:2: ESE_Offline & Online Test

01. (a) to be maximum, the denominator

Sol: Critical Thickness: r 
The thickness upto which heat flow n  1 
increased and after which heat flow  r0   1 should be minimum.
decreases is termed as “critical thickness”. k h0 r1
If it is infact, that the addition of insulation Here the variable is r1 only.
always increases the conductive thermal Hence the denominator to minimum
resistance, but because of increase in differentiate the denominator with respective
surface it may reduce the convective to r1 and equate to zero.
thermal resistance.
  r1  
 ln  
d   r0
Outside fluid Circular rod
 1 
  =0
dr  k h0 r1 
Insulation  
r0  
11 1  1
Tair  2  = 0
 r1 
k r1 h 0
1 1
(r1r0)   =0
k h 0 r1
r1
k
Given circular solid cylinder of radius ‘r0’ r1= (rc) =
h0
consider insulated with an insulation of
thickness (r1  r0) as shown
Note: If the second derivative of denominator is
Let, L = Length of the cylinder
evaluated, if will come out to be positive, if will
T0 = Surface temperature of pipe indicates that heat flow rate will be maximum
Tair = air temperature when r1 = rc.
h = heat transfer convective coefficient (i) For cylindrical bodies with r0 < rc, the heat
k = thermal conductivity of insulation. transfer increases by adding insulation till
r1 = rc. If insulation thickness is further
 Rate of heat transfer increased, the rate of heat loss will
2L( T0  Tair ) decrease from this peak value, but until
Q=
r  certain amount of insulation denoted by r11
ln 1 
 r0   1 at b is added. This happens only when r0
is small and rc is large (This indicates
k h0 r1
insulation thermal conductivity (k) is high
r  and h0 is low).
ln 1  A practical example of this kind is
In the above equation if r1 increases,  0 
r
insulation of electric cables which should
k be good insulator for current but poor for
1 heat.
increase, but decreases. Hence for Q
h 0 r1
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 :3: COV – 1 Solutions

(ii) For cylindrical pipes with r0 > rc, the heat At the plate surface: u = 0 and t = ts
transfer decreases by adding insulation.
This happens when r0 is large and rc is At the outer edge ; u = U and t = t
small indicates, a good insulating material Q
U t

is used with low ‘K’ and h0 is high

c p A 0  du    dt
Ex: Steam pipes and refrigeration pipe heat 0 ts

insulation.
U  t s  t  
Q
c p A 0

U  t s  t  
Q/2 Q
Q/2 c p A 0

Q 0 c p
 …………………(4)
r0 rc r1 rc r1
At s  t   U
 radius  radius Q 1
 h x & 0 = Cfx  U 2
k k A t s  t   2
r0  rc  r0 > rc =
h0 h0 Substitute above in equation (4)
(b)
We get,
Sol: Reynolds analogy is the inter relationship
between fluid friction and Newton’s law of 1 cp
hx = Cfx  U 2 
viscosity. 2 U
From Newton’s law of viscosity C fx
du hx = ( c p U)
0 =  …………………(1) 2
dy hx C
 fx
From fourier’s  cpU 2
dt hx
Q = – kA ……………….(2) is called the Stanton number Stx. It
dy  cpU
(Heat flow along Y-direction) represents the Nusselt’s number divided by
For identical temperature and velocity profiles the product of the Reynolds and Prandtl
& for most of gases Pr = 1 numbers i.e.,
 cp k Nu x C
  1  = c p ………………(3)  St x  fx ………………….(5)
k  Re x . Pr 2
By combining equations (1), (2) and (3) we Equation (5) is called the Reynolds analogy.
get Physical significance of Stanton number is
h x (T)
Q =  cp A0 dt St 
du  c p U(T)
Separating the variables and integrating Actual heat flux of the fluid
within the limits: St 
Heat flux capacity of the fluid flow
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 :4: ESE_Offline & Online Test

