Ce6602 Sve QB

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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

VIRUDHUNAGAR
QUESTION BANK
DEPARTMENT: CIVIL SEMESTER: VI
SUBJECT CODE / Name: CE 6602 / STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II
UNIT 1- FLEXIBILITY METHOD
PART - A (2 marks)
1. Find degree of indeterminacy of the following. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
Degree of indeterminacy = No. of reactions – No. of condition equations

= (3 + 2 + 3) – 3
=5
2. Define kinematic redundancy. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
When a structure is subjected to loads, each joint will undergo displacements in the form of
translations and rotations. Kinematic redundancy of a structure means the number of
unknown joint displacement in a structure.
3. Give the mathematical expression for the degree of static indeterminacy of rigid jointed
plane frames. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Degree of static indeterminacy = (No. of closed loops x 3) – No. of releases
4. What are the properties which characterize the structure response by means of force-
displacement relationship? (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
 Each element of a flexibility matrix represents a displacement at a coordinate (i) due to a
force at a coordinate (j).
 If the matrix of the structure is known, we know the behaviour of the structure.
5. What are the conditions to be satisfied for determinate structures and how are
indeterminate structures identified? (AUC May/June 2012)
Determinate structures can be solving using conditions of equilibrium alone (H = 0; V = 0;
M = 0). No other conditions are required.
Indeterminate structures cannot be solved using conditions of equilibrium because (H ≠ 0;
V ≠ 0; M ≠ 0). Additional conditions are required for solving such structures.
6. Write down the equation for the degree of static indeterminacy of the pin-jointed frames,
explaining the notations used. (AUC May/June 2012)
Total indeterminacy = External indeterminacy + Internal indeterminacy
External indeterminacy = No. of reactions – No. of equilibrium equations
Internal indeterminacy = m ( 2 j 3 )
VI Semester Civil CE6602 Structural Analysis-II by K.Kalaipandian AP / Civil Page 1
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7. Differentiate pin-jointed plane frame and rigid jointed plane frame. (AUC May/June 2013)
S.No Pin jointed plane frame Rigid jointed plane frame

1 The joints permit change of angle The members connected at a rigid joint
between connected members. with maintain the angle between them
even under deformation due to loads.
2 The joints are incapable of transferring Members can transmit both forces and
any moment to the connected members moments between themselves through
and vice-versa. the joint.
3 The pins transmit forces between Provision of rigid joints normally
connected members by developing shear. increases the redundancy of the
structures.
8. Mention any two methods of determining the joint deflection of a perfect frame.
(AUC May/June 2013)
 Unit load method
 Virtual work method
 Slope deflection method
 Strain energy method
9. What are the requirements to be satisfied while analyzing a structure?
The three conditions to be satisfied are:
(i) Equilibrium condition
(ii) Compatibility condition
(iii) Force displacement condition
10. What is meant by force method in structural analysis?
A method in which the forces are treated as unknowns is known as force method.
The following are the force methods:
 Flexibility matrix method
 Consistent deformation method
 Claypeyron’s 3 moment method
 Column analogy method
11. Define flexibility coefficient.
It is defined as the displacement at coordinate i due to unit force at coordinate j in a
structure. It makeup the elements of a flexibility matrix.
12. Why is flexibility method also called as compatibility method or force method?
Flexibility method begins with the superposition of forces and is hence known as force
method. Flexibility method leads to equations of displacement compatibility and is hence known as
compatibility method.
13. Define the Force Transformation Matrix.
The connectivity matrix which relates the internal forces Q and the external forces R is known
as the force transformation matrix. Writing it in a matrix form,
{Q} = [b] {R}
Where, Q = member force matrix/vector; b = force transformation matrix
R = external force/load matrix/ vector

14. State any two methods of matrix inversion.

 Adjoint method
 The gauss-jordan method (by linear transformation)
 The Choleski method (by factorization)
 Partitioning method
15. Define Degree of Freedom and explain its types.
Degree of freedom is defined as the least no of independent displacements required to
define the deformed shape of a structure.
There are two types of DOF: (a) Nodal type DOF and (b) Joint type DOF.
a) Nodal type DOF:
This includes the DOF at the point of application of concentrated load or moment, at a
section where moment of inertia changes, hinge support, roller support and junction of two or
more members.
b) Joint type DOF:
This includes the DOF at the point where moment of inertia changes, hinge and roller
support and junction of two or more members.
16. Define a primary structure.
A structure formed by the removing the excess or redundant restraints from an
indeterminate structure making it statically determinate is called primary structure. This is
required for solving indeterminate structures by flexibility matrix method.
17. Briefly mention the two types of matrix methods of analysis of indeterminate structures.
Flexibility matrix method:
This method is also called the force method in which the forces in the structure are treated
as unknowns. The no of equations involved is equal to the degree of static indeterminacy of the
structure.
Stiffness matrix method:
This is also called the displacement method in which the displacements that occur in the
structure are treated as unknowns. The no of displacements involved is equal to the no of
degrees of freedom of the structure.
19. Define local and global coordinates.
Local coordinates:
Coordinates defined along the individual member axes locally.
Global coordinates:
Common coordinate system dealing with the entire structure. Also known as system
coordinates.
20. What is the relation between the flexibility matrix and stiffness matrix?
The relation between the flexibility matrix and stiffness matrix is that, one is the inverse of
the other, when they both exist.

PART - B (16 marks)

1. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure using force method. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
Solution:
Step1: Static Indeterminacy :
Degree of redundancy = ( 1 + 1 + 3 ) - 3 = 2
Release at B and C by apply hinge.
Step 2: Fixed End Moment :
w 100 x 3
MFAB 37.5 kN m
8 8
MFBA w 100 x 3
37.5 kNm
8 8
MFBC w 2 60 x 4 2
80 kNm
12 12
MFBC w 2 60 x 4 2
80 kNm
12 12
Step 3: Equivalent Joint Load:

Step 4: Flexibility co efficient matrix ( B ) :

B B W BX
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
BW and BX
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
B
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
Step 5: Flexibility matrix (F) :
2 1 0 0
L 1 2 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 2 1
0 0 1 2
1 0.5 0 0
1 0.5 1 0 0
F
EI 0 0 1.33 0.67
0 0 0.67 1.33
FX BTx F B x
1 0.5 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 0.5 1 0 0 1 0
EI 0 0 0 1 0 0 1.33 0.67 1 0
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 1
0 0
1 0.5 1 1.33 0.67 1 0
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 1 0
0 1
1 2.33 0.67
Fx
EI 0.67 1.33
1 0.502 0.253
Fx EI
0.253 0.879

FW BTx F B w
1 0.5 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 1
EI 0 0 0 1 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0
1 0
1 0.5 1 1.33 0.67 0 1
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0
0 0
1 0.5 1
FW
EI 0 0
Step 6 : Displacement matrix (X) :
X Fx 1 FW W
EI 0.502 0.253 0.5 1 37.5
EI 0.253 0.879 0 0 42.5
0.251 0.502 37.5
0.127 0.253 42.5
11.923
5.99
11.923
X
5.99
Step 7 : Internal forces (P):
1 0 0 0 37.5
W 0 1 1 0 42.5
P B
X 0 0 1 0 11.923
0 0 0 1 5.99
37.5
30.58
P
11.923
5.99

Step 8 : Final Moments (M):

37.5 37.5
37.5 30.58
M P
80 11.923
80 5.99
0
68.08
M
68.08
95.99
2. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure using force method. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
Solution:
Degree of redundancy = ( 3 + 2 ) - 3 = 2
Apply a unit force at B joint.
w 2 30 x 4 2
MFBC 40 kNm
12 12
w 2 30 x 4 2
MFBC 40 kNm
12 12


B B W BX
0 0 6 2 4
0 0 0 4 4
1 0 0 4 4
BW and BX
0 0 0 4 0
0 1 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 6 2 4
0 0 0 4 4
1 0 0 4 4
B
0 0 0 4 0
0 1 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 0

2 1 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 0
L 0 0 2 1 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 1 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 1
0 0 0 0 1 2
2 1 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0
F
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0
0 0 0 0 1.33 0.67
0 0 0 0 0.67 1.33
FX BTx F B x

2 1 0 0 0 0 2 4
1 2 0 0 0 0 4 4
1 2 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0 4 4
EI 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 4 0
0 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0
2 4
4 4
1 8 10 8 8 5.32 2.68 4 4
EI 12 12 5.32 2.68 0 0 4 0
4 0
0 0
1 141.28 104
Fx
EI 104 117.28
1 0.0204 0.0181
Fx EI
0.0181 0.0246
FW BTx F B w
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0 1 0 0
EI 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 0
0 0 6
0 0 0
1 8 10 8 8 5.32 2.68 1 0 0
EI 12 12 5.32 2.68 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
1 8 5.32 48
FW
EI 5.32 0 72


X Fx 1 FW W
40
EI 0.0204 0.0181 8 5.32 48
40
EI 0.0181 0.0246 5.32 0 72
50
40
0.0669 0.1085 0.3240
40
0.0139 0.0963 0.9024
50
14.536
41.824
14.536
X
41.824

0 0 6 2 4
40
0 0 0 4 4
40
W 1 0 0 4 4
P B 50
X 0 0 0 4 0
14.536
0 1 0 4 0
41.824
0 0 0 0 0
161.776
109.152
149.152
P
58.144
98.144
0


0 161.776
0 109.152
40 149.152
M P
40 58.144
0 98.144
0 0
161.776
109.152
109.152
M
98.144
98.144
0
3. Analyse the continuous beam ABC shown in figure by flexibility matrix method and
sketch the bending moment diagram. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011).
Solution:
w 2 2 x 62
MFAB 6 kNm
12 12
w 2 2 x 62
MFBA 6 kNm
12 12
MFBC w 10 x 4
5 kNm
8 8
MFCB w 10 x 4
5 kNm
8 8


B B W BX
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
BW and BX
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
B
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
2 1 0 0
L 1 2 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 2 1
0 0 1 2
2 1 0 0
1 1 2 0 0
F
EI 0 0 1.33 0.67
0 0 0.67 1.33
FX BTx F Bx

2 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 1 0
EI 0 0 0 1 0 0 1.33 0.67 1 0
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 1
0 0
1 1 2 1.33 0.67 1 0
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 1 0
0 1
1 3.33 0.67
Fx
EI 0.67 1.33
1 0.334 0.168
Fx EI
0.168 0.837
FW BTx F Bw
2 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 0 1 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 1
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0
1 0
1 1 2 1.33 0.67 0 0
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 1
0 0
1 1 1.33
FW
EI 0 0.67

