INDEX

List of Chapters Page No

1. Indian Constitution 1 - 13
2. Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles 14 - 18
3. Union Government 19 - 36
4. State Government 37 - 46
5. Local Governments 47 - 54
6. Special Statutory Commissions for Protection 55 - 62
of Citizen Rights
7. Social Political Movements and Environmental 63 - 70
struggles in Telangana
8. Emergence of Telangana State 71 - 78
9. Telangana Movement 79 - 89
10. Contemporary Issues in Indian Politics 90 - 94
11. SMART Governance 95 - 99
12. India and The World 100 - 104

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 CHAPTER – 1

INDIAN CONSTITUTION

I. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Explain the causes for the birth of Indian National Movement.
INTRODUCTION:
Indian National Movement was organized during 1857-1947 in both violent and non-
violent forms. With the formation of Indian National Congress in 1885, the movement for
National Independence took a non- violent form. The following are the causes for the
birth of Indian National Movement:
a) British Colonial Rule
b) Socio-Cultural Renaissance
c) Great Revolt
d) English Education
e) Economic Exploitation
f) Famines and Acute Poverty
g) Press
h) Repressive Rule
i) Racial Discrimination
j) Emergence of Indian National Congress

 British Colonial Rule:

British rule in India had both positive and negative impact on Indian Society. The
Britishers had also introduced Indian Civil Service (ICS) and also created a judicial
system by drawing Indian Penal Code and Criminal procedure code. They have also
provided the development infrastructure such as Posts & Telegraphs, Communications,
Railways, Roadways and certain major irrigation systems. Britishers had also followed
practises like drain of wealth from india to England, Coercion and repression against
india. These factors motivated people to national movement.
 Socio-Cultural Renaissance:
Several Social and cultural movements in 19th century which brought social awakening
and the ideas of cultural nationalism. The Brahma Samaj founded by Raja Rammohan
Roy gave a call for reform against social evils such as Sati, Child Marriages and others.
This was followed by Arya Samaj, Rama Krishna Mission, Theosophical Society,
Prarthana Samaj etc.
 Great Revolt:
During the year 1857, thousands of Sepoys of Indian Army rural artisans and peasants
made a combined effort to overthrow the British rule in India. Indians were fed up with
the repressive policies of the British rulers towards native princes and common masses

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 particularly Lord Dalhousie’s ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ caused anger among the native
princess.

 English Education:
The Britishers have introduced English education in India, which shaped the ideas of
people on scientific lines. The English education had also taught the core political values
such as Liberty, Equality, Justice and Democracy. Educated middle classes are inspired
by the writings of Bentham, Mill, Locke Rousseau, Adam Smith. These values and ideals
were not being practised by Britishers in India.
 Economic Exploitation:
The British rules transformed India into a colony and exploited the economy to their
advantage. The British took away the raw material from India to run their industries in
England at cheaper rates and dumped all the finished goods into Indian market.
 Famines and Acute Poverty:
India experienced so many famines and epidemics during 19th century. However, the
Britishers were indifferent on such occasions. The government even collected taxes from
the people forcefully without any hesitation. This caused anger among the Indians who in
turn opposed British rule and joined National Movement.
 Press:
Many News Papers, Dailies and Journals aroused feelings of Nationalism among Indians
during British period. Notable among them were Amrit Bazar
Patrika, Kesari, Patriot, The Hindu, Navajeevan, Andhra Patrika etc.,which had created
the feelings of Patriotism and Nationalism.
 Repressive Rule:
The British Administration in India is against Indians by using Laws like The Arms Act,
Vernacular Press Act, Rowlatt Act etc. Besides curbing the freedoms of the people these
acts have imposed restrictions on freedom of Press.
 Racial Discrimination:
The British government exhibited discrimination against Indians in matters of Judicial
processes entry into civil services and providing rights to people. During the initial years
of Indian National Movement, Indians demanded equality in matters of entering into civil
services.
 Emergence of Indian National Congress:
The emergence of Indian National Congress in 1885 is a landmark in the history of
Indian National Movement. A large group of leaders such as Dababhai Naroji, Justice
M.G. Ranade, A.O.Humes and others took the initiative in forming the Indian National
Congress. It was founded with aim of pointing out the lapses in British rule in India.
2. Describe the various phases of Indian National Movement.
INTRODUCTION:

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 Indian National Movement was sphereheaded by Indian National Congress from 1885-
1947. Dr Pattabhi Seetaramaiah observed the history of the congress is really the history
of India’s struggle for freedom. History of the Indian National Movement undertaken by
the Indian National Congress was divided into three phases. These three phases are
namely the Moderate Phase, Extremist Phase and Gandhian Phase which are divided on
the basis of the nature of demands, aims, objectives and methods followed by various
leaders of the National Movement.
 Moderate Phase (1885-1905)
The Moderate Phase of the Indian National Movement is also described as an era of
reforms and Liberalism. Prominent leaders in this phase are Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopala
Krishna Gokhale, Surendranath Banerjee, Umesh Chandra Banerjee and others. These
Leaders expressed complete faith in the liberal policies of the Britishers and extended
cooperation. The National Movement in this phase was largely confined to English
educated middle classes. The Leaders of the movements demanded Britishers certain
concessions and reforms. These include Reforms in the Legislative council to provide
more representation to Indians, entry of Indians in administrative services. The moderate
leaders adopted peaceful and constitutional methods. These include Prayers, Petitions,
Protest and mediation. The British Government conceded some of the demands of the
moderates and enacted the Indian Councils Act 1892 and the Government Of India Act
1909 to facilitate more representations to Indians.
 Extremist Phase
Leaders like Bala Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajapat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, were Moderate
Leaders. The prevailing poor economic conditions of the people and indifferent attitude
of the British rulers also angered the new generation of leaders in Congress. Governor
General Lord Curzon initiated the partition of Bengal in 1905 and continued his cruel
rule. Some of the Indian leaders felt the need to revive the glory of India and its rich
heritage and customs with Renaissance. Bala Gangadhara Tilak profoundly stated that
‘Swaraj is My Birth Right and I shall have it’. The Extremists demanded complete
independence or Purna Swaraj. These methods include
 Boycott of British Goods.
 Boycott of Honorary titles and government offices.
 Practising passive resistence.
 Encouraging Education.
The Extremist Leaders organized Vandemataram Movement and Home Rule Movement
during this period.
 Gandhian Phase (1920-1947)
Gandhian Phase is the last and final stage of Indian national Movement. Mahatma Gandhi
played a crucial role during this phase of the movement by combining the protest
methods of moderates and extremists. Gandhiji adopted unique techniques of Satyagraha
with great courage and confidence. Mahatma Gandhi widened the scope of Indian

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 National Movement by bringing almost all sections of people of Indian Society into its
fold. Gandhiji led many movements against the British such as the ‘Non-Cooperation
movement’, ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ and “Quit India Movement “,Round Table
Conferences etc.
3. Mention the important provisions and criticism on the government of India Act,
1935.
INTRODUCTION:
The report of the statutory commission led by Sir John Simon was the basis for the
formulation of this Act. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar in Poona Pact and the spread of civil
disobedience movement had an influence on the preparation of this Act. Some of the
important provisions of this Act include the following:
 This Act provided for the creation of an All India Federation based on union of provinces
of the British ruled India and princely States. New provinces Orissa and Sindh were
created.
 This Act provided for the establishment of Dyarchy at the Central Government where in
the reserved subjects like Defence, Finance, External affairs etc were to be administered
by the governor general and his confidents and transferred subjects were to be
administrated by Indians.
 Introduction of Provincial Autonomy with complete responsible governments in the
provinces with elected ministries made answerable to legislature. It abolished diarchy in
the provinces.
 Increase in the strength and powers of elected member with enlarged membership both in
central and provincial legislature.
 Governors were given special powers and they could veto legislative action and
legislative on their own.
 Division of administrative items between the Union and States with a List system and a
provision for federal court.
 Separate representation for Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, Europeans and Depressed
classes in legislative councils.

The government of India Act (1935) firmly laid the foundation for the establishment of an
all India federation on India. This Act has made attempts to establish responsible
governments in the provinces. Though this Act had increased the strength and powers of
the legislatures. This Act could not satisfy the nationalist aspirations of the people for both
political and economic power continued to be concentrated in the hands of the British.
This Act was criticized for providing despotic powers to governor general.The Congress
party decided to contest the elections under this Act. Congress party swept the elections in
most of the provinces and subsequently it formed ministries in many provinces.

It categorized Indian States into three groups Group A, Group B and Group C for
prospects of future governance. It had provided a provision for the establishment of an

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 Interim government. Interim government with Jawaharlal Nehru as Vice president was
formed on August 14, 1946 and a constituent assembly was formed with its first meeting
on December 9, 1946. Meanwhile the British Prime Minister Atlee announced in British
Parliament on 20th February 1947 the intention of Transfer of power. A new governor
general lord Mountbatten was asked to prepare a plan for dividing India and transfer of
power into India and Pakistan. Mountbatten plan became the basis for Indian
Independence Act 1947.

4. Explain the salient features of Indian constitution.

INTRODUCTION:
Constituent assembly headed by B Rajendra Prasad prepared the Indian constitution has
both features such as liberal democratic principles and also the socialist ideologies it was
approved by 1949 but came into force from January 26th 1950.
 The Preamble of the Constitution:
The Indian constitution starts with the preamble. It consists of the aims and objectives of
the constitution. Preamble begins with sentence “We the people of India adopt enact and
give to ourselves this constitution”. It declared India as “Sovereign, Socialist, Secular,
Democratic and Republic.
 Salient Features of Indian Constitution
Some of the important features of the Indian constitution include the following.
 Written and Detailed Constitution
The constitution of India is a written document. It was drafted, debated and enacted by the
constituent assembly of India. It took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to write and enact
the constitution. Originally Indian constitution consists of 395 Articles, divided into 22
parts with 8 schedules. Many factors have contributed for the bulkiness of the constitution.
Fundamental Duties, Directive Principles of State Policy, Union- State relations, Official
language were clearly mentioned in the constitution.
 Combination of Rigidity and Flexibility
The constitution of India can be amended with Rigid and Flexible methods. The Union
parliament can amend some parts of the constitution by a simple majority. For example,
the formation of new states, changing the boundaries of states, rules regarding citizenship
etc., can be amended with simple majority. Some matters related to fundamental rights
and directive principles can be amended through 2/3rd majority method in Parliament.
 Unitary and Federal Features
The Constitution of India describes India as Union of States and provides for a federal
structure with unitary spirit. It prescribed unitary in emergencies and federal system on
ordinary occasions. Provisions of unitary state such as single citizenship, single integrated
judiciary, and single election commission governors acting as the agents of Union
government. At the same time certain federal features like written, rigid and supreme
constitution, two levels of governments, bicameralism. On the whole Indian constitution
contains more federal than that of the unitary government, so it is called quasi federal.

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 Parliamentary Government
Indian constitution introduced the British Parliamentary system of government at central
and state levels. They adopted all other features of British political system such as two
types of executive heads, Prime Minister’s leadership, collective responsibility,
Parliament’s control over the union executive, and nominal status of the President etc.
 Independent Judiciary
The Constitution of India granted independent and integrated judiciary for Indians. Hence
the Supreme Court and High Courts in India act independently without any fear or favour
to execute and legislative organs. Judiciary enjoys independence in the matters of
appointment of Judges, their tenure, salaries and allowances, service conditions,
promotions etc., as per the constitution. It conferred the power of judicial review on the
judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
 Directive Principles of State Policy
Our constitution has brought forward certain Directive principles as the policy of the State
in Part IV from Articles 36 to 51. The makers of our constitution derived these principles
from Irish constitution. They pointed out that these principles would transform India into a
Welfare, Gandhian and liberal oriented state. These principles include certain programmes
like provision of employment opportunities for the people, fair distribution of wealth,
equal pay for equal work etc.

 Fundamental Rights
They are incorporated under Part III from Article 12 to 35 of our constitution. Nobody
including the government is allowed to interfere in these rights. The higher judicial
organizations in the country help the citizens in safeguarding these rights. They are only
six fundamental rights.
 Fundamental Duties
Our constitution incorporated fundamental duties in Article 51 A under Part IV-A.
Respecting the constitution, National Flag and National Anthem, safeguarding public
property, abjuring violence, developing scientific temper etc are some of the fundamental
duties.
 Single Citizenship
Our Constitution conferred single citizenship to all those persons who are born in India or
who resided in India for a specific period. This facility is provided for preserving the unity
and integrity of Indian Nation.
 Universal Adult Franchise
Indian constitution granted universal adult franchise to all adult Indian citizens. All
citizens irrespective of the religion of the caste region etc can enjoy the right to vote one
who completed the age of 18.
 Bicameralism

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 The constitution of India introduced bicameralism at the National level. Accordingly
Indian Parliament comprises two Houses namely Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Houses.

 Panchayat Raj & Nagar Palika Acts

This is an important feature of Indian constitution; Gandhiji several times expressed the
need for establishing and strengthening the Local self governing bodies for improving the
conditions of the people.
 Special Provisions Relating to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes
Indian constitution hinted out certain specific directives for the development of scheduled
castes and scheduled tribes in India.
II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Explain the part played by the extremists in Indian National Movement.
INTRODUCTION:
Leaders like Bala Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajapat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, were Moderate
Leaders. The prevailing poor economic conditions of the people and indifferent attitude
of the British rulers also angered the new generation of leaders in Congress. Governor
General Lord Curzon initiated the partition of Bengal in 1905 and continued his cruel
rule. Some of the Indian leaders felt the need to revive the glory of India and its rich
heritage and customs with Renaissance. Bala Gangadhara Tilak profoundly stated that
‘Swaraj is My Birth Right and I shall have it’. The Extremists demanded complete
independence or Purna Swaraj. These methods include
 Boycott of British Goods.
 Boycott of Honorary titles and government offices.
 Practising passive resistence.
 Encouraging Education.
The Extremist Leaders organized Vandemataram Movement and Home Rule Movement
during this period.

2. Write about the events that took place during the Gandhian phase of Indian National
Movement.
 This movement is a great event in the History of India’s Freedom struggle. Gandhiji
launched this movement between 1920-22 against the mass killing of innocent people in
Jallianwallah Bagh in Punjab. The Indian National Congress presided over by Lala
Lajapathi Rai extended its support to this movement. The Congress has decided to
undertake:
 Positive Programmes and Negative Programmes to spread the Movement. The Positive
programmes include
 Use of Swadeshi Goods

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  Raising of one crore rupees fund for implementing the activities of Non-
cooperation
 Distribution of 20 lakhs Charkhas to the unemployed Indians
 Formulation and Implementation of National Educational Plans and
 Setting up of Congress Legislature bodies in Place of British Legislative bodies
The Negative programmes include
 Boycotting foreign goods
 Renouncing the British titles and Honorary offices
 Abstaining from the government sponsored meetings
 Boycotting British Courts
 Boycotting the elections to the legislative councils and
 Resigning from the membership of Local bodies
 This movement is a landmark in the constitution history of India. The Indian National
Congress launched this movement on March 12, 1930 under the guidance of Gandhiji.
Earlier the Indian National Congress at its Lahore Session on December 29, 1929 under
the President ship of Jawaharlal Nehru gave an ultimatum to the British government for
the provision of complete independence to India. The Congress party also appealed to
the people to observe 26th January 1930 as complete Independence Day. The Congress
party also ordered all the congress legislatures to give their resignations.
 Gandhiji started the Civil disobedience movement by taking salt laws for violation.
Along with 78 staunch supporters, Gandhiji began to march towards Dandi, a reote
village for about 240 miles from Sabarmathi Ashram. The Gandhiji planned to violate the
salt laws of the British government by making salt. Hence this movement is also
popularly known as Salt Satyagraha Movement.
3. Describe the Home Rule Movement in India’s freedom struggle.
 Anne Besant and Bala Gangadhar Tilak were the main leaders of the movement. Anne
Besant said, “The moment of England difficulty is the moment of India’s opportunity”. As
a part of the movement Home Rule Leagues were established in places like Bombay,
Kanpur, Allahabad, Benaras, Madhura, Callicut and Ahmed Nagar. Their objective was to
attain self rule by peaceful means. Later the offices of the Home Rule League were set up
and spread to more than 200 places.
 The two leaders undertook several activites like establishment of libraries, creating
awareness among students on National Politics, Social reconstruction programmes,
strengthening local self bodies etc. These leaders improved the understanding of self rule
among Indians in many parts of the country. The British government imposed ban against
holding public meetings by the two leaders to lesser the intensity of the movement. The
British government arrested Tilak and Anne Besant along with their followers for brief
period. Sensing the intensity of the Home Rule movement, the then secretary of state for
India, Lord Mountague promised to grant self rule for Indians in Local Self governing
institutions.

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4. What are the important provisions of government of India Act, 1919?
The dissatisfaction resulting from the Indian Councils Act (1909) made critical of British
Rule. Declaration by Lord Montague expressed the goal of British “the ultimate
establishment of a responsible government” in India. Accordingly the secretary of state for
India Lord Mountague and the viceroy and governor general Lord Chelmsford together
prepared the Indian government Act 1919 by incorporating various constitutional reforms
as discussed below in the main provisions.
 The Executive Council of the Secretary of State on India was to comprise 8-12 members
and half of them should serve in India.
 The Central Legislature became bicameral with the Council of States with 60 members
and Legislative assembly with 146 members.
 Dyarchy system was introduced at the provincial level. Under this system the subjects of
administration were divided into two groups. a) Reserved Subjects and b) Transferred
subjects. Reserved subjects such as Finance, Irrigation, Law and Order etc. The less
significant subjects as classified as transferred subjects and were under Indian ministers
responsible to the legislature.
 Provincial Legislatures i.e., Legislative Councils were to be unicameral.
 Sikhs, Anglo Indians, Christians and Europeans were also granted separate electorates.
 The system of indirect election came to be replaced with direct elections. However
Franhise was limited only to the propertied sections and educated.
 It had a provision to establish a statutory commission to enquire into the working and
progress of this Act in a periodical manner.
Though the governor of India (1919) is a landmark enactment in the constitutional history
of India, it continued to vest powers to the governor general at the centre and governors at
the provincial level.
5. Point out the main provisions of the Independence of India Act, 1947.
INTRODUCTION:
The Colonial British Government in India has passed many Acts for the governance of
India. These acts were passed to regulate their administration and protect their interests on
the one hand and to accommodate the moderate elements of the National Movement on
the other. Notable among Indian Council Act (1909), The Government of India Act
(1919), Government of India Act (1935) and Indian Independence Act 1947. A brief
understanding of some these important Acts are necessary to know the constitutional
development in India.
 This is the last and final Act formulated and implemented by the British government. It
was the product of the combined efforts of Lord Mountbatten, the last British governor of
India and Clement Atlee, the Prime Minister of Britain. The draft of this Act was
introduced in the British House of commons on July 4, 1947 and royal assent on July 18,
1947. The important provisions of the Act were the following.
 India and Pakistan shall be constituted as two separate independent states.

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 Two Constituent assemblies shall be formed each for India and Pakistan and work as
constitution making bodies as well as legislative bodies in their respective domains.
 The British supremacy over British India and native princely states shall cease to exist.
The Princely states would be free to join either Dominions or to remain independent.
 Territories of the two dominions were defined but they were empowered to include or
exclude a territory themselves.