(c)
Sol:
Stability conditions for completely 
submerged bodies: 1.2m
A completely submerged body will be in
stable equilibrium when centre of buoyancy
is above the centre of gravity. 3
If the centre of buoyancy is below the centre
of gravity then completely submerged body ii) Piezometric head at the Rear
will be in unstable equilibrium. 3
 1.2  tan 11.12  1.495m
2
If centre of gravity and centre of buoyancy Piezometric head at the front
coincides then it will be in neutral 3
equilibrium  1.2  tan 11.12  0.905 m
2
Pressure at Rear,
Stability conditions for partially submerged
bodies: PR  1.495  9.81  103  14.66kpa
A floating body will be in stable equilibrium Pressure at front
when metacentre is above centre of gravity. Pf  0.905  9.81  103  8.8kpa
A floating body will be in unstable equilibrium (e)
when metacentre is below the centre of gravity.
A floating body will be in neutral equilibrium Sol: The capillary effect is the rise (or) fall of a
when metacentre and centre of gravity coincide. liquid in a small diameter tube inserted into
the liquid.
It is caused by the net effect of the cohesive
(d) forces the forces between like molecules and
Sol: Resolving acceleration a into X and Z- adhesive force the forces between unlike
components 3 molecules.
a x  2 cos 30  1.73m / s
0 2
The capillary effect is proportional to the
a z  2 sin 30 0  1m / s 2 cosine of the contact angle, which is the
angle that the tangent to the liquid surface
z makes with the solid surface at the point of
contact.
ax
300
a Expression for height of capillarity rise in a
tube:
i) Slope of water surface is given by Let, d = inner diameter of a tube
ax 1.732  = surface tension of the liquid
tan     = specific weight of the liquid = g
a z  g  1  9.81
 = angle of contact of the liquid surface
=0.1966 At equilibrium, upward surface tension
  11.12 0 force = self weight of the liquid in the tube

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 :5: COV – 1 Solutions

 2 ii) In this case, the friction force is replaced

. d cos   d h
4 by the shear force applied on the bottom
4 cos 
h  = 4  cos  

 surface of the block due to oil because of
d gd 
no slip condition, oil film sticks to the
inclined surface at the bottom and the
h lower surface of the block at the top.
Fshear   w  A s
v
=   As 
(f) h
0 .8
= 0.012  0.5  0.2 
Sol: Assumption: 4  10 4
i) The inclined surface is plane (perfectly Fs  2.4 N
F
flat)
x 0
ii) The friction coefficient and the oil film
thickness are uniform. F2  Fs cos 20  N 2 sin 20  0
iii) The weight of oil layer is negligible. N 2 cos 20  Fs sin 20  W  0
2.4 sin 20  150
i) Force F: N2 
The velocity of block is constant and thus cos 20
the acceleration and the net force acting on it N 2  160.5N
are zero. F2  Fs cos 20  N 2 sin 20
 2.4 cos 20  160.5 sin 20
Ff
F
20o F2  57.2 N
Percentage reduction in required
20 F  F2
w N force 
F
105.5  57.2
F x  0 ; F  Ff cos 20 0  N sin 20  0 
105.5
=45.8%
The force required to push the block on the
 Fy  0 ; N cos 20  Ff sin 20  W  0 inclined surface reduces significantly by
Friction force Ff  fN oiling the surface.
N cos 20 0  fN sin 20 0  W  0
W (g)
N Sol: Grasshof’s number in vertical position
cos 20  f sin 20
l 3 2  gT 

150 Gr 
cos 20  0.27 sin 20 2
N=1.77N
0.53  1.062  1
 9.81  80
F  Ff cos 20  N sin 20

60  273
 0.27  177  cos 20   177 sin 20 
20.1  10 6
2

F=105.5N = 8.193 108
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 :6: ESE_Offline & Online Test

(Gr.Pr) = 5.702 108 Let P1 acts at h 1 ,

(Gr.Pr)0.33 = 775.35 IG
Nu = 0.1 (Gr.Pr)0.33 h1 = x 
Ax
= 0.1  775.35
2  13
Nu = 77.535
= 9 .5  12
hl 28.96  10 3 2  1  9 .5
 N u ' h=77.535 
k 0 .5 h1  9.51 m
h = 4.49 W/m  k
2
1
Initial rate of cooling For 2 triangles, A2 =  2  1 = 1m2
2
dT
mc  hAT 1
dt x 2  9  = 9.33 m
3
 dT  4.49  2  0.1  0.5  80
  P2 = gA 2 x 2 = 1000  9.81  1  9.33
 dt  1  383
o = 91.527 kN
= 0.094 C/sec
Let P2 acting at h 2 ,
= 5.63 o C/min
IG
h2 = x2 
The result will be changed if 10 cm side is A2 x2
vertical because Grashof Number will be
change because of characteristic dimensional 2  13
changes from 50 to 10 cm.  9.33  36
1  9.33
02 h 2 = 9.336 m
(a)
Total pressure P = P1+P2
Sol:
10m 10m = 186.39 + 91.527
P = 277.92 kN
P1 h 1  P2 h 2
10m x  Centre of pressure h =
4m h P1  P2
a
2 1 2 1 186.39  9.51  91.527  9.336
=
186.39  91.527
2m
Fig: side view Fig: front view = 9.45 m
Let total pressure P; Now take the moments about the hinge (a)
For rectangle, A1 = 2  1 = 2m2 P  0.45 = F  1
x 1 = (9+0.5) = 9.5 m 277.92  0.45 = F
P1 =  gA1 x 1 = 1000  9.81  2  9.5  F= 125.064 kN
= 186390 N Where F= force is to be applied at the
= 186.39 kN bottom of the gate.
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 :7: COV – 1 Solutions

