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of life
First shell
Neon, with two filled
Shells (10 electrons)
Second shell
• If electronegativity difference is
• 0.0 – 0.2 pure covalent bond
• >0.2 – 1.6 polar covalent bond
•
Meg O’Mahony
>1.8
November 2015
ionic bond
IONIC BONDS
Electrostatic attraction between 2 ions of opposite
charge
An ionic bond is an attraction between an anion and a
cation
Na+ Cl–
Sodium ion Chloride ion
(a cation) (an anion)
IONIC BONDS
Not common in Biological systems
85% - 99% H2O
Ionic bonds would dissociate
COVALENT BONDS
Electronegativity difference <1.8
Can not remove electron from weaker atom share
The shared electrons count as part of each atom’s
valence shell
Covalent bonds can form between atoms of the same
element or atoms of different elements
Hydrogen (H2)
Oxygen (O2)
Methane (CH4)
C-H bond is apolar
(no charge)
Meg O’Mahony November 2015
17 Electrons and Bonding
δ+ δ+
Meg O’Mahony November 2015
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak electrostatic attractions between polar areas of a
molecule and/or bond
Analogy:
Gulliver waking up on the beach of the Lilliputians island
He is tied down by their tiny ropes
BUT, many ropes and he can’t break their collective
strength
Water (H2O)
δ+
Hydrogen bond δ–
(shown with dotted or
dashed line)
Ammonia (NH3)
δ+ δ+
hydrocarbon groups
Apolar molecules move away from charged or polar
molecules and towards areas of neutral (no) charge
In figure, notice how the polar balsalmic vinegar, forms
spherical balls in the apolar olive oil
Spherical shape presents smallest possible surface area
22 Functional Groups
R represents Rest
of the molecule
whimsyworkshop.blogspot.com
24 Functional Groups
STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE
Propanal
Organic Acid
H donor
Nonionized Ionized
STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE
Organic Base
H acceptor
Nonionized Ionized
27 Linkages: Ester
28 Linkages: Ether
Forms between 2 hydroxyl groups
In sugars (where it is called a glycosidic linkage)
SUGAR
POLYMERIZATION
+
O
PROTEIN
Meg O’Mahony November 2015 PRIMARY STRUCTURE
30 Linkages: Anhydride
H + H H
CELLULAR
Meg O’Mahony November 2015 THERMODYNAMICS
31 Linkages: Disulphide
H
+ 2 H+
PROTEIN
STRUCTURAL STABILITY
Meg O’Mahony November 2015
HOMEOSTASIS
UNIT
Meg O’Mahony November 2015
35 Types of Reactions : Redox
In these reactions, electron (pairs)* are lost or gained.
OIL RIG LEO the Lion says GER
ENERGETICS
UNIT