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BOND STRESSES
• the steel and the concrete should stick together, or bond, so that they will
act as a unit.
• If there’s no bonding between the two materials and if the bars are not
anchored at their ends, they will pull loose from the concrete. As a result,
the concrete beam will act as an unreinforced member and will be
subject to sudden collapse as soon as the concrete cracks.
• bond stresses are affected by the development of tension cracks in the
concrete.
BOND STRESSES
• The bonding of the reinforcing bars to the concrete is due to several
factors, including the chemical adhesion between the two materials, the
friction due to the natural roughness of the bars, and the bearing of the
closely spaced rib-shaped deformations on the bar surfaces against the
concrete.
BOND STRESSES
• TYPES OF BOND FAILURES
1 𝑓𝑦 ψ𝑡 ψ𝑒 ψ𝑠
𝑙𝑑 = 𝑑𝑏 ≥ 300 𝑚𝑚
1.1 λ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟
𝑑𝑏
𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟
≤ 2.5 ψ𝑡 ψ𝑒 ≤ 1.7
𝑑𝑏
40𝐴𝑡𝑟
𝐾𝑡𝑟 =
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO 𝑠𝑛 ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
HOOKS
• When sufficient space is not available to anchor tension bars by running
them straight for their required development lengths, hooks may be
used.
• Hooks are considered ineffective for compression bars for development
length purposes.
HOOKS
• STANDARD HOOK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF DEFORMED BARS IN TENSION
HOOKS
• MINIMUM INSIDE BEND DIAMETERS AND STANDARD HOOK FOR STIRRUPS,
TIES AND HOOPS
HOOKS
• MINIMUM INSIDE BEND DIAMETERS AND STANDARD HOOK FOR STIRRUPS,
TIES AND HOOPS
HOOKS
• SEISMIC HOOKS
use to anchor stirrups, ties, hoops and crossties shall be:
• Minimum bend of 90 degrees for circular hoops and 135 degrees for all
other hoops
• Hook shall engage longitudinal reinforcement and the extension shall
project into the interior of the stirrups or hoop
HOOKS
• DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR A HOOK
ψ𝑒 ψ𝑐 ψ𝑟 𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑏
4.17λ 𝑓𝑐′
𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 150 𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8𝑑𝑏
HOOKS
• HOOKED BAR DETAILS FOR
DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD
HOOKS
HOOKS
• MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD HOOKS
(a)Cover
When hooks are made with #11 or smaller bars and have side cover
1
values normal to the plane of the hooks no less than 2 2 𝑖𝑛. and where the
cover on the bar extensions beyond 90𝑜 hooks is not less than 2 in., multiply
by 0.7.
(b)Ties or stirrups
When hooks made of #11 or smaller bars are enclosed either vertically or
horizontally within ties or stirrup ties along their full development length 𝑙𝑑ℎ ,
and the stirrups or ties are spaced no farther apart than 3𝑑𝑏 (where 𝑑𝑏 is
the diameter of the hooked bar), multiply by 0.8.
HOOKS
• MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD HOOKS
c) When 180𝑜 hooks consisting of #11 or smaller bars are used and are
enclosed within ties or stirrups placed perpendicular to the bars being
developed, and spaced no further than 3𝑑 apart along the
development length 𝑙𝑑ℎ of the hook, multiply by 0.8. If the 90𝑜 hook is
replaced with a 180𝑜 hook and ties or stirrups are perpendicular (not
parallel) to the longitudinal bar being developed, it applies to this case
as well.
d) Should anchorage or development length not be specially required for
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑓𝑦 of the bars, it is permissible to multiply 𝑙𝑑ℎ by 𝐴 .
𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
HOOKS
• MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD HOOKS
HOOKS
• MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD HOOKS
HOOKS
• EXAMPLE 1:
Determine the development or embedment length required for the epoxy-
coated bars of the beam shown
(a) If the bars are straight, assuming 𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 0.
(b) If a 180𝑂 hook is used.
(c) If a 90𝑂 hook is used.
𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 0.043𝑓𝑦 ψ𝑟 𝑑𝑏
𝑙𝑑𝑐 ≥ 200 𝑚𝑚
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
Bar lengths
𝑥1 2 2
2 =
𝑙 6
2
𝑥2 2 4
2 =
𝑙 6
2
• 3. When #11 or smaller bars are used, the continuing bars should provide
twice the area of steel required for flexure at the cutoff point, and the
shear should not exceed three-fourths of the permissible shear.
TENSION SPLICES
• The code divides tension lap splices into two classes, A and B. The class of
splice used is dependent on the level of stress in the reinforcing and on the
percentage of steel that is spliced at a particular location.
• Class A splices are those where the reinforcing is lapped for a minimum
distance of 1.0𝑙𝑑 ≥ 300 𝑚𝑚 and where one-half or less of the reinforcing is
spliced at any one location.
• Class B splices are those where the reinforcing is lapped for a minimum
distance of 1.3𝑙𝑑 ≥ 300 𝑚𝑚 and where all the reinforcing is spliced at the
same location.
TENSION SPLICES
• The code states that lap splices for deformed bars and deformed wire in
tension must be Class B unless
COMPRESSION SPLICES
• Compression bars may be spliced by lapping, by end bearing, and by
welding or mechanical devices.
• Lap splice length 𝑙𝑠𝑐 of 36 𝑚𝑚 ∅ or smaller deformed bars shall be:
• For 𝑓𝑦 ≤ 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑙𝑠𝑐 = 0.071𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏 ≥ 300 𝑚𝑚
• For 𝑓𝑦 > 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑙𝑠𝑐 = 0.13𝑓𝑦 − 24 𝑑𝑏 ≥ 300 𝑚𝑚
• For fc ′ < 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎, length of lap shall be increased by one-third.
COMPRESSION SPLICES
• The required length of lap splices for compression bars of different sizes is
the larger of the computed compression lap splice length of the smaller
bars or the compression development length, 𝑙𝑑𝑐 of the larger bars. It is
permissible to lap splice #14 and #18 compression bars to #11 and smaller
bars
• The code, with one exception, prohibits the use of lap splices for #14 or
#18 bars. When column bars of those sizes are in compression, it is
permissible to connect them to footings by means of dowels of smaller
sizes with lap splices.