X Fx 1 FW W
EI 0.334 0.168 1 1.33 6

EI 0.168 0.837 0 0.67 1
0.334 0.3316 6
0.168 0.337 1

1.672
1.345
1.672
X
1.345
1 0 0 0 6
W 0 0 1 0 1
P B
X 0 1 1 0 1.672
0 0 0 1 1.345
6
1.672
P
2.672
1.345
6 6
6 1.672
M P
5 2.672
5 1.345
0
7.672
M
7.672
3.655
4. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure by flexibility matrix method and sketch
the bending moment diagram. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

Solution:
Degree of redundancy = ( 3 + 2 ) - 3 = 2
Release at D by apply horizontal and vertical supports.
MFAB MFBA MFBC MFBC MFC D MFDC 0

B B W BX
2 0 4
2 4 4
2 4 4
0 4 2
BW and BX
0 4 2
0 4 0
0 4 0
0 0 0
2 0 4
2 4 4
2 4 4
0 4 2
B
0 4 2
0 4 0
0 4 0
0 0 0

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0
L 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
0.89 0.44 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.44 0.89 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.33 0.17 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0.17 0.33 0 0 0 0
F
EI 0 0 0 0 0.33 0.17 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.17 0.33 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.89 0.44
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.89
FX BxT F B x
0.89 0.44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0.44 0.89 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
0 0 0.33 0.17 0 0 0 0 4 4
1 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0.17 0.33 0 0 0 0 4 2
EI 4 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.33 0.17 0 0 4 2
0 0 0 0 0.17 0.33 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.89 0.44 4 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.89 0 0

0 4
4 4
4 4
1 1.76 3.56 2 2 2 2 3.56 1.76 4 2
EI 5.32 5.32 1.66 1.34 0.66 0.34 0 0 4 2
4 0
4 0
0 0
1 60.48 37.28
Fx
EI 37.28 53.2
1 0.0291 0.0203
Fx EI
0.0203 0.033
FW BxT F Bw
0.89 0.44 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0.44 0.89 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0 0 0.33 0.17 0 0 0 0 2
1 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0.17 0.33 0 0 0 0 0
EI 4 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.33 0.17 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.17 0.33 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.89 0.44 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.89 0
2
2
2
1 1.76 3.56 2 2 2 2 3.56 1.76 0
EI 5.32 5.32 1.66 1.34 0.66 0.34 0 0 0
0
0
0
1 14.64
FW
EI 24.60


X Fx 1 FW W
EI 0.0291 0.0203 14.64

50
EI 0.0203 0.033 24.60
0.0734
50
0.5146
3.67
25.73
3.67
X
25.73
2 0 4
2 4 4
2 4 4
50
W 0 4 2
P B 3.67
X 0 4 2
25.73
0 4 0
0 4 0
0 0 0
2.92
11.76
11.76
36.78
P
36.78
14.68
14.68
0
The final moments also same, since there are no external forces acting on the members.

5. Analyse the continuous beam ABC shown in figure by flexibility matrix method and sketch
the bending moment diagram. (AUC May/June 2012)
Solution:
Release at A and B by apply hinge.
w 24 x 10
MFAB 30 kNm
8 8
w 24 x 10
MFBA 30 kNm
8 8
w 12 x 10
MFBC 15 kNm
8 8
w 12 x 10
MFBC 15 kNm
8 8


B BW BX
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
BW and BX
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
B
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
2 1 0 0
L 1 2 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 2 1
0 0 1 2
3.33 1.67 0 0
1 1.67 3.33 0 0
F
EI 0 0 3.33 1.67
0 0 1.67 3.33
FX BTx F B x
3.33 1.67 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1.67 3.33 0 0 0 1
EI 0 1 1 0 0 0 3.33 1.67 0 1
0 0 1.67 3.33 0 0
1 0
1 3.33 1.67 0 0 0 1
EI 0 0 3.33 1.67 0 1
0 0
1 3.33 1.67
Fx
EI 1.67 6.66
1 0.3435 0.086
Fx EI
0.086 0.1717

FW BTx F B w
3.33 1.67 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1.67 3.33 0 0 0 0
EI 0 1 1 0 0 0 3.33 1.67 1 0
0 0 1.67 3.33 0 1
0 0
1 3.33 1.67 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 3.33 1.67 1 0
0 1
1 0 0
FW
EI 3.33 1.67
X Fx 1 FW W
EI 0.3435 0.086 0 0 15
EI 0.086 0.1717 3.33 1.67 15
0.286 0.144 15
0.144 0.286 15
2.13
4.29
2.13
X
4.29
0 0 1 0 15
W 0 0 0 1 15
P B
X 1 0 0 1 2.13
0 1 0 0 4.29
2.13
4.29
P
10.71
15

30 2.13
30 4.29
M P
15 10.71
15 15
32.13
25.71
M
25.71
0
6. A cantilever of length 15 m is subjected to a single concentrated load of 50 kN at the middle

of the span. Find the deflection at the free end using flexibility matrix method. EI is
uniform throughout. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:

Degree of redundancy = 3 - 3 = 0
It is static determinate structures.
Step 2: Deflection at B :
Apply a unit force at given load.

M
The deflection is calculated by .
EI
1 375 2 x 7.5
Deflection at a 21 x 7.5 x x 7.5
2 EI 3
17578.125
Deflection at B
EI
Hint :To find the deflection, we use M diagram.
EI
7. A two span continuous beam ABC is fixed at A and hinged at support B and C. Span AB =
BC = 9m. Set up flexibility influence coefficient matrix assuming vertical reaction at B
and C as redundant. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:

MFAB MFBA MFBC MFBC 0
Case (i):
Case (ii):

Step 3 : Flexibility Influence Co-efficient Matrix (B):

For case (i):
B BW B X
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
BW and BX
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
B
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
For case (ii):

B B W BX
0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
BW and BX
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
B
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
8. A Statically indeterminate frame shown in figure carries a load of 80 kN. Analyse the
frame by matrix flexibility method. A and E are same for all members. (AUC May/June 2012)

Solution:
Step 1: Static Indeterminacy:
Degree of redundancy = Internal Indeterminate – External Indeterminate
= [m – (2j – 3)] – (r – R)
= [6 – (8 – 3)] – (3 - 3)
=1
Step 2: Member forces:
Take member AD as a redundant.
3
tan = 0.75 ; sin = 0.6; cos = 0.8;
4
ΣV=0
VA = 1
ΣM = 0
HA = 1.333 and HB = 1.333
At joint D:
FDC = 1 (compression) = -1
At joint C:
ΣV=0
FCA sin = 1
FCA = 1.667; FCB = 1.333
At joint B:
FBA = 0; FBC = 1.333
Analyse by method of joints and find the member forces.
Step 3: Flexibility Co-efficient Matrix:
B B W BX
0 0.75
1.333 1
1 0.75
BW and BX
1.667 1.25
0 1.25
0 1

0 0.75
1.333 1
1 0.75
B
1.667 1.25
0 1.25
0 1

3 0 0 0 0 0
0 4 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 3 0 0 0
F
AE 0 0 0 5 0 0
0 0 0 0 5 0
0 0 0 0 0 4
FX BTx F B x
3 0 0 0 0 0 0.75
0 4 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 3 0 0 0 0.75
0.75 1 0.75 1.25 1.25 1
0 0 0 5 0 0 1.25
0 0 0 0 5 0 1.25
0 0 0 0 0 4 1
27
Fx
AE
1 AE
Fx
27
FW BTx F B w
3 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 4 0 0 0 0 1.333
0 0 3 0 0 0 1
0.75 1 0.75 1.25 1.25 1
0 0 0 5 0 0 1.667
0 0 0 0 5 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 4 0
7.30
FW
AE


X Fx 1 FW W
AE 7.30
80
27 AE
X 21.63 kN
0 0.75
1.333 1
W 1 0.75 80
P B
X 1.667 1.25 21.63
0 1.25
0 1
16.22
84.77
63.78
Final forces, P
105.76
27.04
21.63
9. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure by flexibility method.
Solution:
w 2 16 x 102
MFAB 133.33 k Nm
12 12
MFBA w 2 16 x 10 2
133.33 kNm
12 12
MFBC w 16 x 10
20 kNm
8 8
MFCB w 16 x 10
20 kNm
8 8


B B W BX
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
BW and BX
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
B
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
2 1 0 0
L 1 2 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 2 1
0 0 1 2
1.11 0.56 0 0
0.56 1.11 0 0
F
0 0 3.33 1.67
0 0 1.67 3.33
FX BTx F Bx

1.11 0.56 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0.56 1.11 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 3.33 1.67 0 1
0 0 1.67 3.33 0 0
1 0
1.11 0.56 0 0 0 1
0.56 1.11 3.33 1.67 0 1
0 0
1.11 0.56
Fx
0.56 4.44
1 0.962 0.121
Fx
0.121 0.241
FW BTx F B w
1.11 0.56 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0.56 1.11 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 3.33 1.67 1 0
0 0 1.67 3.33 0 1
0 0
1.11 0.56 0 0 0 0
0.56 1.11 3.33 1.67 1 0
0 1
0 0
FW
3.33 1.67
X Fx 1 FW W
0.962 0.121 0 0 113.33
0.121 0.241 3.33 1.67 20
41.62
82.90
41.62
X
82.90


0 0 1 0 113.33
W 0 0 0 1 20
P B
X 1 0 0 1 41.62
0 1 0 0 82.90
41.62
82.90
P
30.43
20
133.33 41.62
133.33 82.90
M P
20 30.43
20 20
174.95
50.43
M
50.43
0
10. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure by flexibility method.
Solution:
Degree of redundancy = ( 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) - 2 = 2

w 2 4 x 32
MFAB 3 kNm
12 12
w 2 4 x 32
MFBA 3 kNm
12 12

w 4x8
MFBC 4 kNm
8 8
w 4x8
MFCB 4 kNm
8 8
w 6x6
MFCD 4.5 kNm
8 8
w 6x6
MFDC 4.5 kNm
8 8

B B W BX
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
BW and BX
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
B
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0