INDIAN CONSTITUTION – HISTORICAL CONTEXT

I. Very Short Answer Type Questions.

1. Moderates.
 The Moderate Phase of the Indian National Movement is also described as an era of
reforms and Liberalism. Prominent leaders in the Phase are Dadabhai Naroji, Gopala
Krishna Gokhale, Surendranath Banerjee, Umesh Chandra Banerjee and others. These
Leaders expressed complete faith in the liberal Policies of the Britishers and extended
cooperation.
The National Movement in this phase was largely confined to English Educated middle
classes. The Leaders of the movement demanded Britishers certain concessions and
reforms.
2. Methods of Extremists.
 The Extremists followed certain methods of protests and demanded complete
independence. These methods include
 Boycott of British goods and utilize domestic goods.
 Boycott of Honorary titles and Government offices.
 Practicing passive resistance.
 To spread the idea of self rule.
 Encouraging education and continuous struggle with bandh and hartal.
3. Gandhian Phase.
 Gandhian phase is the last and final stage of in a national moment. Mahatma Gandhi
played a crucial role during this phase of the moment by combining the methods of
moderates and extremists. Gandhi adopted techniques of Satya Graha with great courage
and confidence based on traditional Indian methods. Mahatma Gandhi widened the scope
and extent of Indian National moment and by bringing almost all sections of people.
Gandhiji lead many moments such as Non cooperation moment, civil disobedience
moment and Quit India moment.
4. Civil Disobedience Moment.
 This moment is a landmark in the constitutional history of India. The Indian National
Congress launched this moment under the guidance of Gandhiji in the year 1930. Under
the President ship of Jawaharlal Nehru who gave an ultimatum to the British
Government for the provision of complete independence to India. The Congress party

10
 also appealed to the people to observe 26th January 1930 as complete Independence Day.
Gandhi started the civil disobedience moment by taking the salt laws for violation.

5. Minto Morley Reforms Act.

 The British government in India had passed many Acts for the governance of India. This
Act was formulated by Lord Minto the then Viceroy and Governor general of India and
Lord John Morely the secretary of State of India. So this Act is popularly called as Minto
Morley Reforms Act. Various reasons contributed for undertaking reforms in this Act.
The growing discontent among the people against the British Government demands from
moderate for representation of Indians in councils.
6. Constituent Assembly.
 The Constituent of India was formulated by the Constituent assembly. The Constitution
of India is the result of deliberations of the constituent assembly which was elected by the
people. Elections to the constituent assembly were held in July 1946. The total
membership of the constituent assembly was 389. The first meeting of the constituent
assembly was held in 1946. Babu Rajendra Prasad was elected as chairman of the
constituent assembly and it constituted 22 committees for framing the constitution.
7. Drafting Committee.
 The Constituent assembly has constituted 22 committees for framing of the constitution
in which drafting committee was headed by Dr. B.R Ambedkar among the 22 committees
the major committees are Union powers committee, Fundamental rights subcommittee,
Minority subcommittee, Tribal area subcommittee, Drafting committee and many more.
The constituent assembly with B. R Amedkar as its chairman and B. L. Mittar, and Gopal
Swamy Ayyangar, K. M. Munshi etc, as its members.
8. Rigid and flexible features of Indian Constitution.
 The Constitution of India can be amended with rigid and flexible methods. The Union
Parliament can amend some parts of the constitution by simple majority. For Example the
formation of new states changing the boundaries of states. Rules regarding citizenship etc
can be amended with simple majority. Some matters related to fundamental rights and
directive principles can be amended through 2/3rd majority method in parliament.
9. Preamble.
 The Preamble of the Indian constitution reflects the aims, aspirations and objectives.
Jawaharlal Nehru declared constitution as declaration a firm resolve a pledge and
understanding. Preamble begins with the words “We the people of India indicating the
importance of popular sovereignty”
It defines the aims and objectives of the constitution to secure all its citizens. The
Preamble is a key to the interpretation of the constitution.
10. Parliamentary Government.

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  Indian constitution introduced the British Parliamentary system of government at central
and state levels. However the British type of hereditary monarchy was not adopted in
India. Instead the makers of our constitution suggested for Irish type of elected President
for India. They adopted all other features of British political system such as two types of
executive, nominal status of the President etc.
11. Unitary and Federal features of Indian constitution.
 The constitution of India describes India as Union of States and provides for a federal
structure with unitary spirit. It prescribed unitary system in emergencies and federal
system on ordinary occasions. Provisions of unitary state such as single citizenship,
single integrated judiciary, single election commission, role of all India Services
personnel in the administration of states, Governors acting as the agents of Union
government. At the same time certain federal features like written, rigid and Supreme
constitution, two levels of government, bicameralism.
12. Universal Adult Franchise.
 Indian constitution granted universal adult franchise to all Indian citizens. As a result all
Indian citizens, without any discrimination based on caste, religion, language, region,
gender, colour, creed, property etc, excepting age criteria will enjoy this right without any
restrictions. The makers of our constitution felt that such an arrangement would facilitate
the realization of popular sovereignty. All Indian citizens will elect their representatives
for local, provincial and National level.

CHAPTER – 2

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

I. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Point out the Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens as guaranteed in the Indian
constitution?
INTRODUCTION
Part III, from Articles 12 to 35 of Indian constitution deals with fundamental Rights.
They were taken from American constitution. They enable the Indian citizens to develop
their personality to the fullest extent possible.
 FEATURES
 Definite, detailed and clear
 They are not absolute
 They are negative in nature
 They are justifiable
 ANALYSIS OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
The 44th constitutional Amendment (1978) has excluded the ‘Right to property’ from the
list of Fundamental Rights. Hence, we have at present only 6 Fundamental Rights they
are

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  Right to Equality (Articles 14 to 18)
 Right to Freedom (Articles 19 to 22)
 Right to against exploitation (Articles 23 & 24)
 Right to Religion (Articles 25 to 28)
 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29 & 30)
 Right to constitutional Remedies (Articles 32)
 RIGHT TO EQUALITY (Article 14 to 18)
It establishes ‘Rule of Law’ in India.
i. Article 14: It provides equal protection to all and all are equal before law
ii. Article 15: It prohibits discrimination between individuals on the basis of
religion, race, caste, colour or place of birth.
iii. Article 16: It provides equal opportunities in the matters of employment or
appointment to any office in India.
iv. Article 17: It abolished untouchability.
v. Article 18: It prohibits the state to confer any title other than military or academic
distinction.
 RIGHT TO FREEDOM (Articles 19 to 22)
i. Article 19: It provides 6 freedoms to Indian citizens
 Freedom of speech and expression
 Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms
 Freedom to form ‘associations’
 Freedom to movement in India
 Freedom of settlement in India
 Freedom to practice any profession
ii. Article 20: It says no person shall be considered as a culprit unless he violates the
law. No person shall be punished more than once for the same offence
iii. Article 21: It provides protection to life and liberty
iv. Article 22: It prohibits the arrest of a person without a valid reason. A person,
who is arrested, shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours.
 RIGHT AGANIST EXPLOITATION (Articles 23 and 24)
It aims at avoiding the exploitation of common people by the affluent sections of the
society.
i. Article 23: It prohibits all sorts of inhuman acts such as sale and purchase of
human beings and forced labour.
ii. Article 24: It prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 years in a
factory, mine and such other dangerous work.
iii.
 RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (Articles 25 to 28)
This right aims at transforming India into a secular state

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 i. Article 25: It gives individuals freedom of conscience and right to freely profess
follow practice and propagate a religion of his liking.
ii. Article 26: It permits every religion to manage its own affairs in matters of
religion and to maintain charitable institutions
iii. Article 27: It prohibits the state to impose and collect any taxes for the benefit of
religion
iv. Article 28: It prohibits imparting of religious instructions in any educational
institution, which is wholly maintained by state funds
 RIGHT TO CULTURE AND EDUCATION (Articles 29 and 30)
This Right guarantees the cultural and educational Rights to the citizens
i. Article 29: It safeguards the interests of ‘Minorities’ in India in respect of their
religion, language and culture.
ii. Article 30: It allows all minorities to enjoy Religion or language to establish and
maintain educational institutions of their choice.
This right allows the minorities to enjoy religious, educational and cultural rights on par
with the majority people.
 RIGHT TO PROPERTY (Article 31)
The 44 constitution amendment act (1978) abolished the “Right to property” as
fundamental right and deleted from the constitution from then onwards this right
remained as an ordinary legal right.
 RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES (Article 32)
This right protects all other fundamental rights. The people can move to the court of law,
if their rights are violated. The Supreme Court and high courts issue several writs to
protect fundamental rights.
Ex: writs like Habeas corpus, prohibition, certiorari, quowaranto and Mandamas etc.,
Dr.Ambedkar described this right “as the very soul and heart of the constitution”
2. Explain the ‘Directive Principles’ mentioned in Indian constitution?
INTRODUCTION
Directive principles are the directives or instructions issued by the constitution to the
governments at center and in the states. They are mentioned in part IV of the constitution,
from Articles 36 to 51. They are drawn from Irish constitution. They help in realizing the
objectives mentioned in the preamble. They aim at the promotion of the welfare of
individuals.
 CLASSIFICATION
The directive principles of state policy are classified into three types. They are
 Socialist principles
 Gandhian principles
 Liberal Intellectual principles
 SOCIALIST PRINCIPLES (Articles 38,39,41,42,46 & 47)
They are aimed at establishing a welfare society in India. They are

14
 i. Article 38: State to promote welfare of the people by providing social, political
and economic justice
ii. Article 39: State shall take steps for the
 Provision of adequate means of livelihood
 Equal pay for equal work for both men and women
 Distribution of material resources for common good
 Decentralization of nation’s wealth
 Protecting the health and strength of workers, men and women
 Protecting the childhood and youth against exploitation
iii. Article 41: State provides facilities in case of unemployment, old age, sickness,
disablement etc
iv. Article 42: The state provides justice and human conditions to work and
maternity facilities for women
v. Article 43: The State provides a living wage and proper working conditions to
workers
vi. Article 46: State promotes the Educational an economic interests of the weaker
sections of the people
vii. Article 47: State provides the higher level of Nutrition and higher standard of
living of the people to improve public health.
 GANDHIAN PRINCIPLES (Articles 40,43,46,47,48A & 49)
These principles are in accordance with the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi his life time.
i. Article 40: Stated that state shall take steps to organize village panchayats.
ii. Article 43: It says that state shall promote cottage and small scale industries on
individual and co-operative basis in rural areas
iii. Article 46: It directs the state to promote the educational and economic interests
of the weaker sections of the people
iv. Article 47: State shall take steps to bring about prohibition of consumption of
intoxicating drugs, which are injurious to the health of the people
v. Article 48: It instructs the state to organize Agriculture and animal husbandry on
modern and scientific lines
vi. Article 49: It instructs the state to protect the monuments, places and other
objects of artistic or historic and national importance
 LIBERAL INTELLECTUAL PRINCIPLES (Articles 44,45,50 & 51)
These principles are liberal and intellectual in nature
i. Article 44: It directs the state to provide ‘uniform civil code’ to citizens
throughout the country
ii. Article 45: It says that state should provide free and compulsory education for all
children up to the age of 14 years and provide child care until they complete the
age of 6 years.

15
 iii. Article 50: It says that state shall take steps to separate judiciary from the
executive in the public services of the state.
iv. Article 51: It says that state shall
 Promote international peace and security
 Maintain justice and honourable relations between nations
 Foster respects for international law and treaty obligations
 Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration
 ADDITIONAL PRINCIPLES
The constitution 42 and 44th Amendment Acts of 1976 and 1978 added a few more
subjects to the list of directive principles
 Minimising the inequalities in income (clause 2 of Article 38)
 Provision of equal justice and free legal aid to the poor (Article 39A)
 Participation of workers in the management of the industries (Article 43A).
 Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding forests and wild
life of the country. (Article 48A)

CHAPTER – 2

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES

I. Very Short Answer Type Questions.

1. Right to Equality.
 Article 14 states that the state shall not deny to any person equality before the law or
equal protection of laws. Article 15 states that the state shall not discriminate against any
citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. Every
citizen can use wells, tanks, bathing Ghats, roads and places of public resorts maintained
wholly or partly by state funds that are dedicated to the use of general public.

2. Right to Freedom.
 Article 19 states that all citizens shall have the right.
 To Freedom of speech and expression.
 To assemble peacefully and without arms.
 To Form associations or unions.
 To move freely throughout the territory of India.
 To reside and settle in any part of the territory of India.
 To practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

3. Right to Religion.
 Article 25 states all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to
profess practice and propagate religion.

16
 Article 26 states that subject to public order, morality and health, every religious
denomination or any section there of shall have the right.
 To establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes.
 To manage its own affairs in matters of religion.
 To own and acquire movable and immovable property.

4. Gandhian principles.
 Gandhian principles provide ideal rule in India. They are reflected in Article 40, Article
43, Article 46, Article 47, Article 48A and Article 49.
 Article 40 directs the state to organize village panchayats and endow them with
adequate powers so as to enable them to function as units of self government.
 Article 43 directs the state to strive for the promotion of cottage industries on
individual or cooperative basis in rural areas.
 Article 46 directs the state to promote the educational and economic interest of
the weaker section with special care.
 Article 47 directs the state to Endeavour to bring about prohibition of intoxicating
drinks and of drugs.
5. Socialistic principles.
 These are added in the Directive Principles for achieving the objective of establishing a
welfare state in India. Article 38, Article 39, Article 41, Article 42, Article 43, Article 46
and Article 47 explains about the socialist ideology of the directive principles.
 Article 38 provides that the state strive shall strive to promote the welfare of the
people by securing and protecting a social order in which justice (social,
economic and political) shall be ensures to all the people.
 Article 39 stipulates that the state shall take steps for the
 Provision of adequate means of livelihood.
6. Any Four Fundamental Rights.
 Fundamental rights are incorporated in part 3 of the constitution. Fundamental rights are
 Right to Equality.
 Right to Freedom.
 Right against exploitation.
 Right to freedom of religion.
 Right to Constitutional Remedies.
7. Any Four Fundamental Duties.
 Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution.
 To abide by the constitution, respect its ideals and institutions, the national flag
and the national anthem.
 To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national movement.

17
  To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
 To defend the country and render national service when called up on to do so.
 To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

CHAPTER – 3

UNION GOVERNMENT

I. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Describe the ordinary and emergency powers of President of India.
INTRODUCTION
According to Article 52, there shall be a President of India. He is the head of the State,
head of the constitution and first citizen of India. The President acts as the nominal
executive head. He exercises the executive powers on the advice of the union council of
ministers headed by the prime minister. He exercises special power during the period of
emergency.
Powers and Functions of President
The powers and functions of the president are studied under two heads ordinary or
general powers and emergency powers.
General Powers
 Executive Powers
 Legislative Powers
 Financial Powers
 Judicial Powers
 Military Powers
 Diplomatic Powers
 Emergency Powers
Emergency Powers
 National Emergency Powers (Article 352)
 Constitutional Emergency Powers (Article 356)
 Financial Emergency Powers (Article 360)
General (Ordinary) Powers:
 Executive Powers:
President is the Chief executive head, Article 53 vests all the executive powers of central
government in the president. The president may exercise these powers either by himself
or through officers subordinate to him. He appoints.

18
  Prime Minister of India
 The Members of Union Council of Ministers
 Attorney General of India
 Comptroller and Auditor General of India
 Judges of the Supreme Court and High Court
 State Governors, lieutenant – Governors and commissioners of the Union
Territories
 Chief Election Commissioner and other Election commissioners
 Chairman and Members of the Union Public Service commission (UPSC)
 Finance Commission
 Official language commission
 Legislative Powers
The President is the integral part of the parliament (Article 79). He performs following
legislative functions
 He summons and prorogues the meetings of the parliament he dissolves the Lok
Sabha
 He inaugurates the first session and annual session of the parliament
 He nominates 2 Anglo-Indian members to the Lok Sabha and 12 members to the
Rajya Sabha
 He convenes a ‘Joint sitting’ of the two houses in case of a disagreement on a bill
 He summons special sessions of the parliament during the visit of foreign
dignitaries
 He proclaims ordinances during the recess of the parliament
 He gives or withholds his assent to the bills, sent by the parliament. He can send
back a bill, for the reconsideration of the parliament
 Financial Powers
 Budget is laid before the parliament in the name of president
 No money bill can be introduced in the parliament (L S) without his prior
permission
 He operates the contingency fund of India
 He determines the share of states in the proceeds of income tax
 Judicial Powers
 The President appoints the Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme court
and High courts
 He is empowered to grant pardon or reprieve the persons convicted of crime
 The President may seek Judicial advice of Supreme court on legal, constitutional
and diplomatic issues
 Military Powers

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  The President of India is the Supreme Commander in Chief of all the armed
forces in India
 He appoints the heads of the 3 Armed forces (Army, Navy, Air force)
 He can declare war or conclude peace
 Diplomatic Powers
The President is the Chief Diplomat in his capacity
 He appoints Ambassadors in foreign countries
 He receives the Ambassadors of other countries
 He concludes the treaties and agreements with other countries
 Emergency Powers
Article 352 to 360 of Indian constitution deal with 3 types of emergency powers of the
Indian president. They are
 National Emergency (Article 352)
 Constitutional Emergency (Article 356)
 Financial Emergency(Article 360)
Conclusion
The president has a very important role in Indian Administration. The president acts as
the nominal executive head of the Indian Union. His political and administrative
experience shall be useful to the country
2. Describe the powers of Prime Minister of India.
INTRODUCTION
Since India follows parliamentary form of government, the prime minister acts as the real
executive. According to article 74(1), the president performs all his activities only on the
advice of prime minister
Powers and Functions of the Prime Minister
Morley describes “prime minister, as the key stone of the cabinet arch”. The prime
minister exercises the following powers and functions
 Advisor to president
 Leader of the union cabinet
 Leader of the parliament
 Link between the president and the council of Ministers
 Leader of the majority party
 Leader of the union government
 Leader of the Nation
 Prime Minister-Advisor to the President
The president performs all his activities only on the advice of Prime Minister. According
to 44th amendment (Article 74) it is obligatory for the president to act in accordance with
the written advice of the union council of Ministers headed by the prime minister in
discharging his functions.
 Prime Minister- Leader of the Union Cabinet

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 The Prime Minister is the chairman of the cabinet. He appoints the council of ministers.
He appoints the eminent members of his party as the ministers. He distributes portfolios
among them. He also reshuffles the portfolios of the ministers. He brings co-ordination
among them in the administration of their departments. All the ministers are loyal to the
prime minister. He removes those ministers who constantly oppose his suggestions. He
presides over the cabinet meetings. He decides the agenda of the cabinet meetings.
 Prime Minister-Leader of the Parliament
Prime Minister is the leader of the parliament. Hence he is responsible to give answers to
the questions that raised by the members of parliament. He is primarily a member of
parliament. He extends cooperation to the presiding in the smooth conduct of the two
houses. He communicates cabinet decisions to the parliament. He has power to
recommend to the president for dissolving the Lok Sabha.
 Prime Minister-Link between the president and the council of Ministers
Prime Minister acts as the main link between the president and the union council of
ministers. It is his duty to communicate the decisions of the union council of ministers to
the president. The council of Ministers needs the prior permission of the prime minister
to meet the president. Prime Minister informs the opinions of the president to the union
council of ministers. Hence he is known as link between union council of ministers and
the president.
 Prime Minister-Leader of the Majority party
The Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha in parliament. He
is the symbol of the party. He participates in the meetings of the party and plays
important role in the determination of party policies. He explains to his party members
about the steps taken by his ministry for implementing the party promises and
programmes. He acts as the main link between the party and government.
 Prime Minister-Leader of the Union government
Prime Minister is the leader of the union government. He is head of the government. All
the important appointments of union government are made by the president on the advice
of prime minister. All the high level officers and entire ministry in the union government
behave and act according to the wishes of the prime minister.
 Prime Minister-Leader of the Nation
Prime Minister is the leader of the Nation. The Lok Sabha represents public opinion.
Being the leader of the Lok Sabha Prime Minister represents public opinion. His views
are treated as the views of the nation. Being the leader of the nation, it is his
responsibility to protect the nation, from external aggressions and to protect the people
from floods, famines, earth quakes etc and maintain law and order of the country.
Conclusion
He is the keystone of the cabinet arch. First among equals. He is the chief spokesman of
the government. Jawaharlal Nehru described the prime minister as “Linchpin of the union
government”.

