CHAPTER

Physics HandBook

Basic Mathematics used in Physics

Quadratic Equation Binomial Theorem

 b  b 2  4ac n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3

Roots of ax 2
+ bx + c=0 are x (1+x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + .. ..
2a 2 6
b
Sum of roots x 1 + x 2 = – ; n n 1  2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3
a (1–x)n = 1 – nx + x  x + .. ...
2 6
c
Product of roots x 1 x2 = If x<<1 then (1+x) n
 1 + nx & (1–x)n  1–nx
a
For real roots, b 2 – 4ac  0
For imaginary roots, b 2 – 4ac  0
Componendo and dividendo theorem

Logarit hm p a p q a  b
If  then 
q b p q a  b
log 10 N = x 10 x = N
log bN = log ba * log a N
log b1 = 0, l og a a = 1

log mn = log m + log n

log m n = n log m
log2 = 0.3010
log
E m
n
=log m–l og n
log e m = 2.303 log 10 m
log 3 = 0.4771
N Geometrical pr ogression-GP

a, ar, ar 2 , ar 3 , .... .. here, r = common ratio

n th term, a n
= a.r n–1

Arithmet ic progression-AP a(1  r n )

LL
Sum of n terms S n 
a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, .....a+(n – 1)d 1 r
here d = common difference
a
n Sum of  terms S  = [where r  1 ]
Sum of n terms Sn [2a+(n–1)d] 1 r
2
n th term, a n = a + (n – 1)d
A

n(n  1)
Note: (i) 1+2+3+4+5....+ n =
2
n n 1 2n 1 
(ii) 12 +2 2 +3 2 +...+ n 2 =
6
2
 n n  1  
(iii) 1 +2 +3 +...+ n = 
3 2 2 3 
 2 

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TRI GONOMETRY

2 radian = 360°  1 rad = 57.3°

perpendic ular base perpendicular
sin   cos =  tan =
hypoten use hypoten use base
a 2 +b 2
base hypotenus e hypoten use a
cot = sec = cosec  =
perpendi cular base perpendi cular

a b a b
sin = 2 2 cos = tan  =
a b 2
a b 2 b
1 1 1
cosec  = sec = cot  =
sin  cos  tan 
sin 2  + cos 2  = 1 1 + tan 2  = sec 2  1 + cot 2  = cosec 2 
90°
sin(A±B) = sinAcosB  cosAsinB cos(A±B) = cosAcosB  sinAsinB II I

tan A  tan B S in All

tan A  B   sin2A = 2sinAcosA 0°
1  tan A tan B 180° 360°
cos2A = cos 2 A–sin 2 A = 1–2sin 2 A = 2c os 2 A–1 T an C os
2 tan A III IV
tan2 A  sin3  = 3sin  – 4sin 3 
1  tan 2 A 270°
cos3  = 4c os 3  – 3c os
2cosAcosB = cos(A–B) + cos(A+B)


0°
(0)
30°
/6)
E
45°
/4)
60°
/3)
90°
/2)
N
2sinAsinB = cos(A–B) – cos(A+B)
2sinAcosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A–B)

120°
/3)
135°
/4)
150°
/6)
180° 270°
 /2)
360°
)
1 1 3 3 1 1
LL
sin  0 1 0 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1 1 1 1 3
cos  1 0    -1 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
tan  0 1 3   3 -1  0  0
3 3
A

sin (90 ° + ) = c os  sin (180° – ) = sin  sin (– = –sin  sin (90° – ) = cos 
cos (90°+ ) = –sin  cos (180° – )=– cos  cos (–) = cos  cs 90° – ) = sin 
tan (90°+ ) =– cot  tan(180°– )=– tan  tan (–) = – tan  tan(90°– ) = cot 

sin (18 0° + ) = – sin  sin (270°– ) = – cos  sin (27 0°+ ) = – cos  sin (360°– 
) = – sin 
cos (180° + ) = – cos  cos(270° – )=
 – sin  cos (270° + ) = sin  cos (360° – )= cos 
tan (180° + ) = tan  tan (270° – ) = cot  tan (270° + ) = – cot  tan (360° – )= – tan 