2 1 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 0
L 0 0 2 1 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 1 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 1
0 0 0 0 1 2
1 0.5 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0
F
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0.5
0 0 0 0 0.5 1
FX BTx F Bx
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0 1 0
EI 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0
0 0
1 0
1 0.5 1 1.33 0.67 0 0 1 0
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 1 0.5 0 1
0 1
0 0
1 2.33 0.67
Fx
EI 0.67 2.33
1 0.468 0.135
Fx EI
0.135 0.468

FW BTx F Bw
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0.5 1 1.33 0.67 0 0 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 1 0.5 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 0.5 1 0.67 0
FW
EI 0 0 1.33 0.5

X Fx 1 FW W
3
EI 0.468 0.135 0.5 1 0.67 0 1
EI 0.135 0.468 0 0 1.33 0.5 0.5
4.5
3
0.234 0.468 0.134 0.068 1
0.068 0.135 0.599 0.234 0.5
4.5
0.139
0.685
0.139
X
0.685

1 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0.861
W 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.5 0.139
P B
X 0 0 1 0 0 1 4.5 1.185
0 0 0 0 0 1 0.139 0.685
0 0 0 1 0 0 0.685 4.5
3 3
3 0.861
4 0.139
M P
4 1.185
4.5 0.685
4.5 4.5
0
3.861
3.861
M
5.185
5.185
0


VIRUDHUNAGAR
QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT CODE / Name: CE6602 / STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II
UNIT 2 - STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD
PART - A (2 marks)
1. Define static indeterminacy. (AUC Apr/May 2011)

The excess number of reactions that make a structure indeterminate is called static
indeterminacy.
Static indeterminacy = No. of reactions – Equilibrium conditions
2. Define flexibility of a structure. (AUC Apr/May 2011)

This method is also called the force method in which the forces in the structure are treated
as unknowns. The no of equations involved is equal to the degree of static indeterminacy of the
structure.
3. Write down the equation of element stiffness matrix as applied to 2D plane element.
(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
The equation of element stiffness matrix for 2D plane element is
EI 4 2
K
L 2 4
4. Define degree of freedom of the structure with an example. (AUC May/June 2012)
What is degree of kinematic indeterminacy and give an example. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Degree of freedom is defined as the least no of independent displacements required to
define the deformed shape of a structure.
There are two types of DOF: (a) Nodal type DOF and (b) Joint type DOF.
For example:
i = r – e where, r = no of reactions, e = no of equilibrium conditions r = 4 and e = 3

i=4–3=1

5. Write a short note on global stiffness matrices. (AUC May/June 2012)

The size of the global stiffness matrix (GSM) = No: of nodes x Degrees of freedom per node.
6. Write a note on element stiffness matrix. (AUC May/June 2013)

K1 0 0
K 0 K2 0
0 0 K3
The element stiffness is K1 , K 2 , K 3 etc......
7. List out the properties of rotation matrix. (AUC May/June 2013)

 Matrix multiplication has no effect on the zero vectors (the coordinates of the origin).
 It can be used to describe rotations about the origin of the coordinate system.
 Rotation matrices provide an algebraic description of such rotations.
 They are used extensively for computations.
 Rotation matrices are square matrices with real entries.
8. What are the basic unknowns in stiffness matrix method?

In the stiffness matrix method nodal displacements are treated as the basic unknowns for
the solution of indeterminate structures.
9. Define stiffness coefficient ‘kij’.

Stiffness coefficient ‘kij’ is defined as the force developed at joint ‘i’ due to unit displacement at
joint ‘j’ while all other joints are fixed.
10. What is the basic aim of the stiffness method?

The aim of the stiffness method is to evaluate the values of generalized coordinates ‘r’
knowing the structure stiffness matrix ‘k’ and nodal loads ‘R’ through the structure equilibrium
equation.
{R} = [K] {r}
11. What is the displacement transformation matrix?

The connectivity matrix which relates the internal displacement ‘q’ and the external
displacement ‘r’ is known as the displacement transformation matrix ‘a’.
{q} = [a] {r}
12. How are the basic equations of stiffness matrix obtained?

The basic equations of stiffness matrix are obtained as:
 Equilibrium forces
 Compatibility of displacements
 Force displacement relationships

13. What is meant by generalized coordinates?

For specifying a configuration of a system, a certain minimum no of independent coordinates
are necessary. The least no of independent coordinates that are needed to specify the configuration
is known as generalized coordinates.
14. Write about the force displacement relationship.

The relationship of each element must satisfy the stress-strain relationship of the element
material.
15. Compare flexibility method and stiffness method.

Flexibility matrix method:
 The redundant forces are treated as basic unknowns.
 The number of equations involved is equal to the degree of static indeterminacy of the
structure.
 The method is the generalization of consistent deformation method.
 Different procedures are used for determinate and indeterminate structures
Stiffness matrix method:
 The joint displacements are treated as basic unknowns
 The number of displacements involved is equal to the no of degrees of freedom of the
structure
 The method is the generalization of the slope deflection method.
 The same procedure is used for both determinate and indeterminate structures.
16. Is it possible to develop the flexibility matrix for an unstable structure?

In order to develop the flexibility matrix for a structure, it has to be stable and determinate.
17. What is the relation between flexibility and stiffness matrix?

The element stiffness matrix ‘k’ is the inverse of the element flexibility matrix ‘f’ and is given
by f = 1/k or k = 1/f.
18. List the properties of the stiffness matrix.

 The properties of the stiffness matrix are:
 It is a symmetric matrix
 The sum of elements in any column must be equal to zero.
 It is an unstable element therefore the determinant is equal to zero.
19. Why the stiffness matrix method is also called equilibrium method or displacement method?
Stiffness method is based on the superposition of displacements and hence is also known
as the displacement method. And since it leads to the equilibrium equations the method is also
known as equilibrium method.

PART - B (16 marks)

1. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure using displacement method.
(AUC Apr/May 2011)
Solution:
Step1: Assign coordinates :

w 240 x 10
MFAB 300 kNm
8 8
w 240 x 10
MFBA 300 kNm
8 8
w 120 x 10
MFBC 150 kNm
8 8
w 120 x 10
MFCB 150 kNm
8 8
Step 3: Fixed End Moment Diagram:
300
WO
150

Step 4: Formation of ( A ) matrix :

1 0
0 1
A
0 1
0 0
1 0 0 0
AT
0 1 1 0
Step 5: Stiffness matrix (K) :

4 2 0 0
EI 2 4 0 0
K
L 0 0 4 2
0 0 2 4
0.4 0.2 0 0
0.2 0.4 0 0
K EI
0 0 0.4 0.2
0 0 0.2 0.4
Step 6 :System stiffness matrix (J):

J AT K A
0.4 0.2 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0.2 0.4 0 0 0 1
EI
0 1 1 0 0 0 0.4 0.2 0 1
0 0 0.2 0.4 0 0
1 0
0.4 0.2 0 0 0 1
EI
0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0 1
0 0
0.4 0.2
J EI
0.2 0.8
1 1 2.86 0.71
J
EI 0.71 1.43

Step 7:Displacement matrix ( )

J 1W
1
J W* W0
1 2.86 0.71 0 300

EI 0.71 1.43 0 150
1 964.5
EI 427.5
Step 8 : Element forces (P):

P KA
0.4 0.2 0 0 1 0
EI 0.2 0.4 0 0 0 1 964.5
EI 0 0 0.4 0.2 0 1 427.5
0 0 0.2 0.4 0 0
0.4 0.2
0.2 0.4 964.5
0 0.4 427.5
0 0.2
300
21.9
P
171
85.5

300 300
300 21.9
M P
150 171
150 85.5
0
321.9
M
321
64.5

2. Analyse the continuous beam ABC shown in figure by stiffness method and also draw the
shear force diagram. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011).
Solution:
Step1: Assign coordinates:

w 10 x 3
MFAB 3.75 kNm
8 8
w 10 x 3
MFBA 3.75 kNm
8 8
w 2 5 x 32
MFBC 3.75 kNm
12 12
w 2 5 x 32
MFCB 3.75 kNm
12 12
0
WO
3.75


0 0
1 0
A
1 0
0 1
0 1 1 0
AT
0 0 0 1

4 2 0 0
EI 2 4 0 0
K
L 0 0 4 2
0 0 2 4
1.33 0.67 0 0
0.67 1.33 0 0
K EI
0 0 1.33 0.67
0 0 0.67 1.33

J AT K A
1.33 0.67 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0 1 0 0 1.33 0.67 1 0
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 1
0 0
0.67 1.33 1.33 0.67 1 0
EI
0 0 0.67 1.33 1 0
0 1
2.66 0.67
J EI
0.67 1.33
1 1 0.431 0.217
J
EI 0.217 0.861


J 1W
1
J W* W0
1 0.431 0.217 0 0
EI 0.217 0.861 0 3.75
1 0.814
EI 3.228

P KA
1.33 0.67 0 0 0 0
EI 0.67 1.33 0 0 1 0 0.814
EI 0 0 1.33 0.67 1 0 3.228
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 1
0.67 0
1.33 0 0.814
1.33 0.67 3.228
0.67 1.33
0.545
1.082
P
- 1.081
- 3.75

3.75 0.545
3.75 1.082
M P
3.75 - 1.081
3.75 - 3.75
3.205
4.832
M
4.832
0

3. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure by stiffness method and also draw the
bending moment diagram. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:

w 30 x 5
MFBC 18.75 kNm
8 8
w 30 x 5
MFBC 18.75 kNm
8 8
MFAB MFBA MFCD MFDC 0
18.75
WO
18.75


0 0
1 0
1 0
A
0 1
0 1
0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
AT
0 0 0 1 1 0
4 2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0. 4 0 0 0 0
2 4 0 0 0 0 0.4 0. 8 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0
K EI
L 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.8 0 0
0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4
0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4

J AT K A
0.8 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.4 0.8 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.4 0.8 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0
0 0
1 0
0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 0 1
0 1
0 0
1.6 0.4
J EI
0.4 1.6
1 1 0.67 -0.17
J
EI - 0.17 0.67

Step 7:Displacement matrix ( ):

J 1W
1
J W* W0
1 0.67 -0.17 0 18.75

EI - 0.17 0.67 0 18.75
1 15.75
EI 15.75
P KA
0.8 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.4 0.8 0 0 0 0 1 0
EI 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0 1 0 15.75
EI 0 0 0.4 0.8 0 0 0 1 15.75
0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0
0.4 0
0.8 0
0.8 0.4 15.75
0.4 0.8 15.75
0 0.8
0 0.4
6.3
12.6
6.3
P
6.3
12.6
6.3
0 6.3 6.3
0 12.6 12.6
18.75 6.3 12.5
M P
18.75 6.3 12.5
0 12.6 12.6
0 6.3 6.3

