SKELETALMATERIALFROM ATTICA

(PLATES XL-,IX)

INTRODUCTION
THIS paper presents the results of work done chiefly at the Agora Excavations
on material which can give us some notion of the racial composition of ancient
inhabitants of Attica. Through the help of a number of archaeologists and anthro-
pologists 1 I have studied the unavoidably scanty groups of Attic skulls and skeletons
listed in Tables I-IV. These tables make clear the key position in this mnaterial of
the Agora crania, which dominate the Neolithic and Geometric periods and provide
important continuity from Neolithic to Med'ieval times. All together there are 69
dateable males, 42 females, and 8 children from Attica, compared with the total for
mainland Greece of 255 dateable ancient males, 132 females, and 28 children,2 dis-
tributed chiefly around the Corinthian isthmus but including scattered individtuals
from Arcadia, Acarnania, Leukas, Thessaly, and small series from Chalcidice,3 and
from Cephallenia.' Most of the total series comes from the geologically riven isthmian

1 Professor T. L. Shear put my project on a firm foundation in giving me access to the cranial
material he has excavated at Athens and Corinth and in providing me with laboratory space at the
Agora excavations. The chance to sttudy remains of ancient Greeks came to me through the fore-
sight of Professor E. A. Hooton. And the work was supported bv travelling-fellowships from the
Departments of Anthropology and of Classics of Harvard University, fellowships granted through
the good offices of Dr. Hooton, of Dr. G. H. Chase, and of Professor C. N. Jackson. Too many
others have helped me in different stages of this -investigation for me to be able to thank each
adequately. I should like to thank especially Dr. C. H. Morgan and Dr. H. L. Crosby, former Di-
rectors of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, and Mr. Lincoln MacVeagh, American
Ambassador to Greece, and Mrs. MacVeagh for many kindnesses to myself and my wife. I am pecu-
liarly indebted to Professor John Koumaris, Curator of the Greek Anthropological Museum, for
access to the large collection of skeletal material in his care. For help in the work for this report
I am most grateful to the following: J. B. Birdsell, C. W. Blegen, 0. Broneer, A. Brues, E.
Breitinger, C. S. Coon, M. Crosby, W. B. Dinsmoor, S. Dow, iMI.Farnsworth, A. Frantz, H. O'N.
Hencken, B. Hl. Hill, C. K. M. Kluckhohn, K. Kourouniotis, A. L. Kroeber, K. Kiibler, Dr.
Lorandos, S. Marinatos, T. D. McCown, G. Mvlonas, G. P. Oikonomos, A. W. Parsons, A.
Philadelpheus, D. M. Robinson, C. C. Seltzer. H. L. Shapiro, M. H. Swindler, L. Talcott, D. B.
Thonmpson,H. A. Thompson, J. Travlos, E. Vanderpool, W. D. Wallis, G. Davidson Weinberg,
S. S. Weinberg, R. Young, J3.Young. For statistical assistance I am deeply grateful to the staff
of the Peabody Museum Statistical Laboratory under Dr. Hooton and Mrs. C. M. Kidd. And
for unflagging help as field-recorder and in copying the original statistical tables I am deeply
grateful to mv wife.
2 J. L. Angel, " A Racial Analysis of the Ancient Greeks: an Essay on the Use of Morphological

Types," Am1.Journ. of Phys. Anthrop., N. S., II, 1944, pp. 329-376.

3J. L. Angel, " Classical Olynthians," in D. M. Robinson, Excavations at Olynthus, XI,
Necrolynthia (Baltimore, 1942), pp. 211-240.
4J. L. Angel, "Ancient Cephallenians," AHn. Journ. of Phys. Anthrop., N. S., I! 1943, pp.
229-260.

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280 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

area, with its zigzag formation and sharp environmental contrasts, and fits into a
square with eighty-five mile sides. Even the total area is small enough to treat as a unit
at any one chronological period. And in spite of regional diversity apparent in the racial
separation of the insular Cephallenians from the Greeks to the east of thenm5 at a
period of rapid change and cultural confusion, we need not expect the population of
Attica as represented by the Agora crania to differ very markedly from the total series.
The clearest way to show the value of the skeletal remains from the Agora is
to outline the aims and methods of Physical Anthropology, the science which studies
the evolution, growth, and physical variety of human social groups.6 The chief aim
is to add to knowledge of inheritance in man (both as it affects large groups and
family lines) and eventually to define the mutually inseparable actions of genes and
of environment in producing the multiplicity of human phaenotypes. A corollary aim
is to discover how far either genic linkage or multiple effects of a single gene may
connect mental with physical traits or temperament with body build. Neither aim is
likely to be achieved for several generations. But we know enough to state that man's
present variety does not derive from mixture of pure breeds which existed in the
remote past,7 and that any connection between temperament and physique must be
of a general and overlapping nature 8 so intricately complicated by social selection
and gene shift that ethnic group associations of inherited 1nental and physical traits
may never be demonstrable and can have little or no social significance.
Since Physical Anthropology has scarcely reached the positive stage in study of
which bodily characters are inherited, its methods tend to be elaborate. In general
we measure head and body as objectively as possible, determine blood group if possible,
and make carefully standardized observations 10 of those features which do not fit

5 Loc.cit., pp. 235-239.

6
M. F. Ashley Montagu, " Physical Anthropology," in Medical Physics, edited by Otto Glasser
(Chicago, 1944), pp. 1014-1036.
7 M. F. Ashley Montagu, Man's imnost Dangerous Myth: the Fallacy of Race (New York,
1942), pp. 47-50. Compare T. D. McCown and A. Keith, The Stone Age of M'ount Carnel, II
(Oxford, 1939), for data supporting hybridisation and general physical variability of Neanderthal
man; especially p. 17. Compare T. Dobzhansky, Genetics and the Origin of Species (New York,
1937), pp. 185-191 for discussion of roles of isolation and selection.
8 W. H. Sheldon and S. S. Stevens, The Varieties of Temperamcent(New York, 1942).
9 E. A. Hooton, Crime and the Man (Cambridge, 1939), pp. 205-252, shows striking average
physical differences between criminals committing different types of crime, an example where
hereditary as well as social diff:erencesappear to be involved.
" Measurements and observations used in the present study are those of the Peabody Museum
Laboratory of Physical Anthropology under Dr. E. A. Hooton, the measurements corresponding
with Martin's definitions (R. Martin, Lehrbnch der Anthropologie, II, Jena, 1928) with certain
exceptions: auricular height is taken from the Frankfort, or eye-ear, plane to vertex (the Frankfort
plane intersects the upper borders of both ear-holes and the lowest edge of the left orbit) ; for
facial angles measured from nasion and the eye-ear plane Martin's imaginary nasospinale is replaced
by the point where a straightedge touching the lateral walls of the piriform (nasal) aperture rests
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 281

into millimetres or degrees. And we use arithmetical means, parameters indicating

spread around the mean, and sometimes more analytic methods (such as grouping
similar individuals into arbitrary types) in describing a population. Almost all the
features we measure (such as skull length or facial angle) or observe (such as
occipital curvature or form of orbital opening) are determined by many genes and
are a functional expression of heredity plus environment. Hence in a comparison of
two groups inhabiting similar environments degree of phaenotypic similarity is
assumed to reflect closeness of genetic relationship. On this basis even now study of
skeletal remains and of the living descendants of ancient populations gives valuable
evidence on the general relationships between and origins of various geographically
or chronologically separated populations," even without precise genetic knowledge
which would shed light on the genetic makeup of single individuals.
Although archaeology, linguistics, and tradition may suggest migrations or in-
vasions which are not matters of historical record, the ultimate test of the reality and
effect of any such hypothetical movement of people is study of their physical remains.
This is probably the main contribution which Physical Anthropology can make to
the archaeologist.
The following general problems can be partly illuminated by study of the present
skeletal remains from the Agora: ( 1) What racial changes took place chronologically,
whether from invasions, environmental factors, or selective migrations. (2) How
the Athenians comparecraniologicallywith Greeks as a whole, how definite a tendencv

on the upper edge of the nasal spine; dakryon, the point where frontal, maxillary, and lacrimal bones
meet, is used as the medial point in orbital breadth; horizontal circumference is measured just above
the browridges. The measurements listed in the tables are mainly self-explanatory in meaning,
but certain measuring points and regions do need explanation. " Basion" is the midpoint of the
anterior rim of the foramen magnum. " Nasion" is where frontal and nasal bones meet just above
the nose root. " Prosthion " is a point on the alveolar border (bony gums) between the upper median
incisor teeth; it varies somewhat, like basion, according to the direction of particular measurements.
" Gonion " is the most lateral point at the angle of the jaw. Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
regions refer to areas occupied by the bones of the front, sides, back, and lower corners of the
braincase respectively. " Norma verticalis" is the top of the skull seen from above, perpendicular
to the Frankfort plane. Characters studied include in general: (1) Size, proportions, and general
shape of braincase or vault; whether it is linear (dolichocrane), short and compact (brachycrane),
or intermediate; high or low; well-filled as if the ballooning brain had stretched the membrane bones
around it or ill-filled as if there were a superfluity of bone, producing respectively ellipsoid, ovoid,
byrsoid, or spheroid normae verticales as opposed to rhomboid, pentagonoid, or sphenoid forms.
(2) Similar characters for the face, including its massiveness relative to the vault, its relative
linearity or squatness, its outline in front view, and degree of protrusion (prognathism) of various
parts of the mouth region relative to a perpendicular from nasion to eye-ear plane. (3) Similar
characters of nose, orbits, palate, and jaw. (4) Many detailed skull features, such as the shape
of the ear hole. (5) Lengths, thicknesses, proportions, and morphological peculiarities of the other
bones of the skeleton when available as clues to stature, body build, posture, and gait, also for sex
and age characteristics supplementing those of the skull. Further definitions: cranium, the complete
skull with jaw; calvarium, braincase plus upper face; calvaria, braincase alone; calva, skull-cap alone.
11C. S. Coon, The Races of Europe (New York, 1939), Chapters I-VII.
282 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

there was toward a characteristic Athenian physical appearance, and whether artists
represented the average Athenian or a selected type. (3) What degree of racial
heterogeneity was characteristic of Athenians, important in considering for example
the supposed purity of type of Classical Athenians as suggested by their exclusion of
metics and slaves from citizenship (though not of course from the total population) 12
or on the other hand the effects of hybrid vigour and social stimulation which may
be expected to result from racial and ethnic mixture.13 (4) The incidence of diseases
which affect bone, medical skill shown in setting fractures, age at death, data on
posture and gait, and on some social practices.
Man is not only a social animal but also a partially domesticated one, hence even
more heterogeneous than wild species even if not subdivided clearly into a number of
breeds.14 This greatly complicates interpretation of data on physical type, since we
must allow for the effects of selective migrations 15 as well as more obvious environ-
mental factors such as diet and public health. Full solution of the problems outlined
above with full allowance for social factors will require many times the number of
skeletons now available from the Agora or elsewhere. But simply because of the
numerical paucity of material from this root area of our Western civilization the
importance of each individual skull is proportionately increased and each deserves
the fullest possible description.

DESCRIPTIVE BACKGROUND
The usual method of describing a population of potentially interbreeding in-
dividuals is to use the stereotype of the " average individual " created from the arith-
metic means of all measurements and to show the degree of variation around him.
Though convenient and objective with an adequate sample, this stereotype corresponds
with a mathematical rather than a genetic or a social reality. And with small samples
the average individual means little. In the present study, therefore, six contrasting
morphological types which have been statistically validated for Ancient Greeks as a
whole " will serve in analytic description of the Agora crania against the background
of the synthetic average Ancient Greek male compiled from the total series of skulls.
Such types have many disadvantages. They are inflexible and artificial. They are
less real than either the actual individuals or the gene frequencies in a population.
But in so far as they can be made to suit those tendencies toward individual variety
12
F. Hertz, Rasse und Kulttr (Leipzig, 1925), p. 192.
13
Op. Cit., pp. 191-195. M. F. Ashley Montagu, The Fallacy of Race, pp. 97-130. F. H.
Hankins, The Racial Basis of Civilimation(New York, 1926), pp. 271-286, 344.
14
Discussed in C. S. Coon, op. cit., pp. 3-12.
15 H. L. Shapiro, Migration and Environment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1939),

pp. 187-202.
16
J. L. Angel, " A Racial Analysis of the Ancient Greeks."
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 283

which correspond mnostclosely to the most frequently occurring genic linkages in the
population they carry more reality than does the stereotype average individual.
The types were selected by careful comparison and matching of mounted photo-
graphs of each skull until 23 " mutual resemblance subgroups " each containing closely
similar skulls had been achieved.7 By an extension of the same process, with con-
sideration of extremes to find out where the greatest discontinuities occurred, the
subgroups were combined into six morphological types 18 listed in order of importance
as follows: Type A, Basic White, 24%; Type B, Classic Mediterranean, 23.5%;
Type C, Alpine, 16.5%c; Type D, Nordic-Iranian, 17%; Type E, Mixed Alpine, 1107o:
Type F, Dinaric-Mediterranean, 8%. The percentage frequencies are those for the
total series of both sexes, since, although the types have been validated only for
males,"9 the combined percentages are almost identical with those for males alone.
As a basis of contrast for the six type groups and of comparison for ancient
inhabitants of Attica we can use the skull and skeleton of the average Ancient Greek
male.20 He had a skull vault of medium-small size compared to modern N. W. Euro-
peans or Americans, and of median proportions on the linear side of intermediate,
with a cranial index of 76.0. Greek browridges are well marked and set off a rela-
tively low, broad, and smooth forehead which slopes back only slightly. The parietal
bones are smooth and well filled out, rounded on top, with widely separated but smooth
bosses and rather flat sidewalls. In profile a consistent but slight flattening in the
hinder quarter of the parietals (obelion-lambda region) leads down to the evenly
rounded occiput whose unimpressive neck muscle impressions contrast with big mas-
toid processes and well-developed supra-mastoid crests. The base of the skull follows
the sharply cut relief of the temporals.
The face is more characteristic than the vault because of striking lowness.
especially i-nthe subnasal region where it is emphasized by squareness of jaws. Like-
wise the orbits are lowv, angular, and less drooping than in N. W. Europeans, and
the cheekbones are robust without the compression which sometimes goes with
orbital droop. The nose is mesorrhine and hence might have had roomy rather than
pinched nostrils. But the bony nose is high and narrow at root and bridge, leaving
the forehead with relatively slight depression at nasion and with slightly less angular
17
This method combines the type selection from actual skulls devised by E. A. Hooton, Indians
of Pecos (New Haven, 1930), especially pp. 185-186, with the standardized photograph technique
suggested separately by WV.Wright, " Skulls from the Danes' Graves, Driffield," Journ. of the Royal
Anthrop. Inst., XXXIII, 1903, pp. 66-73, especially pp. 69-70, and by C. M. Fiirst, " Zur Anthro-
pologie der p-rThistorischenGriechen in Argolis," Lutnds Univ. Arsskrift, N. F., Avd. 2. XXVI,
No. 8, 1930, and ",Zur Kenntnis der Anthropologie der prahistorischen Bev6lkerung der Insel
Cypern," L.U.A., N. F., Avd. 2, XXIX, No. 6, 1933.
18 A few published skulls were tvped from measurements alone, since R. Virchow did not

publish illustrations of all crania.

19 J. L. Angel, op. cit. 20 Op. cit., Table II.
284 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

saliency than in N. W. Europeans, so that nose profile tends to continue that of the
forehead in as many as 23.5% of males. The mouth seldom protrudes. The palate
is both broad and high-arched, and the jaw is correspondingly broad, shallow, and
robust posteriorly rather than in the chin region. Here occurs the most striking
feature of the face: an excessive breadth at the angles emnphasizingthe squareness
of jowl which still marks Greeks. Ancient teeth were good, with medium degree of
wear at death, little crowding, relatively few caries or abscesses, and often a mill-like
type of bite in which the incisor teeth meet edge to edge instead of overlapping. The
younger age at death of the Ancient Greeks 21 is not adequate to explain their contrast
to the dental degeneration of modern times.22
Sex differences are about average for Europeans both in size and morphology,23
and are greater than among Egyptians or Palestinians. Females are shorter-headed
as well as smaller, with more bulging foreheads, weaker browridges and muscle
attachments, less prominent noses, and narrow faces and jaws relative to cranial
breadths. Female facial constriction goes with large and high orbits, narrower mouths,
and greater prognathism. But the leptoprosopic tendency of the females, resulting
from their marked facial height, is an unexpected sex difference sharpening the facial
contrast. The average Ancient Greek male combines a well-filled vault of inter-
mediate size and proportionswith a low and square face whose broad and strong jowls
contrast with the high and narrow nasal skeleton: a striking face compared to the
more triangtularand conventional face of the Ancient Greek female.
From this summary it is obvious that the Ancient Greeks must show a combina-
tion of Alpine with generalized Mediterranean characters, and that analysis of this
combination's dynamics among the Agora skulls will be the chief function of the
types. Type contrast partly explains the colossal variability of the total series, a
chronological comnpositespanning 4500 years, since the period groups are likew'ise
unexpectedly variable as shown by W. W. Howells' Sigma Ratio 24 and Coefficients
of Variation. Such high variability certainly suggests diversity of origin for Greeks
in general.
Though comparableheterogeneity should occur also in body build the data barely
suffice to define the average Ancient (reek. Mean male stature of 162.2 cm. (5 feet
21
Between 35 and 40 for males and abont 30 years for females, omitting children and adoles-
cents from consideration: life expectancy at 18.
See 'A. KptKoS, 'H kEte$vX TNSr epr8OYvo iiv 080'vTwv E'v TEXa8t'&r rzoJv aJpxatoraTwv lExptw rwv Ka
As xpo'v(w'EXX. 'AvOp. 'Er., TpaKTtKa, XII, 1935 pp. 3-18. Confirmed by J. L. Angel,
" A Racial
Analysis of the Ancient Greeks," Table 9.
23 L. Borovansky, " Pohlavnli rozdily na lebce cloveka," Czech Academy of Arts and Sciences,

Prague, 1936. D. I. Risdon, " A Study of the Cranial and Other Human Remains from Palestine
Excavated at Tell DuWeir (Lachish)," B iometrika, XXXI, 1939, pp. 99-166.
24"' The Early Christian Irish: the Skeletons at Gallen Priory," Proc. of the Royal Irish Acad.,
Section C, XLVI, No. 3, 1941, p. 146.
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 285

3% inches) and female stature of 153.35 cm. (5 feet 7/16 inches) are both short.25
Limb-bones appear small-jointed, short, but thick, with rugged muscle markings. The
forearm is medium to long compared to the upper arm (not approaching ancient
Egyptian or negroid elongation), and arm and shin are of medium length compared
to leg and to thigh respectively. The clavicle is long relative to the upper arm, and
the relatively broad scapula also suggests broad shoulders. Hip breadth is greater
than usual among taller groups, and this completes the indications of a stocky Euro-
pean type of body build. Low grade platymeria and mesocnemia suggest that growth
economy of bone probably typical of extreme flattening of femur and tibia26 is less
important than functional factors. Mean age at death deduced from phases of the
pubic symphysis is 35 vears for 22 males and 27 years for 16 females. Pelvic sex
differences are well-marked, with the usual amount of overlap.
A convex lumbar curve (especially in the females) indicating a good degree of
pelvic tilt, medium developmentof torsion of the neck of the femur,27platymeria witlh
strongly developed gluteal crest, marked retroversion of the tibial head,28high fre-
quency of " squatting facets " or joint surface extensions on tibia and talus, and strong
femoral, tibial, and calcanear attachments for calf muscles, all combine to suggest a
"bent-knee gait." A good balance at the hips correlates with hypertrophy of glutei
and other abductors, external rotators, and extensors of the thigh to control sidesway,
toeing in, and bent-knee posture, and hyperdorsiflexion at the ankle joint and con-
sequent squatting facets go with opposition of strong calf muscles. The whole com-
plex of posture traits appears an adaptation to the steep and rocky paths normal in
Greece through developmentof posture and gait like those of a skier."
Detailed validation of the six morphologicaltypes is unnecessary here, since in a
previous publication the types have been shown to be significantly divergent from the
average Ancient Greek male in the directions of outside series representing various
racial tendencies within the white stock, and to be much more homogeneous than the
Greeks in general.30 The Plates, especially Plate XL, illustrate the following de-
scriptions.
Basic Whites (Type A: Plate XL, u-y) are sturdy. They have large and long
25
Just below the norm for modern Spaniards, Portuguese, or South Italians, and based on
61 males and 43 females.
26
Hypothesis advanced as general explanation by L. H. D. Buxton, " Platymeria and Platyc-
nemia," Joutrnalof Anatomy, LXXIII, 1938, pp. 31-36.
27
Especially in the males. Cf. WI.W. Howells, " The Early Christian Irish," p. 162.
28 op. cit., pp. 167-173, for comparative discussion.
29
Ascent or especially descent of slippery talus slopes in Greece in various postures will
convince anyone of the efficiency of the bent-knee position, wlhich of course need not be used on
level ground.
30J. L. Angel, " A Racial Analysis of the Ancient Greeks," Tables 3-7. See this publication
also for full list of authorities and references for outside groups used in comparisons with the G-reek
morphological types and for subdivisions of these types (e. g., Al, etc.). These are not repeated
in the present paper.
286 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

heads with somewhat low and receding bony foreheads, massive browridges, and a
generally angular and ill-filled appearance emphasized in slight 1midlinegabling of
parietals and latmbdoidflattening just above the projecting occiput. Their almost
trapezoid faces lack height, and show rectangular orbits, short, straight, coarse noses,
angular profile, and strong chin and teeth. They were probablyabove mediunmstature,
strong, dark-brown haired, and swarthy. They show noteworthy similarity to Chalco-
lithic Palestinians, Siculans, Chalcolithic Sardinians, and Neolithic type British, and
are obviously also comparable to Atlanto-1V[editerraneansin Mesopotamia. They
are less homogeneous as a group than the other types, covering the range from a
linear and high-skulled " Megalithic " "' variant with high, thin-nosed hatchet-face
(A 1 and A 2: Cephallenianand Athenian in Plate XL, v, w), to a low-headed and
squat-faced extreme with wide nose and low orbits (A 4: S. C. Macedonian in Plate
XL, u), with a central group (A 3 and A 5: Corinthian of Argive parentage and
Lemnian in Plate XL, x and y) connecting these divergent tendencies.
Classic Mediterraneans (Type B: Mytilenean, W. Cretan, and Corinthian of
Argive parentage in Plate XL, r, s, and t) are light-boned, almost fragile. They have
small, barely dolichocrane heads, pentagonoid in outline in both vertical and occipital
views, contracted neck muscle area, and low and almost vertical rounded foreheads.
Their slender, fine-featured faces have square orbits, thin noses smooth and low in
the nasion region, and a triangular taper down to pinched jaws with shallow and
pointed chin, weak prognathism, and an overbite linked with subnormal degree of
teeth wear. They were probably just below miediumstature, gracile, slender-necked,
brtinet, with black or dark hair. They are virtually identical with ancient Libyans and
with modern Sicilians, and similar to Upper Egyptians of prehistoric and Early
Dynastic dates, and to modern Spanish. Type B is the most homogeneous one, with
only slight tendencies in longer-headed, linear-faced and smaller, more squat-faced
directions.
Throughout the Mediterranean.region Type B occurs in various proportion.s
with the Basic White type, and a composite made up of Types A and B in equal pro-
portions is very close to Minoan Cretans and somewhat resembles Lower Egyptians
of XXVI to XXX Dynasties and Iron Age South Palestinians.
Nordic-Iranians (Type D: Plate XL, m-q) have long and high heads with pecu-
liarly deep occiputs, smnoothovoid-ellipsoid contour, sharply-cut muscle impressions,
strong browvridges,and tilted and capacious foreheads. Marked facial height and
narrowness of cheeks compared to wide forehead and jowls makes a rectangular,
horse-faced impression. Large but slightly retreating cheekbones enclose drooping
orbits, and big, salient, and aquiline noses, long-arched palates, muscular jaws wide
at the angles, and cleft chins lacking prominence all add to the same effect. Nordic-

31 C. S. Coon, TIe Races- of Europ,pe p. 85.

 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 287

Iranians were tall and muscular, strong-necked, and probably included tawny-
haired blue- or green-eyed blonds as well as brunets. Approximate identity with
Bajuvars, and noteworthy resemblancesto North Iranian Bronze Age Proto-Nordics,
to Anglo-Saxons, and to medieval Irish Monks show the divided eastern and north-
wATestern relations of this Greek type. And though Type D has a low variability, it
includes four slightly different tendencies: a cylindrical-skulled,slab-faced Iron Age
Nordic one (D 1: Chalcidian and E. Thracian, in Plate XL, n and o), a high-skulled,
ellipsoid, " Corded " tendency (D 2: Chalcidian in Plate XL, p, slightly " dinari-
cised "),32 a long byrsoid, deep-skulled, huge-nosed, convex-profiled Iranian trend
(D 4: Athenian of Arcadian parentage, in Plate XL, m), 3 and a small-faced Iranian-
Mediterraneandivergence approachingCoon's Cappadocianand Danubian types (D 3:
Athenianin Plate XL, q).34

Dinaric-Mediterraneans (Type F: Chalcidian, Corinthian, and E. Thessalian in

Plate XL, j, k, and 1) are the least Alpine of two intermediate,hybrid, Alpinoid forms.
Their short (high mesocrane) and relatively high byrsoid heads have pinched and
flatly sloping foreheads and non-projecting occiputs. They have big and drooping,
houndlike, faces with an elongated hexagonal outline stemming from striking (though
variable) flare of the cheek region. Face height is emphasized in their long and thin
noses pulled down almost parallel with their foreheads, in high palates, and in long,
deep jaws. Dinaric-MAlediterraneans are medium tall, long-necked, and presumably
mainly brunet. They resemble both dinaricised Mediterraneans? from Lower Egypt
in the third and second millennia B.C. and dinaricised Alpines including inhabitants
of the Roman Troad, modern Greeks of Anatolia and European Turkey, Serbs and
Croats, and Slovenes. Type F is homogeneous but does show divergences toward
linearity on the one hand and toward true brachycrane Dinaric makeup on the other.
Mlixed Alpines (Type E: Plate XL, f-h) are closer to Alpines morphologically
than in their proportions. Their large mesocrane heads are well-filled, with peculiarly
large and wide foreheads with little slope and smooth parietals with a long flat plane
in the obelion-lambda region. The massive foreheads dwarf their low faces which
have an inverted trapezoid outline and a retreating profile, high-rooted but insignificant
noses, and shallow and relatively delicate jaws despite respectablesize. They were not
especially short but probably heavy-bodied, probably with some mixed blonds among
a brunet majority. Their approximations to Etrusco-Roman Tarquinians and Mero-
32
Op.cit., p. 85 and Table 12.
3 'W. M. Krogman, " Racial Types from Tepe Hissar, Iran," Verhandel. der kon. Neder-
landsche Akad. vant Wetensch., Afd. Natuurkunde, Tweede Sectie, XXXIX, No. 2, Amsterdam,
1940. H. V. Vallois, " Les ossements humains de Sialk," in R. Girshman, " Fouilles de Sialk, 1933,
1934, 1937," II, Louvre Dept. Ant. Orient., Serie Arch., V, 1939, pp. 113-192, for earlier Proto-
Iranian type.
34 C. S. Coon, op. cit., pp. 85, 137-139.
35 op. cit., pp. 601-602, for definition of term " dinaricisation."
288 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

vingian Franks are both good, and they resemble adequately Bessarabian Scythians,
Carniola Illyrians, Basques, and Teneriffe Guanche. This parallelism stresses their
hybrid origin. Trype E is homogeneous, but with some inner divergences including
Nordic-Alpine (E 2: W. Macedonian and E. Arcadian, in Plate XL, g and h) as
opposed to Mediterranean-Alpine (E 1, E 3: N. W. Macedonian in Plate XL, f)
tendencies.
Alpines (Type C: Plate XL, a-e, and i) have shortened and laterally bulging
heads, with weakly-curved occiputs equipped with strong torus for neck muscles,
broad and full foreheads (narrow relative to bulging parietals), and a short ovoid to
sphenoid or spheroid outline in normnaverticalis. Their heads as a whole range from
" square " to globular. The Alpine face is low and orthognathous with square to
hexagonal outline rounded at the angles. Non-retreating cheekbones and dominantly
short, low-rooted, non-salient and concave nose combine to give the face a certain
flatness emphasized further by alveolar retraction with short and low palate, and by
a prominent chin linked with an edge bite and much worn and somewhat poor teeth.
Alpines were notably short and probably stocky, and dominantly brunet. They re-
semble significantly both recent Carinthian villagers and medieval citizens of Hythe
in Kent, with good approximations to Foothill Bavarians and to Bronze Age Eastern
Cypriotes. This suggestion of divided resemblance is confirmed fully by Type C's
s'lightly elevated variability. And various divergent tendencies are appreciable: C 1,
C 2, and C 3 (Maniote, E. Thracian, and Athenian in Plate XL, a, b, and c) tend
respectively toward the globular Central European Alpine, its paedomorphic extreme,
and a rugged, slab-faced Borreby-like type; 36 an Eastern Alpine trend (C 4: Ithacan
and Athenian in Plate XL, d and e) toward a high, sphenoid vault with flat occiput
and high-nosed, square-jowled face,37 and a squat Eastern Alpine tendency (C 5:
S. E. Messenian in Plate XL, i) toward sphenoid-byrsoid and broad-based vault with
short face and puffy nose 38 both have obvious Near Eastern rather than European
appearances.
Basic Whites and Mediterraneans dominate the series as a whole. Dinaric-
Mediterranean, Nordic-Iranian, and Basic White types are nearest to the average
metrically, with the small-headed Mediterraneans particularly close in proportions.
But Alpine and Alpine hybrid types are closest to the average Ancient Greek in mor-
36C. S. Coon, op. cit., p. 291, for definitions of both Borreby and Central European Alpines.
37 C.M. Fiirst, " Prahistorische Bevolkerung der Insel Cypern," for many examples of this
tendency which Fiirst mistakenly calls Armenoid. It may contribute to the later Armenoid type.
38 W. M. Krogman, " The Cranial Types," in E. F. Schmidt, " The Alishar Hiiyiik, 1928 and
1929," Part II, Oriental Inst. Pub., XX, Ch.icago, 1933, pp. 122-138; and "Cranial Types from
Alisar Hiiyiik and their Relations to Other Racial Types, Ancient and Modern, of Europe and
Western Asia," in H. H. von der Osten, " The Alishar Hiiyiik, 1930-32," Part III, Or. Inst. Putbl.,
XXX, Chicago, 1937, pp. 213-293. The Early Bronze and Hittite Empire crania illustrate this
squat Eastern Alpine type, which is often less shortened than Type C 4 and looks more " European."
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 289

phological details. Thus the Ancient Greeks as a whole combined linear and lateral
type tendencies in such a way that the former dominate measurements and the latter
dominate the general form. This conclusion and the extent of contrast between types
are both of importance in the following descriptions of individual skulls from the
Athenian Agora and other sites in Attica.