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3. Explain the composition and functions of Union Council of Ministers.
INTRODUCTION
According to Article 74 of Indian constitution it states that there shall be a council of
ministers, with the prime minister as the head to aid and advice the president. The council
of ministers is appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister.
 Composition
There are three categories of members in the union council of ministers. They are
 Cabinet Ministers
 Ministers of state
 Deputy Ministers
 Cabinet Ministers(Union Cabinet)
Cabinet Ministers acts as the heads of important ministers like defence, foreign affairs,
finance, Human resources development, Information technology, Railway etc., in the
union government. The size of the cabinet varies in between 15 and 25 they enjoy
independence in taking decisions.
 Ministers of state
Ministers of state act as heads of same important sections of the departments. They are
directly answerable to the prime minister for their activities and to the concerned cabinet
ministers
 Deputy Ministers
Deputy Ministers have no independent powers. They assist the cabinet ministers and
perform such functions assigned to them by the cabinet ministers.
 Powers and functions of Union Council of Ministers
 They formulate the policies of union government
 They prepare Budget and introduce in Lok Sabha on the advice of president
 They protect the country from external aggressions. The defence ministry will
look offer this function
 They maintain law and order in the country. The Home Minister will look after
this function.
 They give answers to the questions asked by the members of the parliament
 They take steps to protect the people affected by natural calamities like earth
quake, flood, famine, cyclone etc.
 They give advices to the president on all matters of the union government
 Qualifications
The persons to be appointed as ministers must possess the following
 They must have membership in either house of the parliament
 If they are not members of the parliament they should be elected to either house
of the parliament within six months from the date of the assumption of their office
 Tenure

22
  The term of the council of ministers is five years or during the president’s faith
and majority support in Lok Sabha
 The Prime Minister can include or remove any person in the council of ministers
 Collective Responsibility
 The union ministers shall be collectively responsible to the house of people
 Every Minister is responsible for his own acts and deeds in his ministry
 He is also responsible for the act for his colleagues in the cabinet and in charge of
the other ministers
 All the ministers run according to policy decisions guidance and control of the
cabinet. Thus the minister is responsible for his wrong doings and his colleagues
wrong doing also
Conclusion
The union cabinet plays an active and crucial role in the matters of decision making and
its implementation in the union government. It exercises complete control over the
executive and administrative personnel of the union government.
4. Explain the functions of speaker of Lok Sabha.
INTRODUCTION
Article 93 to 97 of our constitution deal with the office of the speaker of the Lok Sabha
 Election
The Members of Lok Sabha elect the speaker and the Deputy speaker from among
themselves. A person elected as the speaker must be a member of the Lok Sabha. The
speaker belongs to Ruling party
 Powers and functions of Speakers
 The speaker presides over the meetings of the Lok Sabha. He conducts the
meetings with dignity, order and efficiency
 He allots time to the members to express their views on the bills
 He safe guards the privileges of the members
 He determines whether a bill is money bill or not
 He decides the ‘quorum’ in the house
 He constitutes various committees and appoints their chairmen
 He presides over the joint session of the parliament
 He receives the electrol certificates of the news members
 He supervises the activities of marshals and other personnel in the house
 He exercises his casting vote in case of a tie over a bill
 He conducts the election of the Deputy speaker in case of a vacancy
 He acts as the chairman of all India speakers association and as a member of
common wealth speakers forum and head of the Lok Sabha Secretariat
 He allots seats to the members of opposition party, press and dignitaries
Conclusion

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 It is very difficult to run the Lok Sabha sessions. Hence he must have efficiency and
through knowledge about parliamentary practices.
5. Explain the powers of Indian Parliament.
INTRODUCTION
The parliament in India serves as the highest law making body in India. It formulates the
laws required for the Indian citizens. Indian parliament comprises 2 houses namely Lok
Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Lok Sabha represents the people and there will be a speaker and
deputy speaker for conducting the meetings of Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha represents states
and there will be a chairman and deputy chairman for presiding over the sessions of
Rajya Sabha. The president of India is a component of Indian Parliament.
 Powers and functions of Indian Parliament
 Legislative Powers
 Executive Powers
 Financial Powers
 Judicial Powers
 Constitutional Powers
 Electoral Powers
 Deliberative Powers
 Emergency Powers
 Legislative Powers
The main function of parliament is to prepare laws for smooth and efficient
administration of the country. Accordingly it makes laws on all those subjects included in
the state lists (61) during
 National Emergency (Article 352)
 President’s Rule (Article 356)
 On the request of the Rajya Sabha (Article 249) and some state legislative
assemblies (Article 252) parliament approves all those ordinances proclaimed by
the president when it was not in session. The president convenes a joint sitting of
the two houses of parliament whenever there is a deadlock between the two
houses in accepting a bill. The parliament approves various bills like public,
ordinary bills and money bills. Rajya Sabha enjoys equal powers with Lok Sabha
in the approval of the bills, except the money bills
 Executive Powers
Parliament exercises control over the union executive. The union council of ministers
headed by the prime minister is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. The council of
ministers resigns from office when parliament accepts a no confidence resolution against
it. The members of parliament exercises control over the executive by asking questions,
supplementary questions and on the occasions of zero hour, cut motion, vote on account
and finally no confidence motion. Similarly various parliamentary committees enquire

24
 into the allegations leveled against the working of the union government. Parliament can
impeach the president on proved grounds of misuse of constitutional powers.
 Financial Powers
Parliament approves the Budget and Railways budget and other money bills introduced
by the executive. No taxes shall be imposed, collected or spent without the consent and
authority of the parliament. Parliament considers and approves the reports of the
 Comptrolier and Auditor General of India
 Finance Commission
 Public Accounts committee
 Estimates committee. In the financial matters the Lok Sabha possess more powers
than Rajya Sabha.
 Judicial Powers
Parliament also performs certain judicial functions. It is empowered to remove president
and vice president of India, for violation of the provisions of the constitution. It also
empowered to remove the chief justice and other judges of Supreme Court and high
courts. Chief election commissioner, chairman and members of union public service
commission, comptroller and Auditor general of India. It can also take action against
those members of parliament who behave against the rights and privileges of the
parliament. It can also constitute a new high court for a state or Union territory.
 Electoral Powers
Members of Parliament participates in the election
 The President of India
 Vice President of India
 In the election of members of parliamentary committees like ‘public accounts
committee, public undertakings committee’ etc
 Lok Sabha: Members of Lok Sabha elect speaker and deputy speaker among
themselves
 Rajya Sabha: Members of Rajya Sabha elect its Deputy Chairman
 Constitutional Powers
Article 368 empowers Indian parliament to amend the constitution parliament makes
amendments to the provisions of the constitution through 3 methods. They are
 Simple Method
 Quasi Simple and Quasi rigid method
 Rigid method
 Deliberative Functions
Indian Parliament serves as the best forum house for expressing the opinions over
important national and international matters. Parliament represents public opinion. It
expresses grievances of the people and try to solve the problems of the people.
 Emergency Powers
Parliament’s approval is essential for the president’s proclamation of emergencies like

25
  National Emergency (Article 352)
 Constitutional Emergency (Article 356)
 Financial Emergency (Article 360)
Conclusion
Indian parliament is considered as the right forum for achieving social and economic
equality. It plays a decisive role in reflecting the hopes of common man. Its main
function is to formulate laws and inspire the government to work with all vigour and
better fashion.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

6. Explain the Emergency Powers of Indian President?
INTRODUCTION:
India follows parliamentary form of government. President must act according to the
advice of Prime Minister and his council of Ministers. The president of India has 2 types
of powers namely
 General Powers
 Emergency Powers

 Emergency Powers
Part18 from Article 352 to 360 of our constitution deals with the emergency powers of
Indian president. They were taken from the constitution of Germany. Indian president
have 3 types of emergency powers. They are
 National Emergency (Article 352)
 Constitutional Emergency (Article 356)
 Financial Emergency Powers (Article 360)
 National Emergency (Article 352)
The president will impose the National emergency due to wars, external aggression or
internal disturbances. So far it was proclaimed on 4 occasions in our country they are
 Chinese Aggression (1962)
 Indo-Pak War (1965)
 Indo-Pak war in the context of Bangladesh liberation movement (1971)
 Opposition call for blocking parliament (1975)
Approval and withdrawal
President imposes ‘National Emergency’ on the written advice of union council of
Ministers. It should be approved by parliament within a month with 2/3rd majority.
Otherwise it is cancelled. It will be in operation for 6 months. It can be extended for
another 6 months by a resolution of parliament.

Effects of National Emergency

 India converted into Unitary Government form

26
  All the fundamental rights of Indian citizens are suspended
 The term of Lok Sabha can be extended for a year
 Constitutional Emergency (Article 356)
The president can impose this emergency in a particular state based on the ‘Report’ of the
governor, which declares that “the constitutional machinery of the state is failed” so far
this type of emergency was proclaimed for over 100 times.
Approval and withdrawal
The parliament should approve the president’s rule within 2 months, otherwise it gets
cancelled. It will be in operation for 6 months. The parliament may extend it periodically
for 3 years. President by an order or parliament with a resolution may withdraw it any
time.
Effects
 The state government will be dismissed
 Governor acts on behalf of the president
 The laws for the state will be formulated by the parliament
 Financial Emergency (Article 360)
It is imposed by the president, when the Nation is in financial crisis, it should be
approved by the parliament within 2 months so far this type of emergency has not been
proclaimed in our country.
Effects
 Salaries of government employees including judges of SC and HC’s are reduced
 The central government can give financial directions to the states
 The state governments have to submit their money bills for the approval of the
president.
2. What is impeachment procedure of Indian President?
 Impeachment Procedure
Article 56 and 61 of our constitution has mentioned the procedure for impeaching the
president. The president may be removed from office for violation of the constitution by
a process of impeachment. There are 4 stages in the impeachment of the Indian president.
 The Resolution aiming at impeaching the president can be introduced in either of
the two houses of parliament, with 14 days prior notice such a resolution must be
approved by not less than ¼ of the total members of that house. It must be passed
by 2/3rd majority of the total members of the house
 The Resolution approved by the first house will be sent to the second house for
consideration and approval
 The Second House investigate into the charges directly or constitutes a committee
to enquire into the charges
 If the charges levelled against the president were proved and approved by other
house by 2/3rd majority members present and voting then the president is removed
from office from that date.

27
 Conclusion
At president this procedure is very difficult because the political party which moves the
impeachment procedure must have a complete majority in the both houses of parliament.
Hence there is less chance for removal of the president.
3. Write about election of Vice President and his functions.
INTRODUCTION
According to Article 63 of the Indian constitution states there shall be a vice-president of
India. The vice-president occupies a prestigious position in the union government next to
the president.
 Powers and Functions
The Vice-President of India performs two important functions. They are
Acts as the chairman of Rajya Sabha
 The vice-president is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha. He presides
over the meetings of the Rajya Sabha. He conducts the meetings of the Rajya
Sabha with dignity, decency and decorum.
 He gives rulings in the meeting and allows the members to express their views on
different issues and bills. He conducts the voting on the bills and announces the
results. He sends all those bills accepted by Rajya Sabha to the Lok Sabha with
his signature.
 He safeguards the privileges of the members of Rajya Sabha
 He exercises his casting vote in case the members are divided into two equal
halves.
Acts as the President
Whenever the office of president falls vacant due to death, resignation or impeachment or
illness of the president the vice president acts as the president. The vice president, while
discharging the functions of the president enjoys all the powers, immunities, emoluments,
allowances, privileges of the president.
 Election
The elected and nominated members of the two houses of parliament will elect the vice-
president, through a secret ballot. The Election is held according to the proportional
representation by means of a single transferable vote.
4. What is collective responsibility? Explain.
 Powers and functions of Union Council of Ministers
 They formulate the policies of union government
 They prepare Budget and introduce in Lok Sabha on the advice of president
 They protect the country from external aggressions. The defence ministry will
look offer this function
 They maintain law and order in the country. The Home Minister will look after
this function.
 They give answers to the questions asked by the members of the parliament

28
  They take steps to protect the people affected by natural calamities like earth
quake, flood, famine, cyclone etc.
 They give advices to the president on all matters of the union government
 Qualifications
The persons to be appointed as ministers must possess the following
 They must have membership in either house of the parliament
 If they are not members of the parliament they should be elected to either house
of the parliament within six months from the date of the assumption of their office

 Collective Responsibility
 The union ministers shall be collectively responsible to the house of people
 Every Minister is responsible for his own acts and deeds in his ministry
 He is also responsible for the act for his colleagues in the cabinet and in charge of
the other ministers
 All the ministers run according to policy decisions guidance and control of the
cabinet. Thus the minister is responsible for his wrong doings and his colleagues
wrong doing also
5. Write about the functions of Supreme Court of India
INTRODUCTION
Part V of Indian constitution from Article 124 to 147 deals with Supreme Court. The
constitution has provided integrated judicial system for the entire country. Supreme Court
is an independent body, free from the control of the union legislature and the union
executive.
Powers and functions of the Supreme Court
 Original Powers
 Issuing Writs
 Appellate jurisdiction
 Advisory functions
 Judicial review
 Court of record
 Original Powers
Protection of federation is the main functions of Supreme Court. It settles following
disputes.
 Central government v/s State government
 State government v/s State government
 Central government and some states vs other states
 It also settles disputes concerning the election of the president and vice-president.
 Issuing Writs

29
 The original powers of Supreme Court also extend to the protection of fundamental rights
of the people. According to the Article 32, the Supreme court protects the fundamental
rights by issuing several writs like
 Habeas Corpus
 Mandamus
 Prohibition
 Quo Warrant
 Certiorari

 Appellate Jurisdiction (Powers)

The Supreme court hears appeals against the decisions of the state High courts. Appellate
jurisdiction of the Supreme court can be divided into
 Appeals in civil cases
 Appeals in constitutional cases
 Appeals in criminal cases but they require the certification of higher court to
appeal in Supreme Court. Sometimes the Supreme court takes the appeal, without
the certification of High court, if it is satisfied that the case involves the
interpretation of the constitution
 Advisory functions
According to Article 143 of our constitution the Supreme Court gives advice to the
president like legal, public or constitutional importance, whenever the president referred
to it.
 Judicial Review
According to Article 13, the Supreme Court declares all those enactments of the
legislature and decisions of the executive as unconstitutional or ultra vires, when they go
against the provisions of the constitution and declare them null and void. This is called
the powers of Judicial Review.
 Court of Record
According to Article 129, the Supreme Court acts as the court of record. It records all the
judgements given by it for the future reference and as model and guide to all other courts
in the country.
6. What are the functions of High court?
INTRODUCTION
The High Court comprises of a Chief Justice and such other judges as the president may
appoint from time to time. The constitution provides for the appointment of adhoc judges
for a period not exceeding two years. Such judges are appointed to meet the urgency of
work in a High court.
Powers and Functions
The high court has the following powers and functions

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 Original Jurisdiction
 The high court original jurisdiction in the case related to the laws and orders of
State administration, marriage, divorce and contempt of court
 Under Article 226, the high court is empowered to issue writs like habeas corpus,
mandatory prohibition, certiorari, quo-warranto and injunction for the protection
of fundamental citizens.
 Appellate Jurisdiction
i. Civil Case
An appeal to the high court lays from a decision of a district court or subordinate courts.
Provided that the dispute involves a value of more than 5000 or a question of fact or law.
ii. Criminal Cases
Cases of punishment for four years or more and all cases involving capital punishment
awarded by the session court are appealed in the high court. A death sentence by
session’s court shall be approved by the high court.
 Court of Record
High court’s decisions and judgements are recorded and taken as judicial precedence.
 Power of Certification
In most of the cases high court gives a certificate to appeal in the Supreme Court on its
decisions
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is an Electoral College, who are the members of Electoral College?
 The President of India is elected by an Electoral College. The Electoral College consists
of elected members of Both Houses of Parliament, State Legislative Assemblies, The
elected members of Legislative Assemblies of Delhi and Puducheri.
The election is conducted in the system of proportional representation by single
transferable vote. A person is declared elected when he gets the required quota of votes
under this system.
2. How is the President removed?
 The impeachment resolution has to be moved in any of the two Houses of the Parliament
with 14 days prior notice in writing signed by not less than 1/4th of the total members of
that House. Such resolution has to be passed by not less than 2/3nd of the total members
of the House. The resolution is then sent to other House for the consideration and
approval. The Second House investigates the allegations and constitutes a Committee to
enquiry into the charges. At this stage the President has the right to present his views on
the charge directly or through his representative. If the charges are established and
adopted by the Second House with 2/3rd majority of the total members, from that moment
the President stands removed from the office.
3. Write about the composition of Union Council of Ministers.

31
 The President shall have a Council of Ministers with Prime Ministers as Head to aid and
advice President in the exercise of his power. The Council of Ministers are appointed by
the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Composition
India has the three tier ministry of Cabinet Minister, Ministers of States and the Deputy
Ministers. The Cabinet usually consists of senior and experienced Ministers. Ministers of
states hold the charge of small ministries independently. The Deputy Ministers do not
have any independent charge of any ministry. They work under the cabinet Ministers.
4. Legislative powers of President?
 Article 79 states that Union Legislature consists of two Houses of Parliament. The
President is an integral part of the Union Legislature. The President has a power to
summon and prorogue the two Houses of Parliament and to dissolve the Lok Sabha on
the advice of Council of Ministers. The President summons joint sitting of two Houses in
case of a disagreement on a Bill commencement of the first session of each year. The
President nominates two Anglo Indian members to Lok Sabha and 12 members to Rajya
Sabha.
5. National Emergency.
 If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists in the country or any part of its
territory and threatened by war or external aggressions or armed rebellion, he may
impose National Emergency on the written advice of the Union Council of Ministers,
Such proclamation has to be approved by the Parliament with a majority of not less than
2/3rd members present in voting in each house within a month. Then the proclamation
shall be in force for six months. It can be extended for another six months.
6. Constitutional Emergency in a State.
 On the receipt of a report from the Governor of a State that a situation has arrived in
which the Government of the State cannot function according to the Constitutional
provisions, the President may proclaim emergency in that State. It is also called as
President Rule or Constitutional emergency. The effects of such a proclamation may be
as follows.
 The President may assume to himself all or any of the function of the State
Government.
 The powers of State Legislature may be exercised by the Parliament.
7. Mention any four powers of Lok Sabha Speaker.
 The Speaker performs various functions and enjoys wide powers drawn from the
Constitution. The function are as follows:
 The speaker presides over the meetings of the Lok Sabha.
 He allows members to ask questions. He has also the power to disallow in the
case they are not in conformity with rules of the House.
 Adjournment motions are moved with his consent. He also prescribes the time
limit for speeches on the motion.

