +9−0=2 Ahead of Isaac Kashdan (8½) and 10 others[69]
Behind Thomas, (6½), Euwe (6½) and Salo Flohr (6½);
1934–
Hastings 4th 5½/9 +4−2=3 ahead Mikhail Botvinnik (5), Andor Lilienthal (5) and
35
four others[74]
Behind Botvinnik (13), Flohr (13) and Lasker (12½);
Moscow 4th 12/19 +7−2=10 ahead of Spielmann (11) and 15 others, mainly Soviet
1935 players[74]
Behind Samuel Reshevsky (7½); ahead of eight
Margate 2nd 7/9 +6−1=2
others.[74]
Behind Flohr (7½); ahead of Gideon Ståhlberg and
Margate 2nd 7/9 +5−0=4
eight others.[74]
Ahead of Botvinnik (12), Flohr (9½), Lilienthal (9),
Moscow 1st 13/18 +8−0=10
1936 Viacheslav Ragozin (8½), Lasker (8) and four others[74]
Tied with Botvinnik; ahead of Euwe (9½), Reuben Fine
Nottingham 1st= 10/14 +7−1=6 (9½), Reshevsky (9½), Alekhine (9), Flohr (8½), Lasker
(8½) and seven other strong opponents[74]
Behind Paul Keres (9), Fine (8); tied with Reshevsky;
1937 Semmering 3rd= 7½/14 +2−1=11 ahead of Flohr (7), Erich Eliskases (6), Ragozin (6) and
Vladimirs Petrovs (5)[79]

Paris 1st= 8/10 +6−0=4 Ahead of Nicolas Rossolimo (7½) and four others[79]
AVRO
1938 tournament, at Behind Keres (8½), Fine (8½), Botvinnik (7½), Alekhine
ten cities in 7th 6/14 +2-4=8 (7), Euwe (7) and Reshevsky (7); ahead of Flohr
the (4½)[79]
Netherlands
Behind Keres (7½); tied with Flohr; ahead of seven
1939 Margate 2nd= 6½/9 +4−0=5
others[79]

At the 1939 Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires, Capablanca took the medal for best performance on a country's first board.[79]
Match results
Here are Capablanca's results in matches.[14] The first "Score" column gives the number of points on the total possible. In the
second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.

Date Opponent Result Location Score Notes

Corzo was the reigning champion of
1901 Juan Corzo Won Havana 7–6 +4−3=6
Cuba.
Frank James
1909 Won New York 15–8 +8−1=14
Marshall
2½–
1912 Charles Jaffe Won New York +2−0=1
½
1912 Oscar Chajes Won New York 1–0 +1−0=0
Richard
1913 Won Berlin 2–0 +2−0=0
Teichmann
1913 Jacques Mieses Won Berlin 2–0 +2−0=0

Eugene Znosko- St. The three matches against Russian

1913 Drawn 1–1 +1−1=0 masters were played for stakes.
Borovsky Petersburg
Besides the stake-money there was a
gold cup to be awarded for the series,
Alexander St.
1913 Won 2–0 +2−0=0 either to Capablanca if he won all his
Alekhine Petersburg
games,
or to the player who made the best score
Fedor Duz- St. against him.
1913 Won 2–0 +2−0=0
Khotimirsky Petersburg The cup went to Znosko-Borovsky.
1½–
1914 Ossip Bernstein Won Moscow +1−0=1
½
Savielly 1½–
1914 Won Vienna +1−0=1
Tartakower ½
1914 Arnold Aurbach Won Paris 2–0 +2−0=0
1919 Boris Kostić Won Havana 5–0 +5−0=0
1921 Emanuel Lasker Won Havana 9–5 +4−0=10 For the World Chess Championship.
Alexander Buenos 15½–
1927 Lost +3−6=25 For the World Chess Championship.
Alekhine Aires 18½
Euwe became World Champion 1935–
1931 Max Euwe Won Netherlands 6–4 +2−0=8
1937.[120]