If the tank filled half only: Now take the moments about the hinge (a)
Let total pressure P; P  0.46 = F  1
For rectangle, A1 = 2  1 = 2m2 130.8  0.46 = F
x 1 = (4 + 0.5) = 4.5 m  F= 60.168 kN
P1 =  gA1 x 1 = 1000  9.81  2  4.5 Where F= force is to be applied at the
= 88.29 kN bottom of the gate.
Let P1 acts at h 1 , Hence if the water is filled half of the tank
force applied at the bottom of the tank
IG
h1 = x  reduced nearly to half.
Ax
2  13 (b)
12 Sol: The velocity gradient anywhere in the oil of
= 4 .5  film thickness h is v/h. (i.e. Assuming Linear
2  1  4 .5
velocity gradient.
h 1  4.518m
The wall shear stress anywhere on the
1 surface of the frustum at a distance ‘r’ from
For 2 triangles, A2 =  2  1 = 1m2
2 the axis of rotation is
1 du
x 2  4  = 4.33 m  w  .
3 dr
P2 = gA 2 x 2 = 1000  9.81  1  4.33 v

= 42.51 kN h
r
w 
Let P2 acting at h 2 , h
IG The shear force acting on differential area
h2 = x2  dA on the surface
A2 x2
Top Surface:
2  13 dF   w dA
 4.33  36 r
1  4.33  dA
h
h 2 = 4.34 m
r
  2rdr
Total pressure P = P1+P2 h
= 88.29 + 42.51 2 2
P = 130.8 kN dF  r dr
h
P1 h 1  P2 h 2 The Torque generated
 Centre of pressure h = dT  rdF
P1  P2
2 3
88.2  4.518  42.51  4.34 dT  r dr
= h
130.8
2 3
R

h 0
= 4.46 m T r dr

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 :8: ESE_Offline & Online Test

2 R 4    d 4  
  2L 1     
h 4
2 D 4   d    D   
4

D 4  1    
T 32h   D  Dd 
32h  
 
Power, top shaft  T    
2 D 4 d 4 1
   
32h D 12 3
Bottom Surface: Total power =
A relation for the bottom surface is    1 4  
 2  0.12 1     
obtained by replacing D by d.   0.1 200  0.12   1 
2 4 4
  3   
 1     
2 d 4 32  0.0012   3 0.12  0.04 
power, bottom shaft 
32h  
 
Side Surface: Total power=270W
The differential area for the side surface
 0
can be expressed as dA  2rdz Power Shaft @ 80 0 C  80 C  Power Shaft 20 0 C
The variation of radius with axial distance  200 C
is expressed as 0.0078
d Dd   270
r  z 0 .1
2 2L =21.1W
Therefore, the reduction in power input at
Dd 80 0 C is Reduction
Differentiating dr  dz
2L  Powersh ,80 0 C  Powersh ,20 0 C
2L
dz  dr =270-21.1
Dd =249W
4L
dA  2rdz  rdr
Dd 03
(a)
 
R
4L 3 4L 4 4
Torque  
h (D  d) r
r dr 
h (D  d)
R r Sol:
Given.
D=8cm; r=4 cm
4L  D 4  d 4  qg = 2.2510 W/m3
4
  
h (D  d )  16  4  1   2 T  q g
r  0
L  D 4  d 4  r 2 r  r  k
  
h (D  d )  16    2 T   q g r
2

 r  
r  r  k
2 L  D 4  d 4 
power =T     
h (D  d )  16  T  q g r
3

r 2
  c1
r 3k
Total power Psh , top  Psh , bottom  Psh , side T
At r = 0  0  C1 = 0
r
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 :9: COV – 1 Solutions