32
  He decides about the admissibility of a motion in the House.
8. Composition of Rajya Sabha.
 Article 8 of the Constitution lays down the maximum strength of Rajya Sabha as 250 out
of which 12 members are nominated by the President and 238 are representatives of the
States and the two union territories. The present strength of Rajya Sabha, however is 245
out of which 233 are representatives of State and union territories of Delhi and
Puducherry and 12 are nominated by the President. The members are nominated by the
President are persons having special knowledge pr practical experience in respect of such
matters as literature, science, art and social service.

9. What is Judicial Review?

 Like the Supreme Court, High Court also enjoy the powers of Judicial review the High
court has the power to declare the laws of the legislature and actions of the executive as
unconstitutional or ultra vises if they are against the constitution.
10. Write any three administrative functions of the High Court.
 Under Article 277 every High Court has power to supervise its subordinate courts.
 It can issue general rules regulating the practice sand proceedings of subordinate
courts.
 It can ask for the details of the proceedings of the subordinate courts.
 It has the power to investigate or enquire into the records or other connected
documents of any court subordinate to it.

CHAPTER – 4

STATE GOVERNMENT

I. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Write about powers and functions of State Governor.
INTRODUCTION
The governor is the constitutional head of the state government. He is also the
representative of the center in the state. All the affairs of the state government are carried
out in his name.
Powers and functions of governor
Governor exercises the following powers and functions
 Executive Powers
 Legislative Powers
 Financial Powers
 Judicial Powers
 Discretionary Powers

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 Executive Powers
The Governor exercises his executive powers either directly or through the officers,
appointed by him. They are
 The Governor appoints the Chief Minister
 The Governor appoints ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister
 He also appoints the vice-chancellors of the universities in the state
 He appoints Advocate General and Chief Secretary of the State Government.
 Legislative Powers
 Governor is a part of the state legislature
 He summons and prorogues the state legislature
 He can dissolve the legislative assembly
 All bills approved by the state legislature become laws only with his assent
 Financial Powers
 The permission of the governor is necessary for introducing ‘Money Bills’ in the
state legislature
 The Budget is presented by the finance minister, Before the state legislature, on
behalf of the governor
 He maintains ‘contingency fund’ of the state and it is placed at his disposal
 Judicial Powers
 Governor appoints the judges of district courts.
 He can grant pardon or suspend or cancel the sentence of a person given by the
district court.
 He can ask the judicial advice of district court
 Discretionary Powers
Usually the governor performs his activities only on the advice of the state council of
minister headed by the chief minister. But some times, he exercises his powers without
the advice of the state council of ministers headed by the chief minister. These powers are
called discretionary powers. They are
 Selection of the Chief Minister
 Dismissal of the Ministry
 Dissolution of the Legislative Assembly
 Sending back, the bills passed by the legislative assembly, for reconsideration.
2. Explain the powers and functions of Chief Minister.
INTRODUCTION
According to the Articles 163 and 164 of our constitution deals with the office of the
Chief Minister. Article 163 states that the chief minister along with council of ministers
give advice to the governor in the exercise of his functions. Governors acts as nominal
head and the chief minister acts as real head.
Powers and functions of Chief Minister
The Chief Minister performs the following powers and functions

34
  Formation of the Ministry
 Presides over the cabinet meetings
 Link between governor and council of ministers
 Leaders of legislative assembly
 Chief spokesman
 Leader of the party in power
 Formation of the Ministry
The Chief Minister chooses some members of his party and recommends their names to
the governor to be appointed as ministers. The governor appoints the Ministers, allot
portfolios, transfer their portfolios and dismiss ministers only on the advice of chief
minister.

 Presides over the cabinet meetings

Chief Minister is the chairman of the state cabinet. He presides over its meetings. He
decides the agenda and influences the policies of the cabinet
 Link between governor and the council of ministers
The Chief Minister is the leader of the assembly. Hence he is responsible to give answers
to the questions that raised by the members in Vidhana Sabha. He protects the privileges
of the members. He extends cooperation to the presiding officer in the smooth conduct of
Vidhana Sabha. He informs the decisions taken by the council of Ministers to the
Vidhana Sabha.
 Chief Spokesman
The Chief Minister is the chief spokesman of the state government. He makes important
announcements on behalf of the state government.
 Leader of the Party in Power
Chief Minister is the leader of the party in power. He participates in the party meetings
and announces the decisions of the government. He frames the programmes and policies
of the government according to the manifesto of his party. Sometimes he by acting as the
president of the party in power, exercises control over his party.
3. Point out powers of the State Council of Ministers
INTRODUCTION
The chief Minister is head of state and his council of ministers. The real executive powers
of the state shall be exercised by the state council of ministers with chief ministers as its
head. It works as a team under the leadership of the chief minister. It acts as the chief
policy making body at the state level. It exercises administration control over the
personnel of the state government.
Powers and Functions of State Council of Ministers
 They formulate policies of the state government

35
 The state council of ministers has the responsibility of formulating and determing the
policies of the state government. It makes discussions and takes decisions on various
matters of the state government.
 Maintenance of administration
The State council of ministers maintains the state administration. The ministers are held
responsible for running the administration of the state in accordance with the policies of
the government and the laws passed by the state legislature.
 Co-ordination function
The state council of ministers are responsible for securing coordination in the functioning
of various governmental departments. Without coordination among the departments, the
smooth sailing of the state government cannot be ensured.

 Powers of Appointment
The State council of ministers plays a key role in all important appointments to the
various offices in the state, chairman and the members of the state public service
commission etc.
 Role in Law making
The State council of ministers plays a key role in the legislative sphere. It is the ministry
which really decides the legislative programme. The cabinet plays a significant role in
law making in the state. It carries out this role so long as it enjoys the support of majority
members in the state legislative assembly.
 Financial functions
The state council of ministers yields control over the finances of the state. It determines
the fiscal policy of the state. The cabinet formulates and implements all development
policies and plans.
4. Explain the structure of the state legislative council.
INTRODUCTION
Legislative council is the upper house of the State Legislature. At present only 7 states
Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharasrta and Uttar
Pradesh and Legislative councils. The total membership of the Legislative council cannot
be normally less than 40 and not more than 1/3rd of the total membership of the
Legislative Assembly of the state. The Parliament has authority to make legislation for
creating or abolishing the Legislative council on the request of the concerned Legislative
Assembly.
 Qualification
A person who wishes as to contest for the membership of the Legislative council must
possess the following qualifications
 He must be a citizen of India

36
  He must have completed thirty years of age
 He must possess such other qualification laid down by an Act of the Parliament.
Besides a person who is not a member of any state legislature or union parliament
can become a member of the state legislative council.
 Tenure
The legislative council is a permanent house. 1/3rd of its members shall retire for every
two years. Every member holds the membership for a team of six years.
 Composition
The members are elected by the method of proportional representation by means of single
transferable vote. There will be a chairman and a deputy chairman in the legislative
council for the conduct of the meetings. They are elected by the members belonging to
the Legislative council. The Council has a chairman and a vice-chairman. Both are
elected by the council. The members have the same powers and functions as their
counterparts in the Assembly.
5. Write a note on State Legislative Assembly
Legislative Assembly is the popular, democratic, powerful and directly elected house of
the state legislature
 Composition
There will be a Legislative Assembly for every state. The legislative Assembly represents
the people of the state. Its membership varies between 60 and 500. The members are
directly elected by the voters of various constituencies in the state. The membership of
the House is proportionate to the population of the state. Some of the seats are reserved
for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. The governor has the power to nominate a
member of the Anglo-Indian community in case he finds that the community has
inadequate representation in the Legislative Assembly.
 Qualification
A person who wishes to contest for the membership of the state legislative assembly must
possess the following qualifications
 He must be a citizen to India
 He must have completed the age of twenty five years and
 He must not hold an office of profit
 He must possess such other qualification as prescribed by an Act of the
parliament.
 Tenure
Legislative assembly like Lok Sabha is not a permanent house. The normal tenure of
Legislative assembly is five years. It can be dissolved by the governor at any time. It can
be suspended by the president under Article 356.
 Speaker and Deputy Speaker
The Legislative Assembly will have two elected officers i.e., the speaker and the deputy
speaker for conducting its business. The position powers and functions of these officers

37
 in the conduct of the business of the house are respectively the same as those of the
speaker and the deputy speaker of the house of people.
6. Describe the legislative relations between Union and Sates.
INTRODUCTION
Union state relations occupy a significant place in the efficient functioning of a federal
policy. As Indian constitution prescribed federal system in normal conditions for India, it
demarcated the distinct powers and functions of the Union and State governments. The
constitution makers strongly felt the need for the prevalence of sound relations between
the union and the states in India
 Relations between Union and State
Union State relations in India are studied under three heads namely
 Legislative Relations
 Administrative Relations
 Financial Relations
 Legislative Relations
Our constitution prescribed the legislative relations between the union and the states in a
clear cut manner in Part IX from Articles 245 to 255. Both the Union and State
Governments formulate laws for the peace, pleasure and progress of Indian citizens.
While the Union Parliament can make law over the matters included in the Union and
state list, the state legislatures were empowered to make legislation over the state list and
concurrent lists.
The makers of our constitution classified legislative powers of the union and the states
under three lists.
Union List
The union government has exclusive powers to make laws with respect to any matter
enumerated in the Union List. In the beginning there were 97 subjects. At present there
are 99 items in this List.
State List
There are 61 subjects in the state list. Of them the more important are police, local
governments, public health, sanitation, hospitals etc
Concurrent List
Parliament as well as the state legislatures has the power to make legislation on the
subjects listed in the concurrent list. The main subjects included in this List are criminal
law, marriage and divorce, transfer of property etc.
7. Point out the administrative relations between Union and States
Part II of our constitution lays down the administration relations between the Union and
the States. These provisions reflect the superiority of the union in the sphere of
administrative relations.
 The President has the power to appoint, transfer or dismiss the governor of a state. The
appointment of governors is totally in the hands of the union government.

38
 The president can exercise veto power on certain state bills referred by the governor.
(Article 200)
 The directives of the President are required for the governor of a state for proclaiming
ordinance on certain specific matters(Article 213)
 The Union has the power to give directions to a state for the construction and
maintenance of means of communications which are of national and military importance.
 The constitution enables the union and the state governments to exchange their respective
administrative functions.
 The Parliament can by a law provide for the adjudication of any dispute over the use
distribution or control of the waters of any inter-state or river valley projects.
 It is responsibility of the state government to protect central government properties in
their properties. The center can deploy paramilitary forces like CRPF in any state.
 The President is empowered to establish an Inter State Council (Article 263)
 The constitution assigns the Rajya Sabha the power to create a new All India service or to
abolish an existing. All India Service (Article 312)
 It is the constitutional duty of the union government to protect every state against external
aggression and internal disturbances. It has the responsibilities to ensure that the
government of every state shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the
constitution.
8. Mention the financial relations between Union and States
Adequate finances are necessary to carry out the legislative and administrative
programmes of the Union and the State governments. Our constitution has clearly
provided for the ways to impose, collect and distribute tax proceeds between the states in
order to avoid disputes between them in financial matters.
 Taxes and Duties levied by the Centre
Certain revenue items are exclusively assigned to the central government. These include
customs and export duties, income tax, excise duty on tobacco, jute etc. Corporation tax,
taxes on the capital value of the assets, estate duty in respect of property other than
agricultural land, railways, post and telegraphs etc.
 Taxes and Duties levied and used by the States
Certain items of revenue fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the states. These are land
revenue, stamp duty except on documents included in the union list, succession duty,
estate duty, income tax on agricultural land, taxes on transport vehicles etc
 Taxes levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the states
Revenue from certain items is collected and appropriated by the states. These include
stamp duties, excise duty on medicinal and toilet materials, opium, stamp duties on bills
of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, bills of lending, transfer of shares etc.
 Taxes levied and collected by the union but assigned to the states
These includes taxes on railway freight and fares, terminal taxes on goods or passengers
carried by rail, sea or air, estate duty in respect of property other than agricultural land.

39
 Taxes levied and collected by the Union and distributed among the Union and the
states
There are certain items on which taxes are levied and collected by the union. But they are
given to the states. Such items are tax on income other than agriculture, medicinal and
toilet preparations
9. Examine the recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission.
The Union government has set up a high level commission headed by justice Ranjit Singh
Sarkaria on June 9, 1983. The Sarkaria Commission was asked to examine and review the
working of the existing arrangements between Union and the States in regards to powers,
functions and responsibility in all spheres and recommend necessary changes.
Recommendations
Some of the recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission are explained as below

 Strong Centre
The Commission has favoured the retention of a strong centre. It has finally rejected the
demand for curtailing the powers of the centre in the larger interests of national unity and
integrity
 Consultations
The commission rejected the demand for the transfer of certain state subjects to the
concurrent list. On the other hand, it held that the centre should consult the states on
subjects included in the concurrent list.
 Co-operative Federalism
The Commission favoured greater co-operation between the centre and the states in the
matter of formulation and implementation of plans.
 Appointment of Governors
The Commission rejected the demand for the abolition of the office of the governor. It
opposed the idea of appointing active politicians as governors. Instead it suggested for
appointment of non-political, non-controversial and eminent persons as governors,
preferably from minorities.
 Appointment of Chief Minister
The Commission suggested that the leader of the majority party in the state legislative
assembly should be appointed as the chief minister. If no single party enjoys a clear-cut
majority in the Assembly, the person who can command majority in the assembly should
be appointed as chief minister by the governor
 President’s Rule
The Commission suggested that President’s Rule should be introduced on rare occasions.
 Three language formula
The Commission favoured the implementation of three-language formula throughout the
country
II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

40
11. State Executive.
 Indian constitution deal with the matters relating to the Executives. The governor, The
Chief Minister and members of the State Council of Ministers. There are some
administrative personnel who assist the ministers in functioning of State Government.
The Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. They
play a crucial role in the formulation and implementation of the policies of the State
government.

12. Any Two legislative powers of the governor.

 The Governor is an integral part of the State Legislature.
 The Governor convenes and prorogues the two Houses of State Legislature. He
dissolves the lower House of the State Legislature.
 He addresses the State Legislative Assembly in person or through messages.
 He nominates 1/6th of the members to the State Legislative Council.
 He nominates an Anglo-Indian member to the State Legislative Assembly if no
one is elected to that House.

13. Composition of State Council of Ministers.

 The State Council of Ministers includes Chief Minister, Ministers of cabinet rank,
Ministers of state rank and sometimes deputy ministers. All the ministers including the
Chief Minister are appointed by the Governor. The Chief Minister enjoys the privilege to
select a few legislators of his party and recommend their names to the Governor for
appointment as ministers. Allocation of portfolios to the ministers is made by the
Governor only on the advice of the Chief Minister. The size of State Council of Ministers
cannot be more than 15% of the total strength of the State Legislative Assembly.
14. Discretionary powers of the Governor.
 The Governor exercises these powers without the aid and advice of the State Council of
Ministers headed by the Chief Minister. The discretionary powers are listed as follows.
 Selection of the Chief Minister.
 Dismissal of the Minister.
 Seeking information on the legislative and administrative matters from the Chief
Minister.
 Dissolution of the Legislative Assembly.
15. Appointment of the Chief Minister.
 He acts as the head of the State Council of Ministers, Party in power, The Leader of
Assembly and The people. He influences the public opinion in the State. Qualification
prescribed for the members of the State Legislative Assembly are applicable to the Chief
Minister. The only difference is that a person who is not a member of the State
Legislative Assembly may also become the Chief Minister. In such a case he should be
get elected to the State Legislative Assembly within a period of six months from the date

41
 of assuming the office. The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor. Normally the
governor appoints the majority party leader in the State Legislative Assembly as the
Chief Minister after the general elections.
16. Legislative Assembly.
 There will be a Legislative Assembly for every state. The Legislative assembly represents
the people of the state. Its membership varies between 60 and 500. The membership of
the House is elected by the voters of various constituencies in the state. The membership
of the House is proportionate to the population of the state. Some of the seats are reserved
for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. The Governor has the power to nominate of the
Anglo-Indian community in case he finds that the community has inadequate in the
Legislative Assembly.

17. Legislative Council.

 The Legislative Council is a permanent House, 1/3rd of its members shall retire for every
two years. Every member holds the membership for a term of six years. The Council
meets at least twice a year. There shall not be a gap of more than six months between any
two sessions of the Council. The Council has a chairman and a Vice-Chairman. Both are
elected by the council. The members have same powers and functions as their
counterparts in the Assembly.
18. Assembly Speaker.
 The Legislative Assembly will have two elected officers i.e.., the Speaker and the Deputy
Speaker for conducting its business. The position, powers and functions of these in the
conduct of the business of the house are respectively the same as those of the speaker and
the Deputy Speaker of the House of people. The State Legislative Assembly holds its
meetings at least twice a year. There shall be a gap of more than six months between any
two sessions of the Assembly.
19. What are the two elements that determine the Union State Legislative relations?
20. How are the legislative matters divided between the Union and the States?
 Our constitution prescribed the legislative relations between the Union and the States in a
clear cut manner. Both the Union and State Governments formulate laws for the peace,
pleasure and progress of Indian citizens. While the Union Parliament can make law over
the matters included in Union and State List, the State Legislatures were empowered to
make legislations over the State List and concurrent Lists.
21. Write a note on the Union List.
 The union government has exclusive powers to make laws with respect to any matter
enumerated in the Union list. In the beginning there were 97 subjects. At present there are
99 items in this List. Some of them are defence, citizenship, foreign affairs, railways, post
and telegraphs, telephones, currency, coinage, banking, insurance, atomic energy and
mineral resources, income tax, customs, taxes, on stock exchange transactions etc.