A
sine law For smal l 
A sin   cos   1 tan    sin  tan 
c b
sin A sinB sinC
 
B C
a b c
B C
a

cosine law
2 2 2
b +c -a c2 + a 2 - b2 a 2 + b 2 - c2
cos A  , cosB  , cos C 
2bc 2ca 2a b
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Differentiat ion Maxima & Minima  of a function y=f(x)

dy dy 1
• yx 
n
 nx n 1 • y  nx   dy d2 y
dx dx x • For maximum value 0&  ve
dx dx 2
dy dy
• y  sin x   cos x • y  cos x    sin x dy d2 y
dx dx • For minimum value 0&  ve
dx dx 2
x  dy dy dv du
• ye   e x  • y  uv  u v
dx dx dx dx
Average o f a varying quantity
dy df  g  x   d  g  x  
• y  f  g  x    x2 x2
dx dg  x  dx
dy
 ydx
x1
 ydx
x1
• y=k(const ant)  0 If y = f(x) then  y   y  x2

dx x 2  x1
du dv
 dx
x1
v u
• y  u  dy  dx dx
v dx v2

Integration
C = Arbitrary constant, k = constant

•

d
dx
f(x)dx  g(x) C

(g(x))  f(x)

kf(x)dx  k f(x)dx
E N

LL

•  (u  v  w)dx   udx   vdx   wdx

•  e x dx  e x  C

x n 1
•  x n dx   C,n  1
A

n 1
1
•  dx  nx  C
x

•  sin xdx   cos x  C

•  cos xdx  sin x  C

1 x 
•  e x dx  e C

n  x   n 1
•  x   dx   n  1 
C

Definite integration
b
b
 f(x)dx 
a
g(x)a  g(b) g(a)

Area under the curve y = f(x) from x =a to a = b is

b
A   f(x)dx
a

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FORMULAE FOR DETERMINATION OF AREA

FO RMULAE FOR
• Area of a square = (side) 2 DETERMINATION OF
• Area of rectangle = length ×breadth VOLUME
1
• Area of a triangle = ×base × height t
2
• Area of a trapezoid a
1
= × (distance between parallel sides) × (sum of parallel sides) b
2
• Area enclosed by a circle = r2 (r = radius) • Volume of a rectangular
• Surface area of a sphere = 4 r 2
(r = radius) slab
• Area of a parallelogram = base × height = length × breadth × height
• Area of curved surface of cylinder = r = abt
where r = radius and  = length
• Volume of a cube = (side) 3

• Area of whole surface of cylinder = 2 r (r + ) where  = length

• Area of ellipse =  ab 4 3
• Volume of a sphere = r
(a & b are semi major and semi minor axis respectively) 3

• Surface area of a cube = 6(side) 2 (r = radius)

• Tot al surface area of a cone = r2 + r
where r = r r 2  h 2 = lateral area
• Arc length s = r. 

• Area of sector =
r2 
2
r
E

N
s
•

•
Volume of a cylinder = r2 
(r = radius and  = length)

Volume of a cone =
1
3
(r = radius and h = height)
r2 h
LL
s r
• Plane angle,   radian
r

A
• Solid angle,   steradian
r2
A


• To convert an angle from degree to radian, we have to multiply it by and to convert an angle
180 

180 
from radian to degree, we have to multiply it by .


dy dy
KEY POINTS

• By help of differentiation, if y is given, we can find and by help of integration, if is given,

dx dx
we can find y.

• The maximum and minimum values of function

A cos   B sin  are A2  B2 and  A2  B2 respectively.

