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Sining - 8
Rhean Pulga
8 - Beryllium
Culture of Philippines
The culture of the Philippines is a combination of Eastern and Western culture. Before
the Spanish colonization of the country, the Philippines' culture was mainly influenced by the
indigenous Malay heritage of Southeast Asia. The Spanish Empire then colonized the islands
and, after more than three centuries of colonization, Roman Catholicism spread throughout the
archipelago and Hispanic influence heavily impacted the country's culture. The Philippines, then
being governed from both Mexico and Spain, received a fair bit of Hispanic influence from the
regions. For instance, Mexican and Spanish influence can be seen in the country's dance and
religion as well as many other aspects of its culture. Then, after being colonized by Spain, the
Philippines became a U.S. territory for almost 50 years. Influence from the United States is
manifest in the wide use of the English language and in the modern pop culture of present-day
Philippines.
Paintings
Early Filipino painting can be found in red slip (clay mixed with water) designs
embellished on the ritual pottery of the Philippines such as the acclaimed Manunggul Jar.
Evidence of Philippine pottery-making dated as early as 6,000 BC has been found in
Sanga-sanga Cave, Sulu and Laurente Cave, Cagayan. It has been proven that by 5,000 BC, the
making of pottery was practiced throughout the country.
Filipinos began creating paintings in the European tradition during 17th-century Spanish period.
The earliest of these paintings were Church frescoes, religious imagery from Biblical sources, as
well as engravings, sculptures and lithographs featuring Christian icons and European nobility.
Most of the paintings and sculptures between the 19th and 20th centuries produced a mixture of
religious, political, and landscape art works, with qualities of sweetness, dark, and light.
Performing Arts
● Dancing
Philippine folk dances include the Tinikling and Cariñosa. In the southern region of Mindanao,
Singkil is a popular dance showcasing the story of a prince and princess in the forest. Bamboo
poles are arranged in a tic-tac-toe pattern in which the dancers exploit every position of these
clashing poles.
● Music
The early music of the Philippines featured a mixture of Indigenous, Islamic and a variety of
Asian sounds that flourished before the European and American colonization in the 16th and
20th centuries. Spanish settlers and Filipinos played a variety of musical instruments, including
flutes, guitar, ukulele, violin, trumpets and drums.
Cuisine
The Spanish colonizers and friars in the 16th century brought with them produce from the
Americas such as chili peppers, tomatoes, corn, potatoes, and the method of sautéing with garlic
and onions. Rice is a staple in the Filipino diet, and is usually eaten together with other dishes.
Filipinos regularly use spoons together with forks and knives. Some also eat with their hands,
especially in informal settings, and when eating seafood. Rice, corn, and popular dishes such as
adobo (a meat stew made from either pork or chicken), lumpia (meat or vegetable rolls), pancit
(a noodle dish), and lechón baboy (roasted pig) are served on plates.
Culture of China
Chinese culture is one of the world's oldest cultures, tracing back to thousands of years
ago. The area in which the culture is dominant covers a large geographical region in eastern
[1][2]
Asia with customs and traditions varying greatly between provinces, cities, and even towns as
well. Important components of Chinese culture includes ceramics, architecture, music, literature,
martial arts, cuisine, visual arts, p hilosophy and religion.
Music and Dancing Syles
Music and dance were closely associated in the very early periods of China. The music of
China dates back to the dawn of Chinese civilization with documents and artifacts providing
evidence of a well-developed musical culture as early as the Zhou Dynasty (1122 BCE - 256
BCE). The earliest music of the Zhou Dynasty recorded in ancient Chinese texts includes the
ritual music called yayue and each piece may be associated with a dance. Some of the oldest
written music dates back to Confucius's time.
Arts
Different forms of art have swayed under the influence of great philosophers, teachers,
religious figures and even political figures. Chinese art encompasses all facets of fine art, folk art
and performance art. Porcelain pottery was one of the first forms of art in the Palaeolithic period.