CRANIA ATTICA
With the exception of the Submycenaean skeletons fromnthe Kerameikos and
the previously published material not measured by the author, every skull studied had
first to be cleaned and mended or restored. These operations might take either a few
minutes or several weeks, depending on the importance as well as condition of the
individual skull or skeleton. As seen in Figures 5 and 8, Greek skeletal material is
usually poorly preserved, being dissolved, warped, crushed, and cracked by the alter-
nate winter soaking of limey, clayey soil and summer baking and dry contraction of
the soil. In sarcophagi the skeleton may be either dissolved or incrusted, and in the
communal ossuary rite basic in the Aegean the disarranged skeletons are usually in
still worse condition. Likewise rock-cut or earth burials under a marketplace are put
under many disturbing pressures. Yet in any one of these situations bone is well
preserved if resting under fixed conditions: in the wet mud of shaft graves or wells,
or in either wet or dry sand in chamber tombs or ossuaries. In the same cemetery,
graves at sea level and continually wet produce better skeletons than those in loamy
soil farther from the sea.39 Normally, therefore, fragments of a skull must be
hardened after cleaning and drying by impregnation with a plastic, such as Alvar,
either by long soaking or preferably under negative pressure in a vacuum jar. If all
fragments of a skull were recovered from the ground the mending process is a simple
three-dimnensionaljigsaw puzzle: Alvar is sufficiently slow-drying so that a whole
skull may be put together with all joints still flexible, and warping may thus be cor-
rected without repeatedtrials 40 by lining up all sagittal points of the skull into a single
plane. Vault and lower jaw are mended first, and the jaw used as a check in placing
temporal bones. The mended face is adjusted with all upper teeth in perfect occlusion
with the lowers, and face and jaw are then attached to the vault with careful adjust-
ment of nasals, malars, and sphenoids and attention to proper position of the condyles
of the jaw. Usually an archaeological skull is incomplete and restoration of missing
parts may be desirable if the individual skull is important and the restorationlreasona-
bly certain.
39Noted from material from Hagios Kosmas excavated by G. E. Mylonas, "Excavations at
Hagios Kosmas," A.J.A., XXXVIII, 1934, pp. 258-279, and paralleling the contrast between
material fromnwells and from earth graves in the Athenian Agora.
40
J. L. Angel, in D. M. Robinson, Necrol.ynthia, p. 211.
290 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

In addition to the measurements and observations listed in Table I, from four

to eight Leica photographs were taken of each skull; pelvis, and lonigbones were also
photographed; and these picttureswere later enlarged to a standard scale for study.
A good many hours must therefore be spent on every skull examined, apart from the
time spent later in visual and statistical comparative analysis of the whole material.4"
And I thank my wife for an inestimable amount of help in this labor.

In publishing Greek skeletal material I have used the numbering system started
by C. M. Fiirst. A key to the site abbreviations follows:

AA Athens, Agora Hal Halae

AK Athens, Kerameikos K Kouvara
AP Athens, Polis Le Leukas
Ant Antiparos Ma Markopoulos
Ast Astakos Mar Marathon
Ba Babak6y Men Menildi
C Corinth M\lyC Mycenae
Ce Cephallenia Ne Nemea
Di Dimnini 01 Olynthtis
El Eleusis Rh Rhitsona
Eu Eutresis S Sounion
FA Fuirst,Asine Sal Salamis
FD FTirst,Dendra Ser Servia
FH Fiirst, Heraeum Sk Skopelos
FM FTirst,Mycenae Sp Spata
FCE Fiirst, Cyprus, Enkomi Tan Tanagra
FCL FTirst,Cyprts, Lapithos Th Thebes
FCM FTirst,Cyprus, Melia The Thermi
H Argive Heraeum Ths Thespiae
Hag Hageorgitika Tr Troyland
HaK Hagios Kosmas Ts Tsangli

41 Field technique is something which cannot be overlooked, since on its scientific perfection
depends preservation of otherwise unreclaimable data. Yet it can seldom be taught. Further details:
photographs were taken with the skull oriented approximately in the Frankfort plane with a white
cloth background of raw silk or raw cotton from which shadows were partly eliminated by cross-
lighting from two windows and. mirrors (elaborate equipment for vertical photography with arti-
ficial light and ground, glass background was not practicable). At first a Sumrnar 5 cm. lens with
front lens was used at a 24 in. separation from the object.< Later an Elmar 9 cm. lens at 4 ft. was
substituted to give flatter perspective, though the contrast in perspective is onlv obvious in corre-
sponding pictures of the same skull.
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 291

NEOLITHIC PERIOD 2, 27 AA. Section E, Shaft Grave 2 m. east of

Of the twelve skulls of this date from Greece Metro6n, 1935 (Hesperia, V, 1935, pp. 20-21).
five come from the Athenian Agora excava- Almost complete skeleton of a young adult
tions, including one with a complete skeleton.42 male, probably between 30 and 35 at death
(Plate XLI), and of tall stature for the period
1, 1 AA. Section OA, Well 5, 1937 (Hesperia, in which he lived (5' 534"). Postural indica-
Vi, 1938, p. 336). Calvarium of a child about tions include platymneria'and platycnemia, as-
7 years old, in good preservation (Plate XLI). tragalar squatting facets, strong gluteal in-
Rhomlboid headform with wide-spaced parietal sertions on the femora and possibly a compara-
bosses, a steep forehead, and a relatively low tively straight lumbar section of the vertebral
face mark this skull, in which the second molars column. Of more interest is a mushrooming of
and permanent incisors are just visible in their the body (anterior portion) of the 5th cervical
crypts. Typing immature skulls is hazardous, vertebra, thinning of the arch, with anterior
but 1 AA combines relative shortness of skull hyperostosis of the 3rd and 4th cervicals and
with marked lateral bulging, and hence its lateral affection of the 6th cervical. This might
obvious Mediterranean character seems to be result from a partial dislocation followed by
modified into a Mixed Alpine one. Similar chronic arthritis or possibly from a retro-
Alpine characters in a Mediterranean context pharyngeal abscess; there is no direct sign of
occur equally early in the Choirospilia skull any neck wound. It is illustrated in Figure 1
from Leukas 43 and in skulls from Kum Tepe together with an eroded and cribriform fossa
in the Troad and from Trov 1.44 formed on the anterior surface of the femaoral
From the same well come a gracile but un- neck just below the rim of the head and thus
measurable adult humerus and the right tem- within the joint capsule. This area, known as
poral of an adult male. This hone is marked Poirier's empreinte or Allen's cervical fossa,
by a flat squamous portion, a long mastoid pro- has been attributed to pressure or constriction
cess, and a ridged and rather sharply flaring by the circular fibres of the capsule of the hip
zygomatic process. The whole bone is reminis- joint and less plausibly to rubbing by the ilio-
cent of a Type B 4 Mediterranean skull from psoas tendon.45 It occurs a number of times on
Neolithic Astakos which I studied in the Athens later skeletons from Attica.
Anthropological Museum, but its consequent The well-preserved cranium lacks some parts,
attribution to a small but rugged longhead with notably a large section of the occipital plate
a relatively wide face is guesswork which has been restored as carefully as possible.
42
For other Neolithic skulls see J. L. Angel in D. M. Robinson, op. cit., pp. 215-217, Plate LXX
(Servia); W. L. H. Duckworth, " Report on a Human Skull from Thessaly," Man, XI, 1911, pp.
49-50 (Tsangli skull); C. M. Fuirst, "tGber einen neolithischen Schadel aus Arkadien," Lunds
Uni. Arsskrift, N. F., avd. 2, XXVIII, No. 13, 1932 (Hageorgitika skull); 'I.
Kov,6apq3,> tw/in
aVOpw7roXoyLK0 v z7rapaTrqp'rwf(v, 'EXA. 'AvOpozr.'ET., lIpaKTLKa, XII, 1935, pp. 26-27 (Astakos skulls);
and S. Benton, " The Ionian Islands," B.S.A., XXXII, 1931-32, pp. 213-246. All except the
Tsangli skull were remeasured by the writer.
43 G. Velde, " Anthropologische
Untersuchungen und Grabung in einer H6hle der jiungeren
Steinzeit auf Leukas," Zeitschr. fiur Ethn., XLIV, 1912, pp. 845-865. Velde gives almost no
measurements (though photographs) of a number of E. H. skulls as well as the neolithic skull
none of which the writer remeasured.
44 Unpublished observations of the
writer, and S. A. Kansu, "I-tude anthropologique sur les
ossements de Kumtepe," Tirk Tarih Kururu, Belleten, I, 1937, pp. 570-590.
45 P. N. B. Odgers, " Two Details about the Neck of
the Femur, (1) the. Eminentia, (2) the
Empreinte," Journal of Anatomty,LXV, 1931, pp. 352-362.
292 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

Figure 1. 27 AA's cervical vertebrae (anterior surface) and right femoral neck (antero-
superior surface). Neck vertebrae show flattening and bone absorption of bodies with arthritic
"
lipping and exostoses. Femoral neck shows "erosion patch where outer table of bone is
removed, probably through rubbing by portions of the joint capsule (zona orbicularis and ilio-
f emoral ligament) in certain positions. Inner trabeculae show through. Neolithic period.

The skull is of medium proportions, and com-
bines an ovoid (-byrsoid) headform with a
sloping forehead, flat lambda region, and
" rising " vertex profile. The face is big, ro-
bust, and somewhat crude, mesorrhine, with
low and sloping orbits, a strong and deep-
chinned though relatively compressed jaw, and
a big palate linked with alveolar fullness. No
caries were found, and only one tooth was lost
in life, though a large alveolar abscess is
present, and there is a very slight tendency
toward crowding of teeth. Definite skull and
face broadening and other Alpine traits modify
the basically Type A 1 (Megalithic) tendencies
of this skull in a Dinaric-Mediterranean (Type
F 1) direction, because of linkage of a high
face with a relatively short skull vault together
with the total morphological impression. As in
the case of the Neolithic B skull (Type F 1)
from Servia in S. Macedonia, and the Tsangli
skull from Thessaly, 27 AA's Dinaric-Medi-
terranean traits are not adequate proof of a
strong Alpine element in Greece at this time.48
3, 31 AA. Section OA, Well 18, skull a, 1939
(Hesperia, VIII, 1939, p. 298). Calva of young

46 J. L. Angel, in D. M. Robinson,op. cit., p. 216, plate LXX. W. L. H. Duckworth,loc. cit.

 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA
adult, apparently female (Plate XLI). The
vault is brachycrane and well-filled, with a
rhomboid form seen from above, and an im-
pression of relatively great height in profile, a
forehead of medium height and slope, and a
rather flat occiput. Alpine fullness and short-
lness are sufficiently modified by Basic White
f rontal region and Mediterranean rhomboid
headform to group this skull with the Mixed
Alpines.
4, 32 AA. Same provenience, skull b. Calva of
young adult male (Plate XLI), of relatively
small size, with mesocrane and ovoid headform
and an apparently broad f orehead. Marked
browridges, a fairly sloping forehead, definite
postorbital constriction, and non-projecting oc-
ciput complete the description. An unusually
large osteoma projects from the left side of the
occipital bone, just under the middle of the left
lambdoid suture. Here again an incipient Al-
pine fullness is perceptible in an obviously
Mediterranean, Type B 1, skull quite compara-
ble to the Neolithic skulls f rom Astaka in
Acarnania. And similar Mediterranean skulls
modified in Mixed Alpine or Dinaric-Medi-
terranean direction occur in Early Helladic
Corinth.47
5, 33 AA. Same provenience, skull c. Calva of
child of indeterminate age, short, but probably
not brachycrane, and with pentagonoid head-
form and a generally Mediterraneanappearance.
TO ca. 2000 B.c.
EARLYHELLADIC
Nineteen of the fifty-two skulls and frag-
ments of Early Bronze Age date come from
Attica, from the 1930-31 excavations of G. E.
Mylonas at Hagios Kosmas on a promontory
near Phaleron and within a few miles of the
Athenian Agora. Most of these skulls (1 HaK-
47'J. Kov,ua'pq, op. cit., and unpublished material examined in the Smithsonian Institution and
American Museum of Natural History.
48K'v* KOlavpV, 'AVOp7roOXyLKa' 7rapaTh)p?TEV ErA
'Er.,
'AvOpQn7r. VIII, 1931, pp. 45-53. Condensed by J. Koumaris, Revue Anthrop. (Paris),
llpaTr6a,
XLIV, 1934, pp. 248-251. In following description sex is not noted if skeleton is adult male.
293
12 HaK) have been carefully published by J.
Koumaris 48 in Greek, and he generously al-
lowed me to use his measurements and original
photographs of three skulls (7 9 10 HaK)
which were subsequently damaged beyond re-
pair and not available to me.
BASIC W H ITE
6, 2 HaK (Plate XLII) is a Type A 4 calvaria
with facial fragments. The dolichocrane vault
is a low and well-filled long ovoid with strong
browridges and some constriction of the base
in rear view. The face is low and probably
broad, with low, rectangular, and sloping orbits,
and nmassivecheekbones.
7, 4 HaK, Type A 3 (Plate XLII), is a notably
large and rugged calvarium. Except for its
expanded vault and " Mephistophelean " gla-
bella and nose formation (cf. Iranian Nose),
it is typical. Very long mastoids and flat sweep
of the cerebellar region down to them are note-
worthy. Teeth are excellent, with wisdom teeth
suppressed.
8, 5 HaK, Type A 5, female (Plate X,II), is
a rhomboid calvaria, high, with narrowing of
both steep forehead and skull base, and a wide
inter-orbital distance.
9, 6 HaK, untyped since not a complete enough
skull, is a broad-jowled lower jaw suiting
2 HaK.
10, 12 HaK, Type A 3, female (Plate XLII),
is a long and high, sphenoid-byrsoid calvarium,
with narrow base, long mastoids, and some
postorbital constriction. The face was probably
low, but contains a narrow nose, compressed
cheek-bones, and square but sloping orbits.
Very slight trend toward Dinaric-Mediterranean.
(V&yV KpavULW rs ev wA7tz Kouy*4 avaUKWs, 'EAR.
294 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL
11, 16 HaK, Type A 4 (Plate XLII), is a
slightly warped calva, rugged, long and proba-
bly low. It is rounded pentagonoid in form,
with capacious forehead and massive brow-
ridges, depressed nasion, and probably slightly
narrowed skull base.
MEDITERRANEAN
12, 13 HaK, Type B 2, female (Plate XLIII),
is a large brachycrane but pentagonoid cal-
variumn,with marked bosses, steep and metopic
forehead, pentagonoid rear view with narrow
base and long mastoids. The narrow face has
square and sloping orbits, pyorrhea, and 4 teeth
lost in life.
13, 20 HaK, Type B 2, is a warped calva, cer-
tainly long-headed and pentagonoid, probably
narrow-based.
14, 21 HaK, Type B 2, female, is a large and
rhomboid calvaria.
NORDIC-IRANIAN
15, 7 HaK, Type D 4 Iranian, is a very large
and well-filled dolichocrane with elongated byr-
soid headform, heavy browridges, sloping and
constricted forehead, well-curved, deep occiput,
and pointed mastoids. The atypically low face 49
has a narrow and high aquiline nose, rhomboicl
orbits, strong, drooping cheekbones, and deep
canine fossa.
16, 11HlaK, Type D 2 (Plate XLIII) is be-
tween Coon's Corded and Danubian types. The
ovoid vault is rugged, although small, high,
well-filled, with marked browridges and inion,
and elongated mastoids springing from a flatly
descendinlg cerebellar region. The long rect-
angular face has a narrow and probably high
nose, high rhomboid orbits, a high and hyper-
bolic palate, well-worn and excellent teeth, and
oblique impaction of the lower wisdom teeth
with consequent bevelled wear.
49 It seems possible that Koumaris' upper face height underestimates because of breakage at
prosthion.
17, 15 HaK, Type D 2, is a long and ellipsoid
calvaria, muscular, with sloping forehead and
projecting nasalia, a trace of lamnbdoidflatten-
ing and thick mastoids. Indefinite Type A 3
suggestions.
DINARIC-MEDITERRANEAN
18, 10 HaK, Type F 1, female, has a brachy-
crane and sphenoid vault, relatively high, with
slight forehead slope. The narrow face has a
pinched but not prominent nose, compressed
cheekbones, and square and tilted orbits.
ALPINE
19, 1 HaK, Type C 1, female (Plate XLIII),
has a short and rounded sphenoid braincase,
relatively high, with a low, straight forehead.
The face is short and rounded, with big palate,
excellent teeth, with a minimum of caries, ab-
scesses, and teeth lost before death.
20, 3 HaK, Type C 4, subadult male high-
headed Eastern Alpine (Plate XLIII), has a
short and high puffed-out braincase which is
almost spheroid, with high and steep forehead,
weak browridges, and long mastoids. The small
and narrow triangular face has a pinched nose,
rhomboid orbits, conapressed cheekbones, a
light jaw, probably suppressed wisdom teeth,
and excellent teeth quality.
21, 8 HaK, untyped since only part of a skull,
is a broad and shallow jaw with pyorrhea an(l
six teeth lost before death.
22, 9 HaK, Type C 3, is a broad and high, mas-
sive calvaria, with strong occipital muscle mark-
ings and long mastoids, below a deep occiput.
23, 17 HaK, Type C 2, female, is a squat ovoid
calva, with low vertical forehead and short
occiput.
24, 19 HaK, Type C 5, is the posterior two-
thirds and fragments of a brachycrane calvaria.
It has a short occiput with strong torus.
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 295

Long bones from the ossuary tombs at jointed enough to be f emale, especially when
Hagios Kosmas indicate a short stature. small feet and small scapulae are added. Muscle
attachments are rugose, however, clavicles are
MIDDLE HELLADIC ca. 2000-1600 B.C. long compared to the arms, and lumbar verte-
brae are large: a stocky and broad-shouldered
Conmparedto 24 skulls of definitely Middle build is implied, with long shins. Postural in-
Helladic date from Greece, eight or more skulls dications include a sharply bent lumbar region
from Eleusis excavated by D. Philios are either with coincident lack of femoral torsion, strong
M. H. or Geometric, or possibly later in date. gluteal insertion on the femur, nmediumretro-
Some of these may be M. H. in date and in- version of the tibial head and definite squatting
dicate the presence of Mediterranean and Basic facets: this is much the same combination as
White as well as a very long-faced smooth- occurs in the " average Ancient Greek " already
vaulted version of Coon's Corded type,50 COM- described, except for greater pelvic tilt in the
parable to 1 FA, 4 FA, and 21 FA from Asine.51 Thorikos skeleton. The pelvis shows more male
Excavation photographs of four Middle Hel- than female characters, though the pre-auricular
ladic skulls from Eleusis published by Kourou-
sulcus is of medium size. Ilia tend to flare and
niotes and Mylonas show this same Type D 2 iscliia to converge, the sacro-sciatic notch is
almost unequivocally. The vault fullness of medium or almost narrow, and the pelvic inlet
these skulls is enough to suggest a Mixed is heart-shaped. The short and sharply curved
Alpine, E 2, trend, found not only in the L. H. hyperbasal sacrum includes six vertebrae and
I Shaft Grave skulls from Mycenae but also
is intermediate in sex characters. Slight arth--
in a Middle Hfelladic Boeotian from ELtresis.52
ritic exostoses on the pelvis and on tendon in-
H3owever,conclusions based on the Eleusis data
sertions of long bones are the only signs of
are mere speculation.58
pathology on this probably male skeleton.
The cranium is notably heavy and not small.
LATE HELLADIC II ca. 1500-1400 B.C. The smooth and well-filled vault is mesocrane
Out of fourteen skulls from L. H. I-II tombs and ovoid, with weak browridges, high, steep
from Greece, one individual comes from Attica, forehead, som-lewhatflat lambda region, and
excavated by V. Stais in 1893 from one of the average or weak neck muscle attachments. The
two Thorikos beehive tombs and dated by L. H. very orthognathous face is rather small and of
lI vases preserved with it in the Greek Na- median proportions, with broad nose root,
tional Museunm. rhomboid orbits, and a broad and shallow jaw
with high coronoid process, pointed chin, and a
25, 1 Tho, is the complete skeleton of a middle- slight overbite. Five teeth were lost before
aged adult male ( ?), probably over fifty when death, the teeth show a little more than average
he died (Plate XLIV). The 157 cm. stature is wear, and caries and an abscess are present.
short (5' 134") according to the Pearson for- The combination of a low and unimpressive
mula, and the long bones are slender and sm-all- face with large mesocrane vault labels this skul'
50 Skulls which I
handled in the Athens Anthropological Museum but was not able to measure.
Cf. C. S. Coon, The Races of Europe, pp. 85, 107, Table 12.
51
C. M. Fiirst, " Zur Anthropologie der prThistorischen Griechen in Argolis," pp. 12-13, 16,
30-31, and plates I, III, and IX. Material re-examined by the writer.
52
Unpublished youth's skull measured in the Thebes museumn.
53 A. ItXtosn 'Yxatwv rc/v
'AVt WXa3 ev 'EXEv vt, 'E3 ps 'ApXcoX7, 1889 pp. 171-177.
G. Mylonas, " Eleusis in the Bronze Age," A.J.A., XXXVI, 1932, p. 104. K. Kourouniotes and
G. Mylonas, " Excavations at Eleusis," A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 271-286, fig. 8.
296 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL
Mixed Alpine, Type E 1, since it is somewhat
less rugged than the two Nordic-Alpine skulls
from the Mycenaean Shaft Graves.
LATE HELLADIC III ca. 1400-1150 B.C.
Remains of twenty-one Late Bronze inhabi-
tants of Attica have been preserved out of
sixty-nine from all Greece. The Attic material
includes a complete skeleton from the Agora
excavations, a skull fragment from the North
Slope of the Acropolis excavated by 0. Broneer
in 1938, two skulls and fragments discovered
by Stamatakis in 1877 in a chamber tomb at
Spata, and seventeen skulls from Markopotlos
chamber tombs excavated by V. Stais in 1894.
BASIC WHITE
26, 1 Ma, Type A 1, female, from Markopoulos,
is a long calvaria with low and steep forehead
and prominent occiput.
27, 2 Ma, Type A 3 (Plate XLIV), is a rugged
and pentagonoid-ellipsoid calvarium, not es-
pecially large. Except for size and relative
vault height it is typical of the modal Basic
White. As in other Mycenaean skulls vault
fulness and some face details suggest minor
Nordic influence.
28, 4 Ma, Type A 3 (Plate XLIV), is a larger
and more robust version of the same thing, with
broader nose and some slight alveolar progna-
thism. It is reminiscent of Upper Paleolithic
rather than minor Nordic trends.
29, 5 Ma, Type A 3 (Plate XLIV), duplicates
the preceding two except f or greater profile
angularity of the ellipsoid vault and a much
longer face, both trends in a Megalithic type
(A 1) direction.
30, 6 Ma, Type A 3, female, is an angular do-
lichocrane calvaria likewise approaching the
Megalithic subtype.
31, 9 Ma, Type A 3, subadult female (Plate
XLIV), is a very similar calvarium, slightly
better filled out, with small face, rhomboid
orbits, and non-projecting nose.
32, 10 M\/a,Type A 3 (Plate XLV), is a large
ovoid-ellipsoid calvaria, notably high, with
low and wide f orehead, slight lambdoid flat-
tening, and a deep occiput. The nasalia are not
salient and upper orbital borders are horizontal.
Smoothness and muscularity also suggest a
Type D 2 Corded Nordic strain.
MEDITERRANEAN
33. 3 Ma, Type B 1, female (Plate XLV), is a
small and narrow cranium, gracile, but with
some forehead slope and flattening at lambda.
The face has horizontal, oblong orbits, a pointed
chin, and slight overbite, with alveolar abscesses
also present.
34, 7 Ma, Type B 2, is a comparatively large
pentagonoid calvaria and mandible, with low
vertical forehead, and well-curved occiput with
weak torus. The orbital border slopes con-
siderably, the low nose root is hardly depressed
at all behind the forehead, and the chin is sur-
prisingly deep and strong.
35, 11 Ma, Type B 2, is a fairly small, meso-
crane and pentagoid calvaria, with low f ore-
head, some lambdoid flattening and a deeply
curved occiput.
36, 12 Ma, Type B 1 (Plate XLV), is a very
similar calvaria, but is ovoid in form and con-
siderably higher, with more bulging temporal
regions, and a suggestion of the Dinaric-Medi-
terranean.
NORDIC-IRANIAN
37, 28 AA. Athenian Agora, Section A, cist
grave, 1935 (Hesperia, V, 1935, pp. 21-23).
The skeleton of this middle-aged adult male
was transected from hips to shins by a later
wall and the estimated stature of 162 cm.
(5' 4") is lower than that indicated by an
almost complete tibia. This Mycenaean Athe-
nian was thick-boned, with large joints, and
well-marked muscle ridges on humerus, scapula,
pelvis, and upper femur. He had notably broad
shoulders, with large scapulae as well as clavi-
cles, and large lumbar vertebrae indicating a
long waist, partly modified by the high and
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA
flaring iliac crests of the big innominate bones
set onto a smiall and hyperbasal sacrum. The
pelvic sex characters are very marked, with
large false pelvis and small and narrow oval
inlet. The only postural indications are a sharp
lumbar curve and slightly developed squatting
facets at the ankles.
Without much doubt this Athenian was a
warrior: a rounded wound depression in the
posterior rim of the joint socket of the right
shoulder-blade might easily result from arrow
or spear thrust from behind (Figure 2). And
Figure 2. Posterior view of glenoid rim of right
scapula of 28 AA, showing pathological pit plausibly
resulting from a thrust wound.
the right radius shows a fracture about 11 cm.
from the proximal end, well healed in good
position, with overlapping of the lower frag-
ment on the palmar side and rotation toward
the ulna of about 30 degrees, the lower frag-
ment being thus pronated relative to the upper
one through opposite actions of pronator teres
and supinator plus biceps respectively. A spiral
channel formed in the origin area of the ab-
ductor pollicis longus is perhaps connected with
action of the supinators on the upper bone f rag-
ment. Since the ulna does not appear to have
been fractured, though spurs from both bones
are almost in contact in the interosseous space,
the fracture might have resulted from applica-
tion of direct force in a fight. Possibly it was
297
a compound fracture (Figure 3). Further, the
first, second, and third metacarpals of the right
hand are " bent " in a palmar direction just
beyond the proximal joint and show incipient
lipping and erosion around the joint surfaces
indicating degenerative arthritis from some un-
known cause (Figure 4). This probably has no
connection with the forearm fracture, since a
very severe arthritic (?), gouty (?), or infec-
tive erosion of the entire metacarpo-phalangeal
joint of the second digit of the left hand occurs,
and there is also an area of periostitis on the
back of the lower half of the right tibia.
The cranium, illustrated in Plate XLV, is of
long ovoid form with a well-rounded profile,
sloping forehead, and rugged nuchal.muscle in-
sertions. The long oblong face is marked by its
drooping orbits and very narrow, long nose
which was certainly high-bridged, though the
nasal bones are missing. A well-developed and
high-arched palate goes with enough alveolar
fullness to overshadow the chin in profile, and
to contribute to the total horse-faced impres-
sion. An edge to edge bite accompanies average
wear of teeth which are very good in quality
except for a large cavity in the upper third
molar linked with a peri-apical abscess which
penetrated the floor of the maxillary sinus. As
a whole the skull is typical of a partly " modern-
ised" version of the Corded type parallel to
that found among Aunjetitz and Hallstatt Nor-
dics, and grading into the Mediterranean type
in Greece and in western Europe.
DINARIC-MEDITERRANEAN
38, 8 Ma, Type F 1 (Plate XLVI), from
Markopoulos, is a mesocrane- and byrsoid
cranium with heavy browridges and pinched
and sloping forehead. The narrow face has
drooping elliptical orbits, salient nose, and a
strong chin.
39, 14 Ma, Type F 2 (Plate XLVI), is a broad
ovoid brachymorph calvarium, high-headed,
with narrow and sloping forehead and short
occiput associated with strong and high-placed
torus for neck muscles. Face and nose are
298 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