4. Analyse the continuous beam ABC shown in figure by stiffness method and also sketch the
bending moment diagram. (AUC May/June 2012)
Solution:

w 10 x 3
MFAB 3.75 kNm
8 8
w 10 x 3
MFBA 3.75 kNm
8 8
w 2 6 x 42
MFBC 8 kNm
12 12
w 2 6 x 42
MFCB 8 kNm
12 12
3.75
WO
4.25


1 0
0 1
A
0 1
0 0
1 0 0 0
AT
0 1 1 0

4 2 0 0
EI 2 4 0 0
K
L 0 0 4 2
0 0 2 4
1.33 0.67 0 0
0.67 1.33 0 0
K EI
0 0 1 0.5
0 0 0.5 1

J AT K A
1.33 0.67 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 0 1
EI
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 1
0 0 0.5 1 0 0
1 0
1.33 0.67 0 0 0 1
EI
0.67 1.33 1 0.5 0 1
0 0
1.33 0.67
J EI
0.67 2.33
1 1 0.879 0.253
J
EI 0.253 0.502


J 1W
1
J W* W0
1 0.879 0.253 0 3.75

EI 0.253 0.502 0 4.25
1 2.221
EI 1.185
P KA
1.33 0.67 0 0 1 0
EI 0.67 1.33 0 0 0 1 2.221
EI 0 0 1 0.5 0 1 1.185
0 0 0.5 1 0 0
1.33 0.67
0.67 1.33 2.221
0 1 1.185
0 0.5
3.75
3.06
P
1.185
0.59
3.75 3.75
3.75 3.06
M P
8 1.185
8 0.59
0
6.81
M
6.81
8.59

5. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure by stiffness method and also sketch the
bending moment diagram. (AUC May/June 2012)
Solution:

w w 2 30 x 4 30 x 4 2
MFBC 55 kNm
8 12 8 12
w w 2 30 x 4 30 x 4 2
MFCB 55 kNm
8 12 8 12
55
WO
55


0 0
1 0
1 0
A
0 1
0 1
0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
AT
0 0 0 1 1 0
4 2 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 0 0
2 4 0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0
K EI
L 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 0.5
0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.5 1

J AT K A
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0
0 0
1 0
0.5 1 1 0.5 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0.5 1 1 0.5 0 1
0 1
0 0
2 0.5
J EI
0.5 2
1 1 0.53 -0.13
J
EI - 0.13 0.53


J 1W
1
J W* W0
1 0.53 -0.13 0 55
EI - 0.13 0.53 0 55
1 36.3
EI 36.3
P KA
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
EI 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 1 0 36.3
EI 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 1 36.3
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0
0.5 0
1 0
1 0.5 36.3
0.5 1 36.3
0 1
0 0.5
18.15
36.3
18.15
P
18.15
36.3
18.15
0 18.15 18.15
0 36.3 36.3
55 18.15 36.3
M P
55 18.15 36.45
0 36.3 36.3
0 18.15 18.15

6. A two span continuous beam ABC is fixed at A and simply supported over the supports B
and C. AB = 10 m and BC = 8 m. moment of inertia is constant throughout. A single central
concentrated load of 10 tons acts on AB and a uniformly distributed load of 8 ton/m acts
over BC. Analyse the beam by stiffness matrix method. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:

w 10 x 10
MFAB 12.5 kNm
8 8
w 10 x 10
MFBA 12.5 kNm
8 8
w 2 8 x 82
MFBC 42.67 kNm
12 12
w 2 8 x 82
MFBC 42.67 kNm
12 12
30.17
WO
42.67


0 0
1 0
A
1 0
0 1
0 1 1 0
AT
0 0 0 1

4 2 0 0
EI 2 4 0 0
K
L 0 0 4 2
0 0 2 4
0.4 0.2 0 0
0.2 0.4 0 0
K EI
0 0 0.5 0.25
0 0 0.25 0.5

J AT K A
0.4 0.2 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0.2 0.4 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0 1 0 0 0.5 0.25 1 0
0 0 0.25 0.5 0 1
0 0
0.2 0.4 0.5 0.25 1 0
EI
0 0 0.25 0.5 1 0
0 1
0.9 0.25
J EI
0.25 0.5
1 1 1.29 0.65
J
EI 0.65 2.32


J 1W
1
J W* W0
1 1.29 0.65 0 30.17

EI 0.65 2.32 0 42.67
1 66.65
EI 118.60

P KA
0.4 0.2 0 0 0 0
EI 0.2 0.4 0 0 1 0 66.65
EI 0 0 0.5 0.25 1 0 118.60
0 0 0.25 0.5 0 1
0.2 0
0.4 0 66.65
0.5 0.25 118.60
0.25 0.5
13.33
26.66
P
3.68
42.64

12.5 13.33
12.5 26.66
M P
42.67 3.68
42.67 42.64
0.83
39.16
M
39
0

7. A portal frame ABCD with supports A and D are fixed at same level carries a uniformly
distributed load of 8 tons/m on the span AB. Span AB = BC = CD = 9 m. EI is constant
throughout. Analyse the frame by stiffness matrix method. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:
w 2 8 x 92
MFBC 54 ton.m
12 12
w 2 8 x 92
MFCB 54 ton.m
12 12
54
WO
54


0 0
1 0
1 0
A
0 1
0 1
0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
AT
0 0 0 1 1 0
4 2 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.22 0 0 0 0
2 4 0 0 0 0 0.22 0.44 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.22 0 0
K EI
L 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.22 0.44 0 0
0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.22
0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.22 0.44

J AT K A
0.44 0.22 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.22 0.44 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.22 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.22 0.44 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.44 0.22 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.22 0.44 0 0
0 0
1 0
0.22 0.44 0.44 0.22 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0.22 0.44 0.44 0.22 0 1
0 1
0 0
0.88 0.22
J EI
0.22 0.88
1 1 1.212 -0.303
J
EI - 0.303 1.212


J 1W
1
J W* W0
1 1.212 -0.303 0 54
EI - 0.303 1.212 0 54
1 81.81
EI 81.81
P KA
0.44 0.22 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.22 0.44 0 0 0 0 1 0
EI 0 0 0.44 0.22 0 0 1 0 81.81
EI 0 0 0.22 0.44 0 0 0 1 81.81
0 0 0 0 0.44 0.22 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.22 0.44 0 0
0.22 0
0.44 0
0.44 0.22 81.81
0.22 0.44 81.81
0 0.44
0 0.22
18
36
18
P
18
36
18

0 18 18
0 36 36
54 18 36
M P
54 18 36
0 36 36
0 18 18

8. Using matrix stiffness method, analyze the truss for the member forces in the truss loaded
as shown in figure. AE and L are tabulated below for all the three members.
(AUC Apr/May 2011)
Member AE L
AD 400 400
BD 461.9 461.9
CD 800 800
Solution:
Step 1: Assign coordinates:
i) Global coordinates: ii) Local coordinates:
Step 2: Displacement diagram:
Step 3: Formation of [A] matrix:

Apply unit displacement in DD’.
Displacement along 1, AD = 0
Displacement along 2 and 3,
DD1 = cos 60o = 0.5 and DD2 = cos 30o = 0.866

0
A 0.5
0.866
Step 4: Stiffness matrix (K):
K1 0 0 1 0 0
AE
K 0 K2 0 0 1 0
L
0 0 K3 0 0 1
Step 5: System stiffness matrix (J):
J AT K A
1 0 0 0
0 0.5 0.866 0 1 0 0.5
0 0 1 0.866
0
0 0.5 0.866 0.5
0.866
J 1
1
J 1
Step 6: Displacement matrix ( ):
1
J W
1 x 80 80
Step 7: Element forces (P):
P KA
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0.5 80
0 0 1 0.866
0
0.5 80
0.866
0
Final forces, P 40
69.28

9. Analyse the frame shown in figure by matrix stiffness method.
Solution:

w 2 30 x 82
MFBC 160 kN.m
12 12
w 2 30 x 82
MFCB 160 kN.m
12 12
0
O
W 160
160

1
0 0
4
1 0.25 0 0
1 0
4 0.25 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
A
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0.125 0 1
0 1
8 0.125 0 0
1
0 0
8
0.25 0.25 0 0 0.125 0.125

AT 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0
4 2 0 0 0 0
2 4 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 4 2 0 0
K
L 0 0 2 4 0 0
0 0 0 0 4 2
0 0 0 0 2 4
1 0.5 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0.5 0 0
K EI
0 0 0.5 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0.5
0 0 0 0 0.5 1


J AT K A
1
0 0
4
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 1
1 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 4
0.25 0.25 0 0 0.125 0.125
0 0 1 0.5 0 0 0 1 0
EI 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 1
0 1
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 8
1
0 0
8
1
0 0
4
1
1 0
4
0.375 0.375 0 0 0.187 0.187
0 1 0
EI 0.5 1 1 0.5 0 0
0 0 1
0 0 0.5 1 1 0.5
1
0 1
8
1
0 0
8
0.234 0.375 0.187

J EI 0.375 2 0.5
0.187 0.5 2
6.29 1.10 0.31

1 1
J 1.10 0.73 0.08
EI
0.31 0.08 0.55


J 1W
1
J W* W0
6.29 1.10 0.31 0 0
1
1.10 0.73 0.08 0 160
EI
0.31 0.08 0.55 0 160
126.4
1
129.6
EI
100.8
P KA
1
0 0
4
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 1
1 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 4
126.4
EI 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 0 1 0
129.6
EI 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1
1
00.8
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 1
0 1
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 8
1
0 0
8
0.375 0.5 0 17.4

0.375 1 0 82.2
126.4
0 1 0.5 79.2
P 129.6
0 0.5 1 36
100.8
0.187 0 1 12
4.44
0.187 0 0.5 74.04
0 17.4 17.4
0 82.2 82.2
160 79.2 81
M P
160 36 124
0 124.44 124.44
0 74.04 74.04

10. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure using displacement method.
Solution:

wab 2 6.4 x 5 x 32
MFAB 2
4.5 kNm
82
wa 2 b 6.4 x 52 x 3
MFBA 2
7.5 kNm
82
w 8x6
MFBC 6 kNm
8 8
w 8x6
MFCB 6 kNm
8 8
WO 1.5


0
1
A
1
0
AT 0 1 1 0

4 2 0 0
EI 2 4 0 0
K
L 0 0 4 2
0 0 2 4
0.5 0.25 0 0
0.25 0.5 0 0
K EI
0 0 0.67 0.33
0 0 0.33 0.67
J AT K A
0.5 0.25 0 0 0
0.25 0.5 0 0 1
EI 0 1 1 0
0 0 0.67 0.33 1
0 0 0.33 0.67 0
0
1
EI 0.25 0.5 0.67 0.33
1
0
J EI 1.17
1 0.85
J
EI

Step 7: Displacement matrix ( )

J 1W
1
J W* W0
0.85
0 1.5
EI
1.275
EI

P KA
0.5 0.25 0 0 0
EI 0.25 0.5 0 0 1
1.275
EI 0 0 0.67 0.33 1
0 0 0.33 0.67 0
0.25
0.5
1.275
0.67
0.33
0.319
0.638
P
0.854
0.421
4.5 0.319
7.5 0.638
M P
6 0.854
6 0.421
4.82
6.86
M
6.85
5.58

SRIVIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE METERIALS(QUESTION BANK)
SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR
CE 6602 – STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - II
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CE 6602 – STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - II
2 MARK QUESTION BANK
UNIT III
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
PART A
1. What is meant by Finite element method?