• (a+b)2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab (a–b)2 = a 2 + b 2 – 2ab

(a+b) (a–b) = a 2 – b 2 (a+b)3 = a 3 + b 3 + 3ab (a+b)

(a–b)3 = a 3 – b 3 – 3ab (a–b)

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VECTORS
Vector Qu antities Vector subtraction
A phys ical quantity which requires magnitude and a
particular direction, when it is expressed.
Parallel vectors – two vectors having same direction. Bcos  B

antiparallel vectors – vectors in opposite direction.  
Bsin 
B
Equal vectors – Vectors which have equal magnitude and R
same direction
Negative or opposite vectors – Vectors having equal
     
magnitude but opposite direction. R  A  B  R  A   B 
Null vector or Zero vector
A vector having zero magnitude. The direction of a zero vector B sin 
is indeterminate. R  A2  B2  2AB cos  , tan   A  B cos 
  
A  ( A)  0 
Unit vector If A = B then R  2A sin
2
A vector having unit magnitude. It is used to speciafy direction.

  
R AB
Triangle
 ˆ
Unit vector in direction of A , A   A
|A|


law of Vector addition

E N Addition of More than Two Vectors
(Law of Polygon)
If some vec tors are represented by sides of a polygon in
same order, then their resultant vector is represented by
the closing side of polygon in the opposite order.
C
LL
2 2 D
R  A  B  2AB cos  R
B Bsin  C
B sin    B
tan   A
R
A  B cos  A Bcos 
D B
  A
If A = B then R  2A cos &      
2 2 R  A B  C D
A

Rmax = A+B for =0° ; R min = A ~ B for =180° In a polygon if head of the last vector coincide with the tail
of the first vectors, in other words vectors are forming closed
Parallelogram Law of Addition polygon, then their resultant is null vector.
of Two Vectors D
If two vectors are represented by two adjacent sides of a C
parallelogram which are directed away from their common
E
point then their sum (i.e. resultant vector) is given by the
diagonal of the parallelogram passing away through that
common point. B
A
D C
    
A BC DE 0
B Rectan gular component of a 3–D
B A+
R= vecto r


A  A xˆi  A yˆj  Az ˆk

 
A B
A
Angle made with x-axis
      
AB  AD  AC  R or A B  R R  A 2
B 2
2AB cos  A Ax
cos   x  
A A  A2y  A 2z
2
B sin  A sin  x
tan   and tan   Angle made with y-axis
A  B cos  B  A cos 

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Ay Ay
cos    m b
A A 2x  A2y  A 2z
Angle made with z-axis
A Az b|| a
cos   z  n  
A A2x  A2y  A 2z  Component of b perpend icular to a ,
, m, n are called direction cosines     
b   b  b||  b   b  aˆ aˆ

2 +m 2 +n 2 =cos 2 +cos 2 +cos 2

A 2x  A2y  A2z Cross Pr oduct (Vector product)

= 2
 1 or sin 2  + sin 2  + sin 2  =2  
 A 2x  A2y  A2z   A  B  AB sin  nˆ wh ere nˆ is a vect or
 
General Vector in x-y plane perpendicular to A & B or th eir plane and its
y direction given by right hand thumb rule.
A ×B

r 
r  xiˆ  yj
ˆ  r cos ˆi  sin ˆj
 

x A A

B B
EXAMPLES :
1. Construct a vector of magnitude 6 units making

2.
an angle of 60° with x-axis.
 1
Sol. r  r(cos 60iˆ sin 60j)ˆ 6  ˆi 
3 ˆ   3iˆ  3 3 jˆ
j

E
2
Const ruct an unit vector making an angle of 135°
with x axis.
2
N 
 
ˆi
A  B  Ax
Bx
ˆj
Ay
By
ˆk
Az
Bz

 ˆi  A y B z  A zB y   ˆj (AxBz–BxAz) + kˆ (AxBy–BxAy)
   
