Er. C.S.

Baladhiya
 Engineering Drawing

Er. C.S. Baladhiya

Department of Dairy Engineering
AAU, Anand
 Index
SN Lesson Name Page No
Module1 Lines, lettering and scales
Lesson 1 Manual drafting tools for Engineering Drawing 4-13
Lesson 2 Types of scales 14-17
Lesson 3 Line and lettering 18-37
Module 2 Projections
Lesson 4 Dimensioning technique 38-49
Lesson 5 Orthographic projections 50-82
Module 3 Sectional views
Lesson 6 Sectional view 83-105
Lesson 7 Types of projections 106-123
Module 4 Temporary faster
Lesson 8 Fastening 124-141
Lesson 9 Drawing of bolt and nut 142-149
Lesson 10 Drawing of stud 150-155
Module 5 Keys, cotter and pin joints
Lesson 11 Types of Key, cotter joints and pin joints 156-159
Module 6 Shaft couplings
Lesson 12 Rigid coupling, Loose coupling, Flexible 160-166
coupling, Universal coupling
Module 7 Bearings
Lesson 13 Shaft bearing: Journal bearings, Pivot bearings, 167-171
Collar bearings
References 172
Engineering Drawing

Lesson 1

Manual drafting tools for

Engineering drawing

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Engineering Drawing Drawing board
• One edges is used as the working edges.
• Normally made of hard and durable wood.
• Board is placed on the table such that the working
edge comes to the left side of the draft man.

Size of drawing board

B0 1500 x 1000 mm
B1 1000 x 700 mm
B2 700 x 500 mm
B3 500 x 350 mm
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 Drawing Sheet:
Engineering Drawing

Sizes of drawing sheets are given below.

Sheet Width Length
designati (mm) (mm)
on
A0 841 1189
A1 594 841
A2 420 594
A3 297 420
A4 210 297
A5 148 210
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For class work, A2 size of drawing

6 sheets is preferred.
Engineering Drawing

Set-squares

Normally two in number

300- 600 set-square
450 set-square

Used to draw lines inclined with the horizontal.

With the help of two set-square and a T-

square angle of 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, 900,
1050, etc with the horizontal may be drawn
Circle can be divided into different parts.

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Engineering Drawing
Protractor
• Used for measuring and laying off angle.
• It is usually semi-circular in shape and
made of either metal or transparent plastic.
• Line joining 00-1800 is called the base of
the protractor.

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Engineering Drawing Mini drafter
• Mini drafter serves the purpose of T-square,
set-square, protractor and scale.
• Two blade are accurately set at right angle
to each other.

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Engineering Drawing

Pencil grades and eraser

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Engineering Drawing

Engineering drawing
• Every language has its own rules of
grammar.
• Engineering drawing also has certain rules

• Rules of grammar : Lines, lettering, and

dimensioning

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 Scales: Size of objects may be
Engineering Drawing

extremely small, medium or large

• Full scale 1:1

• Reduced scale 1:2, 1: 2.5, 1 : 5, 1: 10, 1:

20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200

• Enlarged scale 10:1, 5:1, 2:1

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Engineering Drawing

Representative fraction
The ratio of the dimension of the element
in the drawing to the dimension of the
same element in the object is called the
representative fraction.
10mm 10mm 1
= = It is also represented by 1:100
1 metre 1000mm 100

Suppose a line of 10 mm length in drawing represent 1 mm length of object

10mm 10
R.F. = =
1mm 1
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 Engineering Drawing Lesson 2: Types of scales
The types of scale normally used are
. Plain scales
. Diagonal
1. Plain scales
A plain scale is simply a line which is divided into a suitable number of equal parts, the
first of which part is further sub-divided into small parts. It is used to represent either
two units.
Example: On a survey map the distance between two places 1 km apart is 5 cm.
Construct the scale to read 4.6 km

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 2. Diagonal
Engineering scales
Drawing

Plain scales are used to read lengths in two units such as meters and decimeters,
centimeter and millimeters etc., or to read to the accuracy correct to first decimal.
Diagonal scales are used to represent either three units of measurement such as
metres, decimeters, centimeters or to read to the accuracy correct to two decimals.
Principle of diagonal scale:
. Draw a line AB and erect a perpendicular at B.
. Mark 10 equal distant points (1, 2, 3 etc.) of any suitable length along this
perpendicular and mark C.
. Complete the rectangle ABCD.
. Draw a diagonal BD.
. Draw a horizontal through the division points to meet BD at 1’, 2’, 3, etc.
The line 1-1’, 2-2’ etc. measure 0.1CD, 0.2CD, etc. respectively. The line CD is
divided into 1/10 the divisions by the diagonal BD, i.e. each horizontal lines is a
multiple of 1/10CD.

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Engineering Drawing

Problem:
On a plan, al line of 22 cm long represents a distance of 440 metres. Draw a
diagonal scale for the plan to read up to a single metre. Measure and mark a
distance of 187 m on the scale.