2. List out the advantages of FEM.
3. List out the disadvantages of FEM.
4. Mention the various coordinates in FEM.
5. What are the basic steps in FEM?
6. What is meant by discretization?
7. What are the factors governing the selection of finite elements?
8. Define displacement function.
9. Briefly explain a few terminology used in FEM.
10. What are different types of elements used in FEM?
11. What are 1-D elements? Give examples.
14. Define Shape function.
15. What are the properties of shape functions?
16. Define aspect ratio.
17. What are possible locations for nodes?
18. What are the characteristics of displacement functions?
19. What is meant by plane strain condition?
PART B
1. Explain the procedure of adopting finite element method.
2. Explain the discretisation process in detail.
3. Compute the nodal loads on each of the 3 elements for a fixed beam AB of span L with a
point load W & 2W located at one third span from end A & B respectively .
4. Determine the element load vectors and global load vector for the system in the figure-A.
PREPARED BY K.KALAIPANDIAN AP/CIVIL SAII/QB/UNIT III/Page 1

5. For the beam shown in figure-A, determine the{P} vectors and the {F} vector by
equivalent load method.
Fig - A
6. Explain the procedure for assembling of force vectors and stiffness matrices.
7. Explain the procedure for formulating the stiffness matrix for a constant strain element.
8. Explain the formulation of Pascal Triangle.
9. Assemble the elements 1,2 and 3 in the figure to develop the global load vectors and the
global stiffness matrix,given that
{P₁}T=[8 0 6 0 2 0]
{P₂}T=[5 1 3 0 6 0 9 2]
{P₃}T=[0 2 0 2]

10. Solve the matrix equation {f}=[K]{u} where {f}T=[100, 120, -10]and [K] is
12 6 2
{ 6 48 4 }
2 4 24
Make sure that u₁=0.
ANSWERS
1. What is meant by Finite element method?
Finite element method (FEM) is a numerical technique for solving boundary value
problems in which a large domain is divided into smaller pieces or elements. The solution is
determined by assuming certain polynomials. The small pieces are called finite element and
the polynomials are called shape functions.
2. List out the advantages of FEM.

 Since the properties of each element are evaluated separately different material
properties can be incorporated for each element.
 There is no restriction in the shape of the medium.
 Any type of boundary condition can be adopted.
3. List out the disadvantages of FEM.

 The computational cost is high.
 The solution is approximate and several checks are required.
4. Mention the various coordinates in FEM.

 Local or element coordinates
 Natural coordinates
 Simple natural coordinates
 Area coordinates or Triangular coordinates
 Generalized coordinates
5. What are the basic steps in FEM?

 Discretization of the structure
 Selection of suitable displacement function
 Finding the element properties
 Assembling the element properties
 Applying the boundary conditions
 Solving the system of equations
 Computing additional results

6. What is meant by discretization?

Discretization is the process of subdividing the given body into a number of
elements which results in a system of equivalent finite elements.
7. What are the factors governing the selection of finite elements?

 The geometry of the body
 The number of independent space coordinates

8. Define displacement function.
Displacement function is defined as simple functions which are assumed to
approximate the displacements for each element. They may assume in the form of
polynomials, or trigonometrical functions.
9. Briefly explain a few terminology used in FEM.

The various terms used in FEM are explained below.
Finite element: Small elements used for subdividing the given domain to be analysed
are called finite elements. These elements may be 1D, 2D or 3D elements depending on the type
of structure.
Nodes and nodal points: The intersection of the different sides of elements are
called nodes. Nodes are of two types – external nodes and internal nodes.
External nodes – The nodal point connecting adjacent elements.
Internal nodes – The extra nodes used to increase the accuracy of solution.
Nodal lines: The interface between elements are called nodal lines.
Continuum: The domain in which matter exists at every point is called a continuum.
It can be assumed as having infinite number of connected particles.
Primary unk nowns: The main unknowns involved in the formulation of the element
properties are known as primary unknowns.
Secondary unk nowns: These unknowns are derived from primary unknowns are
known as secondary unknowns. In displacement formulations, displacements are treated as
primary unknowns and stress, strain, moments and shear force are treated as secondary
unknowns.

10. What are different types of elements used in FEM?

The various elements used in FEM are
classified as: One dimensional
elements (1D elements) Two
dimensional elements (2D
elements) Three dimensional
elements (3D elements)

Elements having a minimum of two nodes are called 1D element. Beams are
usually approximated with 1D element. These may be straight or curved. There can be
additional nodes within the element.

A plane wall, plate, diaphragm, slab, shell etc. can be approximated as an assemblage
of 2-D
elements. Most commonly used elements are triangular, rectangular and quadrilateral elements.

3-D elements are used for modeling solid bodies and the various 3-D elements are
tetrahedron, hexahedron, and curved rectangular solid.

14. Define Shape function.

Shape function is also called an approximate function or an interpolation function whose
value is equal to unity at the node considered and zeros at all other nodes. Shape function is
represented by Ni where i = node no.
15. What are the properties of shape functions?

The properties of shape functions are:
 The no of shape functions will be equal to the no of nodes present in the element.
 Shape function will have a unit value at the node considered and zero value
at other nodes.
 The sum of all the shape function is equal to 1.
16. Define aspect ratio.

Element aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the largest dimension of the element to
its smallest dimension.
17. What are possible locations for nodes?

The possible locations for
nodes are:
 Point of application of concentrated load.
 Location where there is a change in intensity of loads
 Locations where there are discontinuities in the geometry of the structure
 Interfaces between materials of different properties.
18. What are the characteristics of displacement functions?

Displacement functions should have the following
characteristics:
 The displacement field should be continuous.
 The displacement function should be compatible between adjacent elements
 The displacement field must represent constant strain states of elements
 The displacement function must represent rigid body displacements of an element.
19. What is meant by plane strain condition?

Plane strain is a state of strain in which normal strain and shear strain directed
perpendicular to the plane of body is assumed to be zero.


VIRUDHUNAGAR
QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT CODE / Name: CE 6602 / STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - II
UNIT 4 - PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
PART - A (2 marks)
1. What is shape factor? (AUC Apr/May 2011) (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
The shape factor is defined as the ratio of the plastic moment of a section to the yield
moment of the section.
2. State upper bound theorem. (AUC Apr/May 2011) (AUC May/June 2013)
Upper bound theorem states that “A load computed on the basis of an assumed mechanism
is always greater than or equal to the true ultimate load”.
3. Define plastic modulus. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
The plastic modulus of a section is the first moment of the area above and below the equal
area axis. It is the resisting modulus of a fully plasticized section.
A
Zp (y1 y2 )
2
4. What are meant by load factor and collapse load? (AUC Nov/Dec 2011 & M ay/June 2012)
Load factor:
Load factor is defined as the ratio of collapse load to working load.
collapse load WC
Load factor,
working load W
Collapse load:
The load that causes the (n + 1) the hinge to form a mechanism is called collapse load where
n is the degree of statically indeterminacy. Once the structure becomes a mechanism.
5. Define plastic hinge with an example. (AUC May/June 2012 & 2013)
When a section attains full plastic moment Mp, it acts as hinge which is called a plastic hinge.
It is defined as the yielded zone due to bending at which large rotations can occur with a constant
value of plastic moment Mp.
6. What is difference between plastic hinge and mechanical hinge?
Plastic hinges modify the behavior of structures in the same way as mechanical hinges. The
only difference is that plastic hinges permit rotation with a constant resisting moment equal to the
plastic moment Mp. At mechanical hinges, the resisting moment is equal to zero.
7. List out the assumptions made for plastic analysis.
The assumptions for plastic analysis are:
 Plane transverse sections remain plane and normal to the longitudinal axis before and
after bending.

 Effect of shear is neglected.