LL
ˆ 1  A  B  B  A
ˆ  ( iˆ j)ˆ
Sol. ˆr  1(cos135 i sin135 j)      
2  (A  B).A  (A  B).B  0 j
Multi plication of a vector by a number   
 ˆi  ˆi  0 , ˆj  ˆj  0 , kˆ  ˆk  0 positive
   
If b  k x a then magnitude of b is k times |a| , a nd  ˆi  ˆj  ˆk ; ˆj  ˆk  ˆi , i
 
A

negat ive
direction of b is same as a kˆ  ˆi  ˆj ; ˆj  ˆi   ˆk
Scalar product (Dot Product) k
kˆ  ˆj  ˆi , ˆi  kˆ  ˆj
    Differentiat ion
 A.B
Angle between  A  B
 AB cos     cos 1
   
two vectors AB  d   dA   dB
 (A.B)  .B  A.
  dt dt dt
 If A  A x ˆi  A yˆj  A z ˆk & B  B xˆi  B yˆj  B z k
ˆ then
 
  d   dA   dB
A.B  A x B x  A yB y  A zB z and angle between  (A  B)  BA
dt dt dt
 
A & B is given by
 
When a particle moved from
A.B A x B x  A y B y  A zB z (x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) to (x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) then its
cos   
AB A  A2y  A2z B2x  B2y  B2z
2 displacement vector
x

 ˆi.iˆ  1 , ˆj.jˆ  1 , k.k ˆ  0 , ˆi.kˆ  0 , ˆj.kˆ  0

ˆ ˆ  1 , ˆi.j (x1 ,y1 ,z1 ) r
 
 Component of vector b along vector a , (x2 ,y2 ,z2 )
r1
  r2
 
b||  b . aˆ aˆ
  
r  r2  r1  (x2 ˆi  y2ˆ j z2 ˆk) (xˆ ˆ j zˆ k)
1 i 1y  1

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= (x2  x1 )iˆ  (y2  y1 ˆ) j (z

2
 1z ˆ)k

Magnitude: r  r  (x2  x1 )2  (y2  y1 )2  (z2  1z 2)

Lam i's theorem

A
F1 F2
A 3
c b 2 1

B C
B a C F3

sin A sin B sin C F1 F2 F3

   
a b c sin 1 sin 2 sin 3

Are a of triangle

  B
AB 1 Bsin
Area 

B
2
 AB sin 


2

Are a of parallelogram

Bsin
E
 


Area = A  B = A Bsin
A

N
LL
A
For parallel vectors
  
AB 0
For perpendicular vectors
 
A.B  0
For coplanar vectors
A

  
A.(B  C)  0
If A,B,C points are collinear
 
AB   BC

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
 Work, W = F.d = Fdcos  where F force, d  displacement
Examples 
 Power, P = F.v = Fvcos  where F force, v  velocity
of  
 Electric flux, E = E.A = EAcos where E electric field, A  Area
dot
 
 Magnetic flux, B = B.A = B Acos where B magnetic field, A  Area
products
 Potential energy of dipole in where p dipole moment,
 
uniform field, U = – p.E where E  Electric field


 Torq ue   r  F where r position vector, F  force
   Examples



 
E
Torque on dipole placed in electric field

where p dipole moment, E  electric field

  
  p E
N
Angular momentum J  r  p where r position vector, p  linear momentum

Linear velocity v    r where r position vector,   angular velocity

of
cross
products
LL

IN TS
Y PO
KE • Te nsor : A quantity that has different values in different directions is called tensor.
Example : Moment of Inertia
In fact tensors are merely a generalisation of scalars and vectors; a scalar is a zero rank tensor, and
A

a vector is a first rank tensor.

• Electric current is not a vector as it does not obey the law of vector addition.
• A unit vector has no unit.
• To a vector only a vector of same type can be added and the resultant is a vector of the same type.
• A scalar or a vector can never be divided by a vector.

IMPORTANT NOTES

8 E