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Engineering Drawing

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Engineering Drawing

Lesson 3: Line & Lettering

Engineering drawing
• Every language has its own rules of
grammar.
• Engineering drawing also has certain rules

• Rules of grammar : Lines, lettering, and

dimensioning
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 Engineering Drawing
Line Conventions
❖ Out lines: Lines drawn to represent visible edges and surface
boundaries of objects are called outlines. These are continuous
thick lines.
Visible Object - Thick

❖ Dimension Lines - These are continuous thin lines. They are

terminated at the outer ends by pointed arrowheads touching
the extension lines.
❖ Extension Lines - solid thin lines showing point or line to which
dimension applies. They extend by about 3 mm beyond the
dimension lines.
❖ Hidden or dotted line- Interior or hidden edges and surfaces are
shown by hidden lines.
Hidden - Thin
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Engineering Drawing

❖ Centre line: Centre lines are drawn to indicate the axes

of cylindrical, conical object and also show the centre of
circles and arcs.

❖ Cutting-Plane and Viewing-Plane Lines – indicate location

of cutting planes for sectional views and the viewing
position for removed partial views

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Engineering Drawing
Sketching Line types

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Engineering Drawing

Centerline Conventions

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Engineering Drawing Viewing-plane line
1
3Dimension Line 4
Center Line
2Extension line
5Hidden Line

Break
6 Line

7Cutting-plane Line
8Visible Line

9Center Line

10
Leader

13
Section Line

12
SECTION A-A 11
VIEW B-B www.AgriMoon.Com
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Source: http://www.genium.com/pdf/dmpc.pdf
 PRECEDENCE OF LINE
Engineering Drawing

Order of Visible Hidden Center

importance line line line

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 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Engineering Drawing

Hidden line should join a visible line, except it

extended from the visible line.

Correct
Join

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 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Engineering Drawing

Hidden line should join a visible line.

Correct
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 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Engineering Drawing

Hidden line should intersect to form L and T

corners.

L T Correct

No !
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Engineering Drawing Lettering
Writing of titles, dimensions, notes and other
important particular on a drawing is called
lettering.
Lettering should be done properly in clear and
uniform style.
Lettering technique: Horizontal line of the letter are
drawn from the left to right. Vertical, inclined
lines are drawn from top to bottom.
Single stroke letter
The word single stroke should not be taken to mean that
the letter should be made in one stroke without lifting the
pencil
It actually means that the thickness of the line of the letter
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should be obtained in one stroke
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of the pencil.
Engineering Drawing
Lettering
• ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Standard letter size

T O M Q VAXY --- 6 mm H & 6 mm W
W --- 6 mm H & 8 mm W
I --- 6 mm H & 0 mm W
Remaining letter--- 6 mm H & 5 mm W

For numbers
1 -- 6 mm H & 0 mm W
others -- 6 mm H & 5 mm W

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Engineering Drawing

General letter size for use

• Main titles – 6 to 8 mm
• Sub titles – 3 to 6 mm
• Notes/dimensions figures – 3 to 5 mm
• Space between letters – H/5
• Space between words- 6H/5

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Engineering Drawing
Lettering proportions
Characteristic Multiple of Dimensions (mm)
of lettering h
Lettering height h (10/10) h 5 7 10
Height of lower case (7/10) h 3.5 5 7
letters c1
Spacing between (2/10) h 1 1.4 2
character a
Minimum spacing (15/10) h 7.5 10.5 15
between baselines b1
Minimum spacing (13/10) h 6.5 9.1 13
between baselines b2
Line width d (1/10) h 0.5 0.7 1
Spacing between (6/10) h 3 4.2 6
words e

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Engineering Drawing

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Engineering Drawing

Drawing sheet

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 Engineering Drawing

10

20 10

170

60
10

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 Engineering Drawing

170

4
15

4
15

60
10

10

10
3

60 60 50
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Engineering Drawing

4
15
D. S. C. ANAND
4
15
DRAWING PRACTICE
10 YOUR NAME

10 SCALE:
SEM-FIRST DATE-
10 ROLL NO- SIGN DRG NO:
3

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Engineering Drawing

10
10

20 10

12

12

10

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Engineering Drawing

Lesson 4:
Dimensioning Technique

• Every language has its own rules of

grammar.

• Rules of grammar : Lines, lettering, and

dimensioning
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Engineering Drawing
Dimensioning
It is a specification of the size and shape of a part or
assembly.
The important information on a drawing is the
dimension and tolerance of all of its features.

Every drawing showing the true shape of an object

must supply its exact length, breadth, height, sizes
and positions of holes, grooves etc. supplying this
information on a drawing is called dimensioning.

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Dimension
Engineering Drawing line : Dimension line is a thin continuous line.

It is terminated by arrowheads touching the

outlines
Extension line : An extension line is also a thin
continuous line drawn in extension of an outline.

Arrowhead : An arrowhead is placed at each end of a

dimension line. Its pointed end touches an outline or
extension line. The size of an arrowhead should be
proportional to the thickness of the outline.

Leader : One of the end of leader terminates either in

an arrow head or a dot. The arrowhead touches the
outer line where the dot is placed within the outer line.
The other end is terminated in a horizontal line.
Leader is never drawn vertical or horizontal of
curved. It is drawn at a convenient angle of not less
than 30 0 to the line to which it touches www.AgriMoon.Com
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Engineering Drawing

Arrowhead : An arrowhead is placed at each end of a

dimension line. Its pointed end touches an outline or
extension line. The size of an arrowhead should be
proportional to the thickness of the outline.