T  q g r Q1 (0.24) = Q2 (3.11)
3

 r2  0 Q1 (0.24) = (Q  Q1) 3.11

r 3k
Q1 (0.24) = (1000  Q1) 3.11
T  q g r
3

 Q1 = 928.35 W  Q2 = 71.641 W
r 3k
Q1 = hA (T1  Ta)
 qgr 2
928.35 = 200  0.152  (T1  25)
T= +C2 ; r = 0, Tc = 500 c
6k T1 = 231.30C
 500 = C2 Q2 = hA (T2  Tb)
 qgr2 71.64 = 50  0.152  (T2  25)
 T  50  Temp distribution.
6k T2 = 88.70C

(ii) Ts : At r = 0.04 ; T = Ts (c)

 2.25  10 4  0.04 2 Sol: The magnitudes of shear forces acting on
 Ts =  50 the upper and lower surfaces of the plate
6  0.15 are
Ts = 100C
Fshear, upper   w , upper  A
dT  du 
(iii) Q =  kA  A 
dr r R  dy 
  qgr   A
Vp
 4R 2 k   =6.032W
h1
 3k 
(iv) Tavg Fshear , lower   w , lower  A
  4/3 R3  Cp  Tavg =   4r2dr  Cp T  du 
 A 
 
 T   q g r  50 
R 2
3  dy 
Tav = 3  Tr 2 dr
R 0  6k   Vp  Vw 
   A 
0
Tav = 26.6 C  h2 

To Q
Both shear forces are acting in the opposite
(b)
Ra Rb
direction of motion of the plate,
Sol: Ta T1 R1 R2 T2 Tb
 From force balancing
Q1 Q2
F  Fshear ,upper  Fshear ,lower
Q = Q1 + Q2  Energy Balance AVp A(Vp  Vw )
To 25 =  
h1 h2
 0.02 1 
Q1     Vp Vp  Vw 
 50  0.15  0.15 200  0.15  0.15   A   
 h1 h2 
To 25 =
 3 3  0 .3 
 0.01 1  F  0.027  0.3  0.3 
Q2    1  10 3
2.6  10 3 
 0.2  0.15  0.15 50  0.15  0.15 
F=9.813N
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 : 10 : ESE_Offline & Online Test

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 : 11 : COV – 1 Solutions

Tx
04 39.26
0.01
dx
(a) X
T2   R
0  Cx 
2
 40  dT
T1
Sol: 1
0 .1
39.26  1 
T1 R2    40 Tx  T1 
R1 C  R 1  Cx 2 
0
1 Q 2

39.26  L  1 1 
   40Tx  T1 
x

X   R 2  R 1   R 1  0.1C R 1 
L

Q =  k Ax dT   39 .26  0 .2

dx
 40 Tx  T1 

  1 .25  10
2

 
Ax  cross sectional Area at any axial  1 1 
Position at a distance x.  2

2 
1.25  10 2  0.1  1.25  10 1.25  10 
 R  R1   
 Rx = R1 +  2 x 0 .2
 L 
R  R1 Tx = 93.680C
Rx = R1 + Cx C= 2
L
dx (b).
Q.   kdT Sol:
Ax
dx Pe = 2(w+t) = 2( 0.5 + 1  10-3)
Q   kT Pe  1.002 m ; Ac  w  t = 0.510-3m2
R x 2
A
L Lc = L+ c
Q  1  P
    k (T2  T1 )
C  R 1  Cx  0 0.5  10 3
 0.025  = 0.02549 m
QL  1 1  1.002
    k (T2  T1 )
R 2  R 1   R 1  CL R 1  m
hp
kA
QL  1 1 
    k (T2  T1 ) 25  1.002
R 2  R 1   R 2 R 1  
80  0.5  10 3
kR 1 R 2
Q= T1  T2  m = 25.024
L
40  1.25  2.5  10 4  227  27   h 
Q 
20  10  2  mk  tan hml 
= hpkA  0  
Q = 39.26 w
1  h tan hml 
Temp at x = 0.1 m  mk 

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 : 12 : ESE_Offline & Online Test

= 25  1.002  80  0.5  10 3  200  45 Vp 

1 R 2 H
3 2
 25 
 25.024  80  tanh(0.625)  R H r 2 h
2

 
 6 3
1  25
tanh(0.625) 
 25.024  80 
2
R H
 r 2h
Qtransfer/fin = 87.3 W 2
1 R 2 Z
Or final volume  R 2 H 
Qtransfer from fins = 3 2
Initial volume of water = final volume of
hpkA  0 Tanh (mL c ) water
 25  1.002  80  0.5  10 3  200  45 R H R H R 2 Z
2 2
 