Figure 3. Right f orearm and f ractured radius of 28 AA, showing extensor, radial (lateral),
flexor., and ulnar (medial) surfaces of the radius. Note that lower two-thirds of radius is
rotated about thirty degrees ulnarward (pronated) relative to the upper f ragment, through
opposing action of supinator and biceps on the upper fragment and pronator teres on the lower
fragment. The abductor pollicis longus has grooved the bone.
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA
Figure 4. Proximal ends of first three metacarpals
of right hand of 28 AA, showing ulnar, joint, and
radial surfaces (from top to bottom of figure), show-
ing incipient arthritic lipping and " bending" of first
metacarpal. Below are shown the metacarpo-phalan-
geal joint surfaces of the metacarpal and basal
phalanx of the second finger of the left hand. Com-
plete destruction of the joint. Infection? Gout?
054 . Broneer, " A Mycenaean Fountain on the Athenian Acropolis," Hesperia, VIII, 1939,
pp. 317-430.
299
narrow, with rhomboid orbits, compressed
cheekbones, high nose root, and high palate.
40, 15 Ma, Type F 2 (Plate XLVI), is a female
calvarium showing similar traits except for
more rounded headform and deeper inflation
of the skull base. Oblong orbits set close to-
gether, high and pinched nose and incipient
alveolar protusion mark the low face.
MIXED ALPINE
41, 13 Ma, Type E 3 (Plate XLVI), is a fairly
broad and high-headed rounded pentagonoid
rugged calvaria, with lambdoid flattening and
deep cerebellar bulge. The face must have been
broad.
42, 34 AA, child's frontal bone from the fill of
the spiral staircase leading to the Mycenaean
fountain beneath the North Slope of the Acro-
polis 54 (Plate XLV), seems to belong to a
comparatively broad skull, though too uncertain
to type. The forehead is notably low, and traces
of a metopic suture persist.
ALPINE
43, 16 Ma, Type C 1, female, is a large brachy-
crane calvaria with low forehead and rounded
occiput with deep cerebellar bulge.
44, 17 Ma, Type C 4, female (Plate XLVI), is
a brachycrane and sphenoid calvarium, with
low, narrow, almost vertical forehead, and
slight occipital flattening. The extremely low
face has drooping orbits and definite alveolar
prognathism. Five or six teeth were lost in life.
45, 1 Sp, Type C 5 from Spata (Plate XLVII),
is a byrsoid brachycrane, very low-vaulted, with
broad base and strong neck-muscle attachments.
The low and retreating face is marked by
salient concave nose and low, rhomboid orbits
bounded by retreating cheekbones.
300 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL
UNTYPED
46, 2 Sp, untyped, is the frontal bone of a skull
plausibly similar to the preceding, but too in-
complete to type.
SUBMYCENAEAN AND EARLY PROTOGEOMETRIC
ca. 1150-1000 B.C.
Twenty-two skulls are included in the Attic
Submycenaean group: 19 skulls and 12 skele-
tons come from the German excavations at the
Kerameikos and have been fully published by
Breitinger55 with photographs; two skulls
probably excavated by Kavvadias come from
Salamis; and one skeleton of earliest Proto-
geometric date was found in the Athenian
Agora.
BASIC WHITE
47, 58 AK, Type A 1, Athenian Kerameikos
Grave 55 (Plate XLVII or Breitinger plate 83,
lower), is a long, narrow, high calvaria, perhaps
less angular than the typical Megalithic type
skull.
48, 1 Sal, Type A 3, female (Plate XLVII),
from Salamis, is a relatively robust ovoid
cranium, with broken frontal region and face.
It deviates from the type in its deep lower
occiput.
49, 2 Sal, Type A 3, female, is a similar cal-
varium, slightly more gracile and with wider
placed parietal bosses and pentagonoid top view.
MEDITERRANEAN
50, 55 AK, Type B 2, Athenian Kerameikos
Grave B (Plate XLVII or Breitinger plate 82),
is a rather low-headed, rounded pentagonoid
calvarium, with well-curved occiput, well-
marked parietal bosses, and almost flat side-
walls. The face is small and sharply modelled,
with narrow projecting nose. Three teeth were
lost in life, and pyorrhea and two large ab-
scesses are present.
,,'E. Breitinger, "Die Skelette aus den submykenischen Grabern," in W. Kraiker and K.
Kiibler, Kerameikos, Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen, I, Die Nekropolen des 12 bis 10 Jahrhunderts
(Berlin, 1939), Part III.
51, 45 AK, Type B 2, Grave 48 (Plate XLVII or
Breitinger plate 84), female, is a small and rela-
tively high, pentagonoid cranium, with low fore-
head and deep occipital region. The face is long
and narrow, deep-jawed, and rectangular, with
concave and non-salient nose. Resemblances to
Type D 2 or D 3 are detectable. The pubic
symphysis shows Phase III (age ca. 24 years),
and the skeleton deviates from the Greek aver-
age in a sharply curved, short, lumbar region,
and in mlore linear body type. An " erosion
fossa" is present on the femoral necks.
NORDIC-IRANIAN
52, 42 AK, Type D 3 or Nordic-Mediterranean,
Grave 93 (Plate XLVIII or Breitinger plate 79),
is a massive, high-headed, flat-sided, ovoid
cranium, with high forehead and deep occiput.
The rectangular face is aberrantly low, and has
a broad nose. Cheekbones are compressed and
retreating, nasal profile is concavo-convex with
notable saliency, about 15 teeth were lost in life,
and three abscesses are present. The skeleton is
that of a muscular and short-statured man of
about 43 (pubic symphysis Phase VIII), eury-
cnemic, with relatively short upper armi, fairly
sharp lumbar curve, marked femoral torsion,
and well-developed squatting facets. An erosion
fossa occurs on the femoral necks, the vertebrae
show arthritic exostoses, and the left ulna shows
a healed fracture with callus formation and
osteitis.
53, 44 AK, Type D 4 Iranian, Grave 100 (Plate
XLVIII or Breitinger plate 80), is a strikingly
high and narrow cranium, pentagonoid, with flat
sides, sagittal keeling, and apparently a deep
cerebellar bulge. The exceedingly compressed,
long face contains a large, high-rooted and high-
bridged nose with concave-convex profile, high
rhomboid orbits, a narrowed jaw, and excellent
dentition except for pyorrhea. Mediterranean
traits occur.
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 301

54, 9 AA, Type. D 3, female skeleton from
Athenian Agora Section$4, Grave at 67: , 1937,
of earliest Protogeometric date (Hesperia, VII,
1938, p. 325), was a tall and slender-boned
woman, with relatively short upper arm,
straight lumbar region and unexpectedly slight
degree of femoral torsion. The pelvis is f rag-
mentary: small innominates without flaring ilia
suit the slender build indicated by the long
failed to erupt. This skull obviously approxi-
mates ordinary Mediterranean crania, and is
described as Nordic-Mediterranean mainly be-
cause of its vault form. Distinction between
Types D and B amoilg the females are subtle.
Considerable warping had to be corrected before
the skull could be studied.
DINARIC-MEDITERRANEAN

55, 41 AK, Type F 1, Athenian Kerameikos

Figure 5. 9 AA, Early Protogeometric female,
before cleaning and mending.
bones, and sex criteria such as wide ischiatic
notch, deep pre-auricular sulcus, and lack of
ischiatic convergence are all clearcut.
The skull (Plate XLVIII) is narrow and
high, ellipsoid, with very deep occiput. The face
is median in proportions, with high-bridged
nose hardly set back at nasion, square orbits,
compressed cheekbones, and weak-jowled jaw.
Teeth are excellent. Three of the wisdom teeth
Grave 2 (Plate XLVIII or Breitinger plate
78), is a rhomboid (-ovoid) mesocrane cranium,
with " rising" vertex profile, pinched forehead,
slightly curved and muscular occiput sloping
down to long mastoid processes. The high face
is marked by strong nasality, rhomboid orbits,
protrusive mouth, retreating but deep chin, and
flaring jowls.56 Type D 2-4 traits appear.
56, 43 AK, Type F 1, Grave 24 (Plate XLIX
or Breitinger plate 81), is an ovoid mesocrane
cranium like the preceding skull except for
lower vault, more prominent and deeper occiput,
narrower nose, and narrower and deeper jaw.
57, 46 AK, Type F 1, female, Grave 60 (Plate
XLIX or Breitinger plate 85), is a mesocrane,
ovoid, and low-headed cranium, with rising
vertex profile and deep occiput. The long face
has drooping orbits and compressed cheeks atnd
jaw. One tooth was lost in life, few caries and
abscesses occur, and one wisdom tooth is sup-
pressed. Pubic symphysis of early Phase V in-
dicates age of about 27. The skeleton deviates
from the mean in short forearms, somewhat
narrow shoulders, platycnemia, sharply curved
and long lumbar region. Erosion patches on the
necks of the femora occur.
58, 52 AK, Type F 2, typical Dinaric, Grave C
(Plate XLIX or Breitinger plate 83, upper),
is an almost brachycrane blunt pentagonoid
cranium, with high forehead and flat sides. The

56 Breitinger considers this skull Reihengraber Nordic, interesting considering the definite
Alpine-Dinaric element apparent among the Bajuvar Reihengraiber series used by him. Cf. P.
Kramp, " Die bajuvarischen Reihengraiberskelettevon Rieranger in Miinchen-Giesing," Anthr. Anz.,
XV, 1938, pp. 162-204. R. S. Wallis in C. S. Coon, " The Races of Europe," Table 44, p. 664, and
unpublished photographs in possession of A. S. Wallis.
302 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL
big, broad-cheeked and broad-jawed face is very
deep jawed, with low rhomboid orbits. Two
teeth were lost before death.57 The skeleton is
that of a relatively tall and robust man, with
large joints, big feet, and squatting facets. A
deep wound (?) depression (healed) occurs in
upper left frontal region and a deep healed
groove or pit at the left nmaiar-maxillaryjunc-
tion below left eye, suggests a thrust wound
from above and from the right.
MIXED ALPINE
59, 50 AK, Type E 1, Grave 15 (Plate XLIX
or Breitinger plate 88, note that this skull is
switched with skull 49 AK in Breitinger's
plates), is a notably large and full-vaulted
brachycrane cranium, pentagonoid-spheroid in
form, with high forehead and pentagonoid rear
view. The low and shallow-chinned face is
hexagonal wNvith drooping orbits, high-rooted,
concavo-convex and broken nose, and alveolar
absorption, pyorrhea and few abscesses, fol-
lowing loss in life of 16 teeth from the rear
half of the mouth. Slightly ulcerated wound
(?) depression on left upper frontal region.
60, 53 AK, probably Type E, Grave E (Brei-
tinger plate 92, niddle), is the ovoid and almost
brachycrane calvaritim of a child almost eight
years old, with relatively narrow skull base and
low face. It resembles 1 AA.
ALPINE
61, 49 AK, Type C 1, Grave 3 (Plate L or
Breitinger plate 89), is an almost brachycrane
ovoid cranium, well-filled, with erect forehead,
and bulging cerebellar region. The eurypro-
sopic inverted trapezoid face has a narrow and
low nose, high, square orbits, and eighteen
teeth lost in life from the rear portion of the
mouth, with pyorrhea and a few abscesses.
62, 47 AK, Type C 1, Grave 34 (Breitinger
plate 86), female, is an almost brachycrane
blunt pentagonoid cranium, with wide forehead
57This skull is comparable to 33 C from Geometric Corinth, not yet published.
and strong nuchal musculature. The hexagonial
face is low, but has a narrow nose. Teeth are
excellent, with one caries and one tooth lost in
life. Pubic symphysis late phase V indicates an
age of 30. The skeleton differs from the mean
in platycnemia, a very sharp lumbar curve, and
sacrum skewed to the right associated with a
noticeably short right femur. Erosion fossae
occur on the femoral necks, and a ripple-surface
osteitis occurs on the lower right forearm bones.
63, 48 AK, Type C 1, Grave 59 (Breitinger
plate 91), late adolescent or subadult female, is
a broad ovoid brachycrane, well-filled, with
vertical forehead. The low face has rhomnboid
orbits, non-projecting cheekbones, and excellent
teeth, with no sign of eruption of third molars.
64, 54 AK, Type C 1, Grave 47 (Plate L or
Breitinger plate 90), female, is a capacious
ovoid brachycrane cranium with deep occiput,
slightly pentagonoid rear view, and mesopro-
sopic and non-profiled face with excellent denti-
tion and partially errupted third molars. Pubic
symphysis Phase II, aige 20. This woman was
tall (5' 3") with the expected relative elonga-
tion of shins, a linear though not gracile build,
and unexpectedly slight degree of either feemo-
ral torsion or lumbar curve. The pelvis has a
large inlet and outlet of female form, but other-
wise sex characters are intermediate. Erosion
fossae occur on femnoralnecks, and squatting
facets on femoral heads.
65, 56 AK, Type C 1, Grave 44 (Breitinger
plate 92, lower), child over eight years, is a
broken calvaria, brachycrane, rounded rhom-
boid in form, with steep and flattened lambdoid
region, and drooping orbits. Trend toward
Type E.
66, 57 AK, Type C 3 (Beaker-Borreby type),
Grave D (Plate L or Breitinger plate 92,
upper), is an. ovoid brachycralie calvaria, both
capacious and rugged, high with " risinig ' ver-
tex profile, short occiput, robust mastoid pro-
cesses, and deep chin.
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA
67, 64 AK, untyped since too fraginentary,
Grave SM Po 12, is an unrestorable cranium,
conceivably short-headed, with massive and
deep-chinned jaw, not broad, and showing 4
caries and a few abscesses in dental remains
fromi both jaws. The short (5' 11/2") skeleton
has relatively short arms, and narrow shoulders.
68, 51 AK, Type C 5 (Low-headed Eastern
Alpine), Grave A (Plate L or Breitinger plate
87), is a heavy and robust short-headed byrsoid
cranium, low, with constricted and low fore-
head, exceedingly heavy browridges, and
sharply developed occipital torus. The broad-
cheeked, trapezoid, face has rhomboid orbits,
a nose almost certainly prominent with large
spine, and a square jaw, overbite, few abscesses,
one tooth lost in life, and arthritic pitting in
temporo-mandibular joints.
UNTYPED SKELETONS
69, 59 AK, Grave SMVI Po 5, with short stature
(4' 91/2"'), small joints, slender bones, sharp
lumbar curve, and clear female pelvic traits.
Distorted flattening of femoral head, depression
of femoral neck, accompany superior shallow-
ing of acetabulum and rugosity up across ilium
indicative of hip dislocation, not necessarily
congenital.
70, 60 AK, Grave SM Po 7, female, is marked
by relatively long forearms.
71, 62 AK, Grave 28, is the skeleton of a tall
8") and robust man with relatively long
upper arm and straight lumbar region.
72, 63 AK, Grave SM Pompeion tower, pubic
symphysis Phase III (ca. twenty-three years),
short stature (5' 212`), relatively short fore-
arms, marked platycnemia, only slight feimoral
torsion linked with straight lumbar region, and
sacralisation of the fifth lumber vertebra with
probably corresponding reduction in the number
of ribs.
GEOMETRIC AND LATEST PROTOGEOMETRIC
ca. 930-650
B.C.
In addition to two fragile later Protogeo-
303
metric crania, ten Geometric skulls with eight
skeletons have been found in the Agora Ex-
cavations, while a skull from near Omonoia
Square excavated in 1871 by Palaiologos, a
skull fromn Marathon found with Geometric
pottery and presented to the Athens Anthropo-
logical Museum through Dr. Lorandos in 1938,
and a complete skeleton from Eleusis excavated
in 1938 from a dateable stratum bv K. Kourou-
riiotes and J. Travlos bring the total of Athenian
Geometric remains up to fifteen individuals
compared with the twenty-five preserved in all
of Isthmian Greece.
BASIC WHITE
73, 15 AA, Type A 1, Athenian Agora, Section
KK, Grave 16, 1936 (Plate LI) is a high,
narrow, pentagonoid calva, with sloping fore-
head and sharply bent occiput. It shows- ap-
proximations to Type B 4. Skeletal fragments
show slender bones and strongly suggest short
stature.
74, 16 AA, Type A 4, Section KK, rock-cut pit
at 52 MO near Hephaisteion, 1936 (Plate LI),
is the left half of the cranium of a decapitated
subadult with incomplete eruption of third
molars. The low and ellipsoid vault has a low,
sloping forehead, notable lambdoid flattening
above a sharply bent occiput, and massive mas-
toid processes. The low face has relatively
horizontal low orbits, and shows slight progna-
thisin which was almost certainly masked by a
salient nose. In spite of youth and lack of teeth
wear a few caries and abscesses occur. The
executioner's ( ?) blade severed the neck from
the front at the level of the fifth cervical verte-
bra with a diagonal blow sloping up toward
the right, following a deeply penetrating but
incomplete stroke about 1 cm. higher (Figure
6). Both are about the level of the chin of a
victim in a supine position, and it seems possi-
ble that the decapitator may have stood on the
victim's left side.
75, 29 AA, Type A 2 (?),child almost 6 years
old, Protogeometric grave in plateau S. of
Hephaisteion, 1935 (Plate LI) (Hesperia, V,
304 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

Figure 6. Posterior, anterior, left, and inferior views of the second to fifth cervical verte-
brae of 16 AA, from the Geometric period, to show direction and number of unsuccessful and
successful blows used to sever the head from the body.

1935, pp. 23-24), is a warped, broken, and ex-
ceedingly fragile calvarium, large and long-
headed and of ovoid-pentagonoid shape, with
low forehead and infantile lack of relief at the
nasal root.
MEDITERRANEAN
D 3 Nordic-Mediterranean 9 AA. The skeleton
of 7 AA, with pubic symphysis Phase I, is of
less than average stature, (4' 11/4"), small-
jointed, relatively narrow-shouldered and broad-
hipped, with sharp lumbar curvature, little
femoral torsion, and squatting facets.

76, 4 AA, Type B 2, late adolescent female,
Section B, Grave XVII, 1935 (Plate LI) (Hes-
peria, V, 1936, p. 29), is a still more f rag-
mentary cranium lacking lower forehead and
upper face. The rhomboid vault is gracile and
has a projecting occiput. The mouth region
suggests slight prognathism, shows an overbite,
weak pointed chin, and incomplete eruption of
second premolar, although the wisdom teeth
are already visible in their crypts. Pubic
symphysis Phase I. Short-statured, slender-
boned skeleton, with clearcut third trochanters
and femoral epiphyses unfused.
77, 7 AA, Type B 1, subadult female, Section
B, Grave XVIII, 1935 (Plate LI), is a frag-
mentary cranium, probably long-headed and
high-headed, with high and metopic forehead,
flat sides, and deep occiput. The broad-jawed
face appears relatively low, with mouth region
identical with 4 AA. However, resemblances
exist both with the Submycenaean B 2 Medi-
terranean 55 AK and the Early Protogeometric
78, 8 AA, Type B 1, Section B, Grave XIV,
1935 (Plate LII), is a small-skulled, ovoid
mesocrane vault, with lambdoid flattening. The
much-broken face was probably narrow com-
pared with the forehead, and marked by a high,
concave nose, projecting chin, and accompany-
ing loss of about 27 teeth before death, though
suture closure indicates a " young adult " age.
Skeleton fragmentary.
79, 1 Mar, Type B 2, from Geometric grave
near Marathon (Plate LII) is a long-headed
pentagonoid calvaria, fairly robust, with low
and narrow forehead and flat sides. The jaw
has square angles and strong though only
slightly projecting chin, and a few caries and
abscesses occur.
NORDIC-IRANIAN
80, 11 El, Type D 1, Geometric baked-earth
grave under tumulus, S. E. of Acropolis of
Eleusis (Plate LII), is a fairly large, ovoid,
mesocrane, and notably low-vaulted cranium,
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 305

Figure 7. Left lateral, antero-inferior, antero-superior (inlet) views of pelves of 11 El,

6 AA, and 5 AA (sacra of 6 AA and 5 AA too fragmentary and innominates impossible to
orient perfectly), with dorsum of hand of 5 AA showing deformity of first metacarpal.

with sloping forehead, large mound-shaped oc-
cipital torus, short mastoids, and deep occiput.
The strong, oblong face is characterised by
rhomnboidorbits, flaring jowls, high concave
nose approaching continuity with the forehead
profile, slight general prognathism, and deep
cleft chin under a mouth marked by extreme
teeth wear, loss of eight teeth in life, 3 caries,
pyorrhea, and few abscesses. Pathology in-
cludes much enlarged right carotid and jugular
foramina. Although lowness and cylindrical
form of its well-filled vault cause this skull's
resemblance to Iron Age mesocrane Nordics
from Central and Western Europe, the whole
face, jaw form, and occiput approximate an
Iranian norm.
The pubic symphysis of late Phase V found
in 11 El indicates an age of about thirty. The.
complete skeleton indicates a rugged body build,
with solid, not hyper-male pelvis (Figure 7),
broad shoulders, long arms, and probably a big
chest. Femora are bowed and much flattened
and show only slight torsion. Tibiae are platy-
cnemic, and have squatting facets. Slight arth-
ritic exostoses occur on the lumbar vertebrae
and costo-manubrial junctions. Healed frac-
tures of 8th and 9th right ribs and 11th left rib
and possibly of the tips of spines of 5th to 8th
thoracic vertebrae indicate an active life.
81, 2 AA, Type D 2, female, Late Protogeo-
metric from Agora Section II3, Grave 18, 1936
(Plate LII), is a fragile cranium, blunt ellipsoid
and almost dolichocrane, with relatively long
face, at least five teeth lost in life and a few
abscesses.
82, 3 AA, Type D 2, female,58Section B, Grave
XXXI, 1935 (Plate LIII), is a large broken
cranium, almost dolichocrane, rhomboid with
steep and narrow forehead, lambdoid flatten-
ing, and a projecting and deep occiput. Elonga-
tion and sharp alveolar protrusion combine with
compression of cheekbones to give a horse-
faced impression. The dentition is poor, with
about seven teeth lost in life, and four large
abscesses, though no caries occur. Though in
some vault characters and prognathism the skull
appears Basic White, in other details it is closer
to such female representatives of Type D 2 as
15 FM from L. H. III Mycenae and 3 01 from
classical Olynthus.59 Skeletal fragments show
hyperplatymeria and suggest tall stature.

58 For further illustrations and discussion of slkeletons 3-8 AA see J. L. Angel, " Geometric
Athenians," in R. Young, " Late Geometric Graves and a Seventh Century Well in the Agora,"
Ilesperia, Supplement II, 1939, Appendix III, pp. 236-246, figs. 145-156.
59 C. M. Fiirst, " Praihistorische Griechen in Argolis," plate XXII; and personal observation
of 15 FM. J. L. Angel in D. M. Robinson, Necrolynthia, plate LXX.
306 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

DINARIC-MEDITERRANEAN 85, 17 AA, E 1, female, Athenian Agora, Sec-

83, 6 AA, Type F 2, Athenian Agora Section
B, Grave XX, 1935 (Plate LIII) (Hesperia,
V, 1936, p. 29), is a rounded pentagonoid and
wide-based skull, with definite postorbital con-
striction of the high and scarcely sloping fore-
head, full upper occiput and rugged mastoids.
The large and elongated hexagonal face has
strong and laterally flaring cheekbones bound-
ing tilted orbits, strong jaw with cleft chin, few
caries and large abscesses, edge bite, and sup-
pressed wisdom teeth. The skull shows Basic
White and Mixed Alpine tendencies 60 which
complicate its typing. The skeleton is just above
the average Greek in stature (5' 412"), is
robust, and has a large and high pelvis lacking
a wide ischiatic notch or pre-auricular sulcus
but not exaggeratedly male. Forearms and
shins are relatively short, and the muscular
femora show slight torsion and hyperplaty-
meria.
MIXED ALPINE
84, 30 AA, Type E 1, Section B, Grave XI,
1935 (Plate LIII), is a high and smooth-
vaulted mesocrane with large and vertical f ore-
head, strong browridges, and rounded rear
view. The face is marked by low orbits, well-
developed cheekbones, narrow, straight nose,
lower facial protrusion, deep jaw, and much-
worn teeth with a low frequency of caries,
abscesses, and loss. Basic White and possibly
Dinaroid tendencies appear in this skull. The
skeleton shows short stature (5' 212") and a
tion r, B 183, Burial at 72-79 KE (HIesperia,
IV, 1935, p. 359), is a very fragile, rhomboid
and almost short-headed calva, with low and
wide forehead.
ALPINE
86, 5 AA, Type C 3 or Borreby-Beaker type,
Section B, Grave XIX, 1935 (Hesperia, V,
1936, p. 29), is a rugged, blunt ovoid, brachy-
crane skull, with broad base and slightly less
occipital curvature than usual (Plate LIII).
The relatively long and hexagonal face re-
sembles that of 30 AA, except for higher orbits,
broader-rooted and concave nose, and more
teeth loss accompanied by excessive wear of the
upper incisor teeth to a degree greater than in
either 6 AA or 30 AA. The average size skele-
ton combines straight lumbar region with in-
dications of a sharply concave lower thoracic
region, and with medium feemoraltorsion and
squatting facets. Pathological changes include
arthritis of metacarpals and of lumbar verte-
l)rae, and probably fracture of left first meta-
carpal.
87, 80AP, Type C3, Geometric grave 3.5 m.
deep below Peiraeus Street near Omonoia
Square, is a small and relatively high-vaulted
brachymorphcranium, with deep occiput.61 The
relatively narrow face is marked by high and
straight nose, tilted orbits, and shallow chin.
It shows approximations to Type F 1.
CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC ca. 650 TO 1 50 B.C.

broad, very male pelvis with flaring ilia. Six Out of ninety skulls of Classical date, twenty-
sacral vertebrae result from incorporationof the five are of Attic origin: one complete skeleton
top coccygeal segment. Sharp lumbar curve and one skull from the Agora Excavations,
accompanies medium rather than small femoral three complete skeletons excavated in 1893 from
torsion. Signs of "bent-knee gait " appear at the Athenian Kerameikos now in the National
knee and ankle and the astragali are relatively Museum in Athens, a skull excavated before
low. 1879 by K. Melissinos from the Keramneikos,a
60
Skull 6 AA shows an approximation to some of the more rugged Late Mesolithic Teviec
skulls from Brittany and even to the Obercassel male from the Magdalenian of the Rhineland. Cf.
M. and S-J. Pequart, M. Boule, and H. Vallois, "'Teviec, Station-Necropole Mesolithique du
Morbihan," Archives de l'Inst. de Paheontol. Hutmaine,XVIII, 1937, pp. 111-227, plates XIV-XIX.
61 R. Virchow, " Altgriechische Schadel von der Piraiussstrasse in Athen," Zeitschr. fur Ethnol.,

IV, 1872, Verhandiungen, pp. 146-152. Not remreasured.

 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 307

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Figure 8. 2 AA, 6 AA (upperright) and 5 AA before cleaningand mending.

skull from Peiraeus Street excavated by Palaio- BASIC WHITE

logos in 1871,62 four skulls from University
Street excavated in 1889 by H. Schliemann,83
seven skulls from Museum Hill excavated by
Pervanoglu in 1862,64 a skull from a marble
sarcophagus found between Acharnai (Menidi)
and Deceleia and once believed to be Sophocles',65
and seven skulls now in the Athens Anthropo-
logical Museum excavated by Chr. Tsountas in
1906 from Kouvara, at the southern extremity
of the Mesogeion.
88, 84 AP, Type A 3, Athens, University Street
(4th centuryB.C.), is a fairly large calvaria,of
median proportions, with a long parietal region.
89, 94 AP, Type A 4, Athens Museum Hill, is
a large, very low, and exceedingly long calvaria,
hyperdolichocrane, and too low for Type D.
90, 96 AP, Type A 3, Athens Museum Hill, is a
large dolichocrane calvaria.

6f2Virchow, loc. cit. Not remeasured.

63
R. Virchow, " Schliemann's letzte Ausgrabung," Sitzungsberichte der Kon. Akad. der Wiss.
zu Berlin, 1891, p. 819. IVth century date definite. Not remeasured.
64
R. Virchow, " Uber griechische Schaidel aus alter und neuer Zeit, und iiber einen Schaidel
von Menidi die fur den des Sophokles gehalten ist," Sitz. der Kon. Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin, 1893,
pp. 680-699. The particular skulls mentioned above in the text are dated in the IVth century, but
Virchow suggests some may be later in date.
65 Loc. cit. This skull is definitely mid-Vth century in date, although through some confusion

in identification it is dated Mycenaean by J. L. Myres, Who Were the Greeks? (Berkeley, 1930),
p. 48. Not remeasured by the present writer.
308 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL
91, 6 K, Type A 3, female, Kouvara, is an ovoid
iuiesocranebroken calvarium, with low vertical
forehead, and rhomboid orbits.
MEDITERRANEAN
92, 82 AP, Type B 1, female, Athens University
Street, is a long and broken calvarium with
r,arrow nose.
93, 83 AP, Type B 1, University Street, is a
small mesocrane calvaria with long parietal bone.
94, 85 AP, Tvpe B 2, Peiraeus Street, named
Glykera and buried ca. 300 B.C. is a long and
angular cranium with deep occiput and marked
lambdoid flattening. The compressed face has
square and tilted orbits, high and pinched nose
with slight development of "classic profile," and
shallow and narrow jaw. Some approach to
Type D 2 m-iaybe evident.
95, 92 AP, Type B 2, Museum Hill, is a high-
headed dolichocrane calvarium with long parie-
tal bone, small face, and low orbits.
96, 93 AP, Type B 1, Museum Hill, is a similar
calvarium, with broader vault, much longer nose
and face, and higher orbits. Type F 1 tendencies.
97, 2 K, Type B 1, Kouvara (Plate ILIV), is a
mesocrane and high-vaulted ovoid calvarium
with certain Type F 1 trends. The otherwise
unremarkable face shows cheekbones placed far
forward, narrow nose, and excellent teeth.
98, 5 K, Type B 2, Kouvara (Plate LIV), is
a pentagonoid mesocrane calvaria with salient
parietal bosses, low vault, narrow forehead, and
lambdoid flattening.
NORDIC-IRANIAN
99, 91 AP, Type D 2, Museum Hill, is a long-
based dolichocrane calvariulmwith broad fore-
head and apparently full, high vault, and long
face.
100, 1 Men, Type D 2, sarcophagus near Achar-
nai (Menidi. Buried ca. 450 B.C.), is an ovoid
long-head, with lambdoid flattening, prominent
and deep occiput with sharp torus, and long
mastoids. The unusually long and oblong face
is compressed in its middle section, with tilted
oblong orbits, and long, high, straight nose with
a salient spine. The lack of marked prominence
of the cleft chin completes the contrast of re-
treating mouth and cheekbones contrasted with
salient nasality of profile. The skull shows
enough gracility to suggest Mediterranean,
Type B 4, tendencies.
101, 65 AK, Type D 1, Athenian Kerameikos
(National Museum no. 2597. Dated 460-450
B.c. by vases), is a large ovoid long-headed and
broad-based cranium (Plate LIV), very similar
to the preceding skull except for more sloping
and narrowed forehead, and larger size. The
face is large and elongated lozenge shaped, with
rhomboid orbits, pinched cheekbones, and nota-
bly salient, concavo-convex and narrow nose,
orthognathous mouth-region with good, well-
worn dentition, one tooth lost bef ore death,
pyorrhea, and one large abscess. Type B con-
vergencies are subtly present. Pubic syiTphysis
Phase VII indicates an age of about 39. Re-
constructed stature of 5' 41/2" is slightly below
the period average, though the skeleton is robust
and has relatively broad shoulders and long
thighs. It is eurymeric and eurycnemic. The
pelvis is very male (Figure 9), and hypobasal
sacrum has six vertebrae including the fused
uppermost coccygeal. The lumbar column is
concave forward instead of convex, continuing
the thoracic curve, and clearcut torsion of
femnoralnecks accompanies this. Astragali are
short and high. Arthritic hyperostosis has
ankylosed thoracic vertebrae 5-11 together with
some ribs (Figures 10 and 11), and exostoses
occur on all vertebrae, shoulder and hip girdles,
sternum, patellae, and feet, but not on long
bones. Calcification of thyroid, cricoid ( ?), and
arytenoid cartilages of the larynx occurs.
102, 66 AK, Type D 1, same provenience and
date, no. 2598 (Plate LIV), is a pentagonoid-
ovoid mesocrane skull similar to 65 AK, except
for shorter vault, wider and less sloping f ore-
head with less marked browridges, and longer
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 309

Figure 9. Right lateral, antero-inferior, antero-superior (inlet) views of pelves of 65 AK,

66 AK, and 10 AA (all males) and of 67 AK (female) f rom Classical Athens.

Figure 10. Lateral views of fifth to eleventh Figure 11. Inferiorsurfaceof lumbarvertebra
thoracic vertebraeof 65AK, to show effects of of 65AK, showingeffectsof arthritis.
arthritis.

mastoids. The face is much longer and more
rectangular, with large drooping orbits, straight
and narrow nose which is high but not salient
and thus approximates the "classic profile," high
palate, and long jaw with excellent teeth. Some
Type F 1 trends are apparent, and the resem-
blance to 65 AK is sufficiently marked to sug-
gest some sort of blood relationship. Pubic
symphysis Phase VIII indicates an age of about
forty-one. The skeleton is tall, 5' 6", very
robust, and heavy-boned, with relatively short
upper arms, eurymeria and eurycnemia. The
pelvis is markedly male, and a straight and
elongated lumbar region accompanies medium
femoral torsion, very marked tibial head retro-
version, squatting facets, and high astragali.
DINARIC-MEDITERRANF.AN
103, 81 AP, Type F 1, female, University Street,
is a fairly high-headed ovoid mesocrane cal-
varium with lambdoid flattening and long mas-
toids. The relatively large face is marked by
high and elliptical orbits and long nose with
well-developed spine.
310 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