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 Aligned dimensioning system
Engineering Drawing

The dimension is placed perpendicular to the

dimension line in such a way that it may be
read from the bottom edge or the right hand
edge of the drawing sheet. The dimension
should be placed near the middle and above.

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Engineering Drawing
Unidirectional dimensioning system
In unidirectional system all dimensions are so placed that they
can be read from the bottom of the drawing sheet.
The dimension lines are broken near the middle for inserting the
dimensions. This system is mainly used for large drawings.

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Engineering Drawing Progressive or parallel dimensioning
All dimension are shown from a common base line
Smaller dimensions should be placed nearer the view and
larger further away so that extension lines do not cross
dimension lines.

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Engineering Drawing

Letter SQ should precede the dimension for a rod of square

cross-section.
The SPHERE should be placed before the dimension of a
spherical part.

SR20

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Engineering Drawing Symbols Used in Dimensioning

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Engineering Drawing
Various methods of dimensioning different sizes of
circles.

R20
Ø12 Ø18

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Engineering Drawing
Dimensioning the Radius of an Arc
Dimension line for the radius should pass
through the centre of the arc
Dimension an arcs by its radius.

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Engineering Drawing
The general rules of dimensioning are:
1. Dimensioning should be done completely that further
calculation of any dimension or direct measurement from the
drawing is not necessary.
2. Dimension should be outside the view.
3. Dimension should be placed on the view where its use is shown
more clearly.
4. Do not dimension to hidden lines;
5. Dimension lines should not cross any other line of the drawing.
6. An outline or a centre line should never be used as a dimension
line.
7. Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended.

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 Lesson 5: Orthographic Projection – Important terms
Engineering Drawing

Horizontal Plane
A plane parallel to the floor is known as horizontal
plane. Orthographic projection of an object on horizontal
plane is known as top view (plan).
Vertical plane
One plane conveniently selected out of the planes
perpendicular to horizontal plane is known as vertical
plane. It is known as front view (elevation).
Auxiliary vertical plane
A plane perpendicular to both horizontal plane and
vertical plane both is known as auxiliary vertical plane.
Orthographic projection on A.V.P. is known as end view
or side view.
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 • Projection
Engineering Drawing

If straight lines are drawn from various points

on the contour of an object to meet a plane, object
is said to projected at that plane the figure formed
by joining in correct sequence the points at which
the lines meet the plane is called a projection of
the object.
• Projectors
The lines from the object to the plane are
called as the projectors
• Plane of projection
The plane on which the projectors meet is
known as the plane of projection
• Orthographic projection
When the projectors are parallel to each other
and also perpendicular to the projectionwww.AgriMoon.Com
plane, the
projection is called51orthographic projection.
Engineering Drawing Orthographic Projection (Top View)
• Horizontal Plane
• A plane parallel to the floor is known as horizontal plane.
Orthographic projection of an object on horizontal plane is
known as top view (plan).

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 Orthographic Projection (Front View)
Engineering Drawing

• Vertical plane
One plane conveniently selected out of the planes
perpendicular to horizontal plane is known as vertical
plane. It is known as front view (elevation).

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 Orthographic Projection (Right Side View)
Engineering Drawing

• Auxiliary vertical plane

A plane perpendicular to horizontal plane and vertical plane
both is known as auxiliary vertical plane. Orthographic projection on
A.V.P. is known as end view or side view.

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Engineering Drawing

Conti…….

• Parallel edges of the object are shown by

parallel lines.
• Right angle remains as it is.
• Semi circle also remains as such.
• Each view show only two dimensions of the
object.

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 Difference between First angle projection and
Engineering Drawing

Third angle projection

No. First angle projection Third angle projection
1 The object is kept in the first The object is assumed to be kept
quadrant. in the third quadrant.
2 The object lies between the The plane of projection lies
observer and the plane of between the observer and the
projection. object.
3 The plane of projection is The plane of projection is
assumed to be non-transparent. assumed to be transparent.

4 Plan comes below the elevation Plan comes above the elevation
and left side view is drawn to and left side view is drawn to the
the right of elevation. left side of the elevation
5 This method of projection is This method is used in USA and
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now recommended in India 56
other countries.
Engineering Drawing

Symbols for 1st & 3rd Angle

Projection

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 MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
Engineering Drawing

Three principle dimensions Each view will represented

of an object … only two dimension .

Adjacent view(s)

Depth
is needed to
Height fulfill the size
description.

Width Depth
Height

Width Depth
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Engineering Drawing
TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW
REVOLVE THE OBJECT

Top view

Front view Right side view www.AgriMoon.Com

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 OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
Engineering Drawing

Top view

Front view Right side view

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 THE GLASS BOX CONCEPT
Engineering Drawing

Rear view

Left side view

Bottom view www.AgriMoon.Com

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 History
Engineering Drawing

Depth
Width
Height

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 PROJECTION OF OBJECT
Engineering Drawing

The views are obtained by projecting all object

features to the picture plane.

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 PROJECTION OF OBJECT
Engineering Drawing

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 PROJECTION OF OBJECT
Engineering Drawing

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Engineering Drawing
OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary
between two faces.