Notable games
Capablanca vs. L Molina, Buenos Aires 1911, Queen's Gambit Declined: Modern. Knight Defense (D52), 1–0[121]
This game features a Greek gift sacrifice.
Jose Raul Capablanca vs Frank James Marshall, ch Manhattan CC, New York 1918, Spanish Game: Marshall
Attack. Original Marshall Attack (C89), 1–0 (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1095025) One of
the most famous games of Capablanca. That Marshall unveiled this attack after having kept it secret for years is
a myth.[122] Capablanca defends against an extremely aggressive attack.
Jose Raul Capablanca vs Professor Marc Fonaroff, New York 1918, Spanish Game: Berlin Defense. Hedgehog
Variation (C62), 1–0 (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1265585) Capablanca wins quickly with
some precise play.
Emanuel Lasker vs Jose Raul Capablanca, Lasker–Capablanca World Championship Match, Havana 1921.
Queen's Gambit Declined: Orthodox Defense. Rubinstein Variation (D61), 0–1 (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/
chessgame?gid=1241504)
 Jose Raul Capablanca vs Savielly Tartakower, New York 1924, Dutch Defense, Horwitz Variation: General (A80),
1–0 (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1102104) This game concludes with one of the most
revered endgames in chess history.
Jose Raul Capablanca vs Rudolf Spielmann, New York 1927, Queen's Gambit Declined: Barmen Variation (D37),
1–0 (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1007840) A tactical game that earned the brilliancy prize
for Capablanca.
Jose Raul Capablanca vs Andor Lilienthal, Moscow 1936, Reti Opening: Anglo-Slav. Bogoljubow Variation (A12),
1–0 (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1090864) Pawn play utilizing space against material
advantage.
Ilia Abramovich Kan vs Jose Raul Capablanca, Moscow 1936, Vienna Game: Anderssen Defense (C25), 0–1 (htt
p://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1228690) This game contains one of Capablanca's most famous
endgames.

See also
Botvinnik versus Capablanca
Chess Fever – a 1925 film starring Capablanca
List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s – 7 December 1925
Capablanca Memorial