104, 3 K, Tvpe F 1, Kouvara (Plate LV), is an robust, with *lambdoidflattening and massive
almost brachycrane and high-headed ovoid- mastoids.
byrsoid cranium, with narrow forehead, rising ALPINE
vault profile, lambdoid flattening, and long mas-
109, 97 AP, Type C 1, female, Museum Hill,
toids. The long, broad-jawed and broad-cheeked
is a slightly low-headed brachycrane calvaria.6
face has a long, pinched, and salient, concavo-
convex nose, tilted orbits, and excellent teeth 110, I K, Type C 1, child, of about seven, Kou-
with clear-cut overbite. In many ways this an- vara, is a capacious spheroid-rhomboid brachy-
ticipates crania of the Roman period. crane calvarium, with erupted M 1 and I 2.
MIXED ALPINE 111, 67 AK, Type C 4 or High-headed Eastern
105, 11 AA, Type E 1, Athenian Agora, Sec- Alpine, female, Athenian Kerameikos (Na-
tional MVitiseutm,no. 2599; dated 470-460 B.C. by
tiOl A, well at 2011 ET, 6.00 mn.,1932, ca. 300
B.C. (Plate LV), (Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 453-
vases), is a very broad, blunt sphenoid, brachy-
454, Fig. 3). This is a heavy, capaciotus,blunt crane skull (Plate LV), relatively high and
pentagonoid cranium, with wide frontal, smooth short, with rising vault profile, and almost verti-
profile curve, and definite left fronto-parietal cal flattening of lambda and upper occiput. The
long oblong face is characterized by high and
asymmetry too slight to equal plagiocephaly.
The face, of median size and proportions, is markedly drooping orbits, short snub nose,
overshadowed by the large braincase. Orbits slight prognathism, slight teeth loss, few caries,
are wide and rhomboid, the concavo-convex and and marked teeth wear. As a whole this skull
high nose contrasts with retreating cheekbones resembles the Bell-Beaker type of Central
and orthognathous profile, and the dentition Europe less than such Cypriotes as 25 FCM and
shows loss of one tooth in life, suppression of 37 FCE,68 Early Iron Age brachycranes from
wisdom teeth, and one periapical alveolar ab- Tepe Sialk in North Iran 69 or historic period
scess associated with a decayed premolar. pre-Islamic Anatolian brachycranes,70 and is
therefore equivalent to Coon's East Mediter-
106, 74 AK, Type E 3, Keramneikos,66is an ranean type or even a proto-Armenoid type.
ovoid anld almost brachycrane calvaria, well- Pubic symphysis Phase V indicates an age of
filled, though almost flat-sided. twenty-eight. Reconstructed stature of 5' 1",
107, 95 AP, Type E 3, Museum Hill, is a some- relatively long shins and forearms, pelvis some-
what low-headed mesocrane calvaria. what narrow compared to shoulder-blades and
clavicles but showing an almost ideal female
108, 7 K, Type E 3, Kouvara, is a full-vaulted, morphology with a deeply marked pre-auricular
blunt pentagonoid, low mesocrane calvaria, sulcus. A straight and rather short lumbar
66 Virchow, loc. cit., 1893,
Dipylon no. 4, placed with Classical skulls in Athenian Anthropo-
logical Museum. I remeasured this skull.
67
Descriptions of skulls from Menidi, Omonoia Square, Peiraeus Street, University Street, and
Museum Hill are all based on Virchow's published measurements, supplemented by truncated in-
spection of these skulls and 21 others from Classical Athens at present unpublished and kept in the
Athens Anthropological Museum: these give a total impression of a Type E mode tending toward
Type A miorethan Type D.
68 C. M. Fuirst, "Praihistorische Bevolkerung der Insel
Cypern," plates X, XI, and XXXVII.
69 H. V. Vallois, "Les ossements humains de Sialk,"
Group IV.
70
Q. Schumacher, " PYberaltgriechische Schxidel von Myrina und Ephesus," Zeitschr. fiir
Morphol. und Anthrop., XXV, 1926, pp. 435-463, Group VII. Such brachycranes occur also among
crania from Troy examined by the writer.
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA
column is combined with f emora which lack
torsion of their necks, but with tibiae showing
marked retroversion and squatting facets and
implying a bent-knee posture balance. Arthritic
exostoses occur on manubrium and calcanea.
112, 4 K, Type C 4, female, Kouvara, is a sini-
lar but smaller and more rhomboid-sphenoid
subadult brachycrane. The face has the same
compressed cheekbones, rhomboid orbits, and
rather broad jowls as 67 AK, and the wisdomi
teeth are in process of erupting.
113, 10 AA, Type C 5, Athenian Agora, Section
HI@,well at 11317T3, 1937 (ca. 425 B.c.), is a
relatively low-headed, sphenoid, brachycrane
calvarium, with retreating forehead, full occi-
put, and large mastoids (Plate LV). The broad
face shows a curiotus combination of low oblong
orbits suited to the puffed anid flaring cheek-
bones with leptorrhine nose, concavo-convex
in profile and definitely inflated in the bridge
region. Dentition is good. Facial sim'ilarity
with 51 AK (Cat. No. 68) suggests a robust,
broad, and well-squared jaw with bigonial
breadth between 105 and 115 mm. Pubic sym-
physis Phase II and unfused epiphyses of iliac
crests indicate an age of twenty. The skeleton
is robust, just above average Greek stature,
with relatively long shins, and an almost ideal
male pelvis (Figure 9). The only other pecu-
liarity is a strong development of deltoid tu-
berosities and triceps areas of origin on the
humerus, especially on the left.7'
LATE HELLENISTIC 150-1 B.C.
The four Hellenistic skulls from the Greek
Mainland are all Attic: two skulls and skeletal
fragments from the Agora Excavations, and
two skulls and skeletal fragments collected by
the author and J. Young from rifled graves in
71 Is it possible that this youth was a heavy-armed hoplite?
72
155 pairs of scapulae counted, simultaneous deaths which hint at decrease in population.
73 The human infant bones and fairly complete skulls of about 100 dogs are in
tion, and a statistical study of each will be of interest to anthropologist, mammalogist, or dog-breeder.
311
the deme of Sounion and dated by accompany-
ing potsherds.
BASIC WHITE
114, 25 AA, Type A 1, child about eleven,
Athenian Agora, Section AA, well at 97/r 362
( Plate L VI), is a comparatively large, low
mesocrane, rhomboid cranium, with angular
profile. The face appears basically low and
canines and second premolars are about to
erupt, while the second molar is erupting.
Slight cribra orbitalia are present.
NORDIC-IRANIAN
115, 24 AA, Type D 3, same provenience (Plate
LVI), is a small but robust, high-headed, ovoid
dolichomorph cranium, with deep occiptut con-
stricted at lambda. The low and trapezoid face
is marked by drooping orbits outlined by com-
pressed cheekbones, a large and exceedingly
salient concavo-convex nose, cleft chin in a
shallow and squat jaw, well-worn teeth, sup-
pressed wisdom teeth, and a minimal number
of caries, abscesses, and lost teeth. The left
lower canine has two roots. A small crescentic
depression 17 mm. above the otuter corner of
the right eye, and slight deflection of the nose
to the right suggest violence.
116, 26 AA, from the same well (Figure 12),
is the number given to bones of about 175
infants 72 of which the overwhelmningmajority
are newborn or full term foetuses, together with
several older infants. Even if archaeologicaland
historical evidence agree in ascribing the well's
contents of infants, dogs, and a scattering of
larger domestic animals to the occasion of
Sulla's siege of Athens in 84 .c., the remains
themselves shed no direct light on cause of
death: either starvation or plague would seem
most plausible.73 There is no-evidence for direct
violence.
good preserva-
312 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

Figure 12. Scapulae of infants from a Hellenistic well in the

Athenian Agora, to show general identity in size and presumably
in age. It is assumed that Hellenistic Athens could have produced
this number of infants in a sufficiently short period so that their
bodies could have been deposited simultaneously. Their deaths
may have resulted from starvation.

MIXED ALPINE Pubic symphysis Phase VIII indicates age of

117, 5 S, Type E, female (Plate LVI), tomb
on slope above ancient mine road several miles
N. W. of Sounion, is a high-headed ovoid meso-
crane fragmentary cranium, with flat vertex
and lambda region. The face is square-jawed,
and appears to have been rectangular, with defi-
nite alveolar protrusion indicated by the deep-
chinned mandible. Resemblance to Type D 2
might be noted. Skeletal fragments confirm the
sex, but suggest some rugosity.
ALPINE
118, 4 S, Type C 1, same location as preceding
(Plate LVI), is a rugged spheroid brachycrane
and high-headed calva, with clear sagittal ele-
vation, flat-curved occiput, and rugged mastoids.
forty or more. Skeleton is that of a robust and
heavy-boned man with big joints, tall (5' 6"),
with big scapulae and pelvis, and a long and
much curved lumbar vertebral column combined
with probable lack of femoral torsion.7'
ROMAN PERIOD 1-ca. 450 A.D.
Out of thirty-five individuals of Roman date
from isthmian Greece nine come from Attica:
six skulls with four skeletons from the Agora
Excavations, and three skulls from the Athenian
Kerameikos, two of which with skeletons are
sisters excavated with gold and rich gifts from
a single sarcophagus by G. Vaphas in 1879,
while the remaining skull is described by
Virchow.75

74Several unpublished skulls from the Sounion-Laurion mining district are said to be markedly
brachycrane by R. Virchow. And one of the two skulls of Classical date obtained from the Laurion
mines and seen by the author in the Athens Anthropological Museum is of Type C 5, though the
other is dolichomorph. Cf. R. Virchow, " tYber altgriechische Funde," Zeitschr. fur Ethnol., V,
1873, Verlzandluntgen,pp. 114-118.
75 R. Virchow, "tYber griechische Schidel aus alter und neuer Zeit," Dipylon III. Virchow's

measurements of the two sisters, Dipylon I and II, closely check mine.
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA
BASIC WHITE
119, 18 AA, Type A 1, female, Athenian Agora
(Plate LVII), no data except condition of skull
which shows no contact with earth and indicates
sarcophagus burial.6 This is a long penta-
gonoid calvaria with very low, narrow, and
slightly sloping forehead, and prominent occiput
with marked lambdoid flattening.
MEDITERRANEAN
120, 14 AA, Type B 1, Athenian Agora, Section
Y, well at 9/s, 1936 (Plate LVII), is a small
low mesocrane, rounded pentagonoid craniutm,
unexpectedly heavy and muscular, with clearcut
lambdoid flattening and deep occiput. The low
face is marked by rhomboid orbits, unimpres-
sive cheekbones, and a salient, concavo-convex,
narrow-bridged nose, contrasting markedly in
profile with the medium or "civilized" degree
of overbite and concomitant prominent pointed
chin. Loss of two lower median incisors in life
appears a result of the overbite, and five or
more caries, a large abscess, and pyorrhea all
are present. In some respects the skull appears
to be a diminutive version of Type D 3. Pubic
symphysis Phase VII suggests age about thirty-
eight. Skeleton, separated by patination, anato-
my, and pairing of bones from the female
13 AA, shows short stature (5' 31/2/') with
somewhat short shins, narrow shoulders, light
bones with small joints, and am-lbiguouspelvic
sex characters which combine clearly male with
female details. A healed fracture of the left
tibia just above the ankle was set with good
position but some lateral and anterior displace-
ment. Post-mortem breakage prevents estima-
tion of shortening, which appears slight.
121, 73 AK, Type B 1, Athenian Kerameikos,
Virchow Dipylon no. III, is a small and low-
headed mesocrane calvarium, with broad nose
and low orbits set in a small face.
76
Hence of post-Classical date, since regular burial not permissible within the city limits in
Classical times.
77 Pelvis and long bones together suggest a combination of linearity and corpulence in body build.
313
DI NARIC-MEDITERRANEAN
122, 12 AA, Type F 1, female, Pnyx hill, 1936
(Plate LVII), is a brachvcrane pentagonoid
cranium, with low, full, but slightly pinched
forehead, and well-rounded occiput. The linear
face has low but rhomboid orbits, a long, nar-
row, high, and concavo-convex nose, deep mouth
region with unexpectedly developed overbite,
and excellent teeth.
123, 71 AK, Type F 1, f emale, Athenian Kera-
meikos, sister named Philotera, f rom double
tomb, 1879 (Plate LVII), is a byrsoid, brachy-
crane, and low-headed cranium (jaw now lost),
with sloping and constricted forehead, well-
filled temporals, and sharp occipital torus. The
face is of long hexagonal shape, with high and
rhomboid orbits, thin flaring cheekbones, very
long, high, thin, and straight nose with big spine
and a definite " classic profile," a shallow chin,
and marked pyorrhea contrasting with a mini-
mum of lost teeth, caries, and abscesses. Re-
semblances to Type C 5 skulls, such as 1 Sp
(Cat. No. 45), 51 AK (Cat. No. 68), and
10 AA (Cat. No. 113) are clear and puzzling.
Pathology includes marked arthritic erosion of
the articular eminences on both sides. Pubic
symphysis of late Phase VI indicates an age of
thirty-five. The long, non-muscular,and spidery
bones of the skeleton suggest a tall stature
(5' 212/'), relatively long arms, and short shins,
with predominantly female pelvic characters.
An extremely long and straight lumbar column
goes with medium f emoral torsion, eurymeria,
third trochanter, an "erosion fossa" on the neck
of the femur, and definite retroversion of the
tibial head.77
124, 72 AK, Type F 1, female, Athenian Kera-
meikos, sister named Amymone, from the double
tomb, 1879 (Plate LVIII), is almost a duplicate
of the preceding skull, except that it is broader,
with higher forehead and less bulging sides.
314 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL
The face is still higher with bigger and stronger
jaw, and a generally better dentition that 71 AK.
Only a minor degree of arthritis shows in the
left glenoid fossa, but a pathological foramen
Figure 13. Perforationin right mastoid process
behind the suprameataltriangle, its position and un-
healed edges suggesting that it is a result of mas-
toiditis, which conceivably might have caused the
death of 72 AK. Below is the eroded left articular
eminence of the same skull, shorwingarthritis in the
temporo-mandibular joint. This might suggest
chronic otitis preceding the mastoid infection.
It is paradoxically interesting to note that both Dixon and Myres, confused by the word
78
" Dipylon," dated these skulls in the Geometric period, and made generalisations concerning the
pre-Classical Greeks which later correctly dated skulls have in general confirmed. Cf. R. B. Dixon,
The Racial History of Man (New York, 1923), p. 503, and J. L. Myres, Who Were the Greeks?, p. 48.
or lacuna in the sulcus beneath the right supra-
mastoid crest connects the upper air cells in the
mastoid with the exterior, and might possibly
be diagnosed in connection with slight but defi-
nite enlargement of both jugular and oval fora-
mina to indicate mastoiditis. This is illustrated
in Figure 13.78 Retro-mastoid foramina are not
enlarged. Pubic symphysis Phase VI with an
age about thirty-three confirms the cranial evi-
dence that 72 AK is the younger sister. The
skeleton is that of a big-framed, spidery-boned
woman, but differs from that of 71 AK in being
taller (5' 3") and relatively longer-legged, with
much bigger joints, bigger feet, broader shoul-
ders and hips, a large and unexpectedly deep
pelvis (Figure 14), and a six-segment hypo-
basal sacrum with incorporation of the top seg-
ment of the coccyx. Many details of skeleton
and skull of 72 AK appear male, but are contra-
dicted by the pelvis as a whole, the extreme
slenderness of long bones, and feminine name.
125, 20 AA, Type F 1, female, Athenian Agora,
Section 02, well at IV-2 64/r, no. 14a, 1938,
Late Roman date (Plate LVIII), is an almost
brachycrane, byrsoid cranium, with constricted
forehead, " rising " vault profile, lightly curved
and non-projecting occiput, and no lateral bulge.
The face is large and of elongate trapezoid
shape, with high square orbits, and a leptorrhine
nose, concavo-convex, and high enough to give
the profile an aquilinity which contrasts with
the orthognathous mouth region, and chin of
medium prominence. No caries occur, and only
one tooth was lost in life, but four abscesses,
marked pyorrhea, and minimal traces of arth-
ritis in glenoid fossae with perforation of the
tympanic plate are not healthy signs. A possible
approximation to Type D 3 is noted in this
skull. Pubic symphysis Phase V suggests age
of twenty-eight. The skeleton shows stature
just above the average Greek, and a compara-
tively strong build, with relatively short shins
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 315

Figure 14. Pelves of 19 AA (male), 72 AK and 20 AA (females) from Roman period

Athens. Pelvis of the male negroid 21 AA from the period of Turkish occupation. Note sex
and racial contrasts. All pelves illustrated are adjusted to the same scale (as far as photographic
perspective allows).

and forearms, short arms compared with legs,
broad shoulders, and a pelvis of ideal female
form (Figure 14). The sacrum has six seg-
ments, incorporating one from the coccyx, and
erosion fossae occur on the femoral necks. The
left radius is twisted sharply in a palmar di-
rection 15 mm. above the wrist suggesting a
reversed Colles' fracture, healed with some
osteitis.
ALPINE
126, 19 AA, Type C 3, Agora Section AA,
Grave III, 1937, Late Roman date (Plate
LVIII), is a large, heavv, brachycrane, and
ovoid cranium, with high and broad forehead,
lambdoid flattening, short occiput, and long
mastoids. The face is strong and broad, with
oblong orbits, salient straight nose which is
broad as well as high-bridged, non-projecting
mouth and deeply cleft chin. The upper right
wisdom tooth is suppressed, a minimal number
of caries and abscesses occur with pyorrhea, and
shovel incisors and an edge bite show clearly
a pronounced degree of wear. Pubic symphysis
Phase VI indicates age of about thirty-three.
The skeleton belongs to a strongly built and tall
(5' 5?") man,79 with a large and hyper-male
pelvis (Figure 14), a well-curved lumbar region,
medium ( ?) femoral torsion. A healed fracture
of the left ulna just above the wrist was set
with good position and only slight deviation.
Pathologic change at the junction of upper and
middle thirds of the left radius may conceivably
result from a fracture with some callus forma-
tion. Periostitis explains a spongy swelling of
the lower third of the left fibula, the real cause
of which could be a healed ulceration of some
sort.
127, 13 AA, Type C 4, female, Agora Section Y,
Well at 9/a, 1936 (Plate LVIII), is a very
short brachycrane, sphenoid cranium, with nar-
row forehead and almost vertically flat lamb-
doid-occipital region. The low face tends to be
hexagonal, with oblong and slightly tilted orbits,
small cheekbones, leptorrhine and high-bridged
concavo-convex nose, a suggestion of progna-
thism, a cleft chin, suppressed wisdom teeth

79 Reconstructed stature is valid only for groups: in the case of individuals it may err by several
centimeters because of peculiarities of posture or vertebral column height. But it does give the only
single estimate possible of body size for individuals. Likewise age estimated from phases of the
pubic symphysis may fall far from the true chronological age at death, though it is probably a good
indication of the physiological age of the individual.
316 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL
(except upper left), one abscess and few caries,
pyorrhea, and a slight (to medium) overbite.
The) ragged hole in the upper left occipuitwas
probably received post mortem. The skeleton
shows a stature hardly above medium, with
short forearms, and long bones with fairly well
developed muscle attachments. The very broad
pelvis is hyper-female in general character, and
the sacrum has six segments through incorpora-
tion of the topmost coccygeal.
BYZANTINE ca. 450-1300 A.D.
Only two fragmentary skulls of Byzantine
date are extant from Attica, from the Agora
Excavations. This contrasts with thirty-eighat
available for Central Greece as a whole.
MEDITERRANEAN
128,22 AA, Type B 2, female, Agora Section Y,
communal tomb at 26-28/ME, 1937, is a high-
headed, rhomboid, dolichomorph calvaria, with
low and narrow forehead, sharp parietal bosses,
lambdoid flattening, and a sharply bent occiput.
A jaw fragment has a shallow chin and one
abscess.
ALPINE
129, 23 AA, Type C 2, same provenience (Plate
LIX), is a mesocrane ( ?), ovoid-byrsoid calva,
with a low and broad forehead, and nasalia sug-
gestinig a straight nose with high and broad root
and little depression at nasion.
TURKISH OR "MODERN" 1400-1900 A.D.
Attic remains of this hazy period include one
skeleton from the Agora Excavations, and three
skulls and skeletal fragments from unauthorized
digging at Sounion, two of them f rom beneath
the floor of the temple of Poseidon, and all of
them removed to the Athens Anthropological
Museum through order of Dr. G. P. Oi-
konomnos.80
80
Provenience is witnessed by the local phylax, and by human bones weathering out beneath
the temple floor.
130, 21 AA, Agora Section AA, Grave I, 1937
(Plate LIX), is a high-headed, mesocrane,
ovoid calvarium, with a low and constricted
forehead, large and close-set frontal bosses, a
prominent occiput, and peculiarly thin mastoids.
The face is strikingly short and broad, trans-
versely flat with forward-thrusting cheekbones
enclosing low and rhomboid orbits, and a
markedly chaemerrhine,broad-rootedand broad-
bridged nose with " waisted" or "corset-
shaped" nasalia space and no trace of lower
borders f or the nasal aperture. But the most
striking thing is the excessively prognathous
and concave facial profile, protruding especially
in the alveolar region, and in spite of loss of
the central incisors (evulsion?). The low and
large U-shaped palate shows no abscesses, slight
pyorrhea, and three-cusped wisdom teeth. Pubic
symphysis of early Phase VII indicates an age
about thirty-six. The skeleton is tall (5' 612ff),
heavy-boned, with linear body build indicated
by short clavicles and very narnow pelvis, and
indication of relatively long shins compared to
thighs. The pelvis is small, with much con-
stricted inlet and outlet, contrasting with large
hip sockets. The lumbar vertebral column is
short and relatively straight, and femoral tor-
sion is absent. Platymeria and platycnemia are
absent.
All the pathological changes in the bones of
21 AA (Figure 15), probably including the loss
of teeth, are results of violence. A depressed
skull fracture in the hinder part of the lower
left parietal has a rounded and sharp rim not
unlike the print of a horse's shod hoof. The
left humerus shows a healed midshaft fracture,
with poor position, overriding laterally of lower
fragment, and anterior deviation of this frag-
ment apparently from tension of the biceps
muscle. The right femur shows a healed green-
stick fracture in the midshaft region, involving
only slight bowing. And the pelvis shows a
pathological exostosis welding the whole an-
terior edge of the sacroiliac joint, anldapparently
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 317

Figure 15. Pathology in 21 AA, from the Athenian Agora. Arthritic lipping and incipient
"mushrooming" of lumbar vertebrae (upper left); horseshoe-shaped depressed fracture of
left parietal (lower left); greenstick fracture of right femoral shaft, and fracture of left
humerus (riglht side of illustration).
318 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

connected with a f racture of the sacrum.
Arthritic exostoses and " mushrooming" mark
the lower three lumbar vertebrae.
A careful racial analysis of the skull and
skeleton of 21 AA leads to the unexpected but
inevitable conclusion that this man was a negro,
probably of Sudanic or Ethiopian origin, and
possibly with a little white blood.8'
131, 1 S, from beneath floor of temple of Po-
-eidon at Sounion, 1937 (Plate LIX), is a
large and rather high-headed, pentagonoid and
almnostshort-headed craniumii,with heavy brow-
ridges, high and sharply sloping forehead, large
parietal bosses, and large mastoids. The broad
face shows almost horizontal orbits, and profile
marked by nasality, retreating cheekbones, al-
veolar prognathism, medium overbite. and
medium chin projection. Dentition is excellent.
The skull as a whole approaches closest to Type
Fl, as a compromise between Basic White and
Alpine tendencies apparent in it.82 The skeletal
scraps indicate a short stature and platymeria.
132, 2 S, female, same provenience (Plate
LIX), is a somewhat frailer version of 1 So,
with sphenoid head form, clearer lambdoid flat-
tening, lower and smaller face, and slightly less
salient nose.
133, 3 S, Type D 2, from a cave on Sounion
promontory (Plate LIX), is a strikingly high-
headed, smooth-vaulted but pentagonoid, long-
headed cranium, with erect forehead and deep
occiput. The rectangular and relatively thin
face is marked by compressed cheekbones,
drooping orbits, large and concavo-convex nose,
and shallow jaw with marked overbite alndvery
prominent chin. The dentition is poor, with
1 to 4 teeth lost in life, 5 to 8 caries, a few
abscesses, and pyorrhea, together with marked
wear in spite of barely incipient closure of
sagittal and coronal sutures. Pubic symphysis
Phase VII indicates an age ot about thirty-six,
however. The stature equates that of the aver-
age Ancient Greek, and is thus short compared
to that of modern Greeks. The build is broad-
shouldered, with relatively long legs, and the
pelvis is markedly male, with six sacral seg-
ments, incorporating the 5th lumbar vertebra.
General condition of bone as well as state of
dentition suggest that this is a modern Greek,
buried within the last generation or two.

RACIAL CHANGE IN ATTICA

We are now ready to discuss the four problems outlined at the beginning of
this paper. In a comparison of Tables V and VI 83 it is clear that Attica shows in
general the same succession of racial changes as Isthmian Greece as a whole. The
interdigitation of biological with cultural change will be clarified through super-
81 Together with the fractures, which suggest that the man
may have been severely kicked by a
horse when he was a childl, the negroid features point toward the following speculation: that this
man was a groom or stable-manager imported by a Turkish pasha with a team of Arab horses. This
suggestion is not meant as a final explanation, however.
82 The skulls 1 and 2 S would not seem out of place in a Roman
period series, or of course one
of later date, though the dental condition is far better than that of a modern Greek. On the other
hand it might be just conceivable, though unlikely from a racial standpoint, that these bodies were
buried before the erection of the temple rather than during the Later Middle Ages. These and the
other " Turkish" period skulls are of course excluded from the total series of ancient Greeks and
the types.
83 And Table VIII with Tables 8 and 9 in J. L. Angel, " A Racial
Analysis of the Ancient
Greeks."
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 319

imposing the following discussion on the ethnic scheme proposed by Blegen,84and

will gain interest in correlation with the svntheses of Childe, Hawkes, Myres, Diller,
Tod, and Tarn.85
NEOLITHIC
The first known inhabitants of Attica must have been Mediterranean in type,
like 32 AA (Cat. No. 4) 86 with some short-headed Alpine tendencies as in 1 AA
(Cat. No. 1) and 31 AA (Cat. No. 3).87 These original invading farmers included
also " Megalithic " (Type A 1) individuals as a minor element, apparent in 27 AA
(Cat. No. 2) in dinaricised form.88 This first influx during the fourth millennium
B.C. was followed by intrusion of the Dimini culture into Greece, introducing Nordic-
Iranian or Dinaric-Iranian racial influences.89Probably Alpines eventually of Central
European iMesolithic origin"9 also reached as far as Attica. In any case, mixture
84 C. W. Blegen, " Athens and the Early Age of Greece," Athenian Stutdies Presented to W. S.

Ferguson, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Suppl. Vol. I, 1940, pp. 1-9, especially pp. 5-9.
" Preclassical Greece," Studies in the Arts and Architecture, Univ. of Penn. Bicentennial Conference
(Philadelphia, 1941), pp. 1-14, especially pp. 7-14.
85 V. G. Childe, The Dawn of European Civilization (New York, 1939), pp. 65-85. C. F. C.
Hawkes, The Prehistoric Foundations of Europe (London, 1940), pp. 238, 377. J. L. Myres, W,0ho
Were the Greeks? (Berkeley, 1930), passim. A. Diller, "Race Mixture among the Greeks before
Alexander," Illinois Stud. in Languagc and Literature, XX, Nos. 1-2, tJniv. of Illinois, Urbana,
1937, especially pp. 18-32, pp. 60-158. M. N. Tod, "The Economic Background of the Fiftl
Century," The CamiibridgeAncient History, V, Athens, 478-401 B. C. (New York, 1927), pp. 1-32.
WV.W. Tarn, Hellenistic Civilisation (London, 1930), passim.
86 Possibly of Southeastern origin. Cf. T. D. McCown, The JN'atufian Crania from Mllt.Carmel,
Palestine, and Their Interrelationships, Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1939.
87 Cf. the somewhat angular, short-faced brachycrane from Neolithic Leukas, in G. Velde,

"Anthropologische Untersuchungen auf Leukas."

88 Obvious in comparison of the long-jawed and scaphoid hyperdolichocrane from Neolithic

Hageorgitika in east Arcadia with certain of the Mesolithic Natufians described by McCown,
loc. cit., and by 1I. V. Vallois, " Les ossements Natoufiens d'Erq-el-Ahmar (Palestine)," L'Anthro-
pologie, XLVI, 1936, pp. 529-543; with Chalcolithic skulls from Megiddo cursorily described in
A. Hrdli6ka, " Skeletal remains," in P. L. 0. Guy and R. M. Engberg, " Megiddo Tombs," Or. Inst.
Publ., XXXIII, Chicago, 1938, pp. 192-208; with Bronze Age Mesopotamians described by A. Keith,
"Report on the Iuman Remains," in H. R. Hall and C. L. Woolley, Ur Excavations. Al 'Ubaid, I
(Oxford, 1927), pp. 214-240; with the Thermi III skull from M\ytilene; and with elements in the
Submycenaean population of Cephallenia which plausibly continue Neolithic tendencies (though
the Astaka skulls are Mediterranean).
89 Cf. J. L. Angel, in D. M. Robinson, Necrolynthia, pp. 216-217 for data mainly from K.

Droncilov and D. Jaranov showing that Boian, Gumelnitsa, and Cucuteni culture sites in North
Bulgaria and Moldavia show both Dinaroids and prognathous, broad-nosed Danubians or Pontic
Mediterraneans, as well as hawk-nosed Corded Nordics and low-headed Alpines. The Servia and
Tsangli Neolithic skulls (J. L. Angel, loc. cit., and W. L. H. Duckworth, "Human skull from
Thessaly") illustrate gracile Dinaric-Mediterranean and slightly dinaroid Iranian individual comn-
binations in Macedonia and in Thessaly respectively.
90 W. Scheidt, Die Eiszeitlichen Schddelfunde aus der grossen Ofnet-Hohle, und von Kauferts-
berg bei N6rdlingen (Miinchen, 1923).
320 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

of all four elements, MNlediterranean,

"Megalithic," Dinaric-Iranian and Alpine, would
conveniently explain the features of 27 AA in particular and those of the other Agora
Neolithic skulls. This formation of hybrid groups in relative isolation in Neolithic
Attica must have intensified subsequent mixture with Early Helladic intruders.