 The material is homogeneous and isotropic both in the elastic and plastic state.
 Modulus of elasticity has the same value both in tension and compression.
 There is no resultant axial force in the beam.
 The cross-section of the beam is symmetrical about an axis through its centroid and parallel
to the plane of bending.
8. List out the shape factors for the following sections.
 Rectangular section, S = 1.5
 Triangular section, S = 2.346
 Circular section, S = 1.697
 Diamond section, S = 2
9. Mention the section having maximum shape factor.
The section having maximum shape factor is a triangular section, S = 2.345.
10. State lower bound theory.
Lower bound theory states that the collapse load is determined by assuming suitable
moment distribution diagram. The moment distribution diagram is drawn in such a way that the
conditions of equilibrium are satisfied.
11. What are the different types of mechanisms?
The different types of mechanisms are:
 Beam mechanism
 Column mechanism
 Panel or sway mechanism
 Cable mechanism
 Combined or composite mechanism
12. Mention the types of frames.
Frames are broadly of two types:
 Symmetric frames
 Un-symmetric frames
13. What are symmetric frames and how they analyzed?
Symmetric frames are frames having the same support conditions, lengths and loading
conditions on the columns and beams of the frame. Symmetric frames can be analyzed by:
 Beam mechanism
14. What are unsymmetrical frames and how are they analyzed?
Un-symmetric frames have different support conditions, lengths and loading conditions on its
columns and beams. These frames can be analyzed by:
 Beam mechanism
 Panel or sway mechanism
 Combined mechanism
15. How is the shape factor of a hollow circular section related to the shape factor of a ordinary
circular section?
The shape factor of a hollow circular section = A factor K x shape factor of ordinary circular
section. SF of hollow circular section = SF of circular section x {(1 – c3)/ (1 – c4)}

16. Give the governing equation for bending.

The governing equation for bending is given by
M
I y
Where M = Bending moment
I = Moment of inertia
σ = Stress
y = C.G. distance
17. Give the theorems for determining the collapse load.
The two theorems for the determination of collapse load are:
 Static Method [Lower bound Theorem]
 Kinematic Method [Upper bound Theorem]
18. What is a mechanism?
When a n-degree indeterminate structure develops n plastic hinges, it becomes determinate
and the formation of an additional hinge will reduce the structure to a mechanism. Once a structure
becomes a mechanism, it will collapse.
19. What are the assumptions made in fully plastic moment of a section?
 Plane traverse sections remain plane and normal to the longitudinal axis after bending, the
effect of shear being neglected.
 Modulus of elasticity has the same value in tension and compression.
 The material is homogeneous and isotropic in both the elastic and plastic state.
 There is no resultant axial force on the beam. i.e., total compression = total tension.
 The cross-section of the beam is symmetrical about an axis through its centroid parallel to
the plane of bending.
 Longitudinal fibres are free to expand and contract without affecting the fibres in the lateral
dimension.
20. What are the limitations of load factor concept?
The analysis procedure does not give us any clue if at a load W u / load factor the structure
behaves well.
 The stresses are within limit, so we have to check the stresses at crucial points by
conventional elastic method.
This is a peculiar and unrealistic assumption.
The assumption of monotonic increase in loading is a simplistic.

PART - B (16 marks)

1. Derive the shape factor for I section and circular section. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
I section:
Zp Plastic modulus
Shape factor, S = =
Z Elastic modulus
Elastic modulus (Z) :
I
Z
Y
BD 3 bd 3
I
12 12
D
Y
2
BD3 bd 3
12 12 BD3 bd 3 2
Z x
D 12 12 D
2
3
BD3 bd
Z
6D
Plastic modulus ( Zp ) :
A
Zp = ( y1 + y2 )
2
A = 2 (b1 d1 ) + b 2 d 2
a1 y1 + a 2 y2
y1 = y 2 =
a1 + a 2
A
( y +y )
Zp = 2 1 2
S =
Z BD3 - bd 3
6D

Circular Section:
Zp Plastic modulus
Shape factor, S = =
Z Elastic modulus
Elastic modulus (Z) :
D4
I 64
Z
y D
2
D3
Z
32
Plastic modulus (Zp ) :
A
Zp y1 y2
2
D2
A
4
4r 2D
y1 y2
3 3
D2 2D 2D D2 4D D3
ZP
4 2 3 3 8 3 6
D3
ZP 6 D3 32 32
S
Z D 3
6 D3 6
32
S 1.697

2. Find the fully plastic moment required for the frame shown in figure, if all the members have
same value of MP. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
Solution:
Step 1: Degree of indeterminacy:
Degree of indeterminacy = (No. of closed loops x 3) – No. of releases
= (1 x 3) – 0 = 3
No. of possible plastic hinges = 5
No. of independent mechanisms = 5 – 3 = 2
Step 2: Beam Mechanism:
EWD = 5 ( 2 θ ) = 10 θ
IWD = M p θ + 2 M p θ + M p θ = 4 M p θ
EWD = IWD
10 θ = 4 M p θ
M p = 2.5 kN.m
Step 3: Sway Mechanism:

EWD = ( 2 x 4θ ) = 8 θ
4θ 4θ
IWD = M p θ + M p θ + M p + Mp = 3.33 M p θ
6 6
EWD = IWD
8 θ = 3.33 M p θ
M p = 2.4 kN.m
Step 4: Combined Mechanism:
EWD = ( 2 x 4 ) ( 5 x 2 θ ) = 18 θ
4 4
IWD = M p θ + M p (2θ) + M p θ + Mp = 5.33 M p θ
6 6
EWD = IWD
18 θ = 5.33 M p θ
M p = 3.38 kN.m
The fully plastic moment, MP = 3.38 kNm.

3. A simply supported beam of span 5 m is to be designed for an udl of 25 kN/m. Design a
suitable I section using plastic theory, assuming yield stress in steel as f y = 250 N/mm2.
(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:

IWD = 0 + M P (2θ) + 0 = 2 M Pθ
EWD = Load intensity X area of triangle under the load
1
= 25 x x 5 x 2.5 θ
2
= 156.25 θ
IWD = EWD
2 M Pθ = 156.25 θ
M P = 78.125 kNm
W.K.T.,
M P = σ y x ZP
MP 78.125 x 106
ZP = = = 3.12 x 105 mm 3
σy 250
Assuming the shape factor for I - section as 1.15
Z
S = P
Z
5
Z 3.12 x 10 = 271.74 x 103 mm3 .
Z = P =
S 1.15
Adopt ISLB 250 @ 279 N / m ( from steel table)
4. Analyse a propped cantilever of length ‘L’ and subjected to udl of w/m length for the entire
span and find the collapse load. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:

Consider the moment at A as redundant and that it reaches MP. the second hinge will form
where the net positive BM is maximum.
V 0
RA RB WC
RA WC
RB
2
WC X WC X 2
Mx
2 2
MP X WC X WC X 2
MP
2 2
X WC X X
MP 1 1
2
X WC X X
MP
2
WC X X WC X X2
MP
2 X 2 X
dM P
For M P to be maximum, 0
dx
dM P WC ( x ) ( 2x) ( x x 2 ) (1)
0
dx 2 ( x )2

( x )( 2x) ( x x2 ) 0
2
2 x x 2x 2 x x2 0
2
2 x x2 0
2
x2 2 x 0
2
2 8
x
2
x 0.414
Mechanism :
0.586 0.414 1
1
1.4155
1
1.4155 2.4155
WC 1
EWD x x x 0.586 0.293 WC
2
IWD MP M P (2.4155 ) 0 3.4155 M P
EWD IWD
0.293 WC 3.4155 M P
11.66 M P
WC
5. Determine the shape factor of a T-section beam of flange dimension 100 x 12 mm and web
dimension 138 x 12 mm thick. (AUC May/June 2012)
Solution:

ZP Plastic modulus
Shape factor, S =
Z Elastic modulus
i) Elastic modulus (Ze ) :
(100 x 12 x 6) (12 x 138 x 81)
yt 49.48 mm
(100 x 12) (12 x 138)
yb 150 49.48 100.52 m m
3
b1d1 2 b 2d 2 3
Ixx A1h1 A 2h 22
12 12
100 x 123 12 x 1383
(100 x 12 x 43.482 ) (10 x 138 x 31.5 22 )
12 12
I xx 6.27 x 106 mm 4
I 6.27 x 106
Ze 62375.65 mm3
y max 100.52
ii) Plastic modulus :
Equal area axis,

A
width of the flange X h
2
2856
100 h
2
h 14.28 mm (from top)
(100 x 12 x (6 + 2.28 ) ) (12 x 135.72 x 67.86)
y1 42.58 mm
(100 x 12) (12 x 135.72)
107.42
y2 53.71 mm
2
A 2856
Zp = ( y1 + y2 ) (42.58 53.71)
2 2
Zp = 137502.12 mm3

Shape factor,
ZP 137502.12
S
Z 62375.65
S 2.20
6. Determine the collapse load ‘W’ for a three span continuous beam of constant plastic
moment ‘MP’ loaded as shown in figure. (AUC May/June 2012)
Solution:
Degree of indeterminacy = 4 – 2 = 2
Step 2: Mechanism (1):
W
EWD Wx
2 2
IWD M P (2 ) MP 3 MP
IWD EWD
W
3M P
2
6M P
WC

2 1
3 3
1
2
3
1
2 2
W
EWD Wx
3 3
IWD MP MP ( 1
) MP 1
3 MP MP
MP
2 2
3M P
IWD EWD
W
3M P
3
9M P
WC
EWD 2W x W
2
IWD MP M P (2 ) 3 MP
IWD EWD
3 MP W
3M P
WC
3M P
The collapse load WC and the beam will fail.

7. A uniform beam of span 4 m and fully plastic moment MP is simply supported at one end and
rigidly clamped at other end. A concentrated load of 15 kN may be applied anywhere within
the span. Find the smallest value of MP such that collapse would first occur when the load is
in its most unfavourable position. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:
i) When the load is at centre:
EWD 15 (2 ) 30
IWD MP M P (2 ) 3 MP
IWD EWD
3 MP 30
MP 10 kNm
ii) When the load is at unfavourable position:
1x 3x 1
1
3

EWD 15
IWD MP MP ( 1
) MP MP
3
7
MP
3
IWD EWD
7
M 15
3 P
MP 6.43 kNm
The smallest value of M is 6.43 kNm.
P
8. A rectangular portal frame of span L and L 2 is fixed to the ground at both ends and has a
uniform section throughout with its fully plastic moment of resistance equal to M y. It is
loaded with a point load W at centre of span as well as a horizontal force W 2 at its top right
corner. Calculate the value of W at collapse of the frame. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:

= (1 x 3) – 0 = 3

W
EWD =
2
IWD = M p θ + M p (2θ) + M p θ = 4 M p θ
EWD = IWD
W
= 4 Mp θ
2
8M p
WC =
W
EWD =
4
IWD = M p θ + M pθ + M p θ + M p θ = 4 M p θ
EWD = IWD
W
= 4 Mp θ
4
16 M p
WC =

W W 3W
EWD =
2 4 4
IWD = M p θ + M p (2θ) + M p (2θ) + Mp θ = 6 Mp θ
EWD = IWD
3W
= 6 Mp θ
4
8 Mp
WC =
9. Find the collapse load for the frame shown in figure.
Solution:
= (1 x 3) – 1 = 2
W
EWD =
2
IWD = M p θ + M p (2θ) + M p θ = 4 M p θ
EWD = IWD
W
= 4 Mp θ
2
8M p
WC =

Step 3: Column Mechanism:
W
EWD =
4
IWD = 2M p θ + 2M p (2θ) + M p θ = 7 M p θ
EWD = IWD
W
= 7 Mp θ
2
28 M p
WC =
W
EWD =
4
IWD = 2M p θ + M pθ + M p θ = 4 M p θ
EWD = IWD
W
= 4Mp θ
4
16 M p
WC =

W W 3W
EWD =
4 2 4
IWD = 2M p θ + M p (2θ) + M p (2θ) = 6 M p θ
EWD = IWD
3W
= 6 Mp θ
4
8 Mp
WC =
8 Mp
Hence the collapse load, WC =
10. A continuous beam ABC is loaded as shown in figure. Determine the required M P if the load
factor is 3.2.
Solution:

1
EWD 16 x x 12 x 6
2
576
IWD MP M P (2 ) MP
4M P
IWD EWD
4 MP 576
MP 144 kNm
8 16 1
1
2
3
1
2 2
EWD (192 x 8 ) (288 x 4 ) 2688
IWD MP 2M P ( 1
) 4 MP
IWD EWD
4 MP 2688
MP 672 kN m
16 8 1
1
2

EWD (192 x 8 ) (288 x 16 ) 6144

IWD MP 2M P (3 ) 7 MP
IWD EWD
7 MP 6144
MP 877.71 kNm
The required plastic moment of the beam section shall be M P 877.71 kNm.