References
1. [1] (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/nph-chesspgn?text=1&gid=1228468)
2. Miguel A. Sánchez (2015) Jose Raul Capablanca: A Chess Biography. pg 77 ISBN 9781476614991
3. "Jose Capablanca" (http://www.chess-poster.com/english/great_players/jose_capablanca.htm). Retrieved
2015-02-19.
4. Du Mont, J. (1959). "Memoir of Capablanca". In Golombek, H. (ed.). Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of
Chess. G. Bell & Sons. pp. 1–18.
5. Reynolds, Q. (March 2, 1935). "One Man's Mind" (http://www.chessarch.com/excavations/0017_capablanca/capa
blanca.shtml). Collier's Weekly. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
6. Hooper, D.; Brandreth, D.A. (1994). "The Corzo Match". The Unknown Capablanca (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=rIrb_zLiVd4C&pg=PA116&dq=capablanca+corzo#PPP7,M1). Courier Dover Publications. pp. 116–140.
ISBN 0486276147. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
7. The Bobby Fischer I Knew And Other Stories, by Arnold Denker and Larry Parr, Hypermodern, San Francisco,
1995, p. 5.
8. Columbia University: José Raúl Capablanca (http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columb
ians/jose_raul_capablanca.html) (C250 Celebrates Columbians Ahead of Their Time).
9. Reinfeld, F. (1990) [1942]. "Biography". The Immortal Games of Capablanca (https://books.google.com/books?id
=bUdw5Zc1diEC&pg=PA1). Courier Dover Publications. pp. 1–13. ISBN 0-486-26333-9.
10. Hooper, D.; Brandreth, D.A. (1994). "Simultaneous Exhibitions". The Unknown Capablanca (https://books.google.
com/books?id=rIrb_zLiVd4C&pg=PA116). Courier Dover Publications. p. 141. ISBN 0-486-27614-7.
11. "Chessmetrics Player Profile: Frank Marshall" (http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?Params=1995
10SSSSS3S081701000000111000000000018610100). Retrieved 2009-01-02.
12. Kasparov, Garry (2003). My Great Predecessors, part I. Everyman Chess. p. 232. ISBN 1-85744-330-6.
13. Sonas, J. "Chessmetrics Player Profile: José Capablanca" (http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?P
arams=199510SSSSS3S019593000000131000000000000010100). Retrieved 2009-06-01. (select the "Career
Details" option)
14. Golombek, H. (1959). "List of Tournaments and Matches". Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. G. Bell
& Sons. pp. 19–20.. Note: Edward Winter gives a list of errors in Golombek's book : Chesshistory document by
Edward Winter (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/golombek_capa.pdf)
15. "New York 1910" (http://xoomer.alice.it/cserica/scacchi/storiascacchi/tornei/1900-49/1910ny.htm). Retrieved
2009-01-02.
16. "Chessville vignettes: José Raoul Capablanca y Graupera" (http://www.chessville.com/vignettes/Capablanca.ht
m). Retrieved 2009-01-02.
17. David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld (1992). The Oxford Companion to Chess (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University
Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-19-866164-9.
18. Fine, R. (1952). "José Raúl Capablanca". The World's Great Chess Games. André Deutsch (now as paperback
from Dover). pp. 109–121.
19. Kmoch, H. (1960). Rubinstein's Chess Masterpieces. Dover. pp. 65–67. ISBN 0-486-20617-3.
20. Hooper & Whyld 1992, pp. 67–68.
21. "1921 World Chess Championship" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050120165616/http://members.aol.com/grae
mecree/chesschamps/world/world1921.htm). January 20, 2005. Archived from the original (http://members.aol.co
m/graemecree/chesschamps/world/world1921.htm) on 2005-01-20. Retrieved 2008-11-21. This cites: a report of
Lasker's concerns about the location and duration of the match, in New York Evening Post. March 15, 1911;
Capablanca's letter of December 20, 1911 to Lasker, stating his objections to Lasker's proposal; Lasker's letter to
Capablanca, breaking off negotiations; Lasker's letter of April 27, 1921 to Alberto Ponce of the Havana Chess
Club, proposing to resign the 1921 match; and Ponce's reply, accepting the resignation.
22. Hooper, D.; Brandreth, D. The Unknown Capablanca. R.H.M. Press. p. 170. ISBN 0890582076.
23. Marshall, F.J. (1960). Frank J. Marshall's Best Games of Chess. Dover. pp. 19–20. ISBN 0-486-20604-1. Page
19: "My two 1913 tournaments took a curious course. At New York, Capa beat me out by half a point, but a
month later I reversed the procedure at Havana." P. 20: Marshall thought the crowd were "after my blood for
defeating their idol and asked for an escort to my hotel. It turned out, however, that the good Cubans were just
showing their sportsmanship and were cheering me!"
24. Winter, E.G. (1989). "Rapid ascent". Capablanca chess. McFarland. ISBN 0-89950-455-8.
25. Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 68.
26. Soltis, A. (1975). The Great Chess Tournaments and Their Stories. Chilton Book Company. pp. 96–103. ISBN 0-
8019-6138-6.
27. Alekhine, A.; Winter, E.G. (1980). 107 Great Chess Battles' (https://books.google.com/books?id=ErJqoQ8oZ3wC
&pg=PA157&dq=Capablanca+%22london+rules%22#PPA157,M1). Dover. pp. 157–158. ISBN 0-486-27104-8.
Retrieved 2009-06-02.
28. Using average incomes for the conversion; if average prices are used, the result is about £66,000. "Five Ways to
Compute the Relative Value of a U.K. Pound Amount, 1830–2006" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016033119482
2/https://measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php). Archived from the original (http://www.measuringworth.co
m/ukcompare/result.php) on 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
29. Golombek, H. (1959). "On the Way to the World Championship". Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess.
G. Bell & Sons. pp. 59–86.
30. "The Total Marshall" (http://www.scottishcca.co.uk/books/marshall.html). 15 April 2002. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
31. Winter, E.G. "The Marshall Gambit" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/marshallgambit.html). Retrieved
2009-06-01.
32. Silman, J. (2004). "Marshall Attack" (http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_js/js_marshall_attack.html).
Retrieved 2009-06-01.
33. Winter, E. (1981). World Chess Champions. Pergamon Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-08-024094-1.
34. Winter, Edward (1939). "Capablanca Interviewed" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca11.html).
El Gráfico. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
35. Winter, Edward. "How Capablanca Became World Champion" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capabla
