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Li‐Yin Shen , Jian Li Hao , Vivian Wing‐Yan Tam & Hong Yao
To cite this article: Li‐Yin Shen , Jian Li Hao , Vivian Wing‐Yan Tam & Hong Yao (2007) A
checklist for assessing sustainability performance of construction projects, Journal of Civil
Engineering and Management, 13:4, 273-281
Li-Yin Shen1, Jian Li Hao2, Vivian Wing-Yan Tam3 and Hong Yao4
1, 2, 4
Dept of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
3
Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Australia
E-mail: v.tam@griffith.edu.au
Received 18 May 2007; accepted 01 Aug 2007
Abstract. Construction sustainability performance is indispensable to the attainment of sustainable development. Various
techniques and management skills have previously been developed to help improving sustainable performance from im-
plementing construction projects. However, these techniques seem not being effectively implemented due to the fragmen-
tation and poor coordination among various construction participants. There is a lack of consistency and holistic methods
to help participants implementing sustainable construction practice at various stages of project realisation. This paper de-
velops a framework of sustainability performance checklist to help understanding the major factors affecting a project sus-
tainability performance across its life cycle. This framework enables all project parties to assess the project sustainability
performance in a consistent and holistic way, thus improving the cooperation among all parties to attain satisfactory pro-
ject sustainability performance.
Keywords: sustainable development; construction, checklist, project sustainability performance, project life cycle.
diversity; and to minimise damage to sensitive landscape. construction projects, which include pre-design, design,
The technical sustainability is to construct durable, reli- preparing to building, construction, and post construction.
able, and functional structures; to pursue quality in creat- In another typical description, the life cycle process of a
ing built environment; to humanise large buildings; and construction project includes conception and feasibility
to infill and to revitalise the existing urban infrastructure. studies, engineering and design, procurement, construc-
Other studies presented methods to mitigate barriers in tion, start-up and implementation, and operation or utili-
implementing environmental management in construction sation. Ritz‘s study suggests the life cycle of construction
in order to achieve a better sustainability performance projects, including conceptual phase, through project
[12, 14, 7, 16–18]. definition, execution, operation, and finally demolition
However, fragmentation in using these principles [20]. According to “environmental code of practice for
cannot achieve satisfactory results. Different project par- buildings and their services” published by the Building
ticipants often practice in isolation their management Services Research and Information Association [21], the
activities and emphasise their individual viewpoints. life cycle of a construction project is divided into pre-
There is a lack of methodology to help all project partici- design, design, preparing to build, construction, occupa-
pants working in a consistent and cooperative environ- tion, refurbishment, and demolition. Kibert’s study de-
ment towards the same goal for achieving better project scribed a construction project life cycle as a process of
sustainability performance. A revolutionary solution is planning, development, design, use, maintenance, and
required to enable the integration of various methods and deconstruction [14]. Shen et al’s study separated the
the working-together among all project participants. By process of a project life cycle into inception, design, con-
establishing a framework of sustainability performance struction, operation and demolition [7, 13]. Based on the
checklist, this paper presents a holistic and integrated review of these previous studies, 5 major processes are
research-based approach to consider the project sustain- applied to compose a project life cycle, namely, incep-
ability performance. The development of this framework tion, design, construction, operation and demolition.
is largely based on conducting a comprehensive literature These 5 processes are examined for developing the pro-
review. The checklist is developed from a holistic process ject sustainability performance checklist in this study.
across the project life cycle and enables all project par- Sustainable development represents the sustainability
ticipants to understand and contribute to the project sus- of economic development, social development, and envi-
tainability performance. ronmental development [6]. In line with this conception,
factors affecting sustainability performance of a construc-
2. Research methodology tion project can be examined in 3 main categories: eco-
nomic sustainability factors (ESF), social sustainability
The major objective of this study is to develop a pro- factors (SSF), and environmental sustainability factors
ject sustainability performance checklist that can be used (EnSF). A framework of project sustainability factors is
by all project participants to understand and improve proposed in a matrix format as shown in Table 1.
sustainability performance in the holistic process of the
project life cycle. The data used for analysis are mainly Table 1. Framework of project sustainability performance
from a comprehensive literature review. A preliminary factors
list of sustainability performance factors was generated in Project sustainability performance
the early research stage and this list was presented Project stages factors
through interviews to the invited professionals for their
ESF SSF EnSF
comments. Interviews were invited and arranged with
different project parties, including two governmental I (Inception) ESF-I SSF-I EnSF-I
departments, 3 clients, 2 consultants, 4 contractors, 2 sub- II (Design) ESF-II SSF-II EnSF-II
contractors and 1 supplier. These interview discussions III (Construction) ESF-III SSF-III EnSF-III
provide valuable comments on the adequacy of the selec-
tion of the preliminary checklist, which were incorpo- IV (Operation) ESF-IV SSF-IV EnSF-IV
rated in the formulation of the final checklist. Team- V (Demolition) ESF-V SSF-V EnSF-V
orientated approach has been adopted throughout the
study by engaging comprehensive discussions within the Based on the literature review and interview discus-