42
 22. Write about the composition of the Finance Commission
 Indian constitution deal with the composition powers and functions of the finance
commission. The president of Indian constitutes a finance commission for every five
years. The Finance commission makes recommendations to the President in the
distribution of financial resources between the union and the states. The composition of
Finance commission is determined by the President and its consists of chairman and four
members.
23. Write about a brief note on the Sarkaria Commission.
 The Union government has setup a high level Commission headed by Justice Ranjit
Singh Sarkaria on June 9, 1983. The Sarkaria Commission was asked to examine and
review the working of the existing arrangements between the Union and the States in
regard to powers, functions and responsibility in all spheres and recommend necessary
changes. The Commission prepared a report and submitted it to Union Government on
October 27, 1987. The Union Government after a decade took decisions on 230
recommendations.
24. NITI Ayog.
 The NITI Ayog (The National Institution of Transforming India Ayog) came into force
on January 1, 2015. It has strengthened the Centre-State relations by ensuring partnership
of states in the vision of National Development priorities and fostering Co-operative
federalism, so that the State could become stronger and build a Nation. The main
objectives of NITI Ayog are
 Elimination of poverty.
 Redressal of inequality.
 Integrate villages, institutionally development process.

Chapter – 5

LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT

I. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Describe the main provision of the Constitution 73rd Amendment act 1990?
Introduction
The Constitution 73rd Amendment act 1992 came into force on April 24, 1993 which
deals with the panchayaths. It has added 11 the schedule to the constitution which deals
with powers, authorities and responsibilities of the panchayat.
 Gramsabha
The act provides gramsabha at the village level.
 Constitution of Panchayat
This act gives uniform three tier system of panchayats. At the village level the block level
and at district level.
 Reservation of seats

43
 The Act provides reservations in Panchayat for the SC and the ST in proportion to their
population. It provides 1\3 of seats reserved for women.
 Duration of Panchayat
The duration of Panchayat in five years as per the Act. In case of dissolution, elections
shall be conducted within six months.
 Qualifications and Disqualifications
The Act prescribes the eligibility and disqualifications for the candidates in the
Panchayat.
 Powers and Functions
The Act provides Eleventh schedule which lists out 29 specific areas of operations of
every village panchyat.
 Source of Income
The Act points out various sources of Income to Panchayat.
 The Finance Commission
The Act provides for the establishment of Finance Commission to review the position of
Panchayat.
 Audit and Accounts
There are many provisions for Audit and Accounts of Panchayat.
 State Election Commission
The Act entitles the State Election Commission to ensure free and fair elections in
Panchayat.
 Panchayat in Union Territories
The Union Territories have to follow the Directions of President in respect to Panchayat.
 Exempt Area
There are some exemptions to the states having Administration Councils in Scheduled
Areas.
 Courts not to Interfere
The Act provides that the Courts have no Jurisdiction to examine the validity of a law and
the electoral matters of Panchayat.
 Conclusion
It is evident from the above; the Panchayat Raj Institutions have achieved both
constitutional recognition as well as constitutional autonomy which were granted by the
73rd Amendment Act.
2. Mention the main provisions of the constitution 74th amendment act 1992.
Introduction
The provision of the 73rd amendment act relating to direct elections reservations state
election commission and state finance commission are same in 74th amendment act. This
act deals with urban local governments and by granting constitutional status to them. This
act added 12th schedule to the constitution.
The main features of the act are as follows.

44
 Constitution of municipalities
Nagar panchayat for a transitional areas
 A municipal council for a smaller urban area.
 A municipal corporation of a larger urban area.
 Composition of municipalities
 It prescribes direct elections for electing ward members.
 The state legislature may make rules and regulations for the representation of persons.
 Reservation of seats
 It provides reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the municipal areas.
 It provides 1/3rd of seats reserved for women.
 Duration of municipalities
Every municipality unless dissolved will continue for five years.
 Powers to impose taxes by the municipality
The act provides that the legislature of a state may authorize a municipality to levy,
collect certain taxes.
 Finance commission
The finance commission shall also review the financial position of the municipalities and
forward necessary recommendations to the governor.
 Elections to the municipalities
The state election commission is entitled to conduct elections to municipalities.
 Application to Union Territories
The president of India may direct that the provisions of the act shall apply to any Union
territory subject to certain exceptions and modifications.
 Exempted area
The act does not apply to scheduled areas and tribal areas. This act shall not affect the
Darjeeling Gorkha Hill council of the West Bengal.
 Committee for Metropolitan planning
The act has provided for the establishment of Metropolitan planning committees to
prepare a draft development plan and implement the program.
 Courts not to Interfere
The act provides that the courts have no jurisdiction to examine the validity of a law and
the electoral mattes of the municipality.
3. Discuss the powers and functions of District Collectors.
Introduction
The District Collector is the Heads of the district administration. He occupies a
predominant position in the district. He belongs to the IAS cadre and plays an unparallel
role in the administration of the district.
Powers and functions of District Collector
The District Collector enjoys vast powers and performs multifarious functions in the
district. Some of them are

45
 1. Revenue Functions
The most important function of the District collector is to, look after the collection and
recovery of land revenue and other dues of the Government. He is responsible for the
matter of survey and land record.
2. Magisterial Functions
The District Collector has magisterial functions. He is responsible for the maintenance o
law and order in the district.
3. Electoral Functions
The District Collector acts as the Chief Electoral Officer of the district. He is responsible
for conducting the elections in fair and impartial manner.

4. Coordinating Functions
The District Collector is the Chief Coordinator of various departments in the district, such
as agriculture, irrigation, labour affair etc. The Head of the departments in the district are
answerable to him.
5. Functions of Census Operations
The District Collector takes steps for holding census operations in the district for every
ten years in behalf of the Union
6. Miscellaneous Functions
The District Collector has many more functions like attending the meeting of the
Panchayath Raj Institutions and Urban local body institutions, looking after the
development activities of the district, mobilizing the human, material and financial
resources in the district and implementing their directives of the Union and the State
Governments.
Conclusion
The Union and the State Government rely on the District Collector in solving the
problems of the people in the district. This has enhanced the position of the Collectors in
such a way that he may be regarded as the `mini monarch` of the Government in the
district.
II. Very Short Question and Answers.
1. Gram Sabha
The base of the structure of the Panchayat Raj institutions is the Gram Panchayat. It
covers a village or a group of village. Every Panchayat (Gram Panchayat) comprises four
organs namely panchayat(A legislative or deliberative body),Sarpanch(The political Head
of the Panchayat),Gram Sabha (comprising the registered voters of the Panchayat)and
Secretary(An officer appointed by the State Government to assist the panchayat in
administrative affairs. The main functions of the Gram panchayat to satisfy the needs
like drinking water, sanitation etc. which are in 11th schedule of the constitution.

46
2. Mandal Parishad
The second level of the panchayat Raj structure in Mandal(which is known by different
names in different states). It is created at block level constituting of several panchayats.
It is intermediary level body which need not be constituted in smaller states. This body
has organs like Mandal Parishad(A deliberative body), Mandal Parishad president (the
political Head) and Mandal Parishad Development Officer(the Administrative Head).
The powers of the Mandal Parishad are mainly coordinating the development
programmes and projects, taken by different Gram Panchayats within a block.
3. Zilla Parishad
The Zilla Parishad is at the apex of the panchayat Raj institution. It covers the entire
rural area of the district. It is also known by different names in different states. The Zilla
Parishad has organs like Zilla Parishad(A deliberative body),Zilla Parishad Chairman(the
political Head),Zilla Mahasabha(An advisory body) and Chief Executive
Officer(Administrative Heads of the Parishad). Apart from all these, there is District
Collector who acts the Heads of the District Administration.
The main function of the Zilla Parishad is to look after various issues of Mandal Parishad
and act as to coordinating agency of various programmes of Mandal Parishads.
4. Municipal corporation
The Municipal Corporation is at the apex of the urban local self Government. They are
created for the administration of big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkatta, Hyderabad,
Bengalure etc. It functions through four organs namely Council, Mayor, Standing
Committee and Commissioner. The Council, which consists of the registered voters of
the Corporation, is a deliberative body.
The Mayor, directly elected by the registered voters, is the political Heads of the
Municipal Corporation. There are some standing committees to offer suggestions for the
effective functioning of the Corporation.
5. Cantonment Board
There are eight types of local bodies in India. They are
Municipal Corporation, Municipalities, Notified Areas Committee, Town Area
Committee, Cantonment Board, Township, Port trust, Special Purpose Agency among
them the Cantonment Board is established for municipal administration for civilian
population in the Cantonment area.
It is set up by Cantonment Act, 1924 and Cantonment Board is similar to enacted by
Central Government. The functions performed by the Cantonment Board are similar to
those of a Municipality. It comprises elected, nominated and ex-officio members.
6. Municipalities
The Municipalities are established for the administration of towns and smaller cities.
Like the Municipal Corporation, a Municipality has three authorities namely Council, the
Standing Committees and the Chief Executive Officer. The deliberative wing is the

47
 Council, headed by Chairman. The committee forward suggestions. The Chief
Executive Officer, appointed by the Government, looks after administrative affairs.
The Municipalities has powers, as mentioned in the Twelfth schedule of the constitution.
7. Balwanth Rai Mehta Committee
During India’s freedom movement, Mahatma Gandhi had strongly pleaded for Gram
Swaraj and effective decentralization. The Union Government took steps in regard to
panchayat community Development Programe was launched to focus rural development.
It sought to take modern science and technology to rural areas. However, this
programme could not achieve the desired results.
The National Extension Service Scheme was introduced to secure the involvement of
rural people in the rural development. Government of India had constituted Balwant Rai
Mehta committee in 1957.
The committee made several recommendations such as three tier structures of panchayat
and provision of adequate financial resources to rural local Governments.
The recommendations of Balwanth Rai Mehta committee were accepted by the
Government of India. Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh were the first states to implements
the panchayat Raj System.
The functioning of panchayat Raj was reviewed. It was found that they were not
functioning satisfactorily due to institutional and functional deficiencies.
8. L.M.Singhvi Committee-1986
The last committee the namely L.M.Singhvi committee for the constitutional recognition
of panchayat strengthening their identity and integrity. It gave certain suggestions for the
reorganization of the self Governments. The recommendations of L.M.Singhvi
committee were accepted by the Government of India. It was during the Prime
Ministership of P.V.Narasimha Rao, the constitutional Amendment Bills were passed by
the Union Parliament and were ratified by the state legislatures.
9. 11th schedule: (Eleventh schedule ):
The 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 has added Eleventh schedule to the constitution. This
schedule enlists 29 subjects on which the panchayat shall have full authority. They are

ELEVENTH SCHEDULE OF THE CONSTITUTION:

 Agriculture, including agricultural extension.
 Land improvement, implementation of land reform, land consolidation and soil
conservation.
 Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development.
 Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry.
 Fishers.
 Social forestry and form forestry.

10. Twelth Schedule (12th schedule)

48
 The 74TH Constitution Amendment Act, 1992 has added Twelfth schedule to the
constitution. There are 18 subjects who are enlisted in the schedule on which the
municipalities shall have power and authority. They are
TWELTH SCHEDULE
 Urban planning including town planning.
 Regulation of land use and construction of buildings.
 Planning for economic and social development.
 Roads and Bridges.
 Water supply for domestic, industries and commercial purpose.
 Fire services.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

I. Very Short Answer Type Questions.

7. Gram Sabha
The base of the structure of the Panchayat Raj institutions is the Gram Panchayat. It
covers a village or a group of village. Every Panchayat (Gram Panchayat) comprises four
organs namely panchayat(A legislative or deliberative body),Sarpanch(The political Head
of the Panchayat),Gram Sabha (comprising the registered voters of the Panchayat)and
Secretary(An officer appointed by the State Government to assist the panchayat in
administrative affairs. The main functions of the Gram panchayat to satisfy the needs
like drinking water, sanitation etc. which are in 11th schedule of the constitution.
8. Mandal Parishad
 The second level of the panchayat Raj structure in Mandal(which is known by different
names in different states). It is created at block level constituting of several panchayats.
It is intermediary level body which need not be constituted in smaller states. This body
has organs like Mandal Parishad(A deliberative body), Mandal Parishad president (the
political Head) and Mandal Parishad Development Officer(the Administrative Head). The
powers of the Mandal Parishad are mainly coordination.
9. Zilla Parishad
 The Zilla Parishad is at the apex of the panchayat Raj institution. It covers the entire
rural area of the district. It is also known by different names in different states. The Zilla
Parishad has organs like Zilla Parishad(A deliberative body),Zilla Parishad Chairman(the
political Head),Zilla Mahasabha(An advisory body) and Chief Executive
Officer(Administrative Heads of the Parishad). Apart from all these, there is District
Collector who acts the Heads of the District Administration.
10.Municipal corporation

49
 The Municipal Corporation is at the apex of the urban local self Government. They are
created for the administration of big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad,
Bengaluru etc. It functions through four organs namely Council, Mayor, Standing
Committee and Commissioner. The Council, which consists of the registered voters of
the Corporation, is a deliberative body. The Mayor, directly elected by the registered
voters, is the political Heads of the Municipal Corporation.
5. Cantonment Board
There are eight types of local bodies in India. They are
 Municipal Corporation, Municipalities, Notified Areas Committee, Town Area
Committee, Cantonment Board, Township, Port trust, Special Purpose Agency among
them the Cantonment Board is established for municipal administration for civilian
population in the Cantonment area.
 It is set up by Cantonment Act, 1924 and Cantonment Board is similar to enacted by
Central Government. The functions performed by the Cantonment Board are similar to
those of a Municipality. It comprises elected, nominated and ex-officio members.
6. Municipalities
 The Municipalities are established for the administration of towns and smaller cities.
Like the Municipal Corporation, a Municipality has three authorities namely Council, the
Standing Committees and the Chief Executive Officer. The deliberative wing is the
Council, headed by Chairman. The committee forward suggestions. The Chief
Executive Officer, appointed by the Government, looks after administrative affairs.
 The Municipalities has powers, as mentioned in the Twelfth schedule of the constitution.
7. Balwanth Rai Mehta Committee
 During India’s freedom movement, Mahatma Gandhi had strongly pleaded for Gram
Swaraj and effective decentralization. The Union Government took steps in regard to
panchayat community Development Program was launched to focus rural development.
It sought to take modern science and technology to rural areas. However, this
programme could not achieve the desired results.
 The National Extension Service Scheme was introduced to secure the involvement of
rural people in the rural development. Government of India had constituted Balwant Rai
Mehta committee in 1957.
8. L.M.Singhvi Committee-1986
The last committee the namely L.M.Singhvi committee for the constitutional recognition
of panchayat strengthening their identity and integrity. It gave certain suggestions for the
reorganization of the self Governments. The recommendations of L.M.Singhvi
committee were accepted by the Government of India. It was during the Prime
Ministership of P.V.Narasimha Rao, the constitutional Amendment Bills were passed by
the Union Parliament and were ratified by the state legislatures.
 11th schedule: (Eleventh schedule ):

50
 The 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 has added Eleventh schedule to the constitution. This
schedule enlists 29 subjects on which the panchayat shall have full authority. They are

ELEVENTH SCHEDULE OF THE CONSTITUTION:

 Agriculture, including agricultural extension.
 Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development.
 Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry.
 Fishers.
 Social forestry and form forestry.

 Twelth Schedule (12th schedule)

The 74TH Constitution Amendment Act, 1992 has added Twelfth schedule to the
constitution. There are 18 subjects who are enlisted in the schedule on which the
municipalities shall have power and authority. They are
TWELTH SCHEDULE
 Urban planning including town planning.
 Regulation of land use and construction of buildings.
 Planning for economic and social development.
 Roads and Bridges.
 Water supply for domestic, industries and commercial purpose.
 Fire services.
 Election Commission
The Election Commission of India is an autonomous, established federal authority
responsible for administering all the electoral processes in the Republic of India. Under
the supervision of the commission, free and fair elections have been held in India at
regular intervals as per the principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution. The Election
Commission has the power of direction and control of all elections to the Parliament of
India and the state legislatures and local governments. The state election commission is
entitled to conduct elections to municipalities.
 Finance Commission
The Finance Commission of India came into existence in 1951. It was established
under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution by the President of India. It was formed to
define the financial relations between the centre and the state. As per the Constitution, the
commission is appointed every five years and consists of a chairman and four other
members. The Finance commission which is constituted for the panchayats shall review
the financial position of the Municipalities.

51
 Chapter - 6

SPECIAL STATUTORY COMMISSIONS FOR PROTECTION OF CITIZENS RIGHTS

I. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Explain the Power and functions of National commission for Human Rights?
INTRODUCTION
Indian Constitution provides for the establishment of
statutory commissions for the protection of Rights and privileges of certain communities
in India. These help in bringing an integrated development.
 NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS It is a
statutory and autonomous body, but not a constitutional body
It was established on 12th October 1993, under the protection of Human Rights Act by
Congress government by the Prime Minister Sri P.V.Narsimha Rao, Its head quarters is at
Delhi.
 MEANING Human
Right means “The Rights relating to Life, Liberty, Equality and dignity of the individual
guaranteed by the constitution are embodied in the international covenants and enforced
by courts in India”.
 COMPOSITION
 The commission consists of a chairman and four other members.
 The chairman should be a retired chief justice of Supreme Court.
 One member should be serving or retired judge of Supreme Court.
 APPOINTMENT
The high power committee consists of
 The Prime Minister.

52
  The Union Home Minister.
 The Loksabha speaker.
 The Rajyasabha Deputy Chairman.
 Opposition leader in Lok sabha and Rajyasabha.
 TENURE The
term of office for Chairman and other members of the commission are five years or until
they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier.
 Powers and Functions
The powers and functions of the commission are:
 The commission can inquire, on its own initiative or in response to a petition presented to
it by a victim or any person on his behalf, into complaints of violation of human rights.
 The Commission may visit jails and detention places to study the living conditions of
inmates and make recommendations.
 The commission reviews the constitutional and other safeguards for the protection of
human rights.

2. Explain the Powers and Functions of National Commission for Scheduled Casts.
INTRODUCTION
The National Commission of Scheduled Casts is a constitutional and independent body. It
was separated from national SC and ST commission on 19th February 2004. The
commission has the powers of a civil court while investigating any matter or inquiring
into any compliant.
 Evolution
Indian constitution provided for the appointment of a special officer for schedule cast and
scheduled tribe to investigate all the matters relating to the safe guards of SC and STs and
submit the report to the president.
 Composition
The National SCs commission shall consist of a Chairman, Vice Chairman and three
other members in which one women member is necessary. The Chairman, Vice Chairman
and other members are appointed by the president of India.

 Powers and Functions of the commission

 To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safe guards provide for the SCs
under the constitution or under any other law.

53
 To inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safe
guards of SCs.
 To advice all the planning process of socio economic development of the SCs under the
union of states.
 It presents annual report to the President and also whenever it thinks necessary to safe
guard the interests of SCs.
 To discharge functions like protection, welfare, development and advancement of the SC.
 The commission enjoys the power of a civil court while investigating or enquiring into
any complaint.
 It can demand to produce any necessary required documents.
 It can receive evidence on affidavits.
 Issuing summons for examination of witness and documents.