nca2.html). Chesshistory.com. Retrieved 2008-06-05.. Winter cites: American Chess Bulletin (July–August 1920
issue) for Lasker's resignation of the title, the ACB's theory about Lasker's real motive and Havana's offer of
$20,000; Amos Burn in The Field of 3 July 1920, the British Chess Magazine of August 1920 and other sources
for protestations that Lasker had no right to nominate a successor; Amos Burn in The Field of 3 July 1920 and
E.S. Tinsley in The Times (London) of 26 June 1920 for criticism of the conditions Lasker set for the defense of
the title; American Chess Bulletin September–October 1920 for Lasker's and Capablanca's statements that
Capablanca was the champion and Lasker the challenger, for Capablanca's statement that Lasker's contract with
Rubinstein had contained a clause allowing him to abdicate in favor of Rubinstein, for Lasker's intention to resign
the title if he beat Capablanca and his support for an international organization, preferably based in the Americas,
to manage international chess. Winter says that before Lasker's abdication, some chess correspondents had
been calling for Lasker to be stripped of the title. For a very detailed account given by Capablanca after the
match, see Capablanca, J.R. (October 1922). "Capablanca's Reply to Lasker" (http://www.chesshistory.com/wint
er/extra/capablancalasker.html). British Chess Magazine. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
36. Fine, R. (1976). "The Age of Capablanca". The World's Great Chess Games (2nd ed.). Dover (first edition
published by André Deutsch in 1952). p. 109.
37. Vladimir Kramnik. "Kramnik Interview: From Steinitz to Kasparov" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080512052013/
http://www.kramnik.com/eng/interviews/getinterview.aspx?id=61). Kramnik.com. Archived from the original (http://
www.kramnik.com/eng/interviews/getinterview.aspx?id=61) on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
38. Hooper, D.; Whyld, K. (1992). The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67, 217.
ISBN 0-19-866164-9.
39. Golombek, H., ed. (1977). Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess. Crown Publishers. pp. 58, 172. ISBN 0-517-
53146-1.
40. B. M. Kazić (1974). International Championship Chess: A Complete Record of FIDE Events. Pitman. p. 218.
ISBN 0-273-07078-9.
41. Byrne, R. (November 3, 2000). "Chess; A Draw by Kramnik Makes Kasparov the Ex-Champion" (https://www.nyti
mes.com/2000/11/03/world/chess-a-draw-by-kramnik-makes-kasparov-the-ex-champion.html). The New York
Times. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
42. Golombek, H. (1959). "World Champion". Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. G. Bell & Sons. pp. 60–
114.
43. Using incomes for the conversion; if prices are used, the result is about $103,000. "Six Ways to Compute the
Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to Present" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194822/https://m
easuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php). Archived from the original (http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompar
e/result.php) on 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
44. Winter, E.G. "The London Rules" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/london.html). Retrieved 2009-06-01.
45. Clayton, G. "The Mad Aussie's Chess Trivia: Archive #3" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080516220224/http://ww
w.chessville.com/misc/History/Mad_Aussie_Trivia_Archive_Three.htm). Archived from the original (http://www.ch
essville.com/misc/History/Mad_Aussie_Trivia_Archive_Three.htm) on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
46. "Jose Raul Capablanca: Online Chess Tribute" (http://www.chessmaniac.com/2007/06/jose-raul-capablanca-onlin
e-chess.php). Chessmaniac.com. June 28, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
47. Damsky, Yakov (2005). The Batsford Book of Chess Records. London: Batsford. p. 253. ISBN 0-7134-8946-4.
48. 34 losses out of 571 games, according to Young, M.C. (1998). Guinness Book of World Records, 1999 (26 ed.).
Bantam Books. p. 117. ISBN 0-553-58075-2. Edward Winter quotes page 565 of the 1988 edition, which does
not include the number of games – "Chess Records" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/records.html).
Retrieved 2009-01-02.
49. Golombek, H. (1959). "Victory and Disaster". Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. G. Bell & Sons.
pp. 115–147.
50. "Jose Raul Capablanca" (http://www.chesscorner.com/worldchamps/capablanca/capablanca.htm).
Chesscorner.com. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
51. Cree, G. "1927 World Chess Championship" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050121124900/http://members.aol.c
om/graemecree/chesschamps/world/world1927.htm). Archived from the original (http://members.aol.com/graeme
cree/chesschamps/world/world1927.htm) on 2005-01-21. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
52. Alekhine, A. (1960). My Best Games of Chess 1924–1937 (2 ed.). Bell. pp. 38–53.
53. Reti, R. "Introduction". In Tartakower, S.; Leach, C. (eds.). New York 1927 (https://web.archive.org/web/20110713
180121/http://labatechess.com/cart/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=133&products_id=237).
Archived from the original (http://labatechess.com/cart/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=133&products
_id=237) on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
54. Alekhine, A. (1960). My Best Games of Chess 1924–1937 (2 ed.). Bell. pp. 28–33.
55. Winter, E.G. (1990). "5: Champion". Capablanca: A Compendium ... McFarland. ISBN 0-89950-455-8.
56. Winter, E.G. "The Genius and the Princess" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablancaolga.html).
Retrieved 2009-06-02.
57. Byrne, R. (December 21, 1984). "Chess title match to become longest one in modern era" (https://www.nytimes.c
om/1984/12/21/nyregion/chess-title-match-to-become-longest-one-in-modern-era.html). The New York Times.
Retrieved 2009-06-03.
58. Fine, Reuben (1952). "Alexander Alexandrovitch Alekhine". The World's Great Chess Games. André Deutsch
(now as paperback from Dover). pp. 149–162.
59. Pachman, L.; Russell, A.S. (1971). "Individual Style: Psychological Play". Modern chess strategy (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=TdWNkSYLQ8gC&pg=PA306&dq=alekhine+change+style). Courier Dover. p. 306. ISBN 0-
486-20290-9. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
60. Kasparov, G.; Russell, H.W. (July 28, 2003). "Interview with Garry Kasparov: Part 2" (http://www.chesscafe.com/t
ext/skittles209.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2009-06-03.