Tanh(25.0240.02549) = 87.3 W 6 3 2
H H Z H
  Z
6 3 2 3
Heat transfer from unfinned base.
H R 2 2

= h (D 14  t) 50(Ts T) Z 

3 2g
= 25 (  5  10-2  14  110-3) (20045) 2gH
=277.216 W  2 R 2
3
 Total HT = (14  87.3) + 227.21 2gR
 2 R 2
HT = 1499.41 W 3
2g
(c). 
3R

Sol: (d).
Sol:
R

Weight of log = Weight of water

r displaced
H
450 h =Volume of water displaced9.81

0.7  9.81   12  8  volume of water
4
displaced  9.81
Volume of water filled initially, Volume of water displaced=4.396 m 3
1 Area ABDA  Length of log  4.396m 3
Vi  r 2 h
3 4.396
Volume of paraboloid, Area ABDA 
8
 0.549m 2
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 : 13 : COV – 1 Solutions

 360  2 
A rsin B r 2    r sin .r cos   0.549
2 rcos  360 
r r
0  
 0.52 1   0.5 sincos  0.549
2

D  180
0.25
0.25   0.25 sin  cos   0.549
Area ABDA=Area AOBDA + Area 180
AOBA   57.29 sin  cos   53.95  0
 2   1    71.30
  r 2  r 2      r sin   r cos  2
 360  2  h  r  r cos   0.5  0.5 cos 71.3
h=0.66m.

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 : 14 : ESE_Offline & Online Test

5(a). (b).
Sol: Diameter of ram (D1) = 280 mm Sol.
The local and average convection
Diameter of cylinder (D2) = 280.18 mm
coefficients are related by an expression of
Clearance between the ram & cylinder is the form:
280.18  280 1
x
1
x
‘t’ =  0.09 mm h   h x dx   a x 0.12 dx
2 x0 x0
Kinematic viscosity () = 0.00042 m2/s
a  x 0.88  0.12
Specific gravity of oil = 0.86     1.136 a x
x  0.88 
Density of oil = 1000 0.86 = 860 kg/m3
h  1.136 h x
Velocity of ram (V) = 0.2 m/sec.
(c). –T0 C
Sol:
x

dx
t
L D2

D1 Consider unit area of the layer of ice of

thickness x.
 dT 
Heat flow, q   k  1  
 dx 
dQ  0  ( T ) 
 k  
dt  x
 kT
dQ  dt
Frictional resistance x
dQ is the heat conducted in time ‘dt’
= shear force  resisting area.
dQ = mL
du Vo L  Latent heat of ice
=    D1 L =     D1 L
dy  t 
m  mass of ice
V
    D1L kT
 t  dt  mL
x
 0.00042  860 
0.22
   0.28  2  Adx.L
3
0.09  10 kTdt  xLdx
Resisting Force = 1553.34 N = 1.553 kN L
dt  xdx
kT

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 : 15 : COV – 1 Solutions

L  x 2 
2 Where,
Upon Integrating; t 
kT  2 1 Ta – air temp,
T0 –initial temp,
L  x 22  x12  T- temp. at any time t,
  
kT  2  - time constant .
 Mass of couple
x1  0.20m ; x 2  0.20  (2  10 3 )
m = v
=0.202
= 9000 1.25  10 9 =7.36310-5kg
4 3
L
t (0.202 2  0.20 2 ) 3
2kT
 Time constant

1000  335
2  7.53  10

0.202 2  0.2 2  
mc
hA
t=1.79hrs. 7.363  10 5  400
  12.5 sec
120  4  1.25 2  10 6

(d).
Ta T Time to reach 2000C
t
Sol: (
G
235  200  e 12.5
r. 235  30
P
r = 1.25
r t
mm 35
) e .5
12 
 hAT  Ta   0
dT
 m.c. 0.
205
dt 3

 dT  hA
3
    dt t = 22.096 sec
 T  Ta  mc
Time constant is very high.
Integrating it So it is not suitable for fluctuation.
T  Ta 
dT hA

Ta  Ta  T  Ta

mc
dt

T  Ta   hA
n  .t
T0  Ta  mc
 T  Ta  hA
 .t
   e mc
 T0  Ta 
Ta  T  t
e
Ta  T0 
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