EARLY HELLADIC

This metal-using, mercantile sea culture is said to penetrate via the Cyclades,"
though the original source of the populationmay be southeastern as well as Anatolian.
Anatolian skeletal material of third millennium B.C. date 92 shows a Mediterranean-
Iranian combination (wvhichCoon labels Cappadocian) sometimes with pseudo-negroid
prognathism and nasal breadth, a definite "Megalithic" element, and some Alpine
influence. Three third millennium east Cypriote skulls are of low-headed Alpine
(Type C 5) form with Mediterranean traits."' And the early existence of Eastern'
Alpines as well as Basic Whites in this general area is plausible on the basis of the
plentiful Late Bronze Age material from east Cyprus. Cypriote-Syrian, S. Anatolian,
and N. W. Anatolian connections for Early Cycladic islanders are plausible as far
as the inadequate island material is concerned.94 Syros and Thera have produced
dolichocrane skulls, Naxos mesocrane, and Amorgos, Paros, Antiparos, and Siphnos
mainly brachycranes with cranial indices from 80-83: Mediterranean and some
Basic White types tend to occur peripheralto a cenitralCycladic nucletusof high-headed
Eastern Alpines or Dinarics and probablylow-headed Alpines also. At this time Crete
probably contained Mediterranean and short-faced Basic White (Type A 3) types
91Cf. G. Mylonas, " Excavations at Hagios Kosmas," p. 277. H. Goldman, Excavations at
Eutresis in Boeotia (Cambridge, 1931), pp. 227-228.
92 W. M. Krogmaan," Cranial types from Alisar Hiuyiik." M. S. Senyiirek, " Anadolu Bakir

qaki ve eti sekenesinin kraniyolojik tetkiki," Tirk Tarih Kururtu, Bell., XIX, 1941, pp. 219-254.
R. W. Ehrich, " Preliminary Notes on Tarsus Crania," A.J.A., XLIV, 1940, pp. 87-92. And my
own studies of human remains from Troy, Babakoy, and Thermi.
93 C. M. Fuirst, "Prahistorische Bev6lkerung der Insel Cypern," pp. 58-63. Following pages
for Late Bronze Age material, pp. 11-47.
C. Stephanos, " I1es tombeaux Premyceniens de Naxos," Congres mt. d'ArcI., Athens, 190$,
pp. 216-225. J. G. Garson, " Notes on Ancient Greek Skull from Antiparos," Journ. Hell. Stud.,
V, 1884, pp. 58-59. I. Kovtapry, "O E/Kap(TtO' KpavtacKO, &tKThJS
rrys frt
Kapaic Avppwat. TXXJaos, EAX.
'Er., HpaKrKa', VII, 1930, pp. 18-40. And my own impressions of unmeasured crania in the Athens
Anthropological Museum.
95 Island ATo.skulls: both se.;res Cranial index
Syros 9 75.77 (72-83) Dolicho-mesocrane
Amorgos 1 82 Brachycrane
Naxos ? ............ Mesocrane
Paros 5 80.00 (72-85) Brachy-mesocrane
Antiparos 2 males 81.33 (80-81) Brachycrane
Siphnos ? ............ Hypobrachycrane
Thera 5 73.00 (70-78) Dolichocrane
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 321

with only a trace of Alpine influence. Neolithic Cretan crania excavated from lime-
stone caves in N. E. Crete by J. D. S. Pendlebury, and seen but not studied in the
Athens Anthropological Museum, include rugged Basic Whites as well as the ex-
pected Mediterraneans stressed by other observers " and included in Duckworth's
E. M.-M. M. series.97
E. H. Attica shows evidence of eastern or southeastern intruders both among
long-heads such as 2 HaK (Cat. No. 6-) and 4 HaK (Cat. No. 7) and short-heads
like 3 IHaK (Cat. No. 20) and 9 HaK (Cat. No. 22). A Basic-White, Mediterranean,
Eastern-Alpine loose combination is characteristic of the period, with emphasis on
the central Basic White (Type A 3) rather than " Megalithic." 98 Iranian traits in
7 HaK (Cat. No. 15) and 4 HaK (Cat. No. 7) are comparable to the Basic White,
Iranian mixture current in West Anatolia. Nordic-Iranian 11 HaK (Cat. No. 16)
and 15 HaK (Cat. No. 17) are comparableto northeastern " Corded" and " Danu-
bian" types.99 Mixture with the Neolithic population established a Basic White,
Mediterranean pre-Greek population substratum, and began the blending of Eastern
and European Alpines with this and with each other: a process forming the dynamic
basis of Greek racial change ever since. But these stocks did not form a homogeneous
blend in their physical characteristics. Mutually exclusive minute similarities between
skulls of contrasting racial type suggest family resemblancesin a highly variant, small,
and isolated local group. The mean measurements of the Hagios Kosmas group are
larger than those of Greece as a whole at this time, but with little divergence in pro-
portions except perhaps for more leptorrhine nose.

MIDDLE BRONZE AGE

rThis is held to be marked by the entrance of the first Greek-speakers. Un-

measured Middle Helladic skulls or dubiously dated " Geometric or M. H."' skulls
from Eleusis include Corded Nordic and Nordic-Alpine as well as Mediterranean
types, and suggest strongly that Attica shared in the racial change which Table V
shows sweeping enough to point to an invasion. The Argolis crania are Corded Nordic
6WV. B. Dawkins, " Skulls from Cave Burials at Zakro," B.S.A., VII, 1900-01, pp. 150-155.
W. L. H. Duckworth, " Hunan Remains at Hagios Nikl aos," B.S.A., IX, 1902-03, pp. 344-355.
97 "c Archaeological and Ethnological Researches in Crete," Brit. Assn. for Adv. of Sci., 82nd

'meeting report, Dundee, 1912 (London, 1913), pp. 224-268.

98 Dinaric-Mediterranean trends among the E. H. Corinthians from Cheliotomylos, with other

details remind me of Lower Egyptian crania. Cf. Elliot Smith's " Giza type." Nothing comparable
appears among the Attic skulls, where 27AA (Cat. No. 2) shows dinaricisation already in the
Neolithic period.
9` Cf. G. Debetz, " Les cranes de Verchny-Saltov," Anthropologic, Kiev, IV, 1930, pp. 93-105.
The cord-marked potterv from E. H. Eutresis may reflect northern intrusions antedating the Middle
Bronze Age. H. Goldman, Excavations at Eutresis in Boeotia (Cambridge, 1931), pp. 122-123, and
C. F. C. Hawkes, The Prehistoric Foundations of Europe (London: Methuen, 1940), pp. 237-240.
322 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

in type with some Iranian traits. The single adolescent male from Eutresis is of
Nordic-Alpine type.100But Eastern Alpines (Types C 4 and C 5) also occur at this
time at sites along the eastern coast of Greece."0' In Middle Helladic timnessharp
separation between types is characteristic,102and it is in L. H. I and II periods that
Mixed Alpines are striking. This is the context of the Thorikos skeleton from Attica,
whose Basic White similarities recall the pre-Greek racial substratum. Such blending
must have continued as the hybrid population expanded and an incipient urban eco-
nomic level was reached.
IATE HELLADI1C III

In this period absorption of Nordic-Iranian and Alpine types is complete enough

for striking dominance of Mediterraneans and Basic Whites in Attica. Individual
Alpines, like 1 Sp (Cat. No. 45) or 16 Ma (Cat. No. 43), Nordic-Iranians like 28AA
(Cat. No. 37), or Dinaroids, like 8 Ma (Cat. No. 38) emphasize persistence of
Nordic-Iranian and Alpine single traits in basically Mediterranean skulls.103And the
average Mycenaean inhabitant of Attica, with slightly smaller vault and longer and
more orthognathous face than the average Mycenaean Greek, shows a definite Dina-
roid trend within the limits of dominance by the old pre-Greek racial combination.

S UBMYCENAEAN
Athenians of this date are as varied as the name Pamphyloi implies, though they
inhabited a city which a generation or more earlier had resisted siege by the first
wave of Dorians.104The average Submycenaean is close to the average Early Iron
100 H. Goldman, op. cit., Grave 12 ( ?) ; skeleton studied in Thebes museum. This suggests
mixture with hypothetical Macedonian Alpines if Corded Nordic invaders came by a northern route.
An eastern one is likely. Comparative data suggest South Russian, Kuban, North Iranian ultimate
origins for the Nordic-Iranians reaching Greece. Cf. G. Debetz, op. cit., and W. M. Krogman,
"Racial Types from Tepe Hissar, Iran," fig. 4.
101 Especially 10 FA; 12 FA, 20 FA from M. H. Argolis; 1 Sk, an unpublished type C 5 skull
from an L. H. II chamber tomb at Staphylos on Skopelos; and 1 Sp (Cat. No. 45) from Spata, 2 FD,
the " queen " from Midea, and 4 FH from the Argive Heraeum all of Mycenaean date. Cf. C. M.
Fiirst, " Prahistorische Griechen in Argolis," especially p. 57, noting Fiirst's inapplicable use of the
term " Armenoid." W. M. Krogman, " The Cranial Types," 1933, and " Cranial Types from Alisar
Huiyuik,"1937, describes low-headed Alpines of Bronze and HIittite Empire dates in central Anatolia
which are close to a " European-Pamir" type and identical with the Greek Type C 5; a Troy IV
calvaria fits in here.
102 A Sigma Ratio of 119.44 for Isthmian Greece (dominantly an Argolis series) at this period,

indicates great variability, confirming the subjective impression made by the period group on
museum shelves.
103 It is not possible to determine definitely whether this absorption results from numerical or

genetic preponderance of the earlier population in Attica, or whether reinforcement by any closely
similar Minoan or Cycladic people could have occurred and assisted in absorption of Nordic-Iranians
and Alpines.
104 Q. Broneer, " A Mycenaean Fountain on the Athenian Acropolis," Hesperia, VIII, 1939,
pp. 317-430.
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 323

Age Greek male. And increase in European Alpine, Dinaric-Mediterranean, and

Nordic-Iranian types over their frequencies in Late Helladic III suggests that the
amazing Submycenaean type diversity obvious in Plates XLVII to L is a result of
the arrival of invaders.105Except for too definite an Iranian element the new tendencies
in Attica approximate the Alpine and Dinaric (-Nordic) combination which present
material suggests as typical of the Dorians,106though such a combinationwas probably
typical of many North or West Greek and Illyrian-speaking peoples at this time.
MVediterraneans maintain themselves well in Attica 107 and a minor Basic White ele-
ment continues. Emigration to Asia Minor or elsewhere might be a factor in racial
change at this time, and might tend to reduce variability through selective effect.108

GEOMETRIC

The average Athenian of this period is similar to the average Early Iron Age
Greek male, but with a subtly more Dinaroid total impression. Both Mediterraneans
and intermediate individuals are frequent. Subjectively the group appears less hetero-
geneous than in the Submycenaean period,`9 and blending begins to approach the
smooth interlocking of types characteristic of the Classical period. Thus two racial
processes were going on in Attica at this time: qualitatively the absorption of Alpines
and Dinaroids by the dominantly Mediterranean type leftovers from the full 1\/Iy-
cenaean period (L. H. III) or Early Bronze Age; quantitatively the gradual fusion
of the variable types formed and admitted in the short period of invasion, local isola-
tion and piracy which intervened between L. H. III and Classical periods of relative
prosperity.
CLASSICAL

This period sees the re-created dominance of Mediterraneans and Basic Whites
so combinedwith the Early Iron Age intruders as to form Mixed Alpines like 11 AA
105 Probably from the north and northwest judging by the Iron Age crania from Illyria and

Classical Macedonians from Olynthus. Cf. 1. L. Angel, in D. M. Robinson, Necrolynthia, Table IV.
106 Unpublished skulls from Geometric Corinth, supplemented by a small minority in the

Cephallenian Submycenaean series and by Geometric inhabitants of Asine, in C. M. Fiirst, op. cit.,
pp. 112-117.
107 Notably among the females, and possibly as a result of refugees from the Peloponnese as

well as Mycenaean survivals.

108 Aeolians and Ionians of 6th to 1st century B.C. date show added Basic White and Mixed

Alpine elements combined with local Iranian and Dinaric-Alpine types as seen in series combined
in J. L. Angel, loc. cit., from data of Schumacher, Zaborowski, and Virchow. A parallel change in
Cyprus shows still clearer Mediterranean reinforcement. Cf. C. M. Fiirst, " Praihistorische Bev6l-
kerung der Insel Cypern," pp. 58-59, 62-63, 90-91, plates XLVII-XLVIII, and L. H. D. Buxton,
"The Anthropology of Cyprus," Journ. Royal Anthrop. Inst., L, 1920, pp. 183-235.
109Though sharp racial differences show between members of one " clan " or kinship group,
as in any mixed people. Cf. J. L. Angel, " Geometric Athenians," pp. 237-241.
324 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

(Cat. No. 105) and to continue the Nordic-Iranian minority generally with one or
two Basic White, Mediterranean, or Alpine traits apparent in individuals, as 66 AK
(Cat. No. 102). A very probable increase in Athenian stature and body size occurs,
perhaps as a result of improveddiet and public health conditions. A stature of 5' 5?/4",
based on only three individuals (though consonant with that of Greece as a whole at
this date), is half way between that of the Early Iron Age and modern Greece and
equivalent to that of modern France or North Italy.1"0The Classical culture climax
(like the Mycenaean) follows a period when individuals of both rugged and gracile
Mediterranean type, of Alpine, and of Nordic-Iranian type were freshly interacting
and were crossing to producea normally variable, or " homogeneous " blend. Athenian
skulls definitely appear more evenly blended than those of the Early Iron Age in spite
of addition of large numbers of metics and slaves. Apparently outbreeding and popu-
lation increasewere sufficientlymarkedto allow considerableabsorptionof foreigners."'
The average Classical Athenian has a lower skull than the average Greek of the period,
a broader forehead, a higher face with bigger, less salient, and leptorrhine nose, and
bigger jaws. This agrees with the tendency among the males for more Mixed Alpine
and Mediterranean-Iranian strains, the former apparent in vault form and in non-
saliency of nose, and the latter in face characters."1'In these very slight differences
the classical Athenian approximates more closely the artistic ideal. Athenians now
appear to be somewhat closer in average measurements to Anatolian coast Greeks of
mostly Hlellenisticdate than to contemporaryEgyptians, Etruscans, Illyrians, or even
Macedonians."3 This may indicate parallel development rather than effects of earlier
colonisation. It might mask Aeolian or Ionian additions to Athenian inheritance also.
A slight degree of local heterogeneity in Classical times may be illustrated by the few
Kouvara skulls listed in Table VII.

HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN

Certainly the scanty data from Attica suggest less blending of racial elements
than in Classical times. Poor dentition as seen in overbites, shallow and projecting
110
C. S. Coon, The Races of Europe, pp. 251-256.
1 This " blended " appearance is not accounted for- by social selection in cemeteries of the
upper classes, since observation in the Athens Anthropological Museun of both ordinary Athenians
and fettered " slave" skeletons from Phaleron show the same Mediterranean, Nordic-Iranianl,
Mixed Alpine blend in each group. Such skulls as 10 AA (Cat. No. 113), 67 AK (Cat. No. 111 ),
and 4 K (Cat. No. 112) of Eastern Alpine type perhaps furnish evidence for metic or slave immi-
gration from the southeast.
112 Photographs of two otherwise undescribed 4th and 3rd century B.C. Athenians are pre-
dominantly Mixed Alpine (combining Type C 5 and A) and Iranian (Type D 3 with Mediterranean
traits), conforming with this generalisation. See L. H. D. Buxton, " Greek Skulls from Attica,"
Biom,tetrika, XIII, 1920-21, pp. 92-112, plate III.
113 See Table IV of J. L. Angel, in D. M. Robinson, Necrolynthia, pp. 238-239. Data of
Schumacher, Zaborowski, Virchow, Sergi, Pearson and Davin, Weisbach and Schwidetzky.
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 325

chins, crowding and suppression of wisdom teeth may be linked with dietary and
cultural factors. The average Athenian now has a slightly smaller and shorter vault
than the average contemporary Greek, with big and salient nose.114Attica is more
Dinaric-Alpine than Greece as a whole, but with a Mediterranean minority. Iranian
traits occur in both contexts. And the racial change from Classical times may result
from absorption of Mediterranean and Eastern Alpine immigrants as well as the
more obvious Dinarics and Alpines.1"5Selective effects of warfare and starvation on
a decreasing population as suggested by the infant slaughter shown in Figure 12,
must also be a cause of racial change at this time.

BYZANTINE AND LATER

In the virtual absence of Athenian skulls of Byzantine date one can only guess
that immigration trends probable in Roman times continued (as in modern tirnes):
a Mediterranean and Eastern Alpine (later also Armenoid) one from the sea, and
an Alpine and Dinaric one from the north. In Byzantine times such Alpines spoke
Slavic dialects; now they speak Albanian. Avar mercenaries and other intruders with
Avar gear were intermediate between a Corded Nordic and delicate Pontic Medi-
terranean norm,16 which disagrees with the above generalisation but accords with
data on the early Slavs.1"7No " Avar " skulls from Attica have been examined, and
none of those from Corinth is of the mixed Mongoloid type of true Avars.
The three Turkish period skulls from Attica do not contradict the hypothesis
just proposed. And in modern times Athenians give the impression of mainly Mixed
Alpine or Alpine with Basic White tendencies, without reinforcement of the Dinaric
trend already iiiportant in Roman times."ls
This comparative analysis of skeletal remains from Attica shows that a Basic
White, Mediterranean combination with Eastern and European Alpine influence
formed the original pre-Greek substratum of the population. Evidence for a Middle
Bronze Age invasion of Nordic-Iranians with Nordic-Alpines, and of Eastern Alpines
114
The male averages in Table VII show an exaggerated gracile Mediterranean tendency, to be
corrected by the Dinaric trend in the females, as in Table VI. Here it is possible to check the
inaccuracy (apparently) of a sample of inadequate numbers.
115 19 AA (Cat. No. 126), 4 S (Cat. No. 118), 20 AA (Cat. No. 125), 71 AK (Cat. No. 123),

and 72 AK (Cat. No. 124) could all be of northwestern origin.

116 According to nine rather fragmentary skulls from graves in Corinth. See also G. Davidson
Weinberg, " The Avar Invasion of Corinth," Hesperia, VI, 1937, pp. 227-240, with note on Avar
skulls by J. Koumaris, p. 230.
117
G. Debetz, " Les crines de Verchny-Saltov." C. S. Coon, The Races of Eutrope, p. 218.
118
Personal impressions. I measured only five living Athenians, Duckworth measured three,
and there are few more published. A small sample of 37 modern Greek males from the whole area
south of Thessaly shows a generally Alpine trend, with only slight deviations in either Dinaric or
Basic White and Mediterranean direction. See also C. S. Coon, op. cit., pp. 606-607.
326 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

is almost lacking at present in Attica. But continuation of the original population

in Mycenaean times is clear, except for individuals like 28 AA (Cat. No. 37) who
might be descendants of Middle Bronze Age invaders. There is good evidence for
an Early Iron Age intrusion of peoples bringing Alpine, Dinaroid, ancl even Nordic-
Iranian characteristics, with subjective evidence that absorption of these new strains
was fairly rapid. Continuation of the long-headed subgroups (Nordic-Iranian, Basic
White, and especially Mediterranean) during this time and into greater strengtlh in
the Classical period indicates successful absorption of invaders more than reinforce-
ment of the original population strains. The Roman period sample is too small for
useful conclusions, though the Dinaric-Alpine dominance in single skull descriptions
is noteworthy in the light of the Alpine, Basic White, Dinaric combination dominant
among modern Greeks of this general region.
From present data, therefore, we have a partial solution to the first problem
suggested in this paper. The character of the central race mixture in Attica is clear,
and it is clear that racial changes great enough to indicate an invasion are demonstrable
from at least one period: the Early Iron Age. But considering the sundering effects
of Greek geography the evidence for racial continuity is more remarkable than that
for sharp changes.

IS THERE AN ATHENIAN "TYPE"?

The second problem also cannot be answered definitely with small samples.
Athenian averages in Table VII differ fairly consistently from those of period groups
of Greek males "' in the following directions: Athenians tend to be longer-nosed,
slightly longer-faced, and slightly bigger-jawed than Greeks as a whole. Possibly
Athenians had broader foreheads with lower and relatively broader heads. The
probable reality of differences of this nature is reinforced by Athenian excesses of
Dinaric-Mediterranean and Alpine types, though allowance must be made for over-
weighting of the Athenian total series by the Early Iron Age group, with its Alpine-
Dinaric type dominance. In any case it is quite clear that there is no clearcut
Athenian type.
How close to reality are the artistic representations of Athenians? Classical
sculpture portrays in general a central type with a well-filled, mesocephalic, and
perhaps rather low head, with broad and low forehead; a face notable for its stan-
dardized, beak-like, high-rooted, and long nose, an orthognathous face, not small in
size, intermediate in proportions, with prominent chin, and with a definite suggestion
of lateral strength of jowls and cheekbones. The body build is dominantly lateral,
" mesomorphic," often with disharmonic elongation of extremities. Classical Athenian
skeletal material does not disagree with this, and tends to confirm it, so far as it can.

119J. L. Angel, " A Racial Analysis of the Ancient Greeks," Table 8.

 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 327

Lack of continuity of nose-forehead profile in the majority of skulls might be changed

among the living by fleshy bridging of the nasion depression. But it seems likely
that this nasal hallmarkof Greek drawing and sculpture is dominantly an exaggerated
convention.

HETEROGENEITY
As for the third problem, we lack any objective measure of variability of the
series from the Agora and elsewhere in Attica. But the skulls appear subjectively
to be as lacking in homogeneity as the total series of Greeks, with Early Helladic
and Early Iron Age material seemingly more heterogeneous than Mycenaean or
Classical groups. This is less certain.
The Geometric crania from the Agora provide some very interesting data on the
minute " family " similarities which can be detected between individuals of divergent
racial type buried in what is presumably a family cemetery.120The individuals 3 AA
(Cat. No. 82), 5 AA (Cat. No. 86), and 6 AA (Cat. No. 83) represent the earlier
generation, born probably ca. 770-740 B.C. The individuals 8 AA (Cat. No. 78),
30 AA (Cat. No. 84), 4 AA (Cat. No. 76), and 7 AA (Cat. No. 77) represent a
younger generation or generations, born ca. 725-700 B.C. Common jaw features unite
5, 30, and 6 AA on the one hand, and 4, 7, and 8 AA on the other. The former con-
form to robust Alpinoid features, and the latter more to Mediterranean. The individual
3 AA appears intermediate, though nearer to the former. Similar cheekbone and
lower orbital modelling unite 6, 5, and 30 AA, reminding the observer of Mesolithic
Alpine and Basic White characteristics. A horseshoe-shaped norma occipitalis vault-
ing unites 5, 8, 30, and 4 AA, contrasting with a slightly gabled and flat-sided form
seen in 6, 7, and 3 AA. Further examples of cross-similarities occur in the teeth,
mastoid processes, and occipital bone. The group as a whole represents a mixing of
dominantly Nordic, Mediterranean,Iranian leftovers from the Submycenaeanpopula-
tion (3 AA for examiple) themselves retaining some Alpine traits, with a fresh Alpine-
Dinaroid group (cf. 5 AA and 6 AA). The mixed characters of 3, 5, and 6 AA all
suggest several generations of combination before the end of the eighth century B.C.,
when the younger generation definitely shows some segregation and some loss of
Alpine traits.
Such shifting heterogeneity as this example illustrates is a natural product of
Greek environment. And the extent to which genetic mixture of the type exemplified
in the Agora material helped to build the basis for Hellenic cultural achievement will
be clarified by correlation with Blegen's model of the dynamics of fusion of diverse
material, social, and even psychological elements to form the culture of Classical
Athens.
120
J. L. Angel, " Geometric Athenians."
328 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

He simplifies the prehistoric influxes and cultural changes into three main layers: 121
Neolithic (with outside origin unplaced though necessary); Early Bronze (with
southeast origin, linguistic kinship of the whole Aegean including Crete and S. W.
Anatolia, and a prematureend by violence except in Crete); and Middle Bronze (with
intrusion of first Greek-speakers,probably proto-lonians, a destructive cultural revo-
lution, and gradual resumption of dominating Minoan trade relations with gradual
addition of more Indo-Europeans perhaps from ca. 1600 onward toward the period's
end in the climax of Mycenaean culture soon after 1400 B.C.). Skeletal material is
inadequate to test for a biological shift corresponding to the Neolithic, Early Bronze
ethnic change, though I believe more material may show such a biological change as
well as the local diversity logical in Greek geography. Although scanty Attic skeletal
remains can do no more than tentatively agree, remains from Isthmian Greece as a
whole confirm an invasion in the Middle Bronze Age (Tables V and VI).
Blegen posits122 that Mycenaean civilization as evolved at the start of the four-
teenth century lasted for three hundred years of slow progressive decline, both ma-
terial and artistic; that Early Greece wvasa melting-pot for fusion of elements of
diverse origins,123with local variations in the proportions of the three chief ingre-
dients mentioned above; and that after Dorian destruction of Mycenaean towns by
fire (except in Attica? 124) Mycenaean tradition continued into Protogeometric times
and an era of fusion of population elements ensued more successfully than before,
since the Dorians were akin to the Mycenaean stock. By 900 B.C. amalgamation had
producedthe Hellenes.
Skeletal material certainly confirms a lively biological blending in full Mlycenaean
times (L. H. III): outbreeding probably linked 'Withpopulation increase as well as
with achievement of an early urban " civilization." And this Late Helladic III blend
rettirns to the direction of biological change established in pre-Greek times, before
the Middle Bronze Age.
But although it may be true that actual Dorians never succeeded in settling in
Attica, the process of fusion there was interrupted12' by an invasion in Submycenaean
times of people not closely similar biologricallyto the Mycenaean stock,126though simi-
lar linguistically and probably produced by late Mycenaean racial blending parallel
to that of Attica. This meant a fairly short interlude of striking heterogeneity before
resumption of the process of amalgamation whose details in Geometric times are
suggested by the Athenian Agora material discussed above. Just as in full Mycenaean
121
C. WV.Blegen, " Athens and the Early Age of Greece,"pp. 5-7; " Preclassical Greece,"pp. 7-14.
122
C. W Blegen,
" Preclassical Greece," loc cit.
123
C. W. Blegen,
" Athens and the Early Age of Greece," p. 8.
124 C. W. Blegen, loc. cit., p. 9.
125
Contrast C. W. Blegen, loc. cit., p. 9.
126
Contrast C. W. Blegen, " Preclassical Greece," pp. 7-14.
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 329

times, this fusion achieved a fairly definite blend, relatively homogeneous, to form the
Athenians 12 in a complex mould not precisely like the biological combinations else-
where in Classical Greece. Changes in the scarcely useable Attic samples of Roman
and later times are in the direction of modern Greeks.128
Blegen gives the rather surprisingly strong continuity of culture in Greece, an
almost inevitable corollary of cultural fusion, as deep a value in formation of the
Athenians as amalgamationof the three main folk layers.129And as pointed out above
racial continuity is an outstanding process, a steady fire which underlies the Phoenix-
like survival of the Hellenic people.
It is natural to find genetic mixture accompanying the cultural and social blend-
ings involved in the growth of the Athenians. And the discovery that it is a process
of biological blending, rather than dominance by any single racial type, which pre-
cedes the Classical culture climax shows that genetic mixture is one of the real and
probably indispensablelittle factors which help to produce a great people and which
underlie the whole history of civilization.130
This correlation of race with culture change gains force from three considera-
tions. First, genetically determined physical heterogeneity should roughly match a
psychological heterogeneity heavily overlaid by all kinds of social conditioning. Yet
such basic psychological diversity, which we all take for granted in our own mongrel
people, may be a stimulating factor toward that tremendous scope of personality and
behaviour patterns necessary for the multiple roles in civilized society and for what
we call progress. In the second place, such an effect must gain special force at a time
when great heterogeneity in facial and bodily appearanceaccompaniescultural mixture
with its diversity of strange materials, new modes of speech and action, and con-
sequent poor fit between ideal and real situations to confuse or stimulate everybody
in the society.131Finally, genetic mixture of relatively widely differing and stable
stocks increases the number of possible trait combinations, for a short time greatly
expands variety, and leads to increased vigor and bodily exuberance of the hybrid
group. Though the contributions to the Athenian ethnic whole were not extremely
widely separated or genetically pure, some degree of hybrid exuberance was probably
produced.
Hence the process and timing of genetic mixture among the Athenians may have
definite meaning for study of ourselves as well as ancient Greeks. The process as now
dimly perceivedagrees well with the still tentative model of culture change constructed
127
Though they and the other Hellenes can scarcely be blended as early as 900 B.C.
128 J. L. Angel, " A Racial Analysis of the Ancient Greeks," Table 8.
129
C. WV.Blegen,
" Athens and the Early Age of Greece," pp. 7-8.
130 Cf. Clyde Kluckhohn, "The American Culture: Studies in Definition and Prophecy, II.
The Way of Life," Kenyon Review, 1941, pp. 160-179, especially pp. 160-162.
131 Clyde Kluckhohn, loc. cit.. pp. 175-179.
330 J. LAWRENCE ANGEL

by Blegen. And a brighter understanding of the problem, fed by more material than
yet available, will be of intense interest.

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
The fourth set of more or less social problems is well illustrated by the Agora
material, though this often tends to complicate rather than to solve them. For
examiple,it is clear that many ancient Athenians had arthritis, most frequently ap-
parent in cervical and lumbar regions of the vertebral column. But it is not clear
what were the causes or whether arthritis was more prevalent in Athens than in
modern Anmerica. Similarly, the "eroded" areas on the femoral necks within the
capsule of the hip joint would seem to result from rubbing by the zona orbicularis
of the capsule when the ilio-femoral lig,amentwas stretched, as in combined extension
and external rotation of the fenmur. But it is hard to find any activity which would
produce such stretching, except possibly rapid descent of a steep slope, when the
trailing leg at each stride might get into the required position.
The Agora nmaterialprovides relatively few examples of fractures, all well set.
Examples of caries and abscesses are common, though the teeth as a whole are good.
At least three puzzling problems arise. The first of these is 16 AA's (Cat. No.
74) evidence for capital punishnmentin the Geometric period, unless this head was
severed in a private quarrel and then carefully buried.
The second puzzle is the occurrence of remains of about 175 infants (Cat. No.
116), mainly newborn, with 100 dogs, one adult, and one child in a single Hellenistic
well deposit, sealed in with masses of stones. Similarity in age of infants, virtual
lack of adults inclusion of dogs (and a few other domestic animals), and simul-
taneity of dumping all suggest sudden and drastic starvation as the most probable
cause of death of this group. This gives us good evidence that civilized maenare
scarcelv more barbarous now than two millennia ago. But connection with a definite
historical event, such as the Sullan siege of Athens in 84 B.c., depends on the exact
dating of the deposit on the basis of archaeological evidence.
The third puzzle is provided by the Turkish period skeleton, 21 AA (Cat. No.
130), which is unquestionably the remains of a negroid individual. though possibly
with very slight white admixture. Suggestions that the man was an enslaved groom
or blacksmnith connectedwith a team of Arab horses need not be taken seriously. They
are based mainly on the limb fractures and especially the skull fracture showi,nin
Figure 15, with its horse-shoe shaped outline.
 SKELETAL MATERIAL FROM ATTICA 331

CONCLUSIONS
A single important conclusion derives from consideration of these four general
problems and from the descriptions of the skeletal remains from the Athenian Agora.
It is that the Classical Athenians were much mixed biologically, a web of diverse gene
complexes woven together with the same dynamic synthesis which Blegen 132 stresses
in making the fusion of diverse cultural and ethnic elements a key to understanding
the splendid flowering of classical Greek civilization."
The mnaterialallows glimpses of the exact processes of this biological mixture
and inferences about the part it may have played in the cultural originality of Athens.
The material is unique so far as its chronological time span is concerned and even
considering the statistically inadequate numbers of skulls available for the various
period subgroups, the Agora material is as valuable as any European skull collection
from a comparablearea. This provides a foundation. Patient addition to this skeletal
collection will lead with accelerating speed to a clear understanding of the relation
of race to history in Greece.
J. LAWRENCE ANGEI
THE DANIEL BAUGH INSTITUTE OF ANATOMY
OF THE JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE

APPENDIX: STATISTICAL TABLES I-VII

NOTE To TABLES I AND II: No measurements
encJosed in parentheses can be used for statistical
purposes, since these are estimates made where one
landmark on skull or skeleton is badly damaged or
missing. Doubtful measurements,affected by possible
errors in restoration (which undoubtedlytend to cancel
out in a large enough series), are marked with a ques-
tion mark and have to be used in describing any series
of archaeological skulls.
R. Virchow's measurementsof 80-97 AP, 1 Men, and
of 73 AK have been used, since there was no chance to
measure these crania. Virchow's technique,judged by
skulls which we both measured and by his own state-
ments,is identicalwith mine except in auricularheight.
Here 1 mm. has been added to the published auricular
height of all skulls except 81 AP, where 2 mm. were
added, 93 AP where no additionwas made, and 1 Men,
where the height was taken from the published draw-
ings. These heights are thus adjusted to the auricular-
vertex height which I use. No correction has been
made for Virchow's orbital breadth, where he may
have used Fronto-maxillare rather than Dakryon as
his medial terminus. As noted on p. 293, Professor
Koumaris'publishedmeasurementsof 7, 9, 10 HaK are
used. His technique agrees with mine except for
auricular height, which was omitted.
Skeletons 1-26 AA and 31-34AA are now preserved
in the storehouse of the Athenian Agora Excavations.
27-30 AA are in the American Museum of Natural
History, where they had already been partly repaired
by Dr. H. L. Shapiro before he generously allowed me
to study them. 11 El is in the Eleusis Museum. 1 and
2 Sal, 1 Tho, and 65-67 AK are in the National Mu-
seum at Athens. All the other remains listed in Tables
I and II are preserved in the AthenianAnthropological
Museum in the Athens University Medical School at
Goudi, with the exception of the Submycenaeancrania
which are in the Kerameikos Museum and perhaps
some of the skulls published by Virchow which may
have been in Berlin.