Corners Represent the intersection of two or

more edges.
Edge Edge No edge

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Corner No corner66 No corner
Engineering Drawing
OBJECT FEATURES
Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges
or limiting element.
Limiting is a line that represents the last visible
element part of the curve surface.
Surface Surface Surface

Limit www.AgriMoon.Com
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Engineering Drawing

Orthographic Projection
• Orthographic drawings
represent three
dimensional objects in
three separate views
arranged in a standard
manner.

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Engineering Drawing

Converting to Orthographic

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Engineering Drawing

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Engineering Drawing

Orthographic Views

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Engineering Drawing

Orthographic Projection
a system of drawing views of an object using
perpendicular projectors from the object to a
plane of projection

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Engineering Drawing

Revolving an Object to Produce

the other Views

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Engineering Drawing

The Six Basic Views

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Engineering Drawing

The Standard Arrangement of Views

TOP
LEFT FRONT RIGHT
BOTTOM
REAR

To make it possible for someone to interpret the drawing.

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Engineering Drawing

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Engineering Drawing

Orthographic Projection

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Engineering Drawing

Opening the Box

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 Final views for third angle projection method
Engineering Drawing

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Engineering Drawing
Object for exercise
• Complete three orthographic views of the
object.
• Include visible, hidden, and center lines
where appropriate.

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Engineering Drawing

Solution

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Engineering Drawing

Solution

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Lesson 6: • Sectional Views
Engineering Drawing

– Why sectional views are needed

❖ Invisible features of an object are shown by means of
hidden lines in their projected views.
❖ But when such lines are too many, these lines make the
views more complicated and difficult to interprete.
In such a case it is customary to imagine the object as being
cut through by plane

The part of the object

between a plane &
observer is assumed
to be removed
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 Important terms
Engineering Drawing

Cutting plane or section plane

The imaginary plane by which the object is
assumed to be cut through. It is assumed to be
parallel to the plane on which the view is
projected

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Engineering Drawing
CUTTING PLANE
Cutting plane is a plane that imaginarily cuts
the object to reveal the internal features.

Cutting
plane Cutting plane line

Section lines

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Engineering Drawing
Section : The surface produced by cutting an object
by the section plane is called section

Sectional view : The projection of the section along

with the remaining part of the object is called
sectional view

Cutting plane line : The position of the cutting plane is

indicated by these line. The direction of viewing the
section is shown by arrows resting on the cutting
plane line & designated by capital letter. e.g. A-A

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 CUTTING PLANE LINE
Engineering Drawing

Cutting plane line is an edge view of the cutting

plane.
Indicate the path
of cutting plane.

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Engineering Drawing

CUTTING PLANE LINE

Thin line

Viewing
direction

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 Engineering Drawing
CUTTING PLANE LINE

• The sight arrows at the

end of the cutting plane
are always perpendicular
to the cutting plane.

• The direction of the arrow

indicates the line of sight.

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Engineering Drawing

The section is indicated by hatching or section lines

The section lines should be drawn evenly spaced inclined

at 45 0 to the axis or to the main outline of the section. It
can be drawn at 30 0 or 60 0

Section lines should be drawn with 2H or 3H pencil

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Engineering Drawing
SECTION LINING
Section lines or cross-hatch lines are used to
indicate the surfaces that are cut by the cutting
plane.

Section
lines
Drawn with 2H or 3H pencil.
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Engineering Drawing Section Lines
• Section lines (crosshatching) are used to show
where the cutting plane passed through solid
material

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 SECTION LINES SYMBOLS
Engineering Drawing

The section lines are different for each of

material’s type.
For practical purpose, the cast iron symbol is
used most often for any materials.

Cast iron, Concrete Sand Wood

Malleable iron

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 SECTION LINING PRACTICE
Engineering Drawing

The spaces between lines may vary from 1.5 mm

for small sections to 3 mm for large sections.

COMMON MISTAKE

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Engineering Drawing

Section Lining Technique

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 Cutting Planes & Sections
Engineering Drawing

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 Cutting Planes & Sections
Engineering Drawing

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Engineering Drawing

Types of Section Views

• Full sections
• Half sections
• Revolved sections
• Removed sections
• Offset sections

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Engineering Drawing

Full Section View

• In a full section view, when the object is
assumed to be cut through entirely and the
front half removed.
• Note that hidden lines become visible in a
section view Hidden Lines
are Visible

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Engineering Drawing
FULL SECTION VIEW
The view is made by passing the straight cutting
plane completely through the part.

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Engineering Drawing

Multiple Sectioned Views

SECTION A-A
B

A A

SECTION B-B B
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Engineering Drawing
Individual Exercise
● Sketch a full section of the object shown below

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Engineering Drawing
Individual Exercise
● Were you correct ?

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 Engineering Drawing HALF SECTION VIEW
It may be assumed to be cut by two cutting planes at right angle
to each other and containing two center lines of the object.
The one quarter of the object between two plane is then removed
showing only a half section.

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Engineering Drawing
HALF SECTION VIEW
A center line is used to separate the sectioned half
from the unsectioned half of the view.
Hidden line is omitted in unsection half of the view.

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Engineering Drawing

Lesson 7:

Types of pictorial projection

• Oblique's
– Cavalier
– Cabinet
▪ Isometrics

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Engineering Drawing

Cavalier Oblique
• Front view true size
• Receding Axis Angle
(Normally 30°, 45° or
60°) is Variable
• Depth dimension
(receding axis) true
size

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Engineering Drawing

Cabinet Oblique
• Front view true size
• Receding Axis Angle
(Normally 30°, 45° or
60°) is Variable
• Depth dimension
(receding axis) half
size

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Engineering Drawing

Side by Side Comparison

Cavalier Oblique Cabinet Oblique

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Engineering Drawing

Which is the cube ?

