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Circuit Breaker Standards and

Mitigation Issues

Nigel P. McQuin
McQuin Electrical Power Consulting, Inc.

IEEE TR/C57 meeting, Minneapolis, 10/16/2007


Circuit Breaker – Guides and
Standards -I
Circuit Breaker – Guides and
Standards -II
Circuit Breaker – Guides and
Standards -III
Circuit Breaker – Guides and
Standards -IV
Circuit Breaker – Guides and
Standards -V
Circuit Breaker – Guides and
Standards -VI
Circuit Breaker – Guides and
Standards -VII
Circuit Breaker – Guides and
Standards -VIII
Circuit Breaker – Guides and
Standards -IX
Circuit Breaker – Guides and
Standards -X
Circuit Breaker – Guides and
Standards -XI
Circuit Breaker – Guides and
Standards -XII
„ C37.09 - Standard Test Procedures
„ Short-circuit current interruption
„ Load current switching
„ Capacitor current switching
„ Line closing surge
„ Out-of-phase current switching
„ Magnetizing (low-inductive) current switching
„ C37.013/.013a – Generator Circuit Breakers

„ C37.09a - Capacitor Current Switching - Test


„ C37.015 – Inductive Current Switching - Guide
Circuit Breaker – Guides and
Standards -XIII
„ Make sure the application falls within the tested
limits of the circuit breaker
„ Short-circuit current rating
„ TRV parameters for each switching condition
„ V peak, kVp
„ Time to crest, us
„ dV/dt rates, kV/us
„ Capacitive current rating
„ Inductive current rating
„ Out-of-phase current rating
System Characteristics, what’s
important?
„ Frequency content
„ Voltage/current magnitude

„ Persistence of response

„ Repetition rate of the disturbance

„ What is the system propagation response?


„ What is the internal equipment response?
Example trace –
multiple re-ignitions
Frequency content
„ Usually wide band frequency
disturbances
„ Proximity and voltage amplification
factors to system resonant frequencies
„ Line/cable/equipment inductances
„ Line/cable/equipment capacitances
Voltage/current magnitudes
„ Do the voltages rise to such levels for
protective devices to operate?
„ Where do the currents flow, and what are the
circuit impedances?
„ Are we exciting resonant modes in equipment
components?
„ What are the voltage amplification factors?
„ dV/dt rates?
Persistence of response
„ What is the rate of decay for each
resonant mode frequency?
„ Where are the damping/loss elements?
„ What is the power-factor of the load?
„ Is there any selective damping/loss
network connected locally?
Repetition rate of the
disturbance

„ What is the switching frequency of the


electronic loads? (Loaded and unloaded)
„ Are there harmonic current sources?
(Loaded and unloaded)
„ Multiple-stroke lightning surges?
„ Re-ignition/re-strike rate of circuit
breaker closing and interrupting?
Mitigation - I

„ Don’t make the situation worse!


„ Changes of circuit impedances can give
rise to multiple surge reflections, and
voltage escalations?
„ Cable to bus/line transitions
„ Tap sections in windings
„ Gas to air insulation transitions
Mitigation - II
Mitigation - III

„ Termination – open circuit


„ Voltage doubles, full reverse positive
surge wave, ouch!
„ Termination – short circuit
„ Full voltage reversal, ouch!

Try to match surge impedances


(transmission line modeling)
Mitigation - IV

„ Avoid open circuits:-


„ unconnected winding terminals/taps
„ Lightning arrester not in conduction
„ Avoid short circuits:-
„ capacitors
„ lightning arresters in conduction
„ Match impedances – selective damping
resistor
Mitigation - V

„ To control frequency response and


dV/dt rates, can add capacitance.
„ But need to avoid the impedance mis-
match problem.
„ Consider series C – R network which
can satisfy both requirements
simultaneously.
Mitigation - VI
Mitigation - VII

„ Select resistor to match surge impedance.


„ Select circuit time-constant (CR) to match needs
of switching device or dV/dt rate limits of
connected equipment.
„ Size fuses appropriately for 60 Hz current.
„ Qualify for dielectric requirements, hi-pot and BIL
ratings.
„ Design blown-fuse, un-balanced network
protection.
„ Install with minimum L&R impedance to main bus.
Mitigation - VIII

„ Series (in-line) element approach


„ Very low impedance at 60 Hz operation
„ Surge impedance at high frequency

„ Must meet dielectric requirements


„ Must meet rated 60 Hz current and fault
current withstand conditions.
Mitigation - IX

„ Design considerations
„ 60 Hz standing losses
„ Cost
„ Space
„ Maintenance
„ Training
„ Fault detection and indication
Conclusions

„ Need for greater familiarity and expertise in


transient voltage studies.
„ Ensure appropriate selection of circuit breakers
based on their proven performance.
„ Ensure adequate study of the potential sources
and character of switching surges/disturbances.
„ Careful considerations of the rating, design,
installation and use of any mitigation measures.

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