132
C. W. Blegen, " Athens and the Early Age of Greece," pp. 8-9.
 TABLE I
INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENTS OF ATHENIAN MALE SKULLS
Measurements in parentheses are estimates, omitted in statistics

Neolithic Early Helladic

Athens, Agora Hagios Kosmas

Section E Section OA
Shaf tgrave Well 18, Tomb 23 1 fi 9 9
2m.Eatrofn Skull "b"

T. L. Shear
George E. Mylonas, 1930-3 1
1935 1939

Character .............27 AA 32 AA 2 HaK( 3 HaK( 4 HaK( 7 HaK( 9 HaK( 11 Hak 15 HaK( 16 H

Catalogue Number ......... 2 4 6 20 7 15 22 16 17 11

Horizontal Circumference ......516?? 522 528?? 544 547 50 500 518? 516?
Sagittal Arc ............384? (385) (375) 390 366 376 (380)
Frontal Arc.............126 133 133 136 ... ... 128 122 123
Parietal Arc ...... ...... 135 . .. 124 130? 125? . .. 129 133? (141)
Occipital Arc............123?? (128) (112) 129? 109 121? ...
t~Transverse Arc ...........312? 308 338?? 327 302 311 ...

Cranial Length ...........189?? 174 190 180?? 197 200 186 181 191 187?
Cranial Breadth...........143 134? 138 151? 150 147 152 134 131 139
Basion-Bregma Height........138 132? 140? 137 (135) (144) 137 (134)
Auricular Height .. ........ 120 .... 116 126? 123 (117) (127) 116 118
Minimum Frontal Breadth...... 98 98 100 105 94 102 93 99 98.
Maximum Frontal Breadth...... (115) . .. 118 (122) 128 . ..116? 112?
Left Parietal Thickness ....... 5 5 4 7 ...5 6

Frontal Angle............ 55 46 57 47 49 46 46 ...

Frontal Chord .111........ l 116 117 122 ... 114 108 106
Parietal Chord...........118 112 112? 111? ...115 113 (117)
Occipital Chord...........101 (109) (101) 109? 95 101 ...

Basion-Nasion Length........ 102 104? 100 106 99 ... ...

Basion-Prosthion Length....... 102.(95) (96) 100.... ... 94

Total Facial Angle ......... 85 (87) (87) 88 89 84, ..

Midfacial Angle........... 91 94 ...89
Alveolar Angle ........... 70 66 74 ...

Bizygomatic Breadth ........139 (129) (121) 139? 132 121? 124? (128) ...
Bigonial Breadth .......... 98 85 108 105.102
Total Face Height.......... 119 110 .... 120 ...
Upper Face Height ......... 71 ... (63) (70) 70 67 73? 74 (69)

Nose Height ............ 50 (47) (45) 53 51 57? 52 ...

Nose Breadth............ 25 (21) (22) 26 24 24 24? ...

Nasalia Angle ...........(56) ...50

Upper Nasalia Breadth. ...12 (12) 12 13 12.? 13 12
Lower Nasalia Breadth .. ..... 18 (13) (15) 16? (18) ... ...
Left Orbit Height.......... 31? 32 34 33 (38) (30) ...
Right Orbit Height ......... 32 ...3 5 3 .. 6 (9 ..
Left Orbit Breadth .. ....... 41? .... 38 ... 35 33 .. 36? (29) (3)
Right Orbit Breadth......... 40 37 40 37 39 (37)
Interorbital Breadth......... 24 21 22? 24 21 22? 23? 23 23?
Biorbital Breadth.......... 104 (95) (95) 101 . ..97 (97) (100)
External Palate Length ....... 56 (47) 54 ..... 51
External Palate Breadth. .......... 69 (62) 70 66 65 63

Symphysis Height (jaw)....... 39 ...31 32??34

Condylo-symphysial Length .. ... 103 . .. ... (88) 101?
Bicondylar Breadth .........121 (104) ... 123? (11).(22
Mandibular Angle..........115 127? ... 12412
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus..... 33 29 29
Thickness of Corpus......... 14 16 1314

Cranial Index............ 75.66?? 77.01 72.63 83.89? 76.14 73.50 81.72 74.03 68.59 74.3
Length-Height Index .. ...... 73.02?? 69.47? 77.78? 69.54 (67.50) (77.42) 75.69 (70.16)
Breadth-Height Index........ 96.50 95.65 92.72 91.33 (91.84) (94.74) 102.24 (102.29)
Length-Auricular Height Index.. 63.49?? 61.05 70.00? 62.44 (58.50) (68.28) 64.09 61.78?(5.7
Breadth-Auricular Height Index. 83.92 84.06 83.44 82.00 (79.59) (83.55) 86.57 90.08? .

Fronto-Parietal Index ........ 68.53 . 71.01 66.23 70.00 63.95 67.10 69.40 (75.57) 70.5

Cranio-Facial Index......... 97.20 . .. (93.48) (80.13) 92.67 89.80 79.61? 92.54? (97.71)

Zygo-gonial Index.......... 70.50.(70.25).... ...87.10?.

Fronto-gonial Index......... 100.00 85.00 . ..... 116.13
Zygo-frontal Index .. ....... 70.50 (75.97) (82.64) 75.54? 71.21 84.30 75.00?

Total Facial Index ......... 85.61.(90.91).96.77?.

Upper Facial Index ......... 51.08 . (48.84) (57.85) 50.36? 50.76 60.33? 5 6.45?.

Nasal Index ............ 50.00 . (44.68) (48.89) 49.06 47.06 42.11 46.15?.

Left Orbital Index.......... 75.61 84.21 87.18 89.19

Right Orbital Index......... 80.00 91 .89 87.50 89.19 92.31
Interorbital Index. ......... 23.08 (22.11) (23.16) 23.76 23.71

External Palatal Index........ 123.21 (131.91) 129.63 123.53

Mandibular Index......... 85.12 ... (84.62) 82. 11??.

Morphological Type......... FI BI A4 C4 A3 D4 C3 D2 D2 A4

Age at Death............Young Young Middle Subadt. Young Middle Middle Middle Middle Young
 TABLE I-CONTINUED

L. H. II Late Helladic III

Thorikos Athens, SpataMakpuo

Chamber Agora ChamberMakpuo
Tomb Section A TobAMycenaean Chamber
Cist Grave Tm

V. Stais T. L. Shear Stamatakis V. Stais, 1894

1935 1877

Character .1........... Tho 28 AA 1 Sp 2 Sp 2 Ma 4 Ma 5 Ma 7 Ma 8 Ma 10 M

Catalogue Number ......... 25 37 45 46 27 28 29 34 38 32

Horizontal Circumference ......532 522 509 ... 512 527 533 527 494 540
Sagittal Arc ............386 381 360 372 385 389 383 358 383
Frontal Arc................. 132 127 125 ...
Parietal Arc .............129 126... ...
Occipital Arc ............120 106 ... ... ... ...
Transverse Arc...........322 306 302 .... 30.16 31. 27 3233
Cranial Length ...........187 191 180 183 193 190 187 181 189
Cranial Breadth...........146 137 144 134 142 141 141 138 146
Basion-Bregma Height........134 134 125 137 136 133 (133) 123 136
Auricular Height ..........118 113 109 117 119 118 115?? 110 122
Minimum Frontal Breadth......100 96 96 97 97 94 96 94 88 104
c~Maximum Frontal Breadth ......117 120 119 ...
Left Parietal Thickness . ........ 7 6 6 5 6 6 .

Frontal Angle............ 51 47 47 53 52 50 46 535

Frontal Chord ...........117 111 113 ... ...

Parietal Chord ...........118 114 .....
Occipital Chord............97 85 ... ...
Basion-Nasion Length........100 104 99 102 100 100 (95) 98 108
Basion-Prosthion Length....... 92 99 91 94 99 93 94

Total Facial Angle ......... 93 87 90 89 86 92 85

Midfacial Angle........... 99 94 97 98 100 96 92
Alveolar Angle ........... 82 66 70 64 62 81 61

Bizygomatic Breadth ........130 131 128 130 134? 139? ... 126?? (136)
Bigonial Breadth .......... 94 98 ...(103) 97
Total Face Height.......... 110 124 . .. ... ... ... 117
Upper Face Height ......... 70 74 63 ... 64 68 77 ..... 65

Nose Height ............ 50 58 48 49 48 50 47

Nose Breadth............ 25 25 24 22 27?? 25? 22 2
Nasalia Angle............ 68 (52) 58 56? 52 72 51 626
Upper Nasalia Breadth ....... 16 9? 11 14? 16 11 11 12 14 16
Lower Nasalia Breadth ....... 20? 14? 17 18? 18? 22? 1720

Left Orbit Height.......... 33 34 33 31 32? 32

Right Orbit Height. 33 34 35 31 30 33 33
Left Orbit Breadth ......... 39 42? 42 (3) 39 38? 40 37? (36) (4(3
Right Orbit Breadth......... 39 42 41? (38) 40 41 39 36? 37 (42)
Interorbital Breadth......... 24 20 20 25 19 19 22 21 21 25
Biorbital Breadth.......... 99 100 97 (100) 96 97 101 94 96 107?
External Palate Length ....... 53 55 51? 52 56 51 51
External Palate Breadth....... 61 67 60? 66 67 68 (62)
Symphysis Height (jaw)....... 29 33 39 32
Condylo-symphysial Length ..... 96 106 ... ...(111) (103)
Bicondylar Breadth.........132 121 ... ... (126) (124) ...
Mandibular Angle..........123 119 119? 120
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus..... 31 32 ..... 33 33
Thickness of Corpus......... 15 12 ...14 15
Cranial Index............ 78.07 71.73 80.00 73.22 73.58 74.21 75.40 76.24 77
Length-Height Index ........ 71.66 70.16 69.44 ... 74.86 70.47 70.00 (71.12) 67.96 71
Breadth-Height Index ..... 91.78 97.81 86.81 ... 102.24 95.77 94.33 (94.33) 89.13 93
Length-Auricular Height~ Index ... 63.10 59.16 60.56 63.97 61.66 62.11 61.50? 60.77 64
Breadth-Auricular Height Index... 80.82 82.48 75.69 87.31 83.80 83.69 81.56? 79.71 83
Fronto-Parietal Index ........ 68.49 70.07 66.67 72.39 66.20 68.09 66.67 63.77 71
Cranio-Facial Index ......... 89.04 95.62 88.89 ... 97.01 94.37 98.58 91.30? (93
Zygo-gonial Index.......... 72.31 74.81.76.98?.
Fronto-gonial Index......... 94.00 102.08 ...(109.57) 110.23
Zygo-frontal Index ......... 76.92 73.28 75.0 74.62 70.15 69.06 69.84? (76
Total Facial Index ......... 84.62 92.37....... 92.86?.
Upper Facial Index ......... 53.85 56.49 49.22 49.23 50. 75 55. 40 51.59?
Nasal Index ............. O.00 43.10 SO.00 ... 44.90 56.25? SO.00 46.81430
Left Orbital Index.......... 84.62 80.95 78.57 79.49 84.21 80.00
Right Orbital Index......... 84.62 80.95 85.37 ... 77.50 73.17 84.62 89.19897
Interorbital Index.......... 24.24 20.00 20.62 ... 19.79 19.59 21.78 22.34 21.88 23
External Palatal Index........115.09 121.82 117.65? .... 126.92 119.64 133.33 ... (121.57) .....9
Mandibular Index.......... 72.73 87.60 ... ... (83.06)
Morphological Type......... EI D2 CS5 ?? A3 A3 A3 B2 Fl1 A3
Age at Death............Middle Middle Middle Young Young Young Middle Middle Young You
 TABLE I-CONTINUED

Submycenaean
Kerameikos
Grave Numbers: ~~~~~~~~Athens,

2 93 24 100 3 15 A C
SM 2 SM 93 SMPM 4 SM 100 SM 3 SM 15 SM 101 SM 103 SM

K. Kiibler and W. Kraiker, 1936

Character.............41 AK 42 AK 43 AK 44 AK 49 AK 50 AK 51 AK 52 AK 5
Catalogue Number......... 55 52 56 53 61 59 68 58

Horizontal Circumference......518 526 525 (512) 527 538 519 (515) 5

Sagittal Arc............384 394 373 (385) 374 394 377 (390) 3
Frontal Arc............ 129 132 128 125 128 141 131 (141) 1
Parietal Arc............ 126 142 120 136 127 134 127 ... 1
Occipital Arc ........... 130 120 125 (124) 119 119 118 1
Transverse Arc ..........307 313 308 300 317 327 317 317? 2
Cranial Length........... 184 189 187 187 183 188 182 182? 1
Cranial Breadth.......... 145 139 146? 130? 145 152 151 144? 1
Basion-Bregma Height ....... 137 145 133 141 132 130 128 (139) 1
Auricular Height.......... 118 119 112 117? 118 118 117 116 1
Minimum Frontal Breadth .... 93 95 89 98 99 92 96 (105)
Maximum Frontal Breadth .....(113) 115 114 113 125 134 118 122 1
C" Left Parietal Thickness....... 4 5 6 8 7 6 8 5
Frontal Angle ........... 51 54 53 50 51 50 52 (48)
Frontal Chord........... 114 116 112 112 110 120 114 (119) 1
Parietal Chord........... 113 126 111 123 114 121 114 1
Occipital Chord .......... 108 101 101 (100) 95 97 94 ...

Basion-Nasion Length ....... 96 104 104 103 101 100 94 (98)

Basion-Prosthion Length ...... 97 96 101 93 93 96 91 (92)
Total Facial Angle......... 81 86 87 88 88 90 89 (83)
Midfacial Angle .......... 88 93 95 93 94 98 95 (94)
Alveolar Angle........... 61 68 67 73 66 67 75 (64)

Bizygomatic Breadth........ 128?? 126?? 131?? 122?? 132 130 139 141? 1
Bigonial Breadth.......... 105 105 95 (92) 96 98 110 (109)
Total Face Height......... 117 106?? 118 118 108?? 104?? 109 123? .
Upper Face Height......... 70 60 69 75 64 66 67 70?

Nose Height............ 51 47 50 52 46 50 47 50
Nose Breadth............ 23 25 21 24 23 27 23 24

Nasalia Angle ........... 48 44 54 (66) 55 (52)

Upper Nasalia Breadth....... 13 11 9? 17 11 8 11 (10)
Lower Nasalia Breadth....... (17) 20 (15) 20 16 17 18 (17)
Left Orbit Height ......... 32 31 32 33 36 33 31
Right Orbit Height......... 32 31 (32) 34 35 33 32 30
Left Orbit Breadth......... 40 36 40 3.7 39 39 40 ...
Right Orbit Breadth ........ 38 36 38 39 40 40 39
Interorbital Breadth ........ 21 20 19 24 23 20 25 (19)
Biorbital Breadth ......... 96 90 96?? 95 100 95 100 (100)
External Palate Length....... 58 51 54 54 51 53 53 56?
External Palate Breadth ...... 68 (53) 67 62 (56) (56) 65 59

Symphysis Height (jaw) ...... 33 31 38 34 32 25 33 39

Condylo-symphysial Length..... 109 99 105 (98) 99 100 90 (109)
Bicondylar Breadth .. ...... 131 128? 130 (120) 129 126 125 (130)
Mandibular Angle ......... 133 127 128 (123) 125 122 104 126
Mininum Br. Ascend. Ramus .... 29 32 33 33 32 35 32 31320
Thickness of Corpus ........ 15 13 12 14 15? 14? 15 13

Cranial Index ........... 78.80 73.54 78.07 69.5 2? 79.23 80.85 82.97 79.12?
Length-Height Index........ 74.46 76.62 71.12 75.40 72.13 69.15 70.33 (76.37)
Breadth-Height Index .. ..... 94.48 104.32 91.10 108.45? 91.03 85.53 84.77 (96.53)
Length-Auricular Height Index .. 64.13 62.96 59.89 62.57 64.48 62.77 64.29 63.74?
Breadth-Auricular Height Index .. 81.38 85.61 76.71 90.00? 81.38 77.63 77.48 80.56?

Fronto-Parietal Index ... ..... 64.14 68.35 60.96 75.38? 68.28 60.53 63.58 (72.92)
Cranio-Facial Index ........ 88.78? 90.65? 89.73? 93.85? 91.03 85.53 92.05 97.92?

Zygo-gonial- Index ......... 82.03? 83.33? 75.40? (75.41) 72.73 75.38 79.14 (77.30)
Fronto-gonial Index ........ 112.90 110.53 106.74 (93.88) 96.97 106.52 114.58 (103.81)
Zygo-fro'ntal Index......... 72.66? 75.40? 67.94? 80.33? 75.00 70.77 69.06 (74.47)
Total Facial Index......... 91.41? 84.13? 90.08? 96.72? 81.82? 80.00? 78.42 87.23?
Upper Facial Index......... 54.69? 47.62? 52.67? 61.48? 48.48 50.77 48.20 49.64?

Nasal Index............ 45.10 53.19 42.00 46.15 46.00 54.00 48.94 48.00?

Left Orbital Index ......... 80.00 86.11 80.00 89.19 92.31 84.62 77.50
Right Orbital Index ........ 84.21 86.11 89.47 89.74 82.50 80.00 76.92?
Interorbital Index ......... 21.88 22.22 (19.79) 25.26 23.00 21.05 25.00 (19.00)
External Palatal Index ....... 117.24 (103.92) 124.07 114.81 (109.8) (105.66) 122.64 105.36? 1

Mandibular Index ......... 83.21 76.56 80.77 (81.67) 76.74 79.37 72.00 (83.85)

Morphological Type........ Fl D3 F1 D4 Cl El CS F2

Age at Death ........... Young Middle Young Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle M
 TABLE I-CONTINUED

Geometric

Athens, Agora

Section B Section KK
E le u s is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

K.
Kourouniotis, Gr. XIX XX xi XIV
J. T rav ios, __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _P
1938 16 zr
(725-700) (700-680 B. C.)

T. L. Shear, 1935

Character............ 11 El S AA 6 AA 30 AA 8 AA 15 AA
Catalogue Number........ 80 86 83 84 78 73
Horizontal Circumference........ 532 507 529? 525 506 (498)
Sagittal Arc............ 371 367? 374?? 382 364 (365)
Frontal Arc............ 131 124? 125?? 129 126 (125)
Parietal Arc........... 119 130? 126 133 123 128
OccipitalArc........... 121 112 124 120 115 (112)
TransverseArc........... 300 307? 311I? 318 296? (301)
CranialLength.......... 190 177 185?? 185 180 (193)
CranialBreadth.......... 146 143 144? 141? 138 132?
oo Basion-BregmaHeight....... 128 129?? 137 134?? 133? (135)
AuricularHeight......... 108 115 116 124 112? 117?
MinimumFrontal Breadth. ... 94 98? 103 101 100 (97)
MaximumFrontal Breadth. ... 116 124? (124) (122) (120) (119)
Left Parietal Thickness........... 7 5 5 6 6
Frontal Angle........... 43 53?? 51?? 57? 47
Frontal Chord.......... 114 110? (106) 108 110 (112)
Parietal Chord.......... 108 115? 114 119 108 116
Occipital Chord......... 97 93 99 100 95 (93)
Basion-NasionLength....... 105 94? 100? (97) 102
Basion-ProsthionLength...... 104 97? 92 (100) . .....(105)
Total Facial Angle......... 82 83? 87?? 84? ... ..
MidfacialAngle.......... 88 91? 93?? 91? ....(84)
Alveolar Angle.......... 67 68? 67 61? ...*(62)
Bizygomatic Breadth.. ..... 135? 134 149 134?? (135) ...(.133)
Bigonial Breadth.111...... I 96 102 98 (97)
Total Face Height......... 117 117 121?? 115?
Upper Face Height........ 71 68 70?? 68? ...66??(7)64
Nose Height........... 56 50 52?? 49? (50)
Nose Breadth........... 27 24? 25? 22 (22)
Nasalia Angle........... 50 56? 50? 56
Upper Nasalia Breadth....... 14 15 10?? 14 16....)
Lower Nasalia Breadth....... 19 17? 17? 17? (18)...
 Left Orbit Height......... 33 33 32? 30?
Right Orbit Height ........ 35 32?? 32?? 31 36?
Left Orbit Breadth ........ 42 39 43? (40) 36..39?
Right Orbit Breadth........ 42 38?? 42? 42 42 39?....
Interorbital Breadth........ 22 23 28?? (23) (22)20
Biorbital Breadth ......... 99 98? 108?? (103) 104?
External Palate Length. ......... 59 54? 54 56 48
External Palate Breadth...... 63? 61? 62 64 (60)
Symphysis Height (jaw). ........ 34 35 32 35 (26)
Condylo-symphysial Length 111.. il 112 103 105 (101)
Bicondylar Breadth ........ 125 122? 129? 131? (124)
Mandibular Angle .125 129 124 124 (120)
MinimumBr.Asend Rus33 31 33 34 36?
Thickness of Corpus........ 16 18 17 17 18
Cranial Index. .76.84 80.79 77.84? 76.22 76.67 (68.39)
Length-Height Index'.'67.37 72.88? 74.05? 72.43? 73.89 (69.95)
Breadth-Height Index ....... 87.67 90.2 1? 95.14 95.04? 96.38 (102.27)
Length-Auricular Height Index... 56.84 64.97 62.70 67.03 62.22 (60.62)
Breadth-Auricular Height Index.. 73.97 80.42 80.56 87.94 81.16 88.64
c..Fronto-Parietal Index ....... 64.38 68.53? 71.53 71.63 72.46 (73.48)
Cranio-Facial Index ........ 92.47? 93.71 103.47 95.04? (97.83)
Zygo-gonial Index......... 82.22 67.13 68.46 73.13? (71.85)
Fronto-gonial Index ........ 118.09 97.96 99.03 97.03 (97.00) ...(103.26)10.9
Zygo-frontal Index. ..... 69.63 68.53 69.13 75.37? (74.07) ...(96.17)(6.8
Total Facial Index......... 86.67? 87.31 81.21? 85.82 ...(83.46)942(8.5
Upper Facial Index ........ 52.59? 50.75 46.97? 50.75? ...(49.62)
Nasal Index ........... 48.21 48.00? 48.08? 44.90 (44.00) ...(44.00)480
Left Orbital Index......... 78.57 84.62 74.42? . ........86.11846
Right Orbital Index ........ 83.33 84.21 76.19 73.81 85.7 1?
Interorbital Index......... 22.22 23.47 26.17? 22.33? (21.15)
External Palatal Index....... 106.78? 112.96?. 114.81 114.29 (125.00)
Mandibular Index......... 88.80 91.90 79.84 80.15 (81.45)