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Engineering Drawing

Were you right?

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Engineering Drawing

Angles in Oblique
• Angles in front view
are drawn true size
• Other angles must be
located using
coordinates
• Appearance of angles
may be distorted

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Engineering Drawing

Circles in Oblique
• Drawn true size in
front view
• Drawn as ellipses on
receding planes
• Layout using a
Rhombus

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Engineering Drawing

Cylinders in Oblique
• Front and Back
surfaces are circular
• “Sides” are drawn as
lines tangent to the
front and back

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Engineering Drawing

Types of Axonometrics

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Engineering Drawing

Orientation of Pictorial Objects

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Engineering Drawing

Isometrics
• Axes equally separated
(120°)
• H, W, and D
measurements are true
size along iso. axes
• Angles must be located
by coordinates
• Circles appear as
ellipses on all surfaces

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Engineering Drawing

Isometric Circles & Angles

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Isometric Ellipses

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Engineering Drawing

Construction of Cylinders
• Lightly block in the
cylinder

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Engineering Drawing

Construction of Cylinders
• Lightly block in the
cylinder
• Sketch the upper and
lower ellipses

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Engineering Drawing

Construction of Cylinders
• Lightly block in the
cylinder
• Sketch the upper and
lower ellipses
• Connect the ellipses
with Tangent lines

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Engineering Drawing

Construction of Cylinders
• Lightly block in the
cylinder
• Sketch the upper and
lower ellipses
• Connect the ellipses
with Tangent lines
• Darken the lines

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 Lesson 8
Engineering Drawing Fastening devices
Temporary When parts of a machine are joined in such a way that
these can be dismantled or re-assembled again easily, it
is called temporary fastening. The device used are;

Threaded fastener
- bolts
- studs
- screws

Non-threaded fastener
- keys key

- pin

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Engineering Drawing
THREAD APPLICATION

1. To hold parts together.

2. To move part(s) relative to others.

Part A Part B

Part C

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 THREAD APPLICATION
Engineering Drawing

1. To hold parts together.

2. To move part(s) relative to others.

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Wood working vise 126
Palm fruit pressing machine
 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Engineering Drawing

External A thread cut on the outside of

thread a cylindrical body.

Internal A thread cut on the inside of

thread a cylindrical body.

External thread
Internal thread

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 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Engineering Drawing

Right-hand Thread that will assemble when

thread turned clockwise.

Left-hand Thread that will assemble when

thread turned counter-clockwise.

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 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Engineering Drawing

Crest The outer-most part of a thread.

Root The bottom of the thread cut into

a cylindrical body.
Thread angle The angle between threads faces.

External Thread Internal Thread

Thread angle

Root Crest

Root Crest www.AgriMoon.Com

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 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Engineering Drawing

The largest diameter on

Major diameter an internal or external thread.
The smallest diameter on
Minor diameter an internal or external thread.

External Thread Internal Thread

Minor dia.

Major dia.

Major dia.
Minor dia.
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 THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Engineering Drawing

The distance between crests of

Pitch
threads.

External Thread Internal Thread

Pitch www.AgriMoon.Com
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Pitch
Engineering Drawing

EXTERNAL THREAD CUTTING

Tools Operation
Threading Die

Die stock

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Engineering Drawing

INTERNAL THREAD CUTTING

Tools Operation
Twist drill

Tap

Tap wrench

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 Engineering Drawing

COMPARISON OF THREAD CUTTING

External Thread Internal Thread

Minor Dia.

Major Dia.
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 DETAILED REPRESENTATION
Engineering Drawing

Use slanting lines to represent crest and root.

Roots and crest are drawn in sharp .

External thread Internal thread

Thread runout

Pitch 60o www.AgriMoon.Com

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Engineering Drawing

Use alternate long and short lines for representing

crests and roots of the thread, respectively.

External thread Internal thread

Root (thick line)

Pitch Crest (thin line) www.AgriMoon.Com
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Engineering Drawing

Use thick continuous lines for representing crest

and thin continuous lines for representing root of
the thread, respectively.

External thread Internal thread

Thread runout

Pitch/2

Root
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Crest
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 SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION
Engineering Drawing

Use thick continuous lines for representing crest

and thin continuous lines for representing root of
the thread, respectively.

External thread Internal thread

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138 Sectional view
DRAWING STEPS OF EXTERNAL THREAD
Engineering Drawing

Draw an arc that

represents a root.
Draw a circle that Draw Draw line making
represents a crest. 45o Chamfer 30o with thread axis

dia.
Major dia.
Draw
thread Minor
axis

Thread Length
Starting
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position
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Engineering Drawing DRAWING STEPS OF
Internal Thread
THREADED HOLE
1. Through threaded hole
Sectional view
Draw a crest
Draw a root root

crest
Draw dia.
Major dia.
thread
Minor

axis

Draw a circle that

represents a crest.
Section lines www.AgriMoon.Com
are drawn
Draw an arc that
into the crest of a thread.
represents a root. 140
Engineering Drawing
DIMENSIONING THREADED HOLE

Use local note to

specify
8.50 Drill, 20 Deep,
1. Tap drill size
M10 Tapped, 15 Deep
2. Drill depth
3. Thread form
4. Nominal size
5. Pitch
6. Thread depth

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Engineering Drawing
Lesson 9
Drawing of bolt and nut
BOLT : Terminology
Bolt is a threaded cylinder with a head.