3. Explain the Powers and Functions of National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
INTRODUCTION
The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes is a constitutional and independent body
that was established in 2004 through the 89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003. Its
headquarters is located at Delhi. The bifurcation of National SCs and STs Commission
was recommended by Sri Dilip Shigh Bhuria committee.
 Composition
The National STs Commission consists of a Chairman, Vice Chairman and three other
members in which a women member is necessary. At present the tenure of the
commission is 3 years.
 Powers and Functions of the Commission
 To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safe guard provided for the STs
under the constitution or under any other law.
 To inquire into complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safe guards of
STs.
 To advice in the planning process of socio economic development of the STs under the
union or the states.
 It presents annual report to the President and also whenever it thinks necessary to safe
guard the interests of SCs.
 The commission has the power of a civil court while investigating or inquiring into any
complaint.
 It demands to produce any necessary documents receiving evidence on affidavits, issuing
summons for examination of witness and documents.
4. Discuss the Powers and Functions of National Commission for Women.
National Commission for Women is a statutory body but not constitutional body. It was
setup on 31st January 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990. The
main objectives of the commission are to review the constitutional and legal safe guards
for Women, to recommend remedial legislative measures and to advice the Government
on all policy matters affecting women.

54
 Composition
The National commission for Women is a multi-member body, which consists of a chair
person, five members and a member of secretary.
 Tenure
Tenure of the chair person and members of the commission is 3 years.
 Power and Functions of the Commission
 Investigate and examine all matters relating to the safe guards provide for women under
the constitution and other laws enacted by the Parliament or State Legislatures.
 Recommendations for the proper implementation of the safe guards for improving the
conditions of women.
 To review the existing provisions of the constitution and other laws affecting women and
recommend amendments.
 Look into complaints and matters relating to deprivation of women’s rights.
 To participate and advice the planning process of Socio economic development of
women.
 To look up into issues of child marriage and dowry prohibition act.
 To inspect jails, remand homes or any other place of custody where women are kept as
prisoners.
5. Write an essay on Nirbhaya Act.
The Criminal Law Act 2013, popularly known as the Nirbhaya Act had increased the
punishment for crimes against women. The Criminal Law (Amendment Act, 2013)
enacted by the Indian Parliament provides for amendments of Indian Penal Code (IPC)
on laws related to sexual offences.
 Brief Background
 A female para medical student, Nirbhaya of Delhi was beaten and gang raped in Delhi on
16th December 2012 who died 13 days later though she received treatment in India and
Singapore. The incident covered by National and International media and even
condemned by UNO. There was a great public protest six days after the incident.
 Ordinance is issued for changes in law and later it is replaced by a bill which was passed
by Parliament and came into force on 3rd April 2013.
 Offences / Punishments
The act provides severe punishment for the above offences which range as follows.
 Acid attack: Imprisonment not less than 10 years but may extend to imprisonment for life
and fine.
 Attempt to Acid attack: Imprisonment not less than 5 years which may extend to 7 years
and shall also is liable to fine.
 Sexual Harassment: Imprisonment up to 3 years and fine.
 Stalking: Imprisonment not less than 1 year, which may be extended to 3 years and shall,
also, is liable to fine.
 Rape/Gang Rape: Severe imprisonment not less than 20 years and also fine.
6. Explain the powers and functions of National Commission of Minorities.
Introduction

55
 The national commission for minorities’ commission is a statutory body but not a
constitutional body. It was established in the year 1993 with the enactment of the national
commission for minorities act.
 The main objectives of the commission are to safeguard the interest of the
minorities.Government of India notified six religious communities as minorities. They
are Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Parsis and Jain community.
 Composition
The national commission for minorities consists of a chairman, vice-chairman and five
other members and they are appointed by the union government who are efficient and
have awareness on the minority communities.

 Tenure
The tenure of the chairman, vice- chairman and other members is three years.
 Powers and Functions of the commission
 To evaluate the progress of the development of minorities under the union and states.
 Monitor the working of the safeguards provided to minorities in the constitution and the
laws enacted by the parliament and the state legislatures.
 Research into issues relating to socio – economic and educational development of
minorities.
 To deal with any matter referred to it by the central government.
 The commission has a civil court powers in case of attendance of any person from any
part of India in examining him, receiving evidence on affidavits and demand to produce
any documents.
7. Describe the powers, composition and functions of national commission for
backward classes.
INTRODUCTION
The national commission for backward classes is a statutory body and not a constitutional
body. It was established in 1993 under the national commission for backward classes act.
This act defines the term backward classes as such backward classes of citizens other
than scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.
 Composition
 Chairman who is or has been a judge of a supreme court or a high court.
 One member who is or has been a social scientist.
 Two members having special knowledge in matters relating to backward classes.
 A member secretary of central government is in the rank of a secretary to the government
of India.

 Powers and functions of the commission

56
 The commission shall examine request for inclusion of any class of citizens as backward
class.
 To hear complaints of over inclusion or under inclusion of any backward class in the list
and tender such advice to the central government.
 The advice of the commission shall ordinarily be binding upon the central government.
 The commission has all the powers of the civil court and it summons and enforces the
attendance of any person.
 The commission submits its annual report to the central government.
 It suggests to the government that priority should be given for the development of such
backward communities.
 The central government places the report before each house of parliament along with
memorandum explaining the action to be taken.

8. Explain the powers and functions of national commission for consumer rights.
INTRODUCTION
The national consumer rights commission was constituted in 1988 under the consumer
protection act. The main objective of the commission is to promote and protect the rights
of the consumers. The head quarter of the commission is located in New Delhi. Under the
act three tier judicial missionary has been established at national, state and district levels
for hearing cases raised by consumers. Consumer grievances are solved in a speedy,
simple and inexpensive manner.
 Composition
 The commission is a multi- member body consisting of a chairman and 10 members.
 The chairman should be a retired judge of the supreme court of India.
 The chairman and other members are appointed by the central government.
 The present chairman of the commission is Justice D.K. Jain.

 Powers and functions of the commission:

 To protect consumer against the marketing of goods and services hazardous to life and
property.
 The consumer protection act 1986 gives six rights to consumers. They are
 Right to safety.
 Right to be informed.
 Right to be heard.
 Right to choose.
 Right to seek redressal.
 Right to consumer education.
 The national commission has been conferred with the powers of administrative control
over all the state commissions.

57
 To inform about the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard and price of the goods or
services so as to protect the consumer against unfair trade practices.
 The government of India enacted the consumer protection act in 1986 to protect interests
of consumer in India.

SPECIAL STATUTORY COMMISSIONS FOR PROTECTION OF CITIZEN’S RIGHTS

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions.

1. State Human Rights Commission.
 The protection of Human Rights Act 1993 provides a State Human Rights Commission at
the State level. It is a statutory body but not a constitutional body. At present there are 23
States which have constituted the state human rights commissions through official gazette
notifications. The state human rights commission consists of a chairman and two other
members .The chairman should be retired chief justice of a high court. A member should
be a serving or retired judge of a high court.

2. Composition of National Human Rights Commission.

 The National Human Rights Commission is a statutory and autonomous body, but not a
constitutional body. The head quarter of national human rights commission is at New
Delhi.
Composition
 The chairman should be a retired chief justice of Supreme Court.
 One member should be serving or retired judge of the Supreme Court.
 One member should be serving or retired chief justice of a high court.
 Other two persons who have knowledge in human rights.
3. SHE Teams.
 The Telangana Police started a special team for the safety and security of women in
Telangana state as “SHE TEAMS”, The Hyderabad Police constituted 100 “SHE
TEAMS” on 24th October 2014 to check harassment of women in public place and later it
was extended to all districts in Telangana. The “SHE TEAMS” constitute as an
important part of the measures being taken by the Telangana government for women’s
safety and security. Each “SHE TEAM” consists of five police personnel, in which a
Sub-Inspector and four constables exist. They have been provided with small cameras to
record the movements of suspects.
4. Rajender Singh Sachar Community.
 United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government led by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
appointed a seven member committee headed by Justice Rajendra Singh Sachar in 2005.
The Committee submitted its report in 2006 and made the following recommendations.
Need for transparency, monitoring the available data.
 To setup an equal opportunities commission to look into grievances of deprived
groups like minorities.

58
  To provide quality education for minority communities.
5. Who are Minorities?
 The National Commission for Minorities Act 1992 does not define the term “Minority”.
But the government of India notified six religious communities as Minorities. They are
Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Parsis and in 2014 the Jain community was added
to the list. The National Commission for Minorities consists of a Chairman, a Vice-
Chairman and five other members. The present Chairman of National Minorities
Commission is Naseem Ahmed.
6. District Consumer Forums.
 The Government of India enacted the Consumer Protection Act in 1996 to protect
interests of consumer in India. The Act provided a legal framework for various consumer
protection initiatives like, to provide inexpensive, speedy judgement for the redressal of
consumer disputes, quasi-judicial bodies have been set up in each district state and at the
national level. At the district level, it is called as District Forum, at the state level it is
called the State Consumer Disputes Redressal commission and at the National level it is
known as National Consumer Redressal Commission.

Chapter-7

SOCIAL POLITICAL MOVEMENTS & ENVIRONMENTAL STRUGGLES IN

TELANGANA

I. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Explain the Causes and Consequences of the Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle.
INTRODUCTION
The Social movements came out of suppression and the socio-economic structures of the
Indian State had contributed to the birth of several peasant struggles. The communists had
built a strong party base in Nalagonda and Warangal districts. The period can be discussed in
three phases.
 First Phase (Mass Resistance and Upsurge)
 Second Phase (Liberation Struggle)
 Third Phase (Armed Revolt)
 First Phase (Mass Resistance and Upsurge)
 This phase can be characterized as mass resistance.
 These were also the days of Second World War. There was shortage of food all around. The
Government introduced rationing of essential commodities such as sugar, cloth, wheat, rice
and kerosene. According to this system each cultivator was required to give certain quantity
of food grains, but the landlords managed to escape. Ultimately the burden fell on the poor
peasants. The price paid by the Government for levy was less than the market price.

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  After Second World War, the local branches of the Andhra Mahasabha called ‘Sangams’
launched village level struggles for better wages for labourers. Eg Nalagonda, Landlords as
Deshmukhs.
 The Second Phase (Liberation Struggle)
 This phase can be characterized as liberation struggle where the role of Congress and
Communists was pivotal.
 The state Congress began to mobilize people in favor of a struggle for the freedom of the
Hyderabad state. It began to pressurize the Nizam of Hyderabad to join the Indian Union in
the event of British granting independence to India. While all political parties supported the
merger of the state of Hyderabad to the Indian Union, the Ittehad-ul-muslimeen had opposed
this move.
 The Ittehad-ul-muslimeen developed a cadre of volunteers who were called Razakars who
began to rouse the feelings of Muslims against Hindus. The Razakars resorted to large scale
terrorism and even took violent methods such as murder, arson and rapes.
 The communist party raised the slogan, such as ‘land to the tiller’ and began to work against
the landlords.
 The Congress was in favor of agrarian reform but not certainly in favor of class conflict in
any form. However, the Communists increased the number and the strength of their squads
and continued its struggle.
 The Third Phase (Armed Revolt)
 After the Congress withdrew its support for armed revolt, the peasant movement came under
the influence of the Communist party and the Communist led Andhra Mahasabha.
 On 13th September 1948, the Indian Army marched into territory of Hyderabad state Nizams
Army, Police and the Razakars surrendered with hardly any resistance.
 The Army made large scale arrests and killed the Communist Gureillas and their supporters
in the villages and Tribal areas.
 Communist party also had come to the conclusion that, fighting the powerful Indian Union
was not the same thing as fighting the regime of Nizam which was supported only by
minority religious community.
2. Elucidate the Dalit Movement in Telangana.
INTRODUCTION
The people belonging to weaker communities and socially and economically backward
sections are often referred as to Dalits. Dalits movements are the struggle against social
repression and economic exploitation.
 Indian Social System
 The Indian society is structured in a hierarchical patterns based on varna system, upper
castes having privileges of social respect, ownership rights, education and so on and the
lower castes confined to duties, obligations, humiliation and exploitation.
 The caste distinctions make dalits, identified as Scheduled Castes (Scs) are the greatest
victims of exploitation.

60
 Dalits suffered sub human conditions of life with poverty and socio economic
backwardness.
 The Movements against exploitation are called Dalit Movements.
 The word Dalit was first used by Dr.B.R.Ambedkar in his book “Bahishkrut Bharath” which
means the suppressed of the Excluded people.
 Dr B R Ambedkar visualized a class less and caste less society in India based on ideals of
liberty, Equality, Fraternity and Justice.
 Dalit Movement in Hyderabad State (Nizam’s period)
 In Nizam’s ruled Hyderabad state, many autonomous dalit organization’s were started since
1906.
 Bhagya Reddy Verma established jaga Mitra Mandali . Manne Sangam worked against
consumption of liquor, indiscriminate slaughtering of animals in the festivals and social
evils like Jogini system and child marriages.
 Bhagya Reddy Verma founded another organization called ‘Swastik Dal’ in 1923 which
worked for promoting human values among the people and worked for the poor, orphans
and indisposed.
 Dalits and Telangana Peasant Struggle
 Dalits had participated in the Telangana peasants struggle against the autocratic rule of
Nizam and exploitative order of Jagirdars, Inamdars, Deshmukhs, Dora, Patel and Patwaris.
This struggle was in response evil systems such as Vetti, Jogini, Basivini and so on.
 The Dalits lived in sub-human and pathetic conditions and were treated as bonded labourers
for Dora.
 Dalits could not venture to claim wages from the patels and other landlords.
 Phases of Dalit Movement in Andhra Pradesh (Post Independence period)
 As the state Andhra Pradesh emerged in 1956 with three regions, namely Andhra,
Rayalaseema and Telangana. G.Venkataswamy strives hard for land ownership rights of
rural poor and housing for urban poor .During the second phase of the movement, there
were widespread attacks and assaults on Dalit in various parts of the state.
 During the third phase of the Dalit Movement, the sub caste consciousness among Dalits led
to various movements .Within the scheduled castes. Hence the Madiga community
organized itself into Madiga Reservation Porata Samithi (MRPS) and demanded
categorization of scheduled castes into ABCD for the optimum utilization. MRPS is led by
Manda Krishna Madiga and other prominent leaders.
 Dalit Movement in Telangana- Contemporary Trends
 As the society in Telangana is structured on caste and class lines, the age old negative
practices such as Jeethgadu, Bhugela Jeetam(forced labourer) and Vetti (bonded labour)are
prevalant.Most of the Dalit families are witnessing exploration due to these practices.
 The Dalit Communities in Telangana also actively favored the cause of separate Telangana.
3. Briefly describe the Environment Struggles in Telangana.
INTRODUCTION

61
 The transformation of environmental movements into political expressions had begun in the
later half of the 20th century.
 In India
 In India, the Chipko Movement by Sundarlal Bahuguna against deforestation in Uttaranchal,
Narmada Bahao Andolan against the construction of big dams in states of Gujarat and
Madhya Pradesh can be cited as major examples of environmental movements.
 Pollution is the process of converting land water, air and other parts of the environment dirty
and unsafe or unsuitable to use. These are several types of pollutions namely: Air pollution,
Water pollution, Soil or Land pollution, Noise pollution, Light pollution, Radioactive
pollution, Thermal pollution and Industrial pollution.
Pollution under Telangana region are the following:
 Industrial Pollution in Patancheru
 Patancheru in Medak District of Telangana, is one of the largest industrial areas of the state.
Industrialization process in Patancheru area has begun in early 1970s and within a span of
two decades it emerged as the thickest industrial zones in the state effecting the nearby
areas.
 This affected the surrounding land, irrigation fields and surface water bodies. This
environment destruction has the direct impact on human health in the area.
 The formation of civil society groups, such as the citizens against pollution (CAP) and the
Patancheru Anti-Pollution (PAPC), took the issues of pollution to the state and national
level. A number of petitions were filed by them in the local, state and national level.
 All these finally resulted in Supreme Court of India directions to solve the problems of
pollution in the area. This compelled the authorities to initiate pollution control measures.
 Uranium Mining Issues and Struggles
 Uranium is a naturally occurring heavy metal that can be found mostly in rocks and soil.
Concentrated deposits of Uranium (ores) are found in a few places, usually in hard rock or
sandstone.
 Uranium was first made use for manufacturing nuclear bombs and later for electricity
production. In India uranium deposits are found in many states like Andhra Pradesh,
Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Telangana, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.
 Health hazards to workers and general public. Children are more sensitive to radioactivity.
Uranium mining operations have a higher risk of genetic damage.
 A number of organizations, such as the Movement against uranium project, Jana Vignana
Vedika (JVV) , Human Rights Forum (HRF) and some led the peaceful campaigns in local
and outside areas on the everlasting damages to the environmental and health caused by the
proposed project.
 Surface / Opencast Coal Mining
 Coal is the major source of energy production in India.

62
  The Singareni Collieries Company limited (SCCL) is the second largest coal producer in
India. The SCCL operates in the Godavari Valley coalfield in the districts of Adilabad,
Karimnagar, Khammam and Warangal districts.
 The displacement of populations, deforestation, loss of groundwater, loss of forest and other
vegetations can be observed in the opencast coal mining areas.
 Fluoride Water Problems in Nalagonda
 Fluoride is found in all natural waters, sea, river nd ground at some concentrations but
excessive exposure to fluoride in drinking water can give ride to a number of adverse
effects.
 The acute brunt of fluorosis is experinced by the people of Nalagonda. Within Nalagonda,
of the 49 mandals.
 As estimated 20,000 people is severely suffering from fluorosis disease in the district.
 The decade’s long campaigns and struggles by the people of Nalagonda for the supply of
clean and fluoride free drinking water took the issue to state, national and international
levels.

II. Short Answer Type Questions.

5. Write a note on Tribal Movement in Telangana.
 As the lands owned by Tribal’s have the high degree of fertility and cultivability the non
Tribal’s mainly the landed gentry of Costal Andhra penetrated into the tribal areas and
acquired them with cheap and illegal means.
 They are also demanding the protection of environment and are opposed to the construction
of big dams that would create ecological imbalance.
 Thus the Tribal land rights were violated under the Nizam’s rule in Telangana region.
However, at the same time , the Tribal’s were given legal pattas for their lands.
 The non-tribal’s from coastal Andhra encroached several acres of Tribal land in Adilabad
and some parts of Karimnagar, Warangal, and Khammam including banks of Godavari.
 Settlers had a vast experience in cultivating; they were keen in encroaching the Tribal lands
in Telangana.
 The government of Andhra Pradesh set up a Commission by J.M.Girglani, IAS(Retd), to
study the issues of Tribal land rights.
 The demand for separate Telangana mirrors the Adivasi demand for self rule against
colonialism and oppression.
 The people of Telangana are also making the similar demand that is self rule or govern
themselves or in other words Jal Jangeal and Jamin.
6. Write a note on Women’s Movement in Telangana.
INTRODUCTION:

63
  The Women’s Movement in India can be better explained based on the changing nature of
the demands and its associated ideologies in 5 phases, women have actively participated in
Nationalist Movement for independence and greatest were Sarojini Naidu, Durgabai
Deshmukh, Annie Besant.
 The role of Women in Telangana Movement can be understood from the stand point of their
role in
A) Telangana Peasant Armed struggle
B) Separate Telangana Movement.
 Women in Telangana Armed Struggle
 One of the remarkable features of the movement was large-scale participation of women.
 Telangana women actively joined and participated in the activities of the armed and guerilla
forces.
 They also took part in non-combing operations like taking out stencils, nursing the wounded
from the movement, cooking and helping men.
 Two important events sparkled the entry of women in the Telangana movement. One was of
Chakali Aliamma and other of Kamalamma. Ramchandra Reddy a deshmukh of tried to
forcibly take possession of land belonging to Chakali Aliamma. Secondly, Kamalamma was
made a slave in the house of a Brahmin in spite of owing a piece of land. Another primary
reason for the active participation of women in Telangana Movement was sexual
exploitation of women by the Razakars and Landlords.
 Women in Separate Telangana Movement
 Smt.J.Eshwari Bai was very vocal in the legislature and highlighted the injustices. She had
also demanded the formation of separate Telangana state.
 These leaders had also fought against social, religious and cultural practices prevailing in
Telangana region such as Jogini system, Devadasi sytem and Basivini system. In the name
of these practices, village girls are married to God by their helpless parents.
III. Very Short Answer Type Questions.
7. Komaram Bheem’s revolt in Adilabad.
Komaram Bheem is aprominent Tribal leader who organized the Tribal communities, mostly
the Gonds of Adilabad against the Nizam and his Jagirdar rule.
 These people who challenge these trends are met with severe punishments.
 Women members of the families faced atrocities and sexual assaults.
 Ultimately, there was an armed assault on Komaram Bheem led by Talukdar Abdul Sattar
and his 90 Policemen.
 The courageous struggle that Sammakka and Saralamma worshipping them for centuries.