Morphological Type....... Dl C3 F2 El1 Bi Al1

Age at Death........... Young Young Middle Middle Young Middle

 TABLE I-CONTINUED

Classic: Vth Century Classic: lVth Century B. C

Athens Athens

Agora Agora University St. Mu

Kerameikos
Keramikos
Sec-tion 1110 Menidi Section Aeko
# 2597, # 2598 Well at Marble Well at # 4 # 2 #
Now in National Sar- 20/1 2ZT I3V"# 2 3
113/7B3
Museum at L.
T. Shear, cophagus T. L. Shear,Mlsio
Athens 1937 1932
Schliemann, 1889
~~~~~~H. Perva

Character ............65 AK 66 AK 1OAA 1 Men 11 AA 83 AP 84 AP 91 AP 92 AP 93 AP

Catalogue Number ........101 102 113 100 105 93 88 99 95 96

Horizontal Circumference........535 529 509 512 545 511 528 517 508 504
Sagittal Arc............382 384 366 367 389 369 ... 368 377 374
Frontal Arc.............126 125 139 121 122 117 118 125
Parietal Arc ................ 130 120 122 129 136 127 140 130
Occipital Arc ...........110 122 127 119 .. 124 116 119
Transverse Arc ..........309 313 307 ... 331 ...310 304 311

Cranial Length. ~.........195 189 177 187 193 179 187 187 182 182
Cranial Breadth..........145 143 146 137 149 136 141 140 134 137
Basion-Bregma Height.......138 137 131 130 145 128 132 138 135 127
Auricular Height .........117 115 115 114? 123 109 118 116 118 115
Minimum Frontal Breadth. . .. 96 100 101 99 107 96 99 95 94
Maximum Frontal Breadth.....(123) (121) 123 (117) 132 120 110 110
Left Parietal Thickness. .......... 7 6 5 6 6..

Frontal Angle........... 47 45 49 (49) 49

0 Frontal Chord. .............(114) 12211
Parietal Chord ...........(116) 111 117.
Occipital Chord............... (96) 107 9
Basion-Nasion Length .......107 98 97 98 107 94 101 106 100 95
Basion-Prosthion Length......101 93 91 (95) 97 99 95 90
Total Facial Angle......... 86 85 88 (85) 90
Midfacial Angle.......... 92 91 92 (90) 95... ...
Alveolar Angle .......... 74 68 75 (71) 75

Bizygomatic Breadth .......133 132 142 122 134 127 126

Bigonial Breadth ......... 99 109 101 105
Total Face Height.........117 125 126 116 ...
Upper Face Height ........ 71 77 70 75 70 71 68 70

Nose Height ........... 51 54 54 59 53 51 49 55

Nose Breadth........... 25 24 24 25 25 25 24 22

Nasalia Angle........... 50 64 65 (50) 56

Upper Nasalia Breadth....... 11 12 12 (10) 14 16?1
Lower Nasalia Breadth....... 20 18 15 (16) 15 .

Left Orbit Height. ...32 36 32 33 33 32 32 33

Right Orbit Height ........ 31 35 33 33 33 32 32 33
Left Orbit Breadth ........ 40 43 42 41? 41 39? 41? 37?
Right Orbit Breadth........ 40 43 43 41? 40 ...39? 41? 37?
Interorbital Breadth........ 19 20 21 (19) 24
Biorbital Breadth ......... 99 103 103 (97) 101
External Palate Length. ......... 53 55 54 (54) 55... ...
External Palate Breadth. ........ 66 66 69 (63) 63
Symphysis Height (jaw). ... 34 33 34 34...
Condylo-symphysial Length. .. 112 112 (109) 110
Bicondylar Breadth ........126 132 ... (119) 123
Mandibular Angle......... 124 132 . .. (124) 131... ... ...
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus... 36 32 31 29
Thickness of Corpus........ 14 15 14
Cranial Index........... 74.36 75.66 82.49 73.26 77.20 75.98 75.40 74.87 73.63 75.2
Length-Height Index........ 70.77 72.49 74.01 69.52 75.13 71.51 70.59 73.80 74.18 69.7
Breadth-Height Index .......95.17 95.80 89.73 94.89 97.32 94.19 93.62 98.57 100.75 92.7
Length-Auricular Height Index .. 60.00 60.85 64.97 60.96? 63.73 60.89 63.10 62.03 64.84 63.1
Breadth-Auricular Height Index.. 80.69 80.42 78.77 83.21 .82.55 80.15 82.98 82.86 88.06 83.9
Fronto-Parietal Index .......66.21 69.93 69.18 72.36 71.81 70.59 70.71 70.90 68.6
Cranio-Facial Index. 91.72 92.31 97.26 89.05 89.93 ... 90.71 94.03 ...
Zygo-gonial Index......... 74.44 82.58 82.79 78.36
Fronto-gonial Index ........103.13 109.00 98.02 98.13
Zygo-frontal Index. .......-.---- 72.18 75.76 71.13 81.15 79.85... 77.95 75.40 ...
Total Facial Index.........87.97 94.70 ... 103.28 86.57
Upper Facial Index ........53.38 58.33 49.29 61.48 52.24 55.91 53.97 ...
Nasal Index ...........49.02 44.44 44.44 42.37 47.17... 49.02 48.98 40.0
Left Orbital Index.........80.00 83.72 76.19 80.49? 80.49.82.05? 78.05? 89.1
Right Orbital Index ........77.50 81.40 76.74 80.49? 82.50.82.05? 78.05? 89.1
Interorbital Index.........19.19 19.42 20.39 ... 23.76
External Palatal Index.......124.53 120.00 127.78 114.55
Mandibular Index.........88.89 84.85 ...89.43 ... ...
Morphological Type........Dl1 D 1 C5 D2 E1 Bi1 A3 D1 B2 B3

Age at Death...........Middle Middle Young Middle Young Mdl Middle

 TABLE 1-CONTINUED

Hellenistic

Sounion
Classic Athens graveAgr
Kouvara Agora previously
Now in Athens Anthropological Museum Section M exposed by S
Chr. Tsountas, 1906? Well at 97r robbers. W
T. L. Shear, J. Young T.
1938 ~and
~J.L. Angel,
1938

Character ............ 2K 3K 5K 7K 24 AA 4S
Catalogue Number ........ 97 104 98 108 115 118

Horizontal Circumference........ 512 503 514 (516) 506 (497)

Sagittal Arc............ 377 361 366 (382) 376 (370)
Frontal Arc............ 129 123 126 (130) 124 (121)
Parietal Arc ........... 125 128 121 136 134 138
Occipital Arc ........... 123 111 119 (116) 118 121
Transverse Arc.......... 312 306 311 (318) 314 (325)

Cranial Length .......... 183 178 185 183 180 169??

Cranial Breadth.......... 142 141 142 140 136 148
Basion-Bregma Height....... 140 131 128 (130) 134 (140)
Auricular Height ......... 120 116 116 118? 121 123?
Minimum Frontal Breadth . ... 93 89 92 95 93 (109)
Maximum Frontal Breadth . ... 116 109 118 (123) 118 (127)
C) Lef t Parietal Thickness. .......... 6 5 5 5 6

'~Frontal Angle........... 52 50 50 ...54 51...52

Frontal Chord .111....... l 111 112 (113) 110 (105)

Parietal -Chord.......... 112 109 111 121 118 121
Occipital Chord.......... 101 89 96 (94) 97 93

Basion-Nasion Length ....... 97 96 97 95 ...101

Basion-Prosthion Length...... 98 91 91

Total Facial Angle......... 81 90 87

Midfacial Angle.......... 88 92 94 92...94
Alveolar Angle .......... 63 82 ...75

Bizygomatic Breadth ....... (133) 129? (124) 128 (140)

Bigonial Breadth .........99 108
Total Face Height . .......119 106
Upper Face Height ........ 69 70 (66) ...68

Nose Height ........... 48 53 50

Nose Breadth........... 22 24 ...25

Nasalia Angle........... (42) 51 42

Upper Nasalia Breadth....... 13 12 12 18 8..13
Lower Nasalia Breadth....... 17 16 ...(17)

Left Orbit Height......... 34 31 ...31

Right Orbit Height ........ 33 31 32 31
Left Orbit Breadth ........ 39 37 ...40 38.38?
Right Orbit Breadth........ 40 37 38 40
Interorbital Breadth........ 19 21 20 22 22...26
Biorbital Breadth ......... 96 93 93 8)99
External Palate Length. ... 54 51 (52) 52
External Palate Breadth...... 60 58 (56) ...(55)
Symphysis Height (jaw) . ....32 . ..28
Condylo-symphysial Length ....(95) 99
Bicondylar Breadth ........(119) 117
Mandibular Angle ... ..... ...118? 125
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus... 29 29 .32
Thickness of Corpus . ...... ...13 13 12...14
Cranial Index........... 77.60 79.21 76.76 76.50 75.55 87.57??
Length-Height Index ........... 76.50 73.60 69.19 (71.04) 74.44 (82.84)
Breadth-Height Index ....... 98.59 92.91 90.14 (92.56) 98.53 (94.59)
Length-Auricular Height Index .. 65.57 65.17 62.70 64.48? 67.22 72.78??
Breadth-Auricular Height Index.. 84.51 82.27 81.69 84.29? 88.97 83.11
Fronto-Parietal Index ....... 65.49 63.12 64.79 67.86 68.38 (73.65)
Cranio-Facial Index ........ (93.66) 91.49? (87.32) ...94.12 (94.59)
Zygo-gonial Index . .......76.74 . ..84.38
Fronto-gonial Index ........111.24 116.13
Zg-frontal Index.(6. ..9.92) 68.99? (41)1: 72.66
Total Facial Index......... ..... 92.25 ...82.81
Upper Facial Index ........ (51.88) 54.26 (53 .23) 53.13
Nasal Index ........... 45.83 45.28 ...50.00
Left Orbital Index......... 87.18 83.78 ...77.50
Right Orbital Index ........ 82.50 83.78 84.21 77.50 ...82.05
Interorbital Index......... 19.79 22.58 (21.51)' 22.22
External Palatal Index....... 111.11 113.73 (107.69) (105.77)
Mandibular Index ... ..... ...(79.83) . ..84.62
Morphological Type ....... Bi FI B2 E3 D3 CI
Age at Death ........... Young Young Middle Middle Middle Middle
 TABLE I-CONTINUED

Byzantine T
Athens
Agora Eleusis
Section Y Undated (M. H. or Geometric) Se
Tomb at Now in Athens Anthropological Museum G
26-28 ME D. Philios, 1887 T.
T. L. Shear,
1937

Character ............ 23AA l El 3 El 4 El 8 El lEl

Catalogue Number ........ 129
Horizontal Circumference . -----.- (495) 509 (490) 532 502 543
Sagittal Arc ..... ......371 369? 370 365 (383)
Frontal Arc............ 123 131 126? 129 121 125
Parietal Arc ........... (125) 126 130 129 121 128
Occipital Arc ...........114 113 112 123 (130)
Transverse Arc .......... ...308 (291) 313 90 307
Cranial Length .......... 184?? 182 181 186 186 199
Cranial Breadth.......... 140 136 135 ?? 145 128 148
Basion-Bregma Height....... (123) 134 127 132?? 124 (128)
Auricular Height .........114 109 117 111 112
c Minimum Frontal Breadth . ... 100 96 (96) 103 (96) 104
Maximum Frontal Breadth . ... 117? 114 109 117 111 112
Left Parietal Thickness....... 5 6 5 5 6 5
Frontal Angle ....... ... ...51 50 49 51 45
Frontal Chord .......... 109 111 107 113 109 110
Parietal Chord .......... (113) 114 120 115 111 115
Occipital Chord .. .......96 103 93 97 (102)
Basion-Nasion Length .......101 92 (105) 104
Basion-Prosthion Length . ....95 88 (105)
Total Facial Angle . .......87 87 80
Midfacial Angle .. .......102? 90? 91
Alveolar Angle ..........65? 73? 55

Bizygomatic Breadth ....... ...(130) 128? 134? (123) (138)

Bigonial Breadth ............103? 901016
Total Face Heigh . .......(109) 106?? (110)1416
Upper Face Height . ......6764 63 (64)
Nose Height ............... 53 47 47
Nose Breadth .... ......26 (21) 29

Nasalia Angle 54............5446?..

Upper Nasalia Breadth....... 14 13 (10) 15 13 51
Lower Nasalia Breadth . ..... ...16 (15) 24?

Left Orbit Height . .......31 31 35 32

Right Orbit Height ........31.37
Left Orbit Breadth........ (39) 39 3843? 36?
Right Orbit Breadth........ (39) 39 (42) ...(43)
Interorbital Breadth........ 23 20 (19) 22? 22? (27)
Biorbital Breadth .........96 (105) (95) (109)
 External Palate Length ......52 48 57 . ..54?564
External Palate Breadth. . 57? (56) (57) 66.66

Symphysis Height (jaw). .28? 25? 28.30

Condylo-symphysial Length ....(102) 109
Bicondylar Breadth ........ ...(126) 120?1216
Mandibular Angle . .......128? 120 1341018
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus.-. 31 33 28354
Thickness of Corpus . ......14 16 14137

Cranial Index...76.09?? 74.73 74.59? 77.96 68.82 74.37

Length-Height Index .........73.63 70.17 70.97? 66.67 (64.32)
Breadth-Height Index .......98.53 94.07? 91.03? 96.88 (86.49)
Length-Auricular Height Index .. 62.64 60.22 62.90 59.68 56.28
Breadth-Auricular Height Index.. 83.82 80.74? 80.69 86.72 75.68
Fronto-Parietal Index ....... 71.43 70.59 (71.11) 71.03 (75.00) 70.27

Cranio-Facial Index ........(95.59) 94.81 92.41? (96.09) (93.24)

Zygo-gonial Index . .......76.87 (73.17)739815

~' Fronto-gonial Index ........100.00 (93.75)
Zygo-frontal Index. . (73.85) (75.00) 76.87 (78.05)
Total Facial Index......... ...(85.16) 79.10? (89.43).02893
Upper Facial Index (51.5~~~~~~~-4) 5.047.01 (52.43)
Nasal Index ...........49.06 (44.68) 61.70

Left Orbital Index . .......79.49 81.58 81.40 88.89

Right Orbital Index ........79.49 . ..(86.05)
Interorbital Index . .......20.83 . ..(20.95) 23.16 (24.77)
External Palatal Index . .....109.62? (100.00)
Mandibular Index ... ........(80.95) 90.838178.5

Morphological Type........ C2 B 1 B 1 E3 B4 A4 S

Age at Death........... Young Middle Young Middle Middle Middle

 TABLE 11
INDIVIDUAL MEASUTREMENTSOF ATHENIAN FEMALE SKULLS AND SKELETONS

Neolithic Early Hellladic

Athens, Agora Hagios Kosmas

OA
Seto ASection Section OA Tomb Number
Well 18 Seto AWell 18 _________________________________
Skull "'a" WlV Skull "c"
________ ________ ________ 2 f3 9, #10 1(3 1 63, #2 13 a' 1 9, #8 20, #
T. L. Shear

George E. Mylonas, 1930-31

1939 1937 1939

31 AA ChAA 33AAd iHaK 5 HaK lOHaK 12 Ha'K 13 HaK 17 HaK 21 H

Catalogue Number Child..... 3 Chl 19 .8 18 10 12 23 14

Horizontal Circumference...472 (478) 501 505 513 490 508

Sagittal Arc...... ......(335) (355) (363) (365) 375? 345? (370
Frontal Arc............109 115 128 125 121 123 (130
Parietal Arc.............103 129 134 117 130 128 130
Occipital Arc............(123) (126) (101) (123) 124 94? (110
TransverseArc...,..........287 293? (306) 311 305 299
Cranial Length ..........170 163 165 168?? 178 172 180 177 166? 179?
c~Cranial Breadth..........139 134 137?? 140 141 140 147 142? 139?
Basion-BregmaHeight.......(124) 134? (129) (125) 141? 129 125
AuricularHeight.111...... I 112? 116? (111) 118 113 (108) 113
Minimum Frontal Breadth.....87 92 93? 99 99 97 96? (92)
Maximum Frontal Breadth.....107 .... 114? 116 113 121 (1 19) (115)
Left Parietal Thickness.......3 4 .5 5

FrontalAngle .59....I......56 ... 48 51 53480

Frontal Chord...........96 102 112 111.il 103 105 (109
Parietal Chord..........96 ... 115 119 108 115 110 114
Occipital Cord ..........(105) (94) (88) (109) 101 80? (96)
Basion-Nasion Length .......(91) 94 . ..105? 93
Basion-Prosthion Length......(84) 89? . .. (93) 82 93.89

Total Facial Angle.........88 84 101? (87) 91835

Midfacial Angle..........94 (90) 97?931
Alveolar Angle...........68 (60) 67?596

Bizygomatic Breadth .......105 119? (125) 113? (120)

Bigonial Breadth .........(83)
Total Face Height 100.......104??0
Upper Face Height ........49 60 69 (62) 62 61..64
Nose Height...........37 45 50 (50) 46466
Nose Breadth...........19 21? 22 (20) 24??243
Nasalia Angle.64....55?...61?6
Upper Nasalia Breadth.......11 14? 14? 13 14? 12
Lower Nasalia Breadth.......15 (16) (16) 20.18
 Left Orbit Height..... 29 30? 35 35? (32)
Right Orbit Height.........30 32 35 36 34314
Left Orbit Breadth ........33 37? 40 41 .(36)
Right Orbit Breadth........33 35 40 39 37?? (37)364
Interorbital Breadth........19 23 23 20 21 26? 20?
Biorbital Breadth .........82 93 (91) 98 (95) (92)

External Palate Length. ............ 41 ... 47? 48? 51.47

External Palate Breadth .......53 62? (47) 53? 58.59

Symphysis Height (jaw) 29....292

Condylo-symphysial Length (87)..95??
Bicondylar Breadth ........ ...(108)12?
Mandibular Angle . .......(1 25) 125. ... ...
Mininiufn~Br. Ascend. Ramus.. 30 27..
Thickness of Corpus 12......
Cranial Index........... 81.76 82.21 81.55? 78.65 81.98 77.78 83.05 85.54 7 7.6
Length-Height Index ...... .. ... (76.07) 79.76? (72.47) (72.67) 78.33 72.88 69.8
Br'eadth-Height Index ...... .. . (92.54) 97.81? (92.14) (88.65) 100.71 87.76 ... 89.8
Length-Auricular Height Index .. .. . 68.10 66.67? 65.17 (64.53) 65.56 63.84 (65.06) 63.1
Breadth-Auricular Height Index.. ... . 82.84 81.75? 82.86 (78.72) 84.29 76.87 (76.06) 81.2

s.Fronto-Parietal Index.....64.93 67.15? 66.43 70.21 70.71 65.99 67.61 (66.1

Index ........78.36 86.86? (89.29) 76.87 (86.3
NTCranio-Facial

Zygo-gonial Index............(67.75).76.03?
Fronto-gonial Index ........(90.2-2).100
Zgo-frontal Index.........82.86 77.31 79.20 85.8 (7.7)

Total Facial Index . .......84.03 ...59?

Upper Facial Index ........ ... 46.67 ... 50.42 ... ... (49.60) 54.87?

Nasal Index. .. ..... 1.35 46.67 44.00 (40.00) 52.17?

Left Orbital Index.......87.88 81.08 87.50 85.37861842

Right Orbital Index ........90.91 91.43 87.50 923 91.88618.0
Interorbital Index.........23.17 24.73 ...21.43 (27.37)

External Palatal Index...... . ... 120.45 131.91? 110.42?13.32S3

Mandibular Index ............76.00??.8.56

Morphological Type........ E E B2 C 1-3 AS5 Fl1 A3 B2 Cl1-3 B2

Age at Death...........Young Child Child Young Middle Young Young Young Young Youn
 TABLE II-CONTINUED

Late Helladic III-Continued Submycenaean

Athens Kerameikos
~~~~~Athens,
AcropolisSeto
North Grave Numbers:
M arkopoulos S liope _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Mycenaean Chamber Tombs Mycenaean

V. Stais, 1894 Staircase 48 60 34 59 47 E
Fill SMPo 5 SMDp 8 SMPo 6 SMDp 6 SMPo 9 SM 105
B ro n e e r , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

19 3 8 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _

K. Kiibler and W. Kraiker, 1936

15 Ma 16 Ma 17 Ma Ch4AA 45 AK 46 AK 47 AK 48 AK 54 AK 53AKd
Catalog,ue Number ........40 43 445 57 6 63 44
42 ~~~
~~~
Horizontal Circumference...492 511 480 ... 462 497 (488) 497 514? (494)
Sagittal Arc ......I...I... 361 363 346 335 357 351 366 373 364
Front'al Arc .............116 110 123 118? 129 130 120?
Parietal Arc ..............118 129 - 119 129 125 (133)
Occipital Arc ........... ... ...107 105 104 107 118 111
Transverse Arc .......... 34 30 29282 295 312 303? 304?

Cranial Length .......... 172 175 165 167 174 173 172 178 174
Cranial Breadth.......... 137 147 138 123 315 137? 143 144? 139?
Ia Basion-Bregm'a Height....... 128 132 127 1215 124 (131) 131 127? (129)
00 Auricular Height ......... 113 118? 111 108 108 117 113 112?
Minimum Frontal Breadth.....88 95 93 89 84 99 88 91 93? 95
Maximum Frontal Breadth . ... ... ...107 103 115 (115) 118 (118) 122
Lef tParietal Thickness. 5 6 5 ... 5 6 4 4 6 3

Front-al Angle........... 52 53 52 53 46 ... 54 50 (55)

Frontal Chord ............. 101 96 110 103 110 111 (108)

Parietal Chord...........104 112 108 114 114 (115)
Occipital Cord ........... ... 89 90 92 91 98 95

Basion- Nasion Length. 96 96 92 100 96 102 94 (92)

Basion-Prosthion Length ..... 8) 90 98 90 85 91 (88)

Total Facial Angle.........84 81 85 88 89 88 86?94

Midfacial Angle..........91 91 94 94 95 95 91?
Alveolar Angle ..........63 51 68 65 72 66? 68?67

Bizygomatic Breadth .. ..... 130?? (136) 123 . .. 114 123? (119) 115? 127 (112)
Bigonial Breadth........... (84) 96 87 94 9385
Total Face Height . .......113 115 105? 102 108..10
Upper Face Height ........65 58 68 68 64? 61 65 55

Nose Height ...........48 48 48 51 46 45 49 36

Nose Breadth...........22 ... 24 23 23 20 22 21? 22(2)

Nasalia Angle........... 51 ...60 60 60?

Upper Nasalia Breadth....... 8 108 12 13 11 (8) (i 1) 10
Lower Nasalia Breadth ...... 13 16 . ... 17 17 (18) (16) 16
Left Orbit Height......... 31 34 ... 32 34 32 34 33
Right Orbit Height ........ 32 34 ... 32 34 34 31? ... 31
Left Orbit Breadth ........ 39 (37) 39 (31) 36 39 37 36 36
Right Orbit Breadth........ 39 (37) 38 (32) 37 40 39 37 36
Interorbital Breadth........ 15 20 18 20? 20 21 (17) 19? (25) 22
Biorbital Breadth ......... 91? 94 92 (83) 91 96 (90) 89 94 92

External Palate Length. 51 (48) 53 51 51 46 48? 44

External Palate Breadth,.... 60? (51) 61 62 60? 56 (62) 59

Symphysis Height (jaw) .....34? 32 27? 29 29

Condylo-symphysial Length ....(96) 98 97? 92 9996
Bicondylar Breadth ........(120) 112 122? 105 121
Mandibular Angle............ 133 131 124? 138 123
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus... ...31 25 26 29 '33
Thickness of Corpus . ......15 12 14 14 12

Cranial Index...79.65 84.00 83.64 73.65 77.59 79.19 83.14 80.90 79.89
Length-Height Index........ 80.23 75.43 76.97 74.85 71.26 (75.72) 76.13 71.35? (74.14
Breadth-Height Index .......100.73 89.80 92.03 101.63 91.85 (95.62) 91.61 89.19? (92.81
Length-Auricular Height Index .. 65.70 67.43 67.27 ... 64.67 62.07 68.02 63.48 64.37
Breadth-Auricular Height Index.. 82.48 80.27 80.43 87.80 80.00 ... 81.82 78.47 80.58

Fronto-Parietal Index ....... 64.23 64.63 67.27 ... 68.29 73.33 64.23 63.64 64.58 68.35

Cranio-Facial Index ........ 94.89? (92.52) 89.13 ... 92.68 91.11 (86.86) 80.42? 88.19 (81.16

Zygo-gonial Index........... (73.68) 78.05 (73.11) 81.74? 73.23

Fronto-gonial Index .......... (100.00) 96.97 98.86 103.30 100.00
Zygo4frontal Index......... 67 .69? (69 .85) 75.61 73.68 80.49 (73.95) 79.13? 73.23 (84.82
Total Facial Index........... 99.12 93.50 (88.24) 88.70? 85.04870
Upper Facial Index ........ 50.00? ... 47.15 59.65 55.28 (53.78) 53.04? 51.18 (49.11
Nasal Index............ 45.83 50.00 47.92 45.10 43.48 48.89 42.86? 61.11
Left Orbital Index......... 79.49 87.18 88.89 87.18 86.49 94.44 91.67
Right Orbital Index ........ 82.05 . 89.47 . 86.49 85.00 87.18 83.78 . 86.11
Interorbital Index......... 16.48 21.28 19.57 . 21.98 21.88 (18.89) 21.35 (26.60) 23.91

External Palatal Index.......117.65 (106.25) 115.09 121.57 117.65 121.74 (129.17) 134.09

Mandibular Index ...........(80.00) 87.50 79.5 1? 87.62 81.82

Morphological Typ e........F 1 C 1-3 C 4-5 (E) B2 F 1 C 1-3 C 1-3 C 1-3 E

Age at Death...........Young Young Young Child Young Young Young Adolsc. Young Child
 TABLE II-CONTINUED

Geometric ClassicClsi
Athens, Agora AthensKovr

Section KK Section r
Section ne0 Grave Section B B 183
Grave S. of Gr. XXI, XVII, XVIII Burial atK Pirae
XVIII Hephais- (725-680) (725-700 B. C.) 72-79/KE Keram- University St. St.
teion eikos #,# Gyea
Natona H. Schliemann, Palai
T. L. Shear Museum~~Natona
Museum 1889 logo
~~~
1936 1935 1934

2 AA 29 AA 3 AA 4 AA 7 AA 17 AA 67 AK 81 AP 82 AP 85'A
Catalogue Number ........ 81 Child 82 76 77 85 111 103 92 94
75

Horizontal Circumference... (498) 508 515? ..509 488 496 495

Sagittal Arc............369?? ... 383? (353) (375) 362 358 364 3523
Frontal Arc............128 129 131 114 (144) 123 129 120
Parietal Arc............125? 127 128 117 (127) 126 114 116 123
Occipital Arc ...........115 105 124 108 (112) 121 119 1091
Transverse Arc ..........301 320 307? (302) (290) ... 317 287
CA Cranial Length ..........179? 181? 184 (175) 178?? 178 171 170 178 176
(J Cranial Breadth..........135? 133 139 132? (125) 141? 150 131 128 128
Basion-Bregma Height.......123? 125? 133?? 128? 127?? (125) 136 130 126 126
Auricular Height.....106? 115 117? 107?? 113? 118 109 108
Minimum Frontal Breadth.'...' 92' 96 (98) 1OO 99 94 87
Maximum Frontal Breadth..... (115) 119 (111) . .. 130
Lef t Parietal Thickness. 6 4 5 6

Frontal Angle........... 47? 52? 54 50

Frontal Chord ..........110 115 112 ... 99 (118)

Parietal Chord ..........110 106 115 105 (108) 115
Occipital Cord .......... 95 90 95 92 (96)
Basion-Nasion Length. 90? 89? 103? 95 95 93 100
Basion-Prosthion Length...... 91? 82 86? 92? 90 90

Total Facial Angle......... 84? 84? 94 86 ......

Midfacial Angle.......... 90?? 92 102 91 (98).
Alveolar Angle .......... 64?? 62 63? 72 70

Bizygomatic Breadth .......120? 110? 125?? (126) (133) 123 130 ... 124
Bigonial Breadth ......... 87?? 98? 84 97 100 ...85
Total Face Height .111...... l? 120? (105) 106?? 114 ...106
Upper Face Height ........ 69? ... 68? (63) 62? 68 56?.....60?
Nose Height ........... 47? (38) 53? 46? 48 54 52
Nose Breadth........... 19? 23? (19) 25 24 24

Nasalia Angle...........62.3
Upper Nasalia Breadth....... (6) . 12 . (13) . 10.10
Lower Nasalia Breadth.......(15).(15) . 20?.(7
Left Orbit Height.........30? 33 (31) 35 34 38
Right Orbit Height ........31 31 3)5 348
Left Orbit Breadth ........39 37. ..(34)35 34 383
Right Orbit Breadth........38 32 (38) 41 39 413
Interorbital Breadth........ (15) (8 0... 1
Biorbital Breadth.......... 95? ..... .9 (18) 2019882)

External Palate Length. ......... 49? (55) 44 (49) 51(4)4)

External Palate Breadth ...... 55? . .. (60) 59 (56) 59
Symphysis Height (jaw). ..29? ... 27 27 29 ... 30 25
Condylo-symphvsial Length ....105? 112? 86 92 100
Bicondylar Breadth........ 110? 123? 112 126 125 110....
Mandibular Angle.........133? 122? 124 125 128 128.
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus. 29 . .. 33? 30 33 ..30
Thickness of Corpus........ 14 14 12 15 . .. 15 14. ... ..
Cranial Index........... 75.42? 73.48? 75.54 (75.43) (70.22) (79.21) 87.72 77.06 71.91 72.
Length-Height Index........ 68.72 69.06 72.28? (73.14) 71.35? 79.53 76.47 70.79 71.
Breadth-Height Index ....... 91.11 93.98 95.68? 96.97? (101.60) 90.67 99.24 98.44 98.
Length-Auricular Height Index .. 59.22 (63.54) 63.59 (61.14) 63.48? . .. 69.01 64.12 60.67
Breadth-Auricular Height Index.. 78.52 (86.47) 84.17 81.06? (90.40) 76.87 83.21 84.38
Fronto-Parietal Index .. ..... 68.15 . .. 69.06 (78.40) 70.92 66.00 71.76 67.97 6
Cranio-Facial Index ........ 88.89? 89.93 (95.45) (106.40) 82.00 99.24 96.
Zygo-gonial Index.........72.50 78.40 (66.69) (72.93) 81.30
Fronto-gonial Index ........ 94.57 . .. 102.08 (98.98) 101.01
Zygo-frontal Index......... 76.67? 76.80 73.68? 80.49 72.31
Total Facial Index......... 92.50 96.00? (83.33) (79.70) 92.68 85.
Upper Facial Index......... 57.50 544? (50.00) (46.62) 55.28 53.0(5.2
Nasal Index ...........40.43 43.40? (41.30) 52.08 44.44 46.15(5.6(48)
Left Orbital Index......... 76.92? 89.19? . (84.97) . .. 87.50 87.18 92.
Right Orbital Index ........81.58.85.37 87.18 . 92.
Interorbital Index......... (15.79) (18.18) 20.41(2.9
External Palatal Index....... 112.24 . .. (109.09) 134.09 (114.29) 115.69
Mandibular Index.........95.45? ... 91.06? 76.79 73.02 80.00
Morphological Type........D 2 A3 D2 B2 BI E C4 Fl B1 B2
Age at Death...........Middle Child Middle Adolsc. Subadt. Young Young Young ? Old
 TABLE 11-CONTINUED