Thread length

Length
Hexagonal head
Width Head
bolt and nut across flat thickness www.AgriMoon.Com
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Engineering Drawing

Types of Bolts

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 The standard proportions for nuts and bolt
Engineering Drawing

heads may be obtained from the standard

tables published by B.I.S.
Approximate standard dimensions
D= the nominal diameter of the bolt
Height or thickness of the nut: T=D
Width across flats, W=1.5D + 3 mm
Angle of chamfer=300
Radius of the chamfer, R= 1.4D

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Engineering Drawing

Approximate dimensions of a washer

1. Diameter of washer= 2D + 3 mm
2. Thickness = 0.12 D
3. Angle of chamfer= 300

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Engineering Drawing
BOLT : Drawing steps

Draw an Draw a Draw

end view bolt head body of a bolt
of the head 30o

Draw

Major f
bolt B/2 B/2
axis

H Length
B
Thread Length

Starting
position www.AgriMoon.Com
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Engineering Drawing
NUT : Drawing steps

Draw an end view

of the nut B/2 B/2

H
B

Dash lines represent

a threaded hole are
omitted for clarity.
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Engineering Drawing
BOLT : Application

2. Insert a washer.

3. Screw a nut.
1. Insert a bolt into
a clearance hole

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Engineering Drawing

Bolts are used to connect two pieces that are

not too thick.
Two clearance holes are drilled on both pieces
in order to pass through the bolt, then a nut and a
washer are used with it to connect the two pieces
together. www.AgriMoon.Com
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Engineering Drawing
Lesson 10
Drawing of stud
STUD : Terminology
Stud is a headless bolt, threaded at both ends.

Thread length Thread length

Drawing
representation

Length
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Engineering Drawing

In threaded fastening if one of the connected

pieces is too thick, or in case the bolt fastening is
not suitable or the connected pieces need be taken
apart frequently, then the studs are used.
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Engineering Drawing
STUD : Drawing steps

Draw Draw line making Draw

45o Chamfer 30o with axis 45o Chamfer
Minor f

Draw
Major

stud
axis

Thread Length Thread Length

Stud Length
Starting
position

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Engineering Drawing
STUD : Application

1. Drill a hole.
2. Tap a hole.
3. Screw a stud.
4. Place the part to be
fastened.
5. Insert washer and
fastened a nut.
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 Cap screws and set screws
Engineering Drawing

Similar to the stud fastening, cap screws are used for

fastening two pieces together by passing through a
clearance hole in one and screwing into a tapped hole
in the other.

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Engineering Drawing

Note that the slot on screw head is generally drawn

at 45 °with the horizontal center line in the top view.
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Engineering Drawing Module 7. Key, cotter joints and pin joints

Lesson 11.

Types of Key, Cotter joints and Pin joints

Introduction

Keys, cotter-joints and pin-joints are employed as removable/ temporary fasteners.

Keys are also employed to secure gears, pulleys, discs, flange and other similar parts
to shafts or axles.

Cotter-joints and pin joints are used for rods in tensile or compressive load.

The cotter-joint does not permit any axial mis-alignment as it is the rigid-joint.

The pin-joint permits angular mis-alignment as it is flexible-joint.

Key Joints

A key is employed to connect two pieces, like shaft and a gear, in such a way that there is no
relative rotational movement between the shaft and the parts mounted on it. Key is always made of
steel because it is subjected to shearing and torsional stresses. It is inserted in the axial direction
between the shaft and the boss or hub of the mating piece. A keyway is the groove cut in the shaft as
well as in the hub, to accommodate the key. Fig.11.1.1 shows the parts of key joints and its
assembly.

Keys may be classified as follows:

(i) taper keys and (ii) parallel or feather keys.

(i)Taper keys : It is tapered (standard taper of this key is 1 in 100) in thickness but uniform in
width. A taper key joint prevents relative rotational as well as axial movement between the two
pieces. The types of taper keys are; (1) Sunk taper key, which is a standard form of key and may be
either of square or rectangular cross-section. Half part of its nominal thickness is sunk in the shaft
key way and the remaining half portion fits in the keyway inside the hub or boss of the mating
piece. The depth of the keyway is tapering in the hub but uniform inside the shaft (fig. 11.1.1), (2)
Saddle keys are also made in two forms i.e. hollow and flat. A hollow saddle key has its underside
hollow to fit the curved surface of the shaft. A flat saddle key inserted on a flat surface provided on
the shaft. (3)Round key (pin key) is of circular cross-section, usually tapered along the length and is
inserted in a hole drilled partly in the shaft and partly in the hub of mating piece. (4) Gib-head is a
taper key is usually provided with a head, called a gib-head, to facilitate its removal.