research team. sions with the different project stakeholders, Table 2
presents the details of the project sustainability perform-
3. Factors affecting project sustainability performance ance checklist.
Factors affecting the sustainability performance of a
3.1. Inception stage
construction project are different at various stages across
project life cycle. Life cycle is widely adopted both in The major objectives of inception stage are to com-
social and natural sciences, which is often used to repre- paratively investigate multi-scenarios about the necessity
sent maturational and generational processes driven by and possibility of investment, and to address the issues in
mechanisms of reproduction in natural population. In such a way as why, when, and how to invest. This stage
construction business, the Royal Institute of British Ar- concerns opportunities study and preliminary feasibility
chitects [19] defined the standard processes to operate study, which leads to investment decisions. Project pro-
L.-Y. Shen et al. / JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT – 2007, Vol XIII, No 4, 273–281 275
posal needs to be developed to demonstrate the necessity tainability performance should be incorporated into the
of project and possibility of procurement for project re- project proposal. Project feasibility studies should be in
sources. These activities are essential to help project cli- line with the principles of sustainable development, thus
ents making decisions on whether they need to proceed to investigate and to analyse the feasibility of project
forward with their work. The proposal for a potential conditions on various aspects including engineering,
project plays a critical role to affect the project’s sustain- technology, social aspect, economic benefits, and envi-
ability performance. The principle of good project sus- ronmental effects.
Continued Table 2
Continued Table 2
Natural habitat destruction Protection of living environment for both human being and animals
Air emission and pollution Generation of CO2, CO, SO2, NO2, and NO
Noise pollution Noise and vibration induced from project operation
Discharges and water pollution Release of chemical waste and organic pollutants to water ways
Waste generation Waste produced from project operation
Comfort disturbance Effects on people’s living environment and the balance on eco-systems
Energy and resource consumption Saving energy and resources consumption including electrical, water and resources
Health and safety risks Ensure on-site health and safety by reducing the number of accidents, providing on-site
supervision, and providing training programs to employees
Using renewable materials Using typical renewable materials such as bamboo, cork, fast-growing poplar, and wheat
straw cabinetry, which are reproducible
Ozone protection Reducing the release of chlorofluorocarbons and hydro-chlorofluorocarbons thus protecting
the onzone layer
Off-site fabrication Reducing on-site waste by using off-site fabrication
Material reuse Reuse of building components, rubble, earth, concrete, steel and timber
Structural operations Consideration being given to the reduction of earthwork and excavation, formwork, reinfor-
cement, concreting and waste treatment during structural operation
External and internal operations Controlling environmental impacts from walling, roofing, insulation, component installation,
plumbing and drainage, painting, landscaping, and waste treatment
Health and safety Emphasising on site hygiene, and the provision of health care and safety
Project organisation Environmental management task force, resource coordination, supervision and cooperation
culture
Environmental management re- Resource inputs for implementing environmental management, including labour, plant, ma-
sources terials and finance
Organisational policy Establishment of environment management system, application of environmental manage-
ment standards such as ISO 14000, project manuals, programs, progress control reports
Communication of environmental Managing project environmental information through information management expertise and
management information information management facilities
Environmental management te- Environmental experts, environmental management facilities, energy and resource saving
chnology technology, pollution reduction technology, and waste reduction technology
Environmental regulations Environmental protection law and regulations on construction activities
Project operation stage
ESF-IV
Distribution of project income Reinvestment, dividends, and paybacks
Balance sheet from project operation Develop a balance sheet to continuously check with the project cost and time
Labour cost Salaries for managerial staff, workers, professionals, and engineers
General expenses Daily water, electricity, gas, and consumables
Materials cost Various materials for project operation and maintenance
Logistics costs Materials procurement, stock costs, and transportation
Marketing costs Resource investment for market analysis, advertising, and promotion
Training costs Training employees for improving the quality of human resources
Improvement of local economic Consideration being given to benefit economically to the local society
environment
SSF-IV
Direct employment in project Costs for employing workers, managers, and professionals
operation
Indirect employment Employment associated with project operation along up-and-down stream industries
278 L.-Y. Shen et al. / JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT – 2007, Vol XIII, No 4, 273–281
Continued Table 2
Li-Yin SHEN. Professor of construction management at the Dept of building & real estate of the Hong Kong Polytechnic Uni-
versity. His major research interests are problems of sustainable construction, risk management for construction and real estate,
and competitive strategy for construction business. He has published widely research works in international journals. Editor of
an international journal on construction management. He has been leading the research group for sustainable development
within a built environment. He has a number of external appointments including the president (founding president) of the Chi-
nese research institute of construction management (1996–2000, 2005–2007), honorary Professor at deakin University of Aus-
tralia (2007–2010), external examiner for the University of central Lancashire (2001–2005); visiting Professor at the University
of Technology Malaysia. Member of American Society of Civil Engineers.
L.-Y. Shen et al. / JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT – 2007, Vol XIII, No 4, 273–281 281
Dr Jane, Jian Li HAO, received her BSc in Civil Engineering in China (1988) and PhD from the Hong Kong Polytechnic
University (2002). Assistant Professor at the Dept of Building and Real Estate of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Her
research interests include construction and demolition waste management, construction joint ventures, sustainability issues in
construction process, and simulation application in construction.
Dr Vivian Wing-Yan TAM. Lecturer in the Griffith School of Engineering at the Griffith University (Australia). She main-
tained her PhD on sustainable construction at the Dept of Building and Construction in the City University of Hong Kong
(2005). Her research interests are in the areas of environmental management in construction and sustainable development.
Hong YAO. PhD student at the Dept of Building and Real Estate, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. YAO obtained
her BEng in Industrial Engineering and Management and MEng in Management Engineering in P. R. China. She worked
for China’s local government and was a visiting scholar at the Schulich School of Business, York University, Canada. Her
research interests are areas of sustainable construction and sustainability performance evaluation of construction projects.