Early Chinese music and poetry was influenced by the Book of Songs, and the Chinese poet and
statesman Qu Yuan.
Cuisine
The overwhelmingly large variety of Chinese cuisine comes mainly from the practice of
dynastic period, when emperors would host banquets with over 100 dishes per meal.[11] A
countless number of imperial kitchen staff and concubines were involved in the food preparation
process.
Culture of Japan
The culture of Japan has evolved greatly over the millennia, from the country's
prehistoric Jōmon period, to its contemporary modern culture, which absorbs influences from
Asia, Europe, and North America. The inhabitants of Japan experienced a long period of relative
isolation from the outside world during the Tokugawa shogunate after Japanese missions to
Imperial China, until the arrival of "The Black Ships" and the Meiji period.
Music
The music of Japan includes a wide array of performers in distinct styles both traditional
and modern. The word for music in Japanese is 音楽 (ongaku), combining the kanji 音 "on"
(sound) with the kanji 楽 "gaku" (enjoyment).[1] Japan is the second largest music market in the
world, behind the United States, and the largest in Asia,[2] and most of the market is dominated
by Japanese artists.
Paintings
Painting has been an art in Japan for a very long time: the brush is a traditional writing
and painting tool, and the extension of that to its use as an artist's tool was probably natural.
Japanese painters are often categorized by what they painted, as most of them constrained
themselves solely to subjects such as animals, landscapes, or figures.
Cuisine
Through a long culinary past, the Japanese have developed sophisticated and refined
cuisine. In more recent years, Japanese food has become fashionable and popular in the United
States, Europe, and many other areas. Dishes such as sushi, tempura, noodles, and teriyaki are
some of the foods that are commonly known.
Culture of Indonesia
The culture of Indonesia has been shaped by long interaction between original indigenous
customs and multiple foreign influences. Indonesia is centrally-located along ancient trading
routes between the Far East, South Asia and the Middle East, resulting in many cultural practices
being strongly influenced by a multitude of religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism,
Confucianism, Islam and Christianity, all strong in the major trading cities. The result is a
complex cultural mixture very different from the original indigenous cultures.
The Western world has influenced Indonesia in science, technology and modern
entertainment such as television shows, film and music, as well as political system and issues.
India has notably influenced Indonesian songs and movies. A popular type of song is the
Indian-rhythmical dangdut, which is often mixed with Arab and Malay folk music.
Despite the influences of foreign culture, some remote Indonesian regions still preserve uniquely
indigenous culture. Indigenous ethnic groups Mentawai, Asmat, Dani, Dayak, Toraja and many
others are still practising their ethnic rituals, customs and wearing traditional clothes.
Music
Indonesia is home to with those from the islands of Java, Sumatra and Bali being
frequently recorded. The traditional music of central and East Java and Bali is the gamelan.
On 29 June 1965, Koes Plus, a leading Indonesian pop group in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, was
imprisoned in Glodok, West Jakarta, for playing Western-style music. After the resignation of
President Sukarno, the law was rescinded, and in the 1970s the Glodok prison was dismantled
and replaced with a large shopping mall.
Dance
Indonesian dance reflects the diversity of culture from ethnic groups that composed the
nation of Indonesia. Austronesian roots and Melanesian tribal dance forms are visible, and
influences ranging from neighbouring Asian countries; such as India, China, and Middle East to
European western styles through colonisation. Each ethnic group has their own distinct dances;
makes total dances in Indonesia are more than 3000 Indonesian original dances. However, the
dances of Indonesia can be divided into three eras; the Prehistoric Era, the Hindu/Buddhist Era
and the Era of Islam, and into two genres; court dance and folk dance.
Painting
What Indonesian painting before the 19th century are mostly restricted to the decorative
arts, considered to be a religious and spiritual activity, comparable to the pre-1400 European art.
Artists' names are anonymous, since the individual human creator was seen as far less important
than their creation to honour the deities or spirits.