S0CIAL- POLITICAL MOVEMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRUGGLES IN

TELANGANA

I. Very Short Answer Type Questions.

7. Mention the Three Phases of Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle.
64
 The contradictions existing within the socio-economic structures of the Indian state had
contributed to the birth of several peasant uprisings in different parts of the country. The
period of upsurge can be divided into three phases. The Telangana peasant armed
struggle which was led by the communists was the first independence trend in the history
of Indian Communist movement that took place between 1946 and 1951 in the Telangana
region.
 The First Phase(Mass Resistence and Upsurge)
 The Second Phase(Liberation Struggle)
 The Third Phase(Armed Revolt)
8. Who are Dalits. Discuss.
 The people belonging to weaker communities and socially and economically backward
are often referred as to Dalits. The word Dalit was first used by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in
his book “Bahishkrut Bharath” which means the suppressed or the Excluded people.
The Indian society is structured in a hierarchical pattern based on Varna system. Caste
system occupies a crucial place in determining the socio-economic status of an individual
in the Indian society. In no other country in the world, one finds this system of social
stratification as the caste system in India.

9. Write about Chakali Aliamma’s Incident in Telangana.

 Two important events sparked the entry of women in the Telangan movement. One was
of Chakali Aliamma . Vishnur Ramchandra Reddy, a Deshmukh of Jangaon in Warangal
district tried to forcibly take possession of land belonging to Chakali Aliamma. However
with support of sangham, they fought relentlessly and acquired their lands. Another
primary reason for the active participation of women in Telangana Movement was sexual
exploitation of women by the Razakars and Landlords. Thus women entered the main
stream of Telangana Movement with the support of Communist parties.
10. Komaram Bheem’s revolt in Adilabad.
 Komaram Bheem is a prominent Tribal leader organized the Tribal who organized the
Tribal communities, mostly the Gonds of Adilabad against the Nizam and his Jagirdari
rule. The local Muttedars and Jagirdars forced the Gonds to pay heavy taxes failing
which their lands were confiscated. The people who challenge these trends are met with
severe punishments. Women members of the families faced atrocities and sexual assaults.
The nexus between Nizam-Muttedar Jagirdar rich landed gentry angered Komaram
Bheem. He organized the Gonds against the misrule and atrocities of Jagirdar and their
henchmen.
11. Mention the Environmental Struggles in Telangana.
 The region of Telangana also saw the emergence of a number of environmental struggles.
Pollution is the process of converting land water, air and other parts of the environment
dirty and unsafe or unsuitable to use. Pollution under Telangana region are as following.
 Industrial Pollution in Patancheru.

65
  Uranium Mining Issues and Struggle.
 Surface/ Opencast Coal Mining.
 Fluoride Water Problems in Nalagonda.
12. Who were the Razakar’s in Telangana.
 Nizam announced his desire not to join either the Indian Union or Pakistan and declared
his independence on 27th August 1947. People of all sections were deeply disappointed
by the decision of Nizam. While all the political parties supported the merger of the state
of Hyderabad to the Indian Union , the Ittehad – ul- muslimeen had opposed this move.
The Ittehad-ul-muslimeen developed a cadre of volunteers who were called “Razakars”
who began to rouse the feelings of Muslims against Hindus.

Chapter-8

EMERGENCE OF TELANGANA STATE

I. Long Answer Type Questions.

1. Write an essay on the emergence of Andhra Pradesh.
INTRODUCTION
 Hyderabad state came into existence in 1948; Assembly elections were conducted in
1952.Congress party emerged victorious.
 Leaders of Hyderabad Congress party had participated in Hyderabad Freedom
Movement. They took active part in Andhra Maha Sabha (AMS).
 Communist Party of India (CPI) took an active part in fighting against the feudal
oppression during the regime of Nizam.
 They also fought the Nizam government which was supported by the landlords. The CPI
secured majority seats next to the Congress party.
 Subsequently, the movement for the separate Andhra agitation from Madras Presidency
was gaining momentum and strength in costal Andhra and Rayalaseema.
 When Potti Sree Ramulu died due to fast-unto-death, the government of India conceded
for the bifurcation of Madras Presidency and the consequent formation of Andhra
Pradesh in 1953.
 Slogan of Visala Andhra

66
 After formation of separate Andhra State, a demand was articulated by the political elite
in Andhra region that why not merge the Telugu speaking Telangana region of
Hyderabad state with Telugus of Andhra State.
 The popular slogan of CPI during this period was “Visalandhralo Praja Rajyam”.
 Visalandhra Movement
 After the formation of separate Andhra State, the Andhra political elite started
campaigning for Visalandhra for merging Telangana with that of Andhra.
 The newly formed Andhra State did not have a developed capital city. The Tamil
political elite did not agree for sharing Madras city as common capital city, Kurnool was
chosen as the capital and the offices were installed under temporarily erected structures.
Transport and communication facilities were scarely present.
 Fazal Ali/States Re-Organization Commission
In December 1952, the government of India decided to form an Andhra State.
 SRC Visits Hyderabad
 The SRC was in Hyderabad during June-July 1954. Those who met the Commission
memoranda may be broadly classified as
 Opponents of disintegration of Hyderabad.
 Supporters of disintegration of Hyderabad and formation of Visalandhra.
 Supporters of disintegration of Hyderabad and formation of two Telugu states.
 There was unanimity in the Hyderabad Ministry on the issue, so the government did not
submit any memorandum.
 SRC Recommends Separate Telangana
 A separate Telangana State was demanded apparently on the ground that the slogan of
‘one language one State’ against national security and unity.
 The States Reorganization Commission (SRC) submitted its report on 30th September
1956.
 Emergence of Andhra Pradesh.
 The state of Andhra Pradesh emerged on 1st November, 1956 as the first linguistic state
of India.
 In the process, on agreement known as Gentlemen’s Agreement, was reached between
the leaders of Telangana and Andhra regions.
 On 1st November 1956, Nehru inaugurated the new state of Andhra Pradesh with N.
Sanjeeva Reddy as its chief minister and CM Trivedi as governor with Hyderabad as its
Capital.
2. Explain the various factors which led to the agitation for a separate Telangana
State.
INTRODUCTION
 Consequent to the violation of Gentlemen’s Agreement by the successive Governments
in Andhra Pradesh, particularly the violation of Mulki Rules, cumulatively resulted in the
emergence or eruption of separate Telangana agitation in 1969.

67
 It was reported that as many as 25,000 government jobs were occupied by migrant
Andhra’s in Telangana region. Added to it large number of students and employees felt
betrayed in view of violation of Mulki Rules.
 Reaction to Mulkhi Judgment
 In 1972-73, when Mr. P.V. Narasihma Rao was the Chief Minister, Andhra Pradesh
witnessed another agitation. It emerged from the Andhra Pradesh B.V. The main reasons
for the movement were:
 Supreme Court gave its judgement on the Mulki rules stating that they were valid
and was in force.
 The people of Andhra region felt that they would be reduced to the status of
second class citizens in the State in the light of the Judgment of Supreme Court.
 Large scale destruction of public property are reported from Andhra Districts.
 Telangana Movement 2001-2014
 The movement for Telangana state took a critical turn in 2001.
 K.C.R resigned from TDP and launched Telangana Rastra Samthi. On April 27th in 2001
with one point agenda in creating a separate Telangana state with Hyderabad as capital.

 During 2009 Elections

 During these elections the congress party assured its stand that only the UPA government
can declare the Telangana state. So, people moved by it and voted in favour of congress
party.
 The same year Supreme Court declared Hyderabad as a “Free Zone” which treated
Hyderabad as Zone 6. This judgement created fear and unrest among the citizens of
Telangana and this gave a great impetus to Telangana movement.
 TRS party president KCR came out with a new demand for a separate state. On 29th
November 2009 KCR undertook fast-unto-death against the free zone and to achieve
Telangana statehood.
 An all party meeting was called by then chief minister Rosaiah to discuss the ongoing
fast unto death by KCR. An announcement was made by Home Minister P.
Chidambaram announced the process of Telangana State formation will be initiated.
 In 2010 the government of India appointed five member committee headed by justice Sri
Krishna to look into the issue of Telangana. After the committee submitted its report the
central government did not take speedy action on its reports. They started million March
and non-cooperation movement.
 They started Sakalajanula same (All people strike). This led to strike of all sections of
people supporting Telangana statehood which led to rail rokho and road blockade.
 Conclusion

68
 The parliament empowered to create a new state under article 3 of Indian constitution
.Both Rajyasabha and Loksabha passed the bill and President Pranab Mukherjee had
signed AP re-organization bill 2014. Finally Telangana state was formed on 2nd June
2014 as the 29th state in the union of India.
3. Discuss the Formation of Telangana as the 29th State in the Indian Union.
INTRODUCTION
 The emergence of Telangana state in 2014 is the result of long down struggle. Sixty years
of struggle and movements marked by agitations, negotiations, formation and merger of
parties, agreements and violation of agreements.
 The formation of Hyderabad state in 1948 signified a radical shift from autocratic feudal
rule of Nizam to a democratic republic system. It was a democratic transition of
Telangana to Indian Republic.
 The Telangana region, marked by trilingual character of Marathi, Kannada and Telugu
speaking people, remained as an independent state from 1948 to 1956 in Indian
federation.
 The A.P Re-organization Act 2014 has the following salient features
A State of Telangana.
A new Telangana state with 10 districts has emerged as the 29th State of the Indian
Union.

A State of Andhra Pradesh

The State of Andhra Pradesh has 13 districts after the division of the State.
Hyderabad as a common Capital
Hyderabad remains as the common capital for the States of Telangana and Andhra
Pradesh for a period not exceeding 10 years.
Common Governor
There shall be a common Governor for both the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
The Governor is vested with some special duties.
Members of Rajya Sabha
According to the Act, there shall be 7 members in Rajya Sabha from Telangana and 11
members from Andhra Pradesh.
Members of Lok Sabha
According to the Act there are 17 members from the State of Telangana in Lok Sabha
while the State of Andhra Pradesh will have 25 members.
Legislative Assembly
The following is the composition of members in the State Legislative Assembly a)
Telangana – 119 b) Andhra Pradesh – 175.
Legislative Council
According to the Act the Telangana State shall have 40 members and Andhra Pradesh
shall have 50 members respectively.

69
 Other Provisions
The A.P Reorganization Act 2014 has provided various other provisions like separate
High Courts, provisions for SC’s and ST’s, distribution of revenues etc.
 The long cherishes demand for a separate statehood for Telangana was achieved after a
long struggle. 2nd June is a memorable day for the people of Telangana who always
maintain self-respect and cultural identity.
 Several leaders in the past struggled for more than six decades and contributed
significantly to the cause.
 The dynamic role of K.Chandra Sekhar Rao in the Telangana movement and emergence
of Telangana State altered the course of Telanganites.
 The relentless efforts of Mrs. Sonia Gandhi and the support given by BJP and other
political parties cannot be ignored in this regard.
 Conclusion
 Indian federation is dynamic and ever changing. The reorganization of states in India was
based more on administrative convenience rather than the rational criteria.
 During post- independence period, series of sustained demands for reorganization of
states were witnessed.

II. Short Answer Questions.

1. Explain the provisions of gentlemen’s agreement.
 In order to bridge the gap between Andhra and Telangana leaders the congress high
command convened a meeting at Delhi in 1956.
 Andhra was represented by B Gopal Reddy is the Chief Minister of Andhra State,
Sanjeeva Reddy, Satya Narayana Raju, Latchanna.
 Telangana was represented by Burgula Rama Krishna Rao is the chief Minister of
Hyderabad state.
 K V Ranga Reddy, M Chenna Reddy and Narsingh Rao participants affixes their
signatures which are popularly known as gentlemen’s agreement.
 Under the agreement a Telangana regional committee and Mulkhi rules came into been in
the year 1958.
 Under this agreement Telangana regional committee was empowered to look into
development and economic planning.
 Local self government, public health primary and secondary education and regulation of
admissions in Telangana region prohibition sale of agricultural lands cottage and small
scale industries.
 Mulkhi 12 years continued staying in Telangana as qualification for admission into
educational institutions and recruitment to all sub ordinate services in Telangana was the
next important provision.

70
 Thirdly it was agreed that if the chief minister is from one region that deputy chief
minister should be from other region
2. Explain the constitution of provisions of A.P Reorganization Act, 2014.
 The Parliamnet is empowered to create a New State by following a certain procedure
prescribed under Article 3 of the Indian constitution .
 The Union government followed the required steps prescribed under article 3 of the
constitution.
 The President of India reffered the AP Reorganization Bill, 2014 to the State Legislature
for its consideration.
 The AP state Legislature rejected the Bill. However, the Parliament had the power either
to accept or reject the opinion of the state Legislature. Finally the Bill was reffered to
Parliament by the President.
 Both, Rajya Sabha and Lok sabha passed the Bill and President Pranb Mukherjee had
signed the AP Reorganization Bill, 2014 which became an Act on 1st March, 2014.
 The Government of India declared that on 2nd June, 2014 the Act would come into force.
By this Telangana State was formed on 2nd June, 2014 as the 29th state in the Union of
India.

3. Write about Telangana Regional Co-ordination Committees (TRCC).

 Telangana regional Co-ordination Committee
 Establishment of Telangana Regional Coordination Committee was a commitment made
in the Gentlemen’s agreement between the leaders of Andhra and Telangana.
 The Telangana Regional coordination committee was given power to deal
 Development and Economic planning within the frame work of the general
development plans.
 Local self government, the constitutional powers of municipal corporations,
improvement Trusts, District Boards and District authorities for the purpose of
local self government or village administration.
 Public health and sanitation. Local hospitals and dispensaries.
 Primary and secondary education.
 Regulation of admission to the educational institutions in the Telangana region.
 Prohibition.
 Sale of agricultural lands.
 Cottage and small scale industries, and Agriculture, Cooperative Societies,
markets And Fairs. Unless revised by agreement.
 Failures of TRCC
 The Telangana Regional Coordination Committees have miserably failed in wielding
their mandate. There are many reasons for this inadequacy and failure.

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 Firstly these committees are established more as supplementary bodies. In fact these
committees were theoretically given powers to supervise the surplus revenues of
Telangana to be spent only for the development of this region.
 They act as mere political bodies. Further TRCC was not given a full-fledged
organizational infrastructure to carry out its functions.
 Budgetary allocations for TRCC were also less. Due to these failures, discontent grew
among the people against successive governments.
 The political elite did not exhibit any vision and imagination for developmental needs of
Telangana region.

EMERGENCE OF TELANGANA STATE

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions.

13. Hyderabad State.
 The princely State of Hyderabad was integrated into Indian Union in 1948 as a result of
Police Action. Congress party swept the polls and formed the government with Burgula
Ramakrishna Rao as the Chief Minister. The State of Hyderabad remained as trilingual
state with Telugu speaking people forming the major community along with Kannada and
Maratha speaking regions. The State of Hyderabad was an autonomous State with surplus
revenues and efficient administration.

14. Mulkhi Rules.

 In order to bring about rapport between Andhra and Telangana leaders, the Congress
High command convened a meeting. Andhra was represented by B. Gopala Reddy (Chief
Minister of Andhra State ) N.Sanjiva Reddy, G. Latchanna, A. Satyanarayana Raju.
Telangana was represented by Burgula Rama Krishna Rao (Chief Minister of Hyderabad
State), K. V. Ranga Reddy, M. Chenna Reddy and J.V. Narsing Rao. Participants affixed
their signatures to the accord popularly known as “Gentlemen’s Agreement”. Under the
agreement a Telangana Regional Committee and Mulkhi Rules came into being in the
year 1958.
15. Visalandhra.
 After formation of separate Andhra State, a demand was articulated by the political elite
in Andhra region that why not merge the Telugu speaking Telangana region of
Hyderabad state with Telugu of Andhra State. The campaign of CPI spread in both
regions i.e. Andhra and Telangana. The popular slogan of CPI during this period was
“Visalandhra Praja Rajyam”. It is widely observed that the proposed Visalandhra had
deeper socio-economic implications. The newly formed Andhra State did not have a
developed capital city. The Tamil political elite did not agree for sharing Madras city as a
common capital. Kurnool was chosen as the capital and the offices were installed.
16. Jai Telangana Movement, 1969.

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 Consequent to the violation of Gentlemen’s agreement by the successive governments in
Andhra Pradesh, particularly the violation of Mulkhi rules, cumulatively resulted in the
emergence or eruption of separate Telangana agitation in 1969. It was reported that as
many as 2500 government jobs were occupied by migrant Andhra’s in Telangana region.
Added to it large number of students and employees felt betrayed in view of violation of
Mulki rules. It is against this background that 1969 agitation for separation of Telangana
from Andhra received impetus.
17. Jai Andhra Movement, 1971.
 In 1972-73 when Mr. P.V. Narasimha Rao was the Chief Minister, Andhra Pradesh
witnessed another agitation. It emerged from the Andhra region. The aim of Jai Andhra
agitation was that the Mulki rules and Telangana regional committee be serapped. An
unconditional Andhra Pradesh or a separate Andhra state was clearly stated in all their
pronouncements. On December 5th 1972 student observed an Andhra Bandh and from
December 7th, 1972, the Andhra Non-Gazette officers resorted to indefinite strike.
18. Saikrishna Committee report, 2010.
 The Government of India appointed a five member Committee headed by Justice Sri
Krishna on 3rd February, 2010 to look into the issue of Telangana. The committee toured
all the regions of the State extensively and took the opinion of all sections of people on
the statehood. The Committee submitted its report on 16th December 2010. It had given
few solutions to the problem.
 Maintaining the status quo.
 Separating the State of Andhra Pradesh into Seemandhra and Telangana regions
while Hyderabad to be covered into a Union Territory.
19. Violation of Safeguards.
 By amending the domicile rule, the residential for public employment and education was
reduced from 15 years to 4 years. With the result it is presumed that more than 50
thousand Andhra are holding jobs meant for Telangana and this trend curbs the
employment and educational opportunities of Telangana people. The educational
facilities are poor for Telangana people. Telangana region continues to be the lowest in
literacy rates at 37 percent. Very few professional colleges in Engineering, Medical
streams were established.
20. Hyderabad as common capital.
 Telangana is the 29thstate of India comprising 10 districts with plenty of water and some
other natural resources in a backward region lacking development that was at the heart of
separate state demand. According to the A.P. Reorganization Act, 2014 Hyderabad
remains as common capital for the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for a period
not exceeding 10 years.
21. Sakala Janula Samme.
 Sakala Janula Samme (All people’s Strike) is a great highlight in Telangana agitation.
This movement led to strike all sections of people supporting “Telangana Statehood”.