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Engineering Drawing

(ii) Parallel or feather keys : When there is a requirement of sliding or axial movement of mating
piece on the shaft, a feather key is used. It is a sunk key of uniform width and thickness. It may be
of various cross sections like rectangular, square or dove-tail. This key may be secured to either the
shaft by means of two cap-screws, having countersunk heads or the mating piece and free to slide in
the keyways in the shaft. These keys are also classified as peg feather key, single headed and double
headed feather key.

Woodruf key : This is a sunk key in the form of a segmental part of a circular disc having uniform
thickness. It is inserted into a corresponding form of a circular keyway cut in the shaft so that the
some portion projects outside. This projecting part fits in a keyway inside the mating piece of the
comparatively greater depth of the keyway cut in it. Once placed in position, the key tilts align it
self on the tapered shaft.

Cotter Joints :

A cotter is a flat wedge-shaped piece of rectangular cross section and made of steel. It is used to
connect two rods rigidly subjected to compressive or tensile forces and is inserted at 90 0 to the axes
of the rods. It is tapering in width, generally on one side only but uniform in thickness. The bearing
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edge of the cotter and the bearing slots are generally made semicircular. This joint is not suitable for
157
connecting the rotating members. The most commonly used types of cotter joints are; (i) Cotter
Engineering Drawing
joint with Socket and spigot end (fig. 11.1.2): A socket is formed by expanding the end of one rod
in which the spigot-end of the other rod is inserted. A cotter is driven tightly through the slots (in
the rods) which are kept slightly mis aligned. The cotter comes in contact with the two rods on
opposite sides and leaves clearances on both sides. Clearances are absolutely required for proper
functioning of the joint. (ii) Sleeve cotter joint: This is the simplest form of cotter joint used for
fastening the two circular rods. The ends of the two rods are inserted from opposite sides in a
cylindrical sleeve or steel box. Two cotters are inserted through the slots on each rod end. The slots
in the rods and sleeve are made slightly wider than the width of cotter.

Pin-Joint or Knuckle Joint:

The joint is used for rods whose axes intersect i.e which may not be in alignment. It is employed in
tension or compression. The joint permits angular movement between the rods there fore it is not
rigid. One end of a rod is formed in a single-eye end and is placed within a double-eye end or
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forked end Drawing
Engineering of the other rod (fig. 11.1.3). A cylindrical pin is inserted through holes of single and
double eye. The pin is kept in position by means of a collar and a taper pin. The rods are quite free
to swivel on the cylindrical pin.

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Engineering Drawing Module 8. Shaft Couplings

Lesson 12.
Rigid coupling, Loose coupling, Flexible coupling, Universal coupling

Introduction:
Shaft couplings are used for connecting two shafts end for transmitting rotary motion directly from
one shaft to another. They act as a one unit and transmit power. The classification of shaft coupling
is as below:
A. Rigid couplings
B. Flexible couplings and
C. Loose couplings
(A) Rigid Coupling:
It does not permit any relative rotation between the two shafts i.e two coupled shaft end work as a
rigid piece. It is used for connecting the shaft having collinear axis.
Muff coupling:
It consist a sleeve (muff) of cast iron fitted over the ends of the shaft which are to be connected. The
sunk key is inserted in the key ways in the shafts and sleeve. The types of rigid couplings are (1)
Box or Butt- muff coupling (fig. 12.1.1) in which two shaft’s ends butt against each other, (2) Half-
lap coupling in which the shaft’s ends are tapered and overlap each other for short length (3) Split-
muff coupling in which the muff is split in two semi-cylindrical halves which are joined together by
means of bolts and nuts. The two halves are recessed in such a way that they can accommodate the
required number of nuts and bolt-heads.
Flanged coupling
This is a extensively used and standard form of coupling. Two cast-iron flanges are either fitted or
provided at the ends of the two shafts and fastened together by means of a number of bolts and nuts
(fig. 12.1.2). Sunk taper keys of rectangular or square cross-section are commonly used in this. The
types of flange couplings are; (1) Protected type flange-coupling in which flange is provided with a
shroud or annular projection, which shelters or covers the bolt-heads or the nuts, and prevents them
from catching clothes of workmen, thus it provides the safety to the worker (2) Solid flanged
coupling in which flanges are forged solid integral with the both shafts

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Engineering Drawing

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Engineering Drawing

(B) Flexible Couplings

A flexible coupling permits relative rotation and variation in the alignment of shafts axes within some limit. The
types of flexible couplings are; (1) Bushed Pin type flanged coupling which is a modified version of a protected
flange coupling in which bolts are replaced by bushed pins fastened one of the flange covered with leather or
rubber washer and kept loose in other flange. (2)Universal coupling (fig. 12.1.3) is used to couple two shafts
whose axes intersect if extended. Two same forks are keyed on to the ends of the two shafts. These forks are pin-
jointed in to a centre-block having two arms at right angles to one another in the form of a cross. The angle
between the shafts may be varied even during it’s rotary motion. (3) Oldham’s coupling (fig. 12.1.4) is used to
connect two parallel shafts whose axes are at a small distance apart and not in alignment. Two flanges, with a
rectangular recess on each, are keyed, one on each shaft. Another piece in the form of a circular disc with two
rectangular projecting parts at right angles to one another on its opposite sides and, is placed between the two
flanges. www.AgriMoon.Com
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Engineering Drawing