VIRUDHUNAGAR
QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT CODE / Name: CE 6602 / STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II
UNIT 5 - SPACE AND CABLE STRUCTURES
PART - A (2 marks)
1. Give any two examples of beams curved in plan. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
Curved beams are found in the following structures.
 Beams in a bridge negotiating a curve
 Ring beams supporting a water tank
 Beams supporting corner lintels
 Beams in ramps
2. What is the nature of forces in the cables? (AUC Apr/May 2011)
Cables of cable structures have only tension and no compression or bending.
3. Define tension coefficient. For what type of structures tension coefficient method is
employed? (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
The tension coefficient for a member of a truss is defined as the pull or tension in the
member divided by its length, i. e. the force in the member per unit length.
4. What are the components of forces acting on the beams curved in plan and show the sign
conventions of these forces? (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Beams curved in plan will have the following forces developed in them:
 Bending moments
 Shear forces
 Torsional moments
5. Define a space frame and what is the nature of joint provided in the space trusses?
(AUC May/June 2012)
A space frame is a structure built up of hinged bars in space. It is three dimensional
generalization of a truss.
Socket joint is provided in the space trusses.
6. What are the types of stiffening girders? (AUC May/June 2012)
 Suspension bridges with three hinged stiffening girders
 Suspension bridges with two hinged stiffening girders
7. What are the methods available for the analysis of space trusses? (AUC May/June 2013)
Tension co-efficient method is available for the analysis of space trusses.
8. What is the need for cable structures? (AUC May/June 2013)
 The main load bearing member.
 Flexible throughout.
 It can take only direct tension and cannot take any bending moment.

9. What are cable structures?

Long span structures subjected to tension and uses suspension cables for supports. Examples of
cable structures are suspension bridges, cable stayed roof.
10. What is the true shape of cable structures?
Cable structures especially the cable of a suspension bridge is in the form of a catenary. Catenary
is the shape assumed by a string / cable freely suspended between two points.
11. Mention the different types of cable structures.
Cable structures are mainly of two types:
(a) Cable over a guide pulley
(b) Cable over a saddle
12. Briefly explain cable over a guide pulley.
Cable over a guide pulley has the following properties:
 Tension in the suspension cable = Tension in the anchor cable
 The supporting tower will be subjected to vertical pressure and bending due to net horizontal
cable tension.
13. Briefly explain cable over saddle.
Cable over saddle has the following properties:
 Horizontal component of tension in the suspension cable = Horizontal component of tension
in the anchor cable
 The supporting tower will be subjected to only vertical pressure due to cable tension.
14. What are the main functions of stiffening girders in suspension bridges?
Stiffening girders have the following functions.
 They help in keeping the cables in shape
 They resist part of shear force and bending moment due to live loads.
15. Differentiate between plane truss and space truss.
Plane truss:
 All members lie in one plane
 All joints are assumed to be hinged.
Space truss:
 This is a three dimensional truss
 All joints are assumed to be ball and socketed.
16. What are the significant features of circular beams on equally spaced supports?
 Slope on either side of any support will be zero.
 Torsional moment on every support will be zero
17. Give the expression for calculating equivalent UDL on a girder.
The tension developed in the cable is given by
T H2 V2
Where, H = horizontal component and V = vertical component.
18. Define tension co-efficient.
The tension co-efficient for a member of a truss is defined as the pull or tension in that
member divided by its length.
19. What are cables made of?
Cables can be of mild steel, high strength steel, stainless steel, or polyester fibres. Structural
cables are made of a series of small strands twisted or bound together to form a much larger cable.

Steel cables are either spiral strand, where circular rods are twisted together or locked coil strand,
where individual interlocking steel strands form the cable (often with a spiral strand core).
Spiral strand is slightly weaker than locked coil strand. Steel spiral strand cables have a
Young's modulus, E of 150 ± 10 kN/mm² and come in sizes from 3 to 90 mm diameter. Spiral strand
suffers from construction stretch, where the strands compact when the cable is loaded.
20. Give the types of significant cable structures
Linear structures:
 Suspension bridges
 Draped cables
 Cable-stayed beams or trusses
 Cable trusses
 Straight tensioned cables
Three-dimensional structures:
 Bi-cycle roof
 3D cable trusses
 Tensegrity structures
 Tensairity structures
PART - B (16 marks)

1. A suspension cable is supported at two point “A” and “B”, “A” being one metre above “B”.
the distance AB being 20 m. the cable is subjected to 4 loads of 2 kN, 4 kN, 5 kN and 3 kN at
distances of 4 m, 8 m, 12 m and 16 m respectively from “A”. Find the maximum tension in
the cable, if the dip of the cable at point of application of first loads is 1 m with respect to
level at A. find also the length of the cable. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
Solution:
Step 1: Re actions :
V=0
VA + VB = 14
M@ B = 0
(VA x 20) - (H x1) - (2 x 16) - (4 x 12) - (5 x 8) - (3 x 4) = 0
20 VA H 132 0
VA 0.05 H 6.6 .......... ........ (1)

H 0
HA HB
M@C 0
(VA x 4) (H x 1) 0
VA 0.25 H ...................... (2)
sub. (2) in (1),
0.25 H 0.05 H 6.6
H 33 kN
(1) VA 8.25 kN
VB 5.75 kN
Step 2 : Maximum Tension in the cable :

TA VA2 H2 8.252 332 34.02 kN
TB VB2 H2 5.752 332 33.49 kN
Maximum Tension in the cable, Tmax 34.09 kN.
Step 3: Length of the cable :

Here, d1 1m
Equating moments about D to zero,
(8.25 x 8) (33 x d 2 ) 0
d2 2m
( 5.75 x 8) (33 x d 3 ) 0
d3 1.39 m
( 5.75 x 4) (33 x d 4 ) 0
d4 0.69 m
AC 42 12 4.12 m
CD 42 22 4.47 m
FG 42 1.392 4.23 m
GB 42 0.692 4.06 m
Length of the cable, L AC CD FG BG DF

4.12 4.47 4.23 4.06 4
L 20.88 m

2. A suspension bridge has a span 50 m with a 15 m wide runway. It is subjected to a load of

30 kN/m including self weight. The bridge is supported by a pair of cables having a central
dip of 4 m. find the cross sectional area of the cable necessary if the maximum permissible
stress in the cable materials is not to exceed 600 MPa. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:
V=0
VA + VB = 450
M@ A = 0
30 x 152
(VB x 50) + =0
2
VB 67.5 kN
VA 382.5 kN
H 0
HA HB
M@C 0
(VA x 25) (H x 4) (30 x 15 x (7.5 10)) 0
H 421.87 kN
TA VA2 H2 382.52 421.87 2 569.46 kN
TB VB2 H 2 67.52 421.87 2 427.24 kN
Step 3: Area :
Tmax .A
Tmax 569.46 x 103
A
600
2
Area, A 949.1 mm .

3. A three hinged stiffening girder of a suspension bridge of 100 m span subjected to two point
loads 10 kN each placed at 20 m and 40 m respectively from the left hand hinge. Determine
the bending moment and shear force in the girder at section 30 m from each end. Also
determine the maximum tension in the cable which has a central dip of 10 m.
(AUC May/June 2012)
Solution:
V=0
VA + VB = 20
M@ B = 0
(VA x 100) (10 x 80) (10 x 60) = 0
VA 14 kN
VB 6 kN
H 0
HA HB
M@C 0
(VA x 50) (H x 10) (10 x 30) (10 x 10) 0
H 30 kN
Step 2 : Shear force :
SF at 30 m from left hand hinge.
V30 VA 10 H tan
here,
4d 4 x10
tan 2
( 2x) (100 (2 x 30))
1002
tan 0.16
V30 14 10 (30 x 0.16)
V30 0.8 kN

SF at 30 m from right hand hinge.

V30 VB H tan
6 (30 x 0.16)
V30 1.2 kN
Step 3 : Bending Moment :
BM at 30 m from left hand hinge.
BM 30 VA x 30 H x y 10 x 10
here, y at 30 m from each end,
4d 4 x10
y 2
x X( X2 ) x 30 (100 30)
100 2
y 8.4 m
BM 30 (14 x 30) (30 x 8.4) 100 68 kNm.
BM at 30 m from right hand hinge.
BM 30 VB x 30 H x y
(6 x 30) (30 x 8.4 )
BM 30 72 kNm.
TA VA2 H2 142 302 33.11kN
TB VB2 H2 62 302 30.59 kN
Maximum Tension in the cable, Tmax 33.11 k N.
4. A suspension bridge cable of span 80 m and central dip 8 m is suspended from the same
level at two towers. The bridge cable is stiffened by a three hinged stiffening girder which
carries a single concentrated load of 20 kN at a point of 30 m from one end. Sketch the SFD
for the girder. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:

V=0
VA + VB = 20
M@ B = 0
(VA x 80) (20 x 5 0) = 0
VA 12.5 kN
VB 7.5 kN
H 0
HA HB
M@C 0
(VA x 40) (20 x 10) (H x 8) 0
H 37.5 kN
SF at 40 m from left hand hinge.
V40 VA 20 H tan
here,
4d 4 x8
tan 2
( 2x) (80 (2 x 40))
80 2
tan 0
V40 12.5 20 (37.5 x 0 )
V40 7.5 kN
5. A suspension bridge 0f 250 m span has two nos. of three hinged stiffening girders
supported by cables with a central dip of 25 m. if 4 point loads of 300 kN each are placed at
the centre line of the roadway at 20, 30, 40 and 50 m from left hand hinge. Find the shear
force and bending moment in each girder at 62.5 m from each end. Calculate also the
maximum tension in the cable.
Solution:
The load system is shared equally by the two girders and cables. Take the loads as 150 kN
each.