61. Pachman, L. (1987). "World Championship 1927: Why Did Alekhin Win?". Decisive Games in Chess History.
Courier Dover. pp. 86–90. ISBN 0-486-25323-6.
62. Alekhine described the game as a "comedy of errors", and included it in his "Best Games" collection only
because it was "the crucial point of the match": Alekhine, A. (1960). My Best Games of Chess 1924–1937 (2 ed.).
Bell. pp. 41–45.
63. Winter, E. "Capablanca v Alekhine, 1927" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablancaalekhine1927.ht
ml). Retrieved 2008-06-09. Regarding a possible "two-game lead" clause, Winter cites Capablanca's messages
to Julius Finn and Norbert Lederer, dated 15 October 1927, in which he proposed that, if the Buenos Aires match
were drawn, the second match could be limited to 20 games. Winter cites La Prensa 30 November 1927 for
Alekhine's conditions for a return match.
64. Fine, R. (1983) [1958]. Lessons from My Games: A Passion for Chess. Dover. p. 80. ISBN 0-486-24429-6.
65. Golombek, H. (1959). "Attempts at Rehabilitation". Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. G. Bell & Sons.
pp. 148–170.
66. Fine, Reuben (1952). "Max Euwe". The World's Great Chess Games. André Deutsch (now as paperback from
Dover). pp. 192–200.
67. Fine, Reuben (1952). "Isaac Kashdan". The World's Great Chess Games. André Deutsch (now as paperback
from Dover). pp. 175–179.
68. Golombek, H. (1959). "1929 – A Rich Year". Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. G. Bell & Sons.
pp. 171–202.
69. Golombek, H. (1959). "Prelude to Retirement". Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. G. Bell & Sons.
pp. 171–202.
70. Sona, J. "Chessmetrics Player Profile: Max Euwe" (http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?Params=
199510SSSSS3S035520000000131000000000000010100). Chessmetrics.com. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
71. Winter, E.G. "Capablanca's clean sweep" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter30.html#4817._Capablancas
_clean_sweep). Retrieved 2009-06-03. Based on reports in: American Chess Bulletin, January 1934, page 15;
The New York Times, 7 December 1933, page 31.
72. Han interviews Dutchman Max Euwe and Capablanca (http://www.geschiedenis24.nl/speler.program.7099385.ht
ml), Dutch Public Broadcasting archives, 18 May 2012
73. Sonas, J. "Event Details: AVRO, 1938" (http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/SingleEvent.asp?Params=193805SSS
SS3S000000000000111100201300000010100). Chessmetrics. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
74. Golombek, H. (1959). "Triumphant Return". Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. G. Bell & Sons.
pp. 203–249.
75. Fine, R. (1976). "The Age of Lasker". The World's Great Chess Games (2nd ed.). Dover (first edition published
by André Deutsch in 1952). p. 51. ISBN 0-486-24512-8.
76. Winter, E.G. (1989). "Rapid ascent". Capablanca chess. McFarland. ISBN 0-89950-455-8., p. 279.
77. Hannak, J. (1959). Emanuel Lasker: The Life of a Chess Master. Simon and Schuster. pp. 284, 297.
78. Fine, R. (1976). "The Age of Lasker". The World's Great Chess Games (2nd ed.). Dover (first edition published
by André Deutsch in 1952). p. 50. ISBN 0-486-24512-8.
79. Golombek, H. (1959). "The Final Phase". Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. G. Bell & Sons. pp. 250–
267.
80. Winter, E. "World Championship Disorder" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/disorder.html). Retrieved
2008-09-15.
81. "AVRO 1938" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081020142455/http://www.endgame.nl/AVRO1938.htm). Archived
from the original (http://www.endgame.nl/AVRO1938.htm) on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
82. Capablanca's Death (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca13.html), chesshistory.com.
83. "3rd Chess Olympiad: Hamburg 1930" (http://www.olimpbase.org/1930/1930in.html). Retrieved 2008-05-23.
84. Winter, E.G. "4696. Capablanca and Alekhine in Buenos Aires, 1939" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter
28.html#4696._Capablanca_and_Alekhine_in_Buenos). Retrieved 2009-06-03. See also Winter, E.G. "4742.
Capablanca and Alekhine in Buenos Aires, 1939 (C.N. 4696)" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter28.html
#4742._Capablanca_and_Alekhine_in_Buenos). Retrieved 2009-06-03.
85. Winter, E.G. "4696. Capablanca and Alekhine in Buenos Aires, 1939" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter
28.html#4696._Capablanca_and_Alekhine_in_Buenos). Retrieved 2009-06-03.
86. Winter, E.G. "Capablanca's Death" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca13.html). Retrieved
2009-06-04.
87. Edward Winter, ed. (1981). World Chess Champions. Pergamon Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-08-024094-1.
88. Miguel Angel Sánchez (2015). Jose Raul Capablanca: A Chess Biography, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland
& Company, p. 490.
89. Orlando Hernández-Meilán, Manuel Hernández-Meilán, and Calixto Machado Curbelo, Capablanca's stroke: an
early case of neurogenic heart disease, Cuban-World-Champion of chess 1921–1927 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/pubmed/11620526), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 7(2):137–140, 1998.
90. Pentti Koskelo, Sven Punsar, and Walter Sipilä, Subendocardial haemorrhage and ECG changes in intracranial
bleeding (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1814701/), British Medical Journal 1:1479–1480, 1964.
91. "All Capablanca Memorial chess tournaments" (http://www.endgame.nl/capamem.htm). Retrieved 2009-06-04.
92. Soltis, A. (2002). Chess Lists, Second Edition. McFarland. pp. 42–43. ISBN 0-7864-1296-8.
93. Capablanca–Keres games (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?yearcomp=exactly&year=&playercomp=ei
ther&pid=&player=Keres&pid2=&player2=Capablanca&movescomp=exactly&moves=&opening=&eco=&result=).
ChessGames.com. Retrieved on 2009-06-02.
94. A.V.R.O. 1938, British Chess Magazine, pp. xiii, 1.
95. Keene, Raymond; Divinsky, Nathan (1989). Warriors of the Mind. Brighton, UK: Hardinge Simpole. See the
summary list at "All Time Rankings" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091126000035/http://chess.eusa.ed.ac.uk/Ch
ess/Trivia/AlltimeList.html). Archived from the original (http://chess.eusa.ed.ac.uk/Chess/Trivia/AlltimeList.html)
on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
96. Elo, A. (1978). The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present (http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsi