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Engineering Drawing

(C)Loose Couplings:
With the help of this type of coupling, the shafts may be coupled together or disengaged when
required, even while they may be in rotary motion. It consist one part rigidly fixed to the driving
shaft and other part mounted with provision for sliding over the driven shaft for engaging and
disengaging. The examples of loose couplings are (1) Claw coupling (fig. 12.1.5) which is a
disengaging type of coupling, generally used for slow – speed shafts. One flange is rigidly attached
to the end of one shaft by a sunk taper key while other flange is keyed to the other shaft by a feather
key so that it can slide freely on that shaft. Each flange has a number of identical projecting claws
which engage/fit into the corresponding recesses in the other flange on other shaft. Sliding flange
has a groove in the boss in which the forked end of a lever fits. With the help of this lever this
flange is made to slide so as to engage with or disengage from the first flange. (2) Cone coupling
(fig. 12.1.6) which consist of male cone, female cone, two keys driving and driven shaft. This is
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operated inDrawing
Engineering the same manner as the claw coupling. The shafts are coupled by virtue of friction
between the two conical surfaces of the flanges.

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Engineering Drawing

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Engineering Drawing Module 9. Types of bearings

Lesson 13.
Shaft bearing: Journal bearings, Pivot bearings, Collar bearings

Introduction

Bearing provide supports/stability for rotating members/shaft as well as permit free and smooth
motion. Bearing are classified according to the direction of pressure with respect to the axis of the
shaft. Journal bearings, Pivot bearings and Collar bearings are sliding contact type bearig in which
the rotating shaft has sliding contact with the bearing and the friction between two is relatively high.

Journal Bearings: The load on the bearing is perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. Solid, bushed
and pedstal are the types of journal bearing. In solid and bushed bearings, the shaft can be inserted
endwise only. Hence, they are generally placed only at or near the ends of the shaft.

Solid bearing

This simplest form of journal bearing is made of cast-iron and consist a cylindrical block with
a rectangular base [fig.13.1.1].
A hole is bored in the cylindrical part of the bearing of the size equal to the diameter of the
shaft.
Rectangular base-plate has two holes drilled in it for bolting down the bearing in its position.
An oil-hole to lubricate the bearing is drilled at the top. Friction between the bearing and the
shaft is thus reduced.
There is no any provision for adjustment for wear. Therefore, it is mostly used for shafts which
rotate at comparatively slow speeds, carry light loads and the wear is immaterial.

Bushed bearing

Bushed bearing is a somewhat modified version of solid bearing, consisting mainly two parts,
the body and the bush [fig.13.1.2].
It is lined with a hollow bush of gun-metal or brass. The bush is pressed inside the bore in the
bearing and is checked from sliding or rotating by means of a dowel-pin or grub-screw
inserted half inside the block and half in the bush.
For lubrication of the bearing, a oil hole is provided at the top of the body

When the bush wear out it is easily removed and replaced by a new one.

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Engineering Drawing

Pedestal bearing (plummer block)

A pedestal bearing consists of cast-iron pedestal or block, gun-metal brasses made in two
halves, a cast-iron cap and two mild-steel bolts [fig. 13.1.3 ].
It is made in two halves for placing and removal of the shaft in and from the bearings ,for
adjustment of wear in the brasses and for renewal of brasses.
The cap while resting on the upper step fits inside the block at its sides but does not sit on it.
The rotary motion motion of the bush is checked by snug provided at the bottom of the lower
brass.
Two square-headed bolts are used to fasten the cap and the block together. The square heads fit
in square recesses at the bottom of the pedestal and prevent rotation of the bolts.

Pivot Bearing: The pressure is parallel to the axis of the shaft and the end of the shaft rests on the
bearing surface www.AgriMoon.Com
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Foot-step
Engineeringbearing
Drawing

Lower end of the vertical shaft is supported by foot step bearing i.e. the shaft is terminated at
the bearing [fig. 13.1.4].
A cast-iron block (with a sole), into which a gun-metal bush having a collar at the top is fitted.
The bottom end of the shaft rests on a concave steel disc.
A pin is inserted through the body and away from the centre to prevent the disc from rotating.
The snug is provided at its neck just below the collar to prevent the bush from rotating.
The collar of the bush is made hollow to serve as an oil cup for lubrication.
Collar bearing : The pressure is parallel to the axis of the shaft which is passed and
extended through the bearing
In a collar bearing, the shaft continues through and beyond the bearing.
The shaft may be vertical or horizontal with single collar or multi collars. The collars are either
integral parts of the shaft or rigidly fastened to it.
Such a bearing is used when it is not practicable to use the foot step bearing.
The collar rotates against the stationary split bearing surfaces.

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Engineering Drawing

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Engineering Drawing

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Engineering Drawing

REFERENCES
• Bhatt, N. D. and Panchal, V. M. 2006. Engineering Drawing: Plane
and Solid Geometry. Charotar Publ. House Pvt. Ltd., Anand.
• Bhatt, N. D. and Panchal, V. M. 2004. Machine Drawing. Charotar
Publ. House Pvt. Ltd., Anand.
• Narayana, K. L., Kannaiah, P. and Reddy, K. V. Machine Drawing.
2011. New Age International Publ., New Delhi.
• Reddy, K. V. 2010. Textbook of Engineering Drawing. B.S. Publ.,
Hyderabad.

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