V=0
VA + VB = 600
M@ B = 0
(VA x 250) (150 x 230) (150 x 220) (150 x 210) (150 x 200) = 0
VA 516 kN
VB 84 kN
H 0
HA HB
M@C 0
(VA x125) (H x 25) (150 x105) (150 x 95) (150 x 85) (150 x 75) = 0
H 420 kN
SF at 62.5 m from left hand hinge.
V62.5 VA 150 150 150 150 H tan
here,
4d 4 x 25
tan 2
( 2x) (250 (2 x 62.5))
250 2
tan 0.2
V62.5 516 150 150 150 150 (420 x 0. 2)
V62.5 168 kN
SF at 62.5 m from right hand hinge.
V62.5 VB H tan
84 (420 x 0.2)
V62.5 0
Step 3 : Bending Moment :
BM at 62.5 m from left hand hinge.
BM 62.5 VA x 62.5 (150 x 42.5) (150 x 32.5) (150 x 22.5) (150 x12.5) Hx y
here, y at 62.5 m from each end,
4d 4 x 25
y 2
x X( X2 ) x 62.5 (250 62.5)
2502
y 18.75 m
BM 62.5 (516 x 62.5) (1 50 x 42.5) (150 x 32.5) (150 x 22.5) (150 x12.5) (420 x18.75)
BM 62.5 7875 kN m.

BM at 62.5 m from right hand hinge.

BM 62.5 VB x 62.5 Hx y
(84 x 62.5) (420 x18.75)
BM 62.5 2625 kNm.
Bending moment for the cable,
w 2
Hd
8
Hxdx8 420 x 25 x 8
w 2
1.344 kN / m
250 2
w 1.344 x 250
VA VB 168 kN
2 2
Tmax VA2 H2 1682 420 2 452.35 kN
6. A suspension bridge is of 160 m span. The cable of the bridge has a dip of 12 m. the cable is
stiffened by a three hinged girder with hinges at either end and at centre. The dead load of
the girder is 15 kN/m. find the greatest positive and negative bending moments in the girder
when a single concentrated load of 340 kN passes through it. Also find the maximum tension
in the cable.
Solution:
Step1: Bending Moment :

The uniformly distributed dead load will not cause any bending moment in the stiffening
girder. The live load is a sin gle concentrated moving load.
Max. ve BM 0.096 W 0.096 x 340 x 160
5222.4 kNm.
This will occur at 0.211 0.211 x 160
33.76 m from either end.
W 340 x 1 60
Max. ve BM
16 16
3400 kNm.
This will occur at 0.25 0.25 x 160
40 m from either end.

Step 2 : Maximum tension in the cable :

Dead load of the girder (transmitted to the cable directly)
p d 15 kN / m
Equivalent udl transmitted to the cable due to the moving concentrated load,
2 x 340
p 4.25 kN / m
160
Total load transmitted to the cable, p p d p 15 4.25 19.25 kN / m
p 19.25 x 160
Vertical reaction, V 1540 kN
2 2
p 2 19.25 x 160 2
Horizontal pull, H 5133.2 kN
8d 8 x 12
Maximum tension, Tmax VA 2 H2 1540 2 5133.32
Tmax 5359.3 kN.
7. A suspension cable of 75 m horizontal span and central dip 6 m has a stiffening girder
hinged at both ends. The dead load transmitted to the cable including its own weight is
1500 kN. The girder carries a live load of 30 kN/m uniformly distributed over the left half of
the span. Assuming the girder to be rigid, calculate the shear force and bending moment in
the girder at 20 m from left support. Also calculate the maximum tension in the cable.
Solution:
75 m; d 6 m; DL 1500 kN; LL 30 kN / m
Since the girder is rigid, the live load is transmitted to the cable as an udl whatever
the position of the load.
VI Semester Civil CE6602 Structural Analysis-II by K.kalaipandian AP / Civil Page 11

P (30 x 37.5) x 75
Horizontal force due to live load, H 1757.8 kN
8d 8x6
P 1500 x 75
Horizontal force due to dead load, H d 2343.8 kN
8d 8x6
Total horizontal force, H H Hd 1757.8 2343.8 4101.6 kN
Total load W Wd
VA VB
2 2
(30 x 37.5) 1500
1312.5 kN
2
Maximum tension in the cable :
Tmax H2 V2 4101.62 1312.52
Tmax 4306.5 kN
Dip at x 20 m :
4d 4x6
y 2
x X( X2 ) x 20 (75 20) 4.69 m
752
4d 4x6
tan 2
( 2x) x (75 2 x 20) 0.149
752
To find VA and VB :
VA VB 1125
Equating moments about A to zero
(VB x 75) (30 x 37.5 x 18.75) 0
281.25 kN
VB
VA 843.75 kN
Bending Moment at P :
w 2
BM 20 VA x 20 H x y
2
30 x 20 2
(843.75 x 20) (1757.8 x 4.69)
2
BM 20 2630.92 kNm.
Shear force at P :
SF20 VA H x tan w 843.75 (1757.8 x 0.149) (30 x 20)
SF20 18.16 kN.

8. A suspension cable has a span of 120 m and a central dip of 10 m and is suspended from the
same level at both towers. The bridge is stiffened by a stiffening girder hinged at the end
supports. The girder carries a single concentrated load of 100 kN at a point 30 m from left
end. Assuming equal tension in the suspension hangers. Calculate the horizontal tension in
the cable and the maximum positive bending moment.
Solution:
V=0
VA + VB = 100
M@ A = 0
(100 x 30) (VB x12 0) = 0
VB 25 kN
VA 75 kN
H 0
HA HB
M@C 0
(VB x 60) (H x10) = 0
H 150 kN

Bending moment for the cable,
100 100
w 0.83 kN / m
120
w 0.83 x120
VA VB 50 kN
2 2
Tmax VA2 H2 50 2 150 2 158.1kN
Maximum Tension in the cable, Tmax 158.1kN.

Step 3 : Maximum positive Bending Moment :

Maximum positive Bending moment will occur at under the po int load.
BM 30 VA x 30 H x y
here, y at 30 m from left end,
4d 4 x10
y 2
x X( X2 ) x 30 (120 30)
120 2
y 7.5 m
BM 30 (75 x 30) (150 x 7.5)
BM 30 1125 kNm.
9. A quarter circular beam of radius ‘R’ curved in plan is fixed at A and free at B as shown in
figure. It carries a vertical load P at its free end. Determine the deflection at free end and
draw the bending moment and torsional moment diagrams. Assume flexural rigidity (EI) =
torsional rigidity (GJ). (227) (AUC May/June 2012)
Solution:
The given cantilever is a statically determinate structure. Consider any point X on the beam
at an angle from OB.
CX R (1 cos )

Step1: Shear force:

SF at the sec tion X, Fo W
Fo is independent of and uniform throughout.
Step 2: Bending Moment :
BM at the sec tion X, M W (CB)
M W . R sin
At 0, M B 0
At , MA WR
2
Step 3: Twisting Moment :
Twisting moment at the sec tion X, T W (CX)
T WR (1 cos )
At 0, TB WR (1 cos ) 0
At , TA WR 1 cos WR
2 2
Step 4 : Deflection at the free end B :

Method of strain energy is used to find the deflection at the free end B.
M 2 ds T 2 ds
Strain energy, U
2 EI 2 GJ
2 2
1 2 1
( WR sin ) R d [ WR (1 cos )]2 R d
2 EI 0
2 GJ 0
2 2
1 1
2
(W R sin 2 2
)R d [ W 2 R 2 (1 cos 2 2 cos ) R d
2 EI 0
2 GJ 0
2 2
1 1 cos 2 1 1 cos 2
W 2R 3 d x W 2R 3 1 2 cos d
2 EI 0 2 2 GJ 0 2

2 2
W2R 3 W 2R 3
1 cos 2 d x 2 1 cos 2 4 cos d
4 EI 0
4 GJ 0
2 2
W2R 3 sin 2 W 2R3 sin 2
x 3 4 sin
4 EI 2 0 4 GJ 2 0
2 3 2 3
W R WR 3
4
4 EI 2 4 GJ 2
W 2R 3 W2R 3
U (3 8)
8 EI 8 GJ
dU
B
dW
WR 3 WR 3
B (3 8)
4 EI 4 GJ
10. A semicircular beam of radius ‘R’ in plan is subjected to udl and simply supported by three
columns spaced equally. Derive the expression for bending moment and torsional moment
at x be a point on the beam making an angle a’ with axis passing through the base of the
circle. (AUC Apr/May 2011) (AUC May/June 2013) (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:





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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Degree of indeterminacy = No. of reactions – No. of condition equations

VI Semester Civil CE6602 Structural Analysis-II by K.Kalaipandian AP / Civil Page 1

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S.No Pin jointed plane frame Rigid jointed plane frame

VI Semester Civil CE6602 Structural Analysis-II by K.Kalaipandian AP / Civil Page 2

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14. State any two methods of matrix inversion.

VI Semester Civil CE6602 Structural Analysis-II by K.Kalaipandian AP / Civil Page 3

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PART - B (16 marks)

VI Semester Civil CE6602 Structural Analysis-II by K.Kalaipandian AP / Civil Page 4

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Step 4: Flexibility co efficient matrix ( B ) :

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Step 8 : Final Moments (M):

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Step 4: Flexibility co efficient matrix ( B ) :

Step 5: Flexibility matrix (F) :

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Step 6 : Displacement matrix (X) :

Step 7 : Internal forces (P):

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Step 8 : Final Moments (M):

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Step 3: Equivalent Joint Load:

Step 4: Flexibility co efficient matrix ( B ) :

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Step 6 : Displacement matrix (X) :

EI 0.334 0.168 1 1.33 6

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Step 4: Flexibility co efficient matrix ( B ) :

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Step 5: Flexibility matrix (F) :

VI Semester Civil CE6602 Structural Analysis-II by K.Kalaipandian AP / Civil Page 16

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Step 6 : Displacement matrix (X) :

EI 0.0291 0.0203 14.64

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Step 4: Flexibility co efficient matrix ( B ) :

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VI Semester Civil CE6602 Structural Analysis-II by K.Kalaipandian AP / Civil Page 21