Hellenistic Roman

Agora
Athens, Agora ~Kerameikos Late
Cemetery)
~~~(Dipylon Roman Byzantine
Sounion -Athens Athens
Grave Section AA From Section Y Agora Agora
II
preiouly ellat Sar- Well at Pnyx Hill "Philo- "Amy Section Q Section Y
exposed 97 r cophagus 9 tera" myne Well at Tomb at
by robbers. M
Poseidon6-8
J. Y oung -_ _ _ _ _-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -# 14a T. L. Shear,
and T. L. Shear T. L. Shear, 1937
J. L. Angel, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ G. Vaphas, 1938
1938 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-1879
1938 ? 1937 1936

25 AA 18 AA 13 AA 12 AA 71 AK 72 AK 22 AA
5 Child 20OAA
Catalogue
Cata'-gue Number
Nmber ........... . 117 11 12
19121213141518 12 13 14 15 1812
~~114
Horizontal Circumference . 500 (513) 521 493 507? 502 516 498 509?
Sagittal Arc............371 369 378 350 367 342 348 360 372
Frontal Arc............129 127 126 119 122 117 124 119 125
Parietal Arc............ 125 125 ... 115 122 119 112 126 125
Occipital Arc .... ....... 117 117 .... 115 121 16112 114 123
Transverse Arc ..........307? 304? 286 305 298 295 315 294 304?
Cranial Length ..........176 181 190 166 177 174 175 175 182
Cranial Breadth..........135 139 135 147 142? 143 151 139 137
Basion-Bregma Height.......137 129 128 130 126 127 126 126 139
Auricular Height .........116 114 113 116 115 107 112 114 117
Minimum Frontal Breadth..... 97 (90) 92 92 92 93 94 90 93
Maximum Frontal Breadth.....115 119? 109 119 119 117 117 107 112?
Left Parietal Thickness . ----.---- 5 3 6 6 4 5 7 5 5
Frontal Angle........... 53?? 53 52 52 54 45 45 50 ....

Frontal Chord ..........110 109 110 107 .... 105 111 108 107
Parietal Chord ..........109 114 .... 106 .... 107 101 115 118
Occipital Cord.......... 96 96 .... 94 .... 88 90 94 98
Basion-Nasion Length .......100 95 102 93 93 98 98 94 102?
Basion-Prosthion Length.......... (82) .... 91 93 88 92 89 ....

Total Facial Angle............. 94? .... 83 87 87 89 89 . ...

Midfacial Angle.............. .... .... 90 93 92 94 93 ....
Alveolar Angle .............. .... .... 63 74 73 78 72 ....

Bizygomatic Breadth .......(129) 116 (125) 127 123 137 137 125 113
Bigonial Breadth ......... 95 (80) .... 90 88 98? 104 101 ....
Total Face Height......... (105) 90? .... 108 109 112 121 113 ....
Upper Face Height ............ 58 .... 65 69 74 76 68 ....

Nose Height ............... 43? .... 49 50 55 56 50 ....

Nose Breadth............... 17? .. .. 22 23 26 27 23 .. ..

Nasalia Angle............... .... 57 54 58 54 51 ...

Upper Nasalia Breadth........... 11 10? 12 8 11 10 13 (12)
Lower Nasalia Breadth........ .. (15) .... 14 15 15? 17 17 ....
Left Orbit Height......... .... 33? ... . 31 30 39 40 34 ...

Right Orbit Height ...... ... ... (33) .. 32 30 40 39 34 ....

Left Orbit Breadth ........ (39) (36) (37) 39 37 42 43 40 ....
Right Orbit Breadth........ (39) 36 (37) 38 37 43 44 39 40
Interorbital Breadth........ 24? (20) 22? 21 19 20 18 21 19??
Biorbital Breadth ......... (99) (88) (93) 95 89 99 102 97 ....

External. Palate Length. ...... (42) .... 53 51 53 50 59 ....

External Palate Breadth ...... .... (56) ... 60 55 61 72 60 ....

Symphysis Height (jaw). ..... 32? 25 .... 29 31 26 30 30 24

Condylo-symphysial Length .... 93? (88) .... 98 91 .... 106 101 ....
Bicondylar Breadth ........ (122) (95) .. .. 121 113 .. .. 116 115 ....
Mandibular Angle......... 119 (130) ... . 121 124 . .. . 127 117 ....
Minimum Br. Ascend. Ramus.. 31 28 .... 29 33 .... 33 32 ....
Thickness of Corpus........ 13 14' .... 14 15 .... 15 14 ....

Cranial Index.. 76.70 76.89 71.06 88.55 80.23 82.18 86.29 79.43 75.27
Length-Height Index'.-'.77.84 71.27 67.37 78.31 71.19 72.99 72.00 72.00 76.37
Breadth-Height Index ....... 101.48 92.81 94.81 88.44 88. 73? 88.81 83.44 90.65 101.46
Length-Auricular Height Index .. 65.91 62.98 59.47 69.88 64.61 61.49 64.00 65.14 64.29
Breadth-Auricular Height Index. 85.93 82.01 83.70 78.91 80.99 74.83 74.17 82.01 .85.40

Fronto-Parietal Index ....... 71.85 (64.75) 68.15 62.59 64.79 65.03 62.25 64.75 67.88

Cranio-Facial Index ........ 95.56? 83.45 (92.59) 86.39 86.62 95.80 90.73 89.93 82.48

Zygo-gonial Index......... 73.64? (63.47) ... 70.87 71.54 71.88 75.91 80.80 ....
Fronto-gonial Index ........ 97.94 (88.89) ... 97.83 95.65 105.91 110.64 112.22 ....
Zygo-frontal Index......... 75.19? (77.59) (73.60) 72.44 74.80 67.88 68.61 72.00 ....

Total Facial Index......... (81.40) 77.59 .. 85.04 88.62 81.75 88.32 90.40 ....
Upper Facial Index ........50.00 .... 51.18 56.10 54.01 55.47 54.40 ....

Nasal Index ........... .... (39.53) .... 44.90 46.00 47.27 48.21 46.00 ....

Left Orbital Index......... .... 91.67 .... 79.49 81.08 92.86 73.02 85.00 ....
Right Orbital Index.................. 84.21 81.08 93.02 88.64 87.18 ....

Interorbital Index......... (24.24) (22.73) (23.66) 22.11 21.35 20.20 17.65 21.65 ....

External Palatal Index....... .... .... .... 113.21 107.84 115.09 144.00 122.45 ....

Mandibular Index......... 76.23? (86.32) .... 80.99 80.53 .... 91.38 87.83 ....

Morphological Type........ E AlI AI C4 FlI F1 FI FI B2

Age at Death...........Young Child Middle Young Young Middle Young Young Young
 TABLE III
INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENTS OF MALE SKELETONS FROM ATTICA

Neolithic Early Helladic

Athens, Hagios Kosmas
Agora tombs
~~~~~~~Collective
-zora skeletons not separableAga
~~~~~~~Individual

27 AA
Catalogue Number.......... 2

Morphological Type.......... F 1
R. L R. L R. L R. L. R R.
Maximum Length Humerus.....(321) (323)
Maximum Diameter Head Humerus .. ...... ...41
Humero-femoral Index ........(70.90) (72.54)
Maximum Length Radius.......(2 38)
Humero-radial Index.........(74.14)
Maximum Length Ulna ...... .. .. .. .
Maximum Length Clavicle .. .... 148? (150) 11111....149
Humero-clavicular Index ....... (46.10) (46.15)

Bicondylar Length Femur....... (458) 448 . ..(400) (403) (430) . ..

Maximum Length Femur .......462? 451 (404) (408) (435)
Maximum Diameter Head Femur .. 43 42?+ 44 ...
Subtrochanteric Antero-posterior. 24 23 . .. 26 27 23 23 . ..
Subtrochanteric Lateral Diameter .. 30 30 30 32 31 31
Mid-shaft Antero-posterior ......29 27 32 32 25 27
Mid-shaft Lateral Diameter...... 25 25 .26 26 26 25
Platymeric Index........... 80.00 76.67 86.67 90.00 70.97 . .. 74.19 . ..

Diagonal Length Tibia ........(373) (373) ... (320)

Nutrient Foramen Antero-posterior.. 36 (35) 36
Nutrient Foramen Lateral Diameter. . 22 (21) 23
Cnemic Index ............61.11 (60.00) 63.89

Stature. in cm..... ....... 167.13 (ca. 160) (ca. 155.18) (ca. 158.01) (ca. 163.08)

Pubic Symphysis Phase.... ..

Innominate Height..........(200) ...
Innominate Breadth .........(165) .....152
Bi-iliac Breadth ..............
Interspinous Breadth.....................
Inlet Breadth ... .........129??12
Inlet Antero-posterior .(107)........
Inlet Index .(86.99)...........

Ant. and Post. Lumbar Heights ......... ....150

Vertical Lumbar Index ....... ... ..
Maximum Length Calcaneum.... 76 ..
Maximum Breadth Calcaneum.....43 37.3
Maximum Length Astragalus .....49
Maximum Breadth Astragalus..... 41 . .. ...... ...
Projective Height Astragalus. ... 29-
 TABLE 111-CONTINUE-D

SubmycenaeanGemti
AthensEeus

42 AK 62 AK 63 AK 52 AK 58 AK
Catalogue Number.......... 52 71 72 58 47

Morphological Type ......... D 3 .......F 2 A 1

R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L. R. L
Maximum Length Humerus. .... 297 (295) 359 303 295 307 (302)
Maximum Diameter Head Humerus. (45) ....48 47 49
Humero-femoral Index .. ...... 71.22 (71.25) 78.21 . .. (72.83) 71.08 73.09 (71.39
Maximum Length Radius.......229 228 261 226 246 23524
Humero-radial Index.........77.10 (77.29) 72.70 74.59 76.55
Maximum Length Ulna........(247) 248 281 ...269 (270)26
Maximum Length Clavicle..... ... 135 137 (130) (133)
Humero-clavicular Index............ . ..44.55 46.44 (42.34)

Bicondylar Length Femur.......417 414? 459 (462) (416) 415 448 420 423
Maximum Length Femur .......420 417? 466 (469) (419) 417 452 421 427
Maximum Diameter Head Femur.. 45 46 48 48 44 44 49 50 45? 46
Subtrochanteric Antero-posterior. 25 27 28 28 28 27 30 27 26
Subtrochanteric Lateral Diameter. ... 34 35 33 33 31 34 . .. 37 32 32
Mid-shaft Antero-posterior ......28 28 33 34 32 31 32 31 33 33
Mid-shaft Lateral Diameter......28 29 30 30 28 29 28 29 28 27
Platymeric Index........... 73.53 77.14 84.85 80.00 90.32 79.41 81.08 84.38 81.25

Diagonal Length Tibia ........344 342 341 342 362 (360) (353) (348)
Nutrient Foramen Antero-posterior.. 32 33 . .. 41 40 35 35 36 35
Nutrient Foramen Lateral Diameter. 25 24 . .. 23 23 26 24 25 24?
Cnemic Index ............78.13 72.73 56.10 57.20 74.29 68.57 69.44 68.57

Stature in cm............. 158.65 173.20 158.43 166.00 160.82

Pubic Symphysis Phase...... .. VIII VIII III (I II) ...

Innominate Height..........205 206 20020
Innominate Breadth .........156 (157)
Bi-iliac Breadth ........... 27227
Interspinous Breadth ........92
Inlet Breadth ............ 123 127....
Inlet Antero-posterior......... 90
Inlet Index.............. 73.17 73.23...

Ant. and Post. Lumbar Heights ....133 128 135 137 126 129
Vertical Lumbar Index ........ 96.24 101.48 102.38

Maximumi Length Calcaneum.... (76) 80 79 78 (82) 86

Maximum Breadth Calcaneum.....42 44 39 39 47? 46?
Maximum Length Astragalus .....52 51 ...46 47 58 58 51 50
Maximum Breadth Astragalus.....42 42 40 39 45 45 40 41
Projective Height Astragalus. .... 30 30 ... 28 28 + 31 32 30 29
 TABLE 111-CONTINUE-D

Geometric
Athens
Agora K?e

5 AA 6 AA 30 AA l5 AA 65 AK
Catalogue Number.......... 86 83 84 73 101

Morphological Type ......... C3 F2 ElI AI DI

R. L R R.
L. L.RRL R. L. R.
Maximum Length Humerus......(317) 296 323? (309) (285) (283) 320 314
Maximum Diameter Head Humerus. 44 47 48 (44) 46 46
Humero-femoral Index ........(75.47) (70.14) 72.42 (75.00) 70.95 69.16
Maximum Length Radius.......(226) (220) 236 (204) (205) 238 237
Humero-radial Index.........(71.29) (74.32) 73.06? 75.38
Maximum Length Ulna........256 260 ...74.37 267 265
(246) 259
Maximum Length Clavicle ......(145) (145) 152 144 145 161 158
H'umero-clavicular Index .......(45.74) (48.99) 47.06 (46.60) 50.31 50.32

Bicondylar Length Femiur.......420 422 443 446 412? 414? (420) (418) 451 454
Maximum Length Femur .......425? 430 447 447 414? 415? (422) (421) 454 456
Maximum Diameter Head Femur.. 48 49 49 48 47 46 *..47 49
ON Subtrochanteric Antero-posterior. 21 25 25 25 26 (29) 23 22.. 30 30
Subtrochanteric Lateral Diameter. .. . 33 32 37 38 34 (34) 29 28 35 33
Mid-shaft Antero-posterior ...... 23 27 28 29 29 25 27 29 30
M id-shaf t Lateral Diameter. ....... 26 27 31 29 29 24 24 27 28
Platymeric Index........... 63.64 78.13 69.44 65.79 76.47 (85.29) 79.31 78.57 85.71 90.91

Diagonal Length Tibia ........358 341 338 ...360 362

Nutrient Foramen Antero-posterior.. 29 33 36 36 34 34? 28 ~29 36 37
Nutrient Foramen Lateral Diameter. . 21 23 24 25 22 22?+ 21 21 26 26
Cnemic Index ............ 72.41 69.70 66.67 69.44 64.71 64.71 75.00 72.41 72.22 70.27

Stature in cm............ 161.70 164.07 158.76 (ca. 158.43) 164.32

Pubic Symphysis Phase ........VII VII

Innominate Height..........(185) 180? 224 212 212 217 218
Innominate Breadth .........(160) 163? ...(137) 158 158 155 157
Bi-iliac Breadth .............. 280.278
Interspinous Breadth............104??.82
Inlet Breadth ... ....I.....127. ... 120
Inlet Antero-posterior............91 ??.110
Inlet Index .............71.65??....91.67
Ant. and Post. Lumbar Heights ....130 131 ... 130 133 138 153
Vertical Lumbar Index ........ 100.77 ... ...94.62 110.87

Maximum Length Calcaneum.... 79 82 79 79 86 89

Maximum Breadth Calcaneum..... 43? 43 ... 43 42? 46 45
Maximum Length Astragalus ..... 53 52 52 51 54 54
Maximum Breadth Astragalus..... 50 49 ... 43 43 ? 49 48
Projective Height Astragalus. ....... 29 30 28 28? 34 34
 TABLE III-CONTINUED

Hellenistic Roman Late Roman Turkish

Sounion Athens, Agora Athens, Agora Athens, Agora

4S 14 AA 19 AA 21 AA
Catalogue Number .........118 120 126 130

Morphological Type ......... C 1 B 1 C3 See text

R. L R. L. R L. R. L.
Maximum Length Humerus . ....(320) (320) 329 330? 319
Maximum Diameter Head Humerus.. ... (45) 47
Humero-femoral Index ........(74.59) (75.65) (73.27) (73.66)
Maximum Length Radius . .....230 246 (243) 251
Humero-radial Index .........(71.87) 74.77 (76.64) ...
Maximum Length Ulna ...........271 268 .. (275)
Maximum Length Clavicle ......... 144 137 (154) 156 139 1321612
Humero-clavicular Index .......(45.00) (42.81) (46.81) 47.27

Bicondylar Length Femur.......(455) 458?? 429 423 (449) (448) 469 47240
Maximum Length Femur .......(462) 464 434 427 (452) (451) 473 476
Maximum Diameter Head Femur.. 52 43 42 52 53 50 49
Subtrochanteric Antero-posterior. 27 27 23 24 29 24 29 28
Subtrochanteric Lateral Diameter. 35 35 30 30 34 32 31 30
Mid-shaft Antero-posterior ...... 33 31 27 28 30 30 37 37
Mid-shaft Lateral Diameter...... 28 29 24 26 27 27 27 27
Platymeric Index........... 77.14 77.14 76.67 80.00. 85.29 84.38 93.55 93.33

Diagonal Length Tibia ........365? 343 .. (362) (362) (400)3534

Nutrient Foramen Antero-posterior.. 35 30 31 36 39 3434
Nutrient Foramen Lateral Diameter. . ... 24 20 20 24 23 28
Cnemic Index ............68.57 66.67 64.52 75.00 58.97 ... 82.35764

Stature in cm............ 167.35 161.04 166.20 169.27

Pubic Symphysis Phase ........VIII? VIII VII VI .. VII VIIVI

Innominate Height..........240 208 230 227 199 20121
Innominate Breadth .........(175) (170) 170 (163) (163) 147 15416
Bi-iliac Breadth ........... 291?. ...(305) 24127
Interspinous Breadth............83 73?
Inlet Breadth ............ 135?. ...138 102
Inlet Antero-posterior......... 109?.115 90
Inlet Index ............. 80.74....83.33 88.24.20

Ant. and Post. Lumbar Heights .. .. 149? 139? 137 130 118 120...
Vertical Lumbar Index ........ 93.29? 94.89 101.69

Maximum Length Calcaneum.....86 78 74 81 (80) . ..

Maximum Breadth Calcaneum ....(47) 40 39 44 43 . ..
Maximum Length Astragalus .....(57) 54 55
Maximum Breadth Astragalus.....(43) 42 42
Projective Height Astragalus .....(29) 33 33?
 TABLE IV
INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENTS OF FEMALE SKELETONS FROM ATTICA

Early Helladic Submycenaean

Hagios Kosmas Athens
Collective tombs Kerameikos

Individual skeletons 45 AK 46 AK 47 AK 54 AK
Catalogue Number..........not separable 51 57 62 64

Morphological Type ......... ...B 2 F 1 C C

R. L. R. L. R. L R. L. R. L.
Maximum Length Humerus....... (288) (288) (304) 300 (285) 312 311
Maximum Diameter Head Humerus .. ...41 . ..44 45
Humero-femoral Index........... . (71.66) (72.38) 71.94 (70.89) 69.95 70.36

Maximum Length Radius.......223 218 211 222 221 229 22922

Humero-radial Index.........(77.43) (75.69) 70.33 (77.89) 73.40 73.63
Maximum Length Ulna.............. 242 ...225 (244) (244)23
Maximum Length Cla'vicle......(128) 131 132 135 (131) 126? 130?
Humero-clavicular Index .......... (48.44) (45.49) (43.42) 45.00 ... 40.38 41.80

Bicondylar Length Femur.......382 378 403 420 417 402 410 446 442(48
Maxim um Length Femur .......386 382 408 428 425 403? 413 451 447
00 Maximum Diameter Head Femur.. 37 37 42 42 45 44 42 43 45 44
Subtrochanteric Antero-posterior. 22 21 23 25 25 25 23 25 24
Subtrochanteric Lateral Diameter .. 27 29 31 30 30 30 31 32 33
Mid-shaft Antero-posterior ......25 24 25 24 28 27 27 26 27 27
Mid-shaft Lateral Diameter......25 26 25 25 25 24 26 27 24 25
Platymeric Index........... 81.48 72.41 74.19 83.33 83.33 83.33 74.19 78.13 72.73

Diagonal Length Tibia ........(329) (347) (345) 367 366

Nutrient Foramen Antero-posterior.. 28 35 35 31 31 33 33
Nutrient Foramen Lateral Diameter. 20 23 24 21 20 23 22
Cnemic Index ............71.43 65.71 68.57 67.74 64.52 69.70 66.67

Stature in cm ............ 147.53 153.57 154.50 153.84 160.47

Pubic Symphysis Phase..111? ..... ... II III? v- V? V? II- II-

Innominate Height ......... 194 207 196 (196) 20520
Innominate Breadth .........(142) 148 (155) (158) 147 167 166
Bi-iliac Breadth ...........252 ....... 201
Interspinous Breadth.........(117) 115 ...108?
Inlet Breadth ... .........132 139 ...137
Inlet Antero-posterior.........89? 98 ...118
Inlet Index..............67.42 70.50 86.13

Ant. and Post. Lumbar Heights ....129 121 143 130 130 117 (127) 128
Vertical Lumbar Index.........93.80 90.91 90.00 (100.79)
Maximum Length Calcaneum.. ...80 79 (79) 78 78
Maximum Breadth Calcaneum ....(38) 41 (40) . .. (43) 42 44
Maximum Length Astragalus......50 53 51 52
Maximum Breadth Astragalus . ...36 (36) 40 40 42
Projective Height Astragalus. ......26? 27 29 29 30?
 TABLE IV-CONTINUED

Early Protogeometric GeometricClsi

Athens Athens
Agora: Agora

9 AA 3 AA 4 AA 7
Catalogue Number..........54 82 76

Morphological Type .........D 3 D 2 B2

R. L. R. L. R.L L.
Maximum Length Humerus...... 304 303?
Max'imum Diameter Head Humerus.. 39?
Humero-femoral Index ........ (69.09) 68.38?
Maximum Length Radius....... 235 233?? 224.22
Humero-radial Index......... 73.30 76.90?7647.3
Maximum Length Ulna .
257?...244.
Maximum Length Clavicle ......(145) (110)
Humero-clavicular Index ....... ...(47.85)
Bicondylar Length Femur....... (440) 443 (449) 350 388
Maximum Length Femur ....... (442) 447 (453) 352 36397404
Maximum Diameter Head Femur.... 42 42 36 37.. 3963
Subtrochanteric Ante'ro-posterior . .. 22 23 23? ~ 23 20 20 24
Subtrochanteric Lateral 'Diameter .... 30 32 33 33 22 23 30
-n Mid-shaft Antero-posterior ...... 25 26 27 27 20 20 23
Mid-shaft Lateral Diameter...... 23 26 27 27 19 22 24
Platymeric Index........... 73.33 71.88 69.70 69.70 90.91 86.96 82.76

Diagonal Length Tibia ........355? 327

Nutrient Foramen Antero-posterior.. 32 31 . ..28
Nutrient Foramen Lateral Diameter.. 20 19 19
Cnemic Index ............ 62.50 61.29 67.86

Stature in cm............158.50 (160.90) (141.30) 15

Pubic Symphysis Phase. I I
Innominate Height.......... (203) 186
Innominate Breadth......... (144) 11111132
Bi-iliac Breadth ...........25925
Interspinous Breadth . .......109?16
Inlet Breadth ............12412
Inlet Antero-posterior . .......9310
Inlet Index ..............75.008.0

Ant. and Post. Lumbar Heights .... (129) (130) 122

Vertical Lumbar Index ........(100.78) ...94.26983
Maximum Length Calcaneum.... (75) 71 75
Maximum Breadth Calcaneum..... (38) 40 39
Maximum Length Astragalus ..... 49 49 ...43
Maximum Breadth Astragalus..... 36 36 ...43
Projective Height Astragalus. ...... 29 30 25
 TABLE IV-CONTINUED

Roman Late Ro
H e lle n istic _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
SounionSonn
Athens, Agora Athens, Kerameikos Athens, Kerameikos

55S 13 AA 71 AK 72 AK
Catalogue Number..........117 127 123 124

Morphological Type .........E C4 F 1 F 1

R .R. L. R. L. R. LRR.
Maximum Length Humerus .....305 318 309 317 313
Maximum Diameter Head Humerus.. ... ... 41 41 44 45
Humero-femoral Index ......... ...72.10 73.78 70.39 70.60 69.56

Maximum Length Radius. 218 216 235 239 232 234

Humero-radial Index .........70.82 73.90 77.35 73.19 74.76
Maximum Length Ulna .......233 248+ 247 252 251
Maximum Length Clavicle ......144 155 165
Hum ero-clavicular Index .......46.60 48.89 52.72

Bicondylar Length Femur ......(393) 424 423 431 439 449 450
Maximum Length Femur .......(397) 427 426 435 442 452 456
Maximum Diameter Head Femur.. 43 42 41 41 - 41 44 43
Subtrochanteric Antero-posterior ... 26 26 23 24 25 26 26 - 25
Subtrochanteric Lateral Diameter .. 27 27 31 31 27 27 27 29
Mid-shaft Antero-posterior ...... 28 30 27 28 26 27 27 27
Mid-shaft Lateral Diameter...... 24 24 27 28' 24 24 23 23
Platymeric Index........... 96.30 96.30 74.19 77.42 92.59 96.30 96.30 86.21

Diagonal Length Tibia ........332 334 351 353 371 370

Nutrient Foramen Antero-posterior.. 32 33 26 29 31 30
Nutrient Foramen LateralI Diameter. 24 24 22 22 22 22
Cnemic Index ............75.00 72.73 84.62 75.86 70.97 73.33
Stature in cm .............154.78 158.80 160.09

Pubic Symphysis Phase ........ ... VI + .. VI- VI-

Innominate Height ..........200 204 200 201 213 212
Lnnominate Breadth .........176 177 (158) 157 - 170 167
Bi-iliac Breadth ...........305? 268 298??
Interspinous Breadth.........100 (113) (112)
Inlet Breadth ............140? 133 148??
Inlet Antero-posterior ........120? (135) 153
Inlet Index .............85.71?.....103.88??

Ant. and Post. Lumbar Heights ....155? 158 148? 146?

Vertical Lumbar Index ........101.94? 98.65 ?

Maximum Length Calcaneum.....76 76 81 82

Maximum Breadth Calcaneum.... ... ...40 40 40 39
Maximum Length Astragalus .....48 48 53 53...
Maximum Breadth Astragalus ....39 38 37+? 38?
Projective Height Astragalus. 30 - 30 - 31 31
 TABLE V
PERCENTAGE OF OCCURRENCE OF SIX MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES IN PERIOD GROUPS IN TOTAL
SERIES OF ANCIENT GREEKS. BOTH SEXES COMBINED. FOR COMPARISON WITH TYPE
FREQUENCIES IN ATTICA.

Morphological XX i c 8?c 0 0
Types C49
-
0 0. )c ic ~. 0

Type C-Alpine ..........16.49 16.28 11.12 14.92 10.00 26.19 14.12 16.23 26.32
Type E-Mixed Alpine .11.09 6.98 16.67 8.96 15.00 11.90 12.94 13.51 2.63
Type F-Dinaric-Mediterranean... 8.25 6.98 8.33 4.48 0 16.67 5.88 24.32 5.26
Type D-Nordic-Iranian .16.75 11.63 33.33 10.45 10.00 14.29 23.53 13.51 15.79
Type B-Mediterranean .23.44 27.91 8.33 25.37 27.50 19.05 23.53 13.51 39.47
Type A-Basic White ............. 23.98 30.22 22.22 35.82 37.50 11.90 20.00 18.92 10.53
Number of skulls .... ....... 388 43 36 67 40 42 85 37 38
NOTE: Percentage frequencies which differ significantly (3 times probable error of difference) from previous
period's values are italicized. Significant fluctuations in combined percentages of Alpinoid types (C, E, and F)
occur in Early Iron Age, Classical, and Roman periods.

TABLE VI
PERCENTAGE OF OCCURRENCE OF SIX MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES IN PERIOD GROUPS IN ATTICA.
BOTH SEXES COMBINED. FOR COMPARISON WITH TYPE DISTRIBUTION IN TOTAL SERIES.

Morphological 4.- E _ 4?.

Types U-~~

Type C-Alpine.22.32 25.00

......... . ...15.79 27.27 16.00 25.00 (50.00)
Type E-Mixed Alpine . 9.82 5.00 (1a00.0)
................... 5.26 9.0 ) 16.00 8.3 4
Type F-Dinaric-Mediterranean. 14.29 .........
10.00 . ...15.79 15.15 8.00 33.33 ...
Type D-Nordic-Iranian . 13.39 .........
15.00 . ...5.27 18.18 16.00 8.33 ...
Type B-Mediterranean . 21.43 .........
20.00 . ...21.05 18.18 28.00 16.67 (50.00)
Type A-Basic White . 18.75 .........
25.00 . ...36.84 12.12 16.00 8.33 ...
Number of skulls ........... 112 20 19 ...33 ...225 12
.........
 TABLE VI I
MEAN MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF ATHENIAN PERIOD GROUPS. NEOLITHIC GROUP FROM ALL G

All Greece ATTICA

S e rv ia , T s a n g li, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _
Athens (2),
Hageorgitika, Hagios Kosmas Athens (1), Athens (7), Athen
Astaka (2), (1)Spata (2), Athens (12) Eleuisis (1), an
Leukas (1) Markopoulos (10) Marathon (1) Acharn

Neolithic Early Late Helladic Sbyeaa emti lsia

Neolthic Earl Heladic
HelladicIII Hemyeneaenimtrcstisial-l

Mean N. Mean N. Mean N. Mean N. Mean N. Mean

Horizontal Circumference .........507. 67? 6 525.62 8 516.60 12 521.85 7 514.00 7 520.46
Sagittal Arc...............376. 75? 4 377.33 3 373.83 12 379.57 7 369. 71 7 375. 73
Frontal Arc...............130.00 3 129.17 6 128.00 3 129.50 8 128.00 7 123.64
Parietal Arc...............132.00 3 132.67 6 127.50? 2 130.00 9 125.56 9 127. 82
Occipital1Arc...............123. 50? 2 119.25 4 113.00+ 2 120.11 9 115.12 8 121.00
Transverse Arc .............391.60 5 317.50 5 309. 70 10 311.72 11 305.57 7 309.56
Cranial Length .............181.57 7 189.00 8 184.41 12 185.45? 11 181.87 8 186.64
Cranial Breadth.............135.71 7 142.00 10 140.33 12 143.00 11 139.25 8 140.71
Basion-Bregma Height ..........134.25 4 136.50 4 133.00 10 133.67 9 132. 25 8 131.91
Auricular Height.............115.17 6 119.80 5 116.33 12 116.54 11 114.25 8 114.93
Minimum Frontal Breadth ........ 93.83 6 98.62 8 95.07 13 94.62 8 97.67 6 98.41
Maximum Frontal Breadth........109.00 2 118.50 4 118.67 3 119.50 10 120.00 3 119.42
Frontal Angle.............. 53.33 3 48.50 6 51.20 10 50.87 8 50.00 6 47.50
C\' FrontaliChord ..............113.50 2 113.83 6 113.67 3 113.50 8 111.60 5 116.50
ParietaliChord .............116.50 2 115.17 6 116.00? 2 117.10 10 113.25 8 114.09
OccipitaliChord................. 101.00 2 100.75 4 91.00? 2 99.00 9 95.29 7 103.00
Basion-Nasion Length ..........100.33 3 102. 25 4 100.40 10 100.00 8 99.33 6 100.30
Basion-Prosthion Length......... 99.67 3 97.09 2 94.42 7 95.50 8 96.00 4 95.14

Total Facial Angl ............ 84.33 3 87.00 3 88.00 7 86.62 8 84. 00? 4 87.25'
Midfacial Angle............. 88.33 3 91.50 2 96. 29 7 93.50 8 90. 75? 4 92.50
Alveolar Angle ............. 69.67 3 70.00 2 67.43 7 67. 25 8 65. 75 4 73.00

Bizygomatic Breadth...........128.00 4 129.00 4 129. 75 8 130.33 9 134.60 5 130.85

Bigonial Breadth ............ 95.33 3 99.33 3 97.50 2 100.85 7 99.16 6 104.33
Total Face Height............116.33 3 115.00 2 120.50 2 112.87 8 115.83 6 121.00
Upper Face Height.. .......... 68.33 3 71.00 4 68.85 7 67.55 9 68.60 5 71.50

Nose Height .............. 48.00 3 53.25 4 50.43 7 49.22 9 51.16 6 53. 25

Nose Breadth.............. 23.67? 3 24.50 4 24.00 7 23.55 9 24.40 5 24. 25

Nasalia Angle.............. 61.00 2 50 1 58.86 7 49.40 5 53.00 4 58. 75

Upper Nasalia Breadth.......... 13.00 3 12.40 5 12.38 13 11.75 8 13.80 5 13.50
Lower Nasalia Breadth.......... 17.00 3 16 1 18.00 7 18.50 6 17. 50 4 17.00

Left Orbit Height ............ 30.67 3 33.00 3 32.67 6 32.50 8 32.00 6 32.88
Right Orbit Height ........... 30.67 3 34.50 4 33.00 7 32.37 8 33.16 6 32. 75
Left Orbit Breadth............ 39.00 3 38. 25 4 39.42 7 38.62 8 39.80 5 40.50
Right Orbit Breadth........... 39.00 3 38. 25 4 39.37 8 38.37 8 40.83 6 40.50
Interorbital Breadth........... 21. 75 4 22.37 8 21.38 13 21.87 8 23. 25 4 21.00
Biorbital Breadth ............ 99.33 3 99.00 2 97.67 12 95.87 8 101.60 5 101.50
External Palate Length.......... 54.33 3 52.50 2 52. 71 7 54.00 9 54.20 5 54. 25
External PalatefBreadth ......... 65.00 3 66.00 4 64.83 6 65.50 6 62.50 4 66.00
Symphysis Height (jaw) ......... 37.00 3 32.50 4 34.67 3 33.90 11 32. 71 7 33. 75
Condylo-symphysial Length........ 106.33 3 101 1 106 1 101.43 7 107. 75 4 111.33
Bicondylar Breadth ...........117.67 3 123 1 121 1 127. 29 7 126. 75 4 127.00
Mandibular Angle ............128.00 3 124. 67 3 119.33 3 123. 57 7 125.00 6 129.00
MinimuniBr.Ascend.Ramus....... 32. 67 3 29.00 2 32.67 3 31.90 10 33.00 7 32.00
Thickness of Corpus ........... 13.67 3 13. 75 4 13.67 3 13.87 8 16.16 7 14.33
Stature.................159.59 cm. 2 (159. 76 cm. 3) 162.37 cm. 1 162.17 cm. 6 161.59 cm. 4 165.60
Cranial Index'.............. 75.61' 8 75.60 8 76.13 12 77.17 11 77. 24 7 75.49
Length-HeightlIndex........... 73.29 4 73.14 4 71.95 10 72.33 8 72.79 8 70.71
Breadth-Height Index .......... 99.82 4 95.48 3 94.52 10 94.03 9 94.39 7 93.81
Length-Auricular HeightlIndex ...... 62.99 6 63.87 5 63.12 12 62.87 11 62.05 7 61.67
Breadth-Auricular HeightlIndex...... 84.81 6 84.02 6 82.93 12 81.64 11 82.14 7 81.64
Fronto-ParietallIndex .......... 69.10 6 68.31 7 67.67 12 66.45 8 69.12 6 70.06
Transverse FrontallIndex......... (86.08) * 83.22 * 80.11 * 79.17 * 81.38 * 82.41
Cranio-FaciallIndex ........... 95.14 4 88.65 4 92.72 8 91.29 9 95.00 5 92.14

Zygo-gonial Index ............ 73.83 3 87.10 1 75.89 2 78.00 6 73.06 5 79.54

Fronto-gonial Index ...........100.49 3 100.56 2 106.15 2 108.40 6 104.20 5 102.07
Zygo-frontal Index............ 73.37 4 76.51 4 72.63 8 73.39 8 70.67 4 76.20
Total FaciallIndex............ 90.31 3 96.77 1 92.61 2 86.03 8 87.04 5 93.13
Upper FaciallIndex ........... 53.00 3 54.47 4 52.47 7 51.90 9 50.26 4 54. 94
Nasal Index............... 49.52? 3 46.09 4 47.78 7 47.48 9 47.44 5 45.68
Left OrbitallIndex............ 78.91 3' 88.95 5 83.12 7 84.24 8 .81.67 5 82.47
InterorbitallIndex ............ 22.68 3 23.73 2 21.58 12 23.23 7 23.54 4 21.19
External Palatal Index ..........116.47 3 126.58 2 122.41 6 115.80 6 112.21 4 121.46

'Listed Cranial index for Neolithic period males from all Greece includes the published value of 81 given by Velde for the Neolithic cranium
except interorbital breadth and two photographs were. published for this skull, and I was not able to visit Leukas and measure it. The average
f h~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

MODERNGREEKEXAMPLESOF MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES ARRLANGED

VERTICALLY
AS IN TABLESV AND VI
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47 4

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L.H. III ALPINE SKULL FROM SPATA (45); SUBMYCENAEAN SKULLS, TYPE A AND B

FROM ATrICA
ANGEL:.SKELETAL.MATERIAL

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115 1 15 115

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119 119 _

120 120 l120

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