Architecture
For centuries, the Indonesian vernacular architecture has shaped settlements in Indonesia
which commonly took form of timber structures built on stilts dominated by large roof. The most
dominant foreign influences on Indonesian architecture were Indian, although European
influences have been particularly strong since the 19th century and modern architecture in
Indonesia is international in scope.
The 8th-century Borobudur temple near Yogyakarta is the largest Buddhist temple in the
world, and is notable for incorporating about 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues into its
structure, telling the story of the life of the Buddha. As the visitor ascends through the eight
levels of the temple, the story unfolds, the final three levels simply containing stupas and statues
of the Buddha. The building is said to incorporate a map of the Buddhist cosmos and is a
masterful fusion of the didactic narrative relief, spiritual symbolism, monumental design and the
serene meditative environs. The whole monument itself resembles a giant stupa, but seen from
above it forms a mandala.
Cuisine
The cuisine of indonesia has been influenced by Chinese culture and Indian culture, as
well as by Western culture. However, in return, Indonesian cuisine has also contributed to the
cuisines of neighbouring countries, notably Malaysia and Singapore, where Padang or
Minangkabau cuisine from West Sumatra is very popular. Also Satay (Sate in Indonesian),
which originated from Java, Madura, and Sumatra, has gained popularity as a street vendor food
from Singapore to Thailand. In the 15th century, both the Portuguese and Arab traders arrived in
Indonesia with the intention of trading for pepper and other spices. During the colonial era,
immigrants from many countries arrived in Indonesia and brought different cultures as well as
cuisines.
Culture of Thailand
Thailand's culture "incorporates a great deal of influence from India, China, Cambodia,
and the rest of Southeast Asia.’’ It is influenced primarily by animism, Indian culture and
Buddhism.
Religion
Thailand is nearly 94%-95% Theravada Buddhist (which includes the Thai Forest
Tradition and the Dhammayuttika Nikaya and Santi Asoke sects), with minorities of Muslims
(5-6%), Christians (1%), Mahayana Buddhists, and other religions. Thai Theravada Buddhism is
supported and overseen by the government, with monks receiving a number of government
benefits, such as free use of the public transportation infrastructure.
Buddhism in Thailand is strongly influenced by traditional beliefs regarding ancestral and natural
spirits, which have been incorporated into Buddhist cosmology. Most Thai people install spirit
houses, miniature wooden houses outside their dwellings, where they believe household spirits
live. They present offerings of food and drink to these spirits to keep them happy.
Arts
Thai visual arts were traditionally Buddhist. Thai Buddha images from different periods
have a number of distinctive styles. Thai temple art and architecture evolved from a number of
sources, one of them being Khmer architecture. Contemporary Thai art often combines
traditional Thai elements with modern techniques.
Literature in Thailand is heavily influenced by Indian Hindu culture. The most notable works of
Thai literature are a version of the Ramayana, a Hindu religious epic, called the Ramakien,
written in part by Kings Rama I and Rama II, and the poetry of Sunthorn Phu.
Dance
Ram Thai (Thai: ราํ ไทย) is the main dramatic art form of Thailand. Thai dance, like many
forms of traditional Asian dance, can be divided into two major categories that correspond
roughly to the high art (classical dance) and low art (folk dance) distinction.
Music
The Music of Thailand includes classical and folk music traditions, e.g., Piphat and Mor
lam, respectively) as well as string or pop music. Thai classical music is synonymous with those
stylized court ensembles and repertoires that emerged in its present form within the royal centers
of Central Thailand some 800 years ago. These ensembles, while being deeply influenced by
Khmer and even older practices and repertoires from India, are today uniquely Thai expressions.
While the three primary classical ensembles, the Piphat, Khrueang sai and Mahori differ in
significant ways, they all share a basic instrumentation and theoretical approach. Each employ
the small ching hand cymbals and the krap wooden sticks to mark the primary beat reference.