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I. INTRODUCTION
where is the amplitude of the current and is the phase dif- When the switch is on , the voltage is pulled to
ference between the output current and the input voltage. zero. The state equations become
Suppose the supply voltage , the angular frequency of
the driving signal , and the on time duty cycle are known. (11)
There are totally six unknown variables in the circuitry in Fig. 4,
namely , , , , , and . To determine these variables, (12)
six independent equations are required. The Class-E conditions
define two equations as below [1]–[8], [20] The general solutions of the ODE set of (8), (9) and (10) are
given below when
(2)
(3)
(13)
where is the PSS waveform of the switch voltage with a
period of . Therefore, four additional equations are required
to solve all the six unknowns. We define four design variables
, , and , which are depicted in (4) to (7) (14)
(4)
(15)
(5)
The variable in (13) and (15) is defined as
(6)
(16)
(7)
When , the waveforms of and can be ob-
tained from the ODE set of (11) and (12). The initial conditions
where is the total equivalent capacitance at the switch node,
of and are computed from (14) and (15). The so-
is related to the capacitance ratio of and , is the ratio of
lutions are given by
the parallel capacitance to , and is the normalized fre-
quency defined by and . These four new variables would
(17)
be the key design variables. Once determined, the actual compo-
nent values of and can be determined subsequently.
The remaining two unknown variables of , and are derived (18)
next.
When the switch is off , the state equations of the The three variables of , and are determined by the
system are given by the ordinary differential equations (ODE) boundary conditions of the voltage waveform of during
of (8), (9) and (10). . The initial condition of is given by .
The voltage and its derivative at are defined by the
(8) Class-E conditions in (2) and (3). As a result, by substituting
depicted by (13) into these three equations, , and
(9) may be obtained by solving the linear algebraic equations (AE)
shown at the bottom of the page. The detailed expressions of
the sub-functions of and are provided in
(10)
Appendix B.
(19)
(20)
(21)
TAN et al.: DESIGN OF EFFICIENT CLASS-E POWER AMPLIFIERS 2213
Fig. 5. Output power of the PA versus the normalized frequency . The supply Fig. 8. PSS waveform of voltage when the switch is off. .
voltage is set to 1-Volt. The switch duty cycle changes from 0.4 to 0.6.
.
TABLE II
POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENTS TO ESTIMATE OUTPUT POWER
(31)
(32)
TABLE V
THE FITTING PARAMETERS TO COMPUTE ( , )
TABLE VI
THE FITTING PARAMETERS TO COMPUTE ( , )
Fig. 15. The simulated and measured results of the output power and overall
efficiency of the PA (pre-driver and PA-stage) at frequency of 2.45 GHz.
Fig. 13. Simulated PSS waveforms in one complete cycle of (a) , and
. (b) Normalized power loss and accumulated power loss of .
Fig. 16. The simulated and measured results of the output power and effi-
ciency of the PA (pre-driver and PA-stage) under different frequencies. The
supply voltage is set to 0.5 V.
TABLE VIII
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON WITH EXISTING PA
(38)
(39)
(40)
APPENDIX B
SUB-FUNCTIONS
Unless stated, all designs are implemented in CMOS technology and use
on-chip spiral inductors.
SiGe technology . Bonding wire inductors . Estimated core area
Only the DC feed inductor is integrated, lacking the output filter.
Off-chip matching network/inductors required.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we present a new circuitry of Class-E PA which
is optimized for delivering low output power level with high ef-
ficiency and allows for fully integrated solution. Explicit design
equations are derived to characterize the PA. As a proof of con-
cept, a 2.4-GHz Class-E PA is implemented in 0.13 m CMOS
technology. Measurement results show the PA can deliver an
output power level from 3.2 to 5.7 dBm with maximum effi-
ciency of 55% including the auxiliary pre-drive stage.
APPENDIX A
DETAILED FUNCTION EXPRESSIONS
The required functions for deriving the output network of
and are given by (36)–(39). The function which defines the
output power of the PA is given by (40). The sub-functions of
, , and in (36)–(40) are provided
in Appendix B.
(36)
(37)
TAN et al.: DESIGN OF EFFICIENT CLASS-E POWER AMPLIFIERS 2219
Dr. Lian is the recipient of the 1996 IEEE CAS Society’s Guillemin–Cauer for IEEE TCAS-I, TCAS-II, TBioCAS, and journal of Circuits Systems Signal
Award for the best paper published in the IEEE TRANSACTION ON CIRCUITS Processing (CSSP) in the past 10 years, and was the Guest Editor for 7 Special
AND SYSTEMS—II: EXPRESS BRIEFS, the 2008 Multimedia Communications Issues in TCAS-I, TBioCAS, and CSSP. He was the Vice President for Asia
Best Paper Award from the IEEE Communications Society for the paper Pacific Region of the IEEE CAS Society from 2007 to 2008, AdComm Member
published in the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA, winner of the 47th of the IEEE Biometrics Council (2008–2009), CAS Society Representative
DAC/ISSCC Student Design Contest (as a Ph.D. Advisor), the Best Student to the BioTechnology Council (2007–2009); Chair of the BioCAS Technical
Paper Award in the ICME’07 (as a M.Eng. Advisor), 2011 IES Prestigious Committee of the IEEE CAS Society (2007–2009), Member of the Prize Paper
Engineering Achievement Award, and many other awards. He teaches VLSI Award Subcommittee of the IEEE CAS Society (2007 and 2009), Member of
Digital Circuit Design, Integrated Digital Design, and Emerging Technologies the Chapter of the Year Award Subcommittee of the IEEE CAS Society (2007),
in Electrical Engineering. He received 2009 and 2010 University Annual Member of the Regional Activities and Membership Development Division of
Teaching Excellent Awards and many other teaching awards. Dr. Lian is the the IEEE CAS Society (2007), the Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE CAS
Founder of ClearBridge VitalSigns Pte. Ltd, a start-up for wireless wearable Society (2004–2005), Member of Chapter and Regional Activity Committee
biomedical devices. Dr. Lian is the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE TRANSACTION of the IEEE Education Society. Dr. Lian is the Founder of the International
ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—II: EXPRESS BRIEFS (TCAS-II), a Steering Conference on Green Circuits and Systems (ICGCS), Asia Pacific Conference
Committee Member of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS on Postgraduate Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PrimeAsia),
AND SYSTEMS (TBioCAS), the Chair of DSP Technical Committee of the IEEE and IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS).
Circuits and Systems (CAS) Society, and a Member of the IEEE Medal for In-
novations in Healthcare Technology Committee. He served as Associate Editors