d=1160). Arco. ISBN 0-668-04721-6. The URL provides greater detail, covering 47 players whom Elo rated, and
notes that Bobby Fischer and Anatoly Karpov would have topped the list if the January 1, 1978 FIDE ratings had
been included – the FIDE ratings use Elo's system.
 97. "Peak Average Ratings: 1 year peak range" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120309155451/http://chessmetrics.co
m/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=199510SSSSS1S000000000000111000000000000010100). Archived from
the original (http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=199510SSSSS1S00000000000011100000
0000000010100) on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2008-06-10."Peak Average Ratings: 5 year peak range" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20120309154749/http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=199510SSSSS5S000
000000000111000000000000010100). Archived from the original (http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.as
p?Params=199510SSSSS5S000000000000111000000000000010100) on 2012-03-09. Retrieved
2008-06-10."Peak Average Ratings: 10 year peak range" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120309155152/http://ch
essmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=199510SSSSSTS000000000000111000000000000010100).
Archived from the original (http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=199510SSSSSTS000000000
000111000000000000010100) on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2008-06-10."Peak Average Ratings: 15 year peak
range" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120309154756/http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=1
99510SSSSSFS000000000000111000000000000010100). Archived from the original (http://chessmetrics.com/c
m/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=199510SSSSSFS000000000000111000000000000010100) on 2012-03-09.
Retrieved 2008-06-10.
98. Sonas, J. (2005). "The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part IV" (http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?
newsid=2409). Chessbase.com. Retrieved 2008-11-19. Part IV gives links to all three earlier parts.
99. Guid, Matej; Bratko, Ivan (June 2006). "Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions" (http://chessbase.com/n
ewsdetail.asp?newsid=3455). ICGA Journal. 29 (2): 65–73. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
100. Guid, M.; Bratko, I. (December 30, 2006). "Computers choose: who was the strongest player?" (http://www.chess
base.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3455). Chessbase. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
101. Riis, S. (2006). "Review of "Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions" " (http://www.chessbase.com/newsd
etail.asp?newsid=3465). Chessbase. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
102. Bratko and Guid. (2011). "Review of "Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions" " (http://www.chessbase.co
m/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7621). Chessbase. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
103. Chess Canada magazine, February 2008, p. 13.
104. "Fischer on Icelandic Radio" (http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3468). Chessbase. November 4,
2006. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
105. "Jose Raul Capablanca vs Frank James Marshall, New York 1918" (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgam
e?gid=1095025). chessgames.com. A page where you can play through the game (no annotation)
106. Golombek, H. (1947). Capablanca's 100 Best Games of Chess. Bell.
107. "Jose Raul Capablanca vs Rudolf Spielmann, New York 1927" (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid
=1007840). Chessgames.com. A page where you can play through the game (no annotation)
108. Winter, E. (1997). "Capablanca Goes Algebraic" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca.html).
109. Winter, Edward. "A Lecture by Capablanca" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130120070250/http://chesshistory.co
m/winter/extra/capablanca10.html). Archived from the original (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capabla
nca10.html) on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
110. Capablanca, José (2002). "Synthesis of General Theory". A Primer of Chess (https://books.google.com/books?id
=pi37L2kBk4UC&pg=PA202&dq=Queen+and+Knight,+Queen+and+Bishop,+Capablanca&lr=&output=html_text&
cd=3). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 202. ISBN 0-15-602807-7. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
111. Flear, Glenn (2007). Practical Endgame Play – beyond the basics: the definitive guide to the endgames that
really matter. Everyman Chess. pp. 422–23. ISBN 978-1-85744-555-8.
112. Kaufman, L. (March 1999). "The Evaluation of Material Imbalances" (https://archive.is/20120630212329/http://ho
me.comcast.net/~danheisman/Articles/evaluation_of_material_imbalance.htm). Chess Life. Archived from the
original (http://home.comcast.net/~danheisman/Articles/evaluation_of_material_imbalance.htm) on 2012-06-30.
Retrieved 2009-06-01.
113. Watson, John (1998). Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy: Advances Since Nimzowitsch. Gambit Publications.
p. 73. ISBN 1-901983-07-2.
114. Reynolds. Q. (March 2, 1935). "One Man's Mind" (http://www.chessarch.com/excavations/0017_capablanca/capa
blanca.shtml). Collier's magazine.
115. Trice, E. (June 2004). "80-Square Chess" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090306154725/http://www.gothicchess.
com/80.pdf) (PDF). ICGA Journal. International Computer Games Association. 27 (2): 81–95. Archived from the
original (http://www.gothicchess.com/80.pdf) (PDF) on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
116. Winter, E.G. "Capablanca on Moscow" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca7.html). Retrieved
2009-06-04.
117. Winter, E.G. (1990). "8: Changing the Rules". Capablanca: A Compendium ... McFarland. ISBN 0-89950-455-8.
118. Golombek, H. (1959). "Rapid Development". Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. G. Bell & Sons.
pp. 35–58.
119. Irving Chernev, Capablanca Best Chess Endings, p. 284.
120. Fine, R. (1952). "Max Euwe". The World's Great Chess Games. André Deutsch (now as paperback from Dover).
121. "Jose Raul Capablanca vs. L Molina, Buenos Aires 1911" (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=13
61800). Chessgames.com.
122. Winter, E.G. "The Marshall Gambit" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/marshallgambit.html). Retrieved
2011-08-06.

Further reading
Harold Schonberg (1973). Grandmasters of Chess. New York: W W Norton & Co Inc.
Edward Winter (1981). World Chess Champions. London, UK: Pergamon Press.
Irving Chernev (1982). Capablanca's Best Chess Endings. New York: Dover Publications.
Harry Golombek (1947). Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. London, UK: Bell.
Fred Reinfeld (1990). The Immortal Games of Capablanca. New York: Dover Publications.
Dale Brandreth & David Hooper (1993). The Unknown Capablanca. New York: Dover Publications.
Chernev, Irving (1995). Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games. New York: Dover. pp. 181–212.
ISBN 0-486-28674-6.
Edward Winter (1989). Capablanca: A Compendium of Games, Notes, Articles, Correspondence, Illustrations
and Other Rare Archival Materials on the Cuban Chess Genius José Raúl Capablanca, 1888–1942. Jefferson,
North Carolina: McFarland & Company, ISBN 978-0899504551.
Garry Kasparov (2003). My Great Predecessors: part 1. Everyman Chess, ISBN 1-85744-330-6.
Isaak Linder and Vladimir Linder (2009). José Raúl Capablanca: Third World Chess Champion. Russell
Enterprises, ISBN 978-1-888690-56-9.
Miguel Angel Sánchez (2015). José Raúl Capablanca: A Chess Biography, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland
& Company, ISBN 978-0786470044.

External links
José Raúl Capablanca (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=47544) player profile and games at
Chessgames.com
Biography on Chesscorner.com (http://www.chesscorner.com/worldchamps/capablanca/capablanca.htm)
Lasker's Chess Magazine (Feb 1905) recognizes Capablanca at age 16 (https://web.archive.org/web/200503200
91409/http://batgirl.atspace.com/LaskerMagazine.html)
Capablanca biography (https://web.archive.org/web/20060207092954/http://www.chessclub.demon.co.uk/culture/
worldchampions/capablanca/capablanca.htm)
Capablanca's Chess (http://www.two-paths.com/bg/capablanca.htm) – a program implementation.
The Genius and the Princess (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablancaolga.html) by Edward Winter
(1999), with considerable input by Capablanca's widow Olga on his life.
Edward Winter, List of Books About Capablanca and Alekhine (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capabla
ncaalekhine.html)
Works by José Raúl Capablanca (https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Capablanca,+José+Raúl) at Project
Gutenberg
Works by or about José Raúl Capablanca (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Capab
lanca%2C%20José%20Raúl%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Capablanca%2C%20José%20R%2E%22%20O
R%20subject%3A%22Capablanca%2C%20J%2E%20R%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22José%20Raúl%20
Capablanca%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22José%20R%2E%20Capablanca%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22
 J%2E%20R%2E%20Capablanca%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Capablanca%2C%20José%22%20OR%20su
bject%3A%22José%20Capablanca%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22José%20Raúl%20Capablanca%22%20O
R%20creator%3A%22José%20R%2E%20Capablanca%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20R%2E%20Ca
pablanca%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Raúl%20Capablanca%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Capa
blanca%2C%20José%20Raúl%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Capablanca%2C%20José%20R%2E%22%20O
R%20creator%3A%22Capablanca%2C%20J%2E%20R%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Capablanca%2C%
20J%2E%20Raúl%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22José%20Capablanca%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Capabl
anca%2C%20José%22%20OR%20title%3A%22José%20Raúl%20Capablanca%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Jos
é%20R%2E%20Capablanca%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20R%2E%20Capablanca%22%20OR%20titl
e%3A%22José%20Capablanca%22%20OR%20description%3A%22José%20Raúl%20Capablanca%22%20O
R%20description%3A%22José%20R%2E%20Capablanca%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20R%2
E%20Capablanca%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Capablanca%2C%20José%20Raúl%22%20OR%20descr
iption%3A%22Capablanca%2C%20José%20R%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22José%20Capablanca%
22%20OR%20description%3A%22Capablanca%2C%20José%22%29%20OR%20%28%221888-1942%22%20
AND%20Capablanca%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at Internet Archive
Chess Fundamentals (http://www.gutenberg.org/author/capablanca) available at Gutenberg.org in multiple
formats
Chess Fundamentals (http://www.openchessbooks.org/capablanca-cf/chapter1/some_simple_mates.html) work
in progress transcription with animated diagrams

Awards and achievements

Preceded by World Chess Champion Succeeded by
Emanuel Lasker 1921–27 Alexander Alekhine

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=José_Raúl_Capablanca&oldid=903800706"

This page was last edited on 28 June 2019, at 02:03 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.