73
 The government employees stayed out from the work. Lawyers boycotted the courts and
many other government employees like members of teaching community ,electricity
board etc, participated. This movement led to ‘Rail Roko’ and ‘Road Blockade’.
22. Million March.
 The Million March movement was organized by Tekangana JAC in Hyderabad on 10th
March, 2011. The Telangana political JAC declared the launch of a non cooperation
movement throughout Telangana including the state capital Hyderabad. The plan was to
request government employees not to work, people not to pay taxes, people not to buy
tickets, while using public transport to organize rallies.

CHAPTER – 9

TELANGANA MOVEMENT: ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND JACS

I. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Describe the role of TRS in separate Telangana state movements?
Introduction
Telangana Rashtra Samithi was formed by Shri K. Chandrasekhar Rao on April 27 th 2001
with a single point agenda for the creation of separate Telangana state. He has influenced
the leadership of the Indian National Congress as a coalition partner of United
Progressive Alliances and made the issue of Telangana as part of its Common Minimum
Programme.
 Significant Role of TRS:
The significant role of Telangana Rashtra Samithi in the Telangana movement include
various issues such as
 Ideological position of TRS.
 Historical importance
 Massification of movement.
 Awakening of consciousness.
 Charismatic leadership.

74
  Unique methods of protest.
 Success of TRS
 Ideological position of TRS
The TRS was started with a one point agenda of carrying out political movement for
separate Telangana State. With its main agenda, it has resolved to spread the ideology of
State formation (Bhavajal Vyapti) under the guidance of Shri Kaloji Narayana Rao and
Shri Kothapalli Jayashanker.
 Historical Importance
The formation of TRS as a political party has a lot of historical significance. It has
successfully sensed the sentiments of the people of the region and channelized these
aspirations into a powerful movement. TRS party is the first party to question the
exploitation of natural resources such as river waters and employment opportunities.
 Massification of Movement
The Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) has broad based the separate Telangana Statehood
Movement from its class character to mass character. The intellectual ideas and works of
Telangana leaders. The TRS party has participated in the Panchayati Raj elections at
different levels namely, Gram Panchayat, Mandal Parishad and Zilla Parishad and
successfully built leadership at all these levels. Different sections of society such as
students, advocates, teachers, employees, Kula Sanghas etc., have sacrificed with the
motivation given by TRS.

 Awakening of consciousness
TRS has brought awakening among the people of Telangana on regional rights and
political and economic interest’s involved.TRS party glorified the uniqueness of
Telangana culture and explained it to various sections of people.TRS promised youth for
guaranteed with higher educational opportunities and educational offers.
 Charismatic leadership
TRS was founded by KCR in 2001 after giving resignation as deputy speaker of A.P
legislative assembly. KCR born in Medak district and is known for his simplicity,
accessibility, and sociability. He has good command over Telugu, Hindi, English, Urdu
languages. The party held a meeting at Hyderabad as SIMHAGARJANA (ROAR OF
THE LION) where millions of people participated actively.KCR uses colloquial proverbs
like ‘TELANGANA VACHUCHUDU-KCR CHACHUDU means either Telangana is to
be materialized or KCR meets death. ”KAANA THALLIKI ANNAM LEDU KANI
PINNATHALLI KI BANGARU GAJULUCHEPISTADA”.ANDHRA
PRADESH NUNDI POTTUNNA, TELANGANA TISUKONI ADUGU PEDATA” The
leadership of KCR influenced a citizen residing in a remote village.
 Eletrol strategy
The TRS party has adopted electrol strategy by aligning with congress party in 2004
general elections and Mahakutami in 2009 general elections as part of UPA coalition.

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 Mass Mobilization Strategy
The TRS has undertaken various mass mobilization programmes such as Jana Chaitanya
Yatra, Palle baata, Poru baata and so on.
2. Elucidate the role of JAC S in Telangana movement.
INTRODUCTION
The non- political agencies as pressure groups play a big role in the political process.
There are various factors contribute for the formation of JACS like river water,
employment, education, discrimation with regard to revenue sharing, land grabbing,
disrespecting Telangana dialect and many more these all motivated the people to
undertake collective action with a goal of achieving Telangana statehood..these
motivated the people to undertake collective action for Telangana.
 Political joint action committee:
The political joint action committee was formed on December 2009.Major political
parties such as TRS, BJP, CPI, CONGRESS, TDP, CPI.M, NEW DEMOCRACY,
EMPLOYEES ASSOCIATIONS are associated with political JAC. The political JAC is
led by a political science professor from Osmania University M.Kodandarama Reddy
popularly known as Kodandaram.
 The political JAC gave a call for MILLION MARCH TO CONDUCT demonstrations in
Hyderabad.JAC asked people to reach HYDERABAD and give support and collective
aspiration for TELANGANA STATE.
 Political JAC meeting passed a resolution asking all the industries to employ the local
people for eighty percent of their employment requirements.
 Bhoomoputrs concept undertaken to give employment offers to the natives.
 Bayyaram iron ore made an agitation with the slogan “Bayyaram Ukku Telangana
Hakku”.
 One of the most popular and widespread programmes held by Political JAC was the
SAKALAJANULA SAMME, strike by all sections of people which
include employees, students, advocates, doctors, teachers, lecturers,
professors, professionals etc actively participated in the movement.
 KULASANGHALA JAC:
 The emergence of Kula Sanghas and forming into joint action committee is a great
support given to the movement. All caste groups and occupational groups, other
backward classes, minorities and so on come together as a joint action committee to
actively participate in the movement.
 Masses belonging to all walks of life have come to streets with their cultural symbols
 STUDENTS JAC
 Telangana movement was started and intensified with the active participation of
students of different colleges and universities, students belonging to different
organizations with multiple ideological doctrines have come together to form the students

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 joint action committees, popular among them were OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
STUDENTS JAC AND KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY STUDENTS JAC.
 EMPLOYEES JAC
 The joint action committee of employees, workers and teachers popularly known as
Employees JAC, supported the movement for separate Telangana state with various
protest programmes and activities.
 Lakhs of Government employees belonging to different cadres initiated Non-cooperation,
pen down, Delhi chalo, Lunch Hour Demonstrations, Sakala janula same and protest
programmes to fight with the government fr separate telangana state hood.
 State government employees, employees of state road Transport Corporation, state
electricity board and around 60,000 employees of Singareni collaries coalmines
employees also participated in the protest programmes.
 The employees JAC gave a call for MILLION MARCH for all the employees.
Conclusion
This shows how the role of non-political agencies as pressure groups plays a big role in
political process for the formation of Telangana.

3. Explain the role of other agencies in Telangana Movement.

Introduction
Telangana statehood movement is a gigantic movement undertaken by various
progressive forces such as political parties, non- political agencies, students, media etc.
Each of these sections played constructive role in realization of this demand.
 Role of other agencies
Telangana Jagruthi
 Telangana Jagruthi was established in June 2008 as a socio – cultural organization and
strives to protect the culture, value systems, art forms, literature and the ethnic Telugu
dialect of Telangana region.
 It has strongly criticized the arrogance of certain sections over the ethnic Telugu dialect
and negligence of its culture.
 Telangana Jagruthi also demanded for the creation of Telangana.
 As a part of its mass mobilization programme, Telangana Jagruthi conducted the
Bathukamma festival in all parts of Telangana region.
 Telangana Jagruthi K. Kavitha motivated the people in favour of Telangana state
formation by extensively undertaking mass contact programmes, rallies, Vanta Varpu
programmes and so on.

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  Telangana Jagruthi has used culture and cultural symbols to motivate masses for
Telangana movement.
 The social base of the movement has widened with the inclusion of house wives, middle
classes, traditional households and others enlightened by the Telangana Jagruthi to
actively participate in the movement.
 Telangana Jagruthi became synonymous with the Bathukamma festival and played a
pivotal role for the cultural rights of the people.
 Role of Media:
 Telangana movement has experienced various trends of influence by media. Both print
media and electronic media followed different approaches in reporting and analyzing the
events, incidents and personalities related to separate Telangana movement.
 Media in the state is largely controlled by corporate houses and the political and
economic interests of the media.
 Firstly, certain newspapers and TV channels actively supported the movement and their
coverage of news was movement – centric. The newspapers and channels like Namaste
Telangana, V6, TNN, T- News and so on supported the cause of Telangana.
 Secondly, certain newspapers and channels owned by wealthier sections of Andhra and
Rayalaseema mostly tried to stop the movement by unreporting and under reporting. To
bring a negative impact by posing irritating questions and trying to misinterpret the
public opinion.
 Finally, certain channels and newspapers maintained neutrality in reporting and analyzing
the Telangana movement. The reporting editorial policy are guided and carried mostly on
Telangana basis. In later stages, most of the channels and newspapers changed the stand
and helped for the Telangana movement.
 Most of the media houses are owned and controlled by regional capitalists belonging to
other regions. So, the coverage was biased and partial.
 With the sensitive awakening of political parties, sensitive citizens, joint action
committees and other pressure groups, these ill efforts were successfully offset and
positive consciousness on Telangana was brought.
II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Role of BJP
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) made a significant contribution for the formation of
Telangana State. This is the first party unit amongst the national parties to successfully
convince both the national leaders and sub regional leaders of Andhra and Rayalaseema
on the need for the creation of Telangana State. The national leadership of the BJP
reiterated its decisive stand on Telangana and it is the first ever national party to take a
convincing stand in favour of Telangana State. The State level convention held at
Kakinada of Costal Andhra region in 1997 the BJP passed a resolution recommending the
bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh and creation of Telangana State. Bharatiya Janata Party
was an active partner in Telangana Political Joint Action Committee. BJP actively

78
 associated with TJAC in all its protest programmes such as rail roko, bandh, vanta varpu
and so on. As part of the protest programmes, many of the BJP leaders and cadre courted
arrest and countered false claims. The Bharatiya Janata Party mentioned its resolution to
create a new state of Telangana. The BJP state leadership gave a slogan “one vote-two
states” during 1999, 2004 and 2009 Parliamentary election. This is the only party in the
state that made certain reasonable attempts to convince the people of other regions with
public meetings, personal interactions, and phone – in programmes in TV channels and
so on. National leaders like Sushma Swaraj held meetings at Hyderabad and Karimnagar.
2. Role of T.D.P
The leaders and carde of Telugu Desam Party actively participated in the sequence
Telangana movement in Telangana region. They have carried out various programmes
both as a part of political JAC and on their own. Telugu Desam party has seriously
debated upon taking a decisive stand on Telangana within its Politbureau, Annual
Mahanadu Conventions and other forums of the party. The leaders and cadre prevailed
upon the leadership to take in favour of Telangana. N.Chandra Babu Naidu cleared that
these two areas are like his ‘Two Eyes’ and any decision on this matter should not hurt
either regions. Bowing to the pressure of Telangana leaders, TDP submitted its letter of
acceptance for Telangana. On September 18th 2008 the Telugu Desam party submitted
the letter of consent for Telangana to the UPA sub-committee led by Sri Pranab
Mukharjee Later on TDP leaders and workers belonging to Telangana region supported
the cause of separate Telangana State and took part in various protest programmes in this
regard. TDP leaders belonging to Telangana region staunchly supported the Telangana
movement for the formations of separate state. The leaders of TDP belonging to Andhra-
Rayalaseema region opposed statehood and continued to support ‘Samikyandhra’. Some
of the leaders of TDP also faced wrath of Osmania University students in a protest
programme. The leaders of TDP party were frequently criticized for allegedly following
the dictates of Seemandhra leaders.
3. Students J.A.C
Telanagana Movement was started and intensified with active participation of students of
different colleges and universities. Students belonging to different organisations with
multiple ideological doctrines have come together to form the students Joint Action
Committee. Prominent among them were Osmania University students and Kakatiya
University students.
The very concept of JAC’s was coined initiated, formed and shaped by various
organisations of students unions. Around 350 students have lost their lives in the
agitation. The Students JAC demanded the political parties to withdraw from parliament
and state legislature to spearheaded the agitation. The attempts of the students to hold
massive demonstration on January 2010 was not permitted by the then State government.
With the permission from state Highcourt, the meeting was successfully conducted.
Fearing backlash from students, so much of resistance persisted against the students.

79
 Police adopted measures like firing in the air, using the tear gas, fencing the campus,
disallowing the assembly of students in more numbers and so on. The determined
students also charged their methods of protest. As a result 600 students lost their lives for
the movement and become Martyrs (Amaraveerulu). As a part of the larger demand for
creation of separate state for Telangana, students demanded cancellation of sub-inspector
recruitment notification, cancellation of 14f that makes Hyderabad a “Free Zone” and so
on. The students JAC has also provided alternative leadership for the continuance of the
movement.
4. Telangana Jaruthi
Telangana Jagruthi was established in June 2008 as a socio – cultural organization and
strives to protect the culture, value systems, art forms, literature and the ethnic Telugu
dialect of Telangana region.It has strongly criticized the arrogance of certain sections
over the ethnic Telugu dialect and negligence of its culture. Telangana Jagruthi also
demanded for the creation of Telangana. As a part of its mass mobilization programme,
Telangana Jagruthi conducted the Bathukamma festival in all parts of Telangana region.
Telangana Jagruthi K. Kavitha motivated the people in favour of Telangana state
formation by extensively undertaking mass contact programmes, rallies, Vanta Varpu
programmes and so on. Telangana Jagruthi has used culture and cultural symbols to
motivate masses for Telangana movement.
The social base of the movement has widened with the inclusion of house wives, middle
classes, traditional households and others enlightened by the Telangana Jagruthi to
actively participate in the movement.Telangana Jagruthi became synonymous with
Bathukamma festival and played a pivotal role in assertion of cultural rights of the
people. Telangana Jagruthi became synonymous with the Bathukamma festival and
played a pivotal role for the cultural rights of the people. Participation in separate state
movement is a means to achieve the cultural renaissance of Telangana by Telangana
Jagruthi.
5. Role of Political JAC
The Political Joint Action Committee was formed on 24th December 2009. Major
political parties such as Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP),
Communist party of India(CPI), Congress Party, Telugu Desam Party (TDP), CPI(ML)
New Democracy, Employees Association and others associated with political JAC. The
Political JAC formed as the UPA government has shown signs of the deviation from the
December 9, 2009 declaration of initiating the process of Telangana formation. The
Political JAC is led by a Political Science Professor from Osmania University
M.Kondandrama Reddy popularly known as Kondandaram. In course of Sahaya
Nirakarana all sections of society stopped cooperating with the government which
amounted to loss of crores of rupees of Revenue. The Government employees resorted to
pendown and work to rule protests and lunch hour demonstration during the month of
Febuary 2011. The Political JAC gave a call “Million March” to conduct demonstration

80
 in Hyderabad. JAC asked people to reach Hyderabad and manifest their collective
aspirations for Telangana State. The State government unleashed repression by resorting
to spread of lies, illegal house arrests, stopping buses and trains from reaching Hyderabad
and so on. Inspite of large scale repression, lakhs of people ventured to Hyderabad and
Secunderabad. Some of the agitators of Telangana Movement have also removed the
statues of some personalities and threw them in the tank bund lake.
6. Role of Congress Party.
The Indian National Congress played a very prominent role in the formation of the
Telangana State. Even the bitter critics of the party agree that without Congress,
Telangana would not have been a reality. As any other national party the Congress party
also witnessed a peculiar predicament with leaders of both regions, the Telangana and
Seemandhra leadership both in favour of and against the formation of Telangana State.
Though the issue was delayed for long , the congress working committee led by Smt.
Sonia Gandhi could balance the issue by taking a decisive stand on the formation of
Telangana. The Congress bought forward the issue of formation of Telangana State
before the central leadership in all phases of the movement in the post independence
period. However, it took a more vocal stand and actively participated in the movement
for the formation of Telangana State. A section of the Congress leaders including 39
MLAs under the leadership of G.Chinna Reddy presented a memorandum to the
Congress President Smt.Sonia Gandhi demanding a dicision for the formation of separate
Telangana Satate. The Congress Working Committee discussed for the formation of
separate Telangana State. The Congress working committee discussed the issue
constituted a subcommittee under Dr. ManMohan Singh. On the basis of the report of this
sub-committee, the congress president Smt. Sonia Gandhi wrote a letter to then National
Democratic Alliance government in favour of creating a separate Telangana State.
7. Role of TRS.
Telangana Rashtra Samithi was formed by Shri K. Chandrasekhar Rao on April 27 th 2001
with a single point agenda for the creation of separate Telangana state. He has influenced
the leadership of the Indian National Congress as a coalition partner of United
Progressive Alliances and made the issue of Telangana as part of its Common Minimum
Programme.
 Significant Role of TRS:
The significant role of Telangana Rashtra Samithi in the Telangana movement include
various issues such as
 Ideological position of TRS.
 Historical importance
 Massification of movement.
 Awakening of consciousness.
 Charismatic leadership.
 Unique methods of protest.

81
 Ideological position of TRS
The TRS was started with a one point agenda of carrying out political movement for
separate Telangana State. With its main agenda, it has resolved to spread the ideology of
State formation (Bhavajal Vyapti) under the guidance of Shri Kaloji Narayana Rao and
Shri Kothapalli Jayashanker.
 Massification of Movement
The Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) has broad based the separate Telangana Statehood
Movement from its class character to mass character. The intellectual ideas and works of
Telangana leaders. The TRS party has participated in the Panchayati Raj elections at
different levels namely, Gram Panchayat, Mandal Parishad and Zilla Parishad and
successfully built leadership at all these levels.
8. Role of CPI and CPM.
The Political Activity of Communist Party of India, in Telangana started with “Andhra
Mahasabha” during Nizams rule. Later on it strengthened its position by leading
Telangana Armed Struggle in 1948. Subsequently it gave up its strategy of armed
struggle and entered into Parliamentary politics. The CPI shifted its focus to “unity of
Telugu people” and favouring of forming “Vishala Andhra “ by uniting erstwhile
Hyderabad State and Andhra States. The Communist party of India had split into two
parties as CPI and CPI(M) in 1964. The C.P.I has a strong following in Telangana. The
party has considerable influence in rural areas, particularly among peasants and
agricultural labour artisans, weavers, beedileaf workers, mining workers, people
working in transport organisation and unorganised labourers in some of the districts of
Telangana. The C.P.I(M) stand was that the re-organisation of states be on linguistic
basis. Idealism a prominent leader of the party Sri P.Sundarayya also wrote a book
“Vishala Andhralo Prajarajyam” and unveiled a plan of development. After the split in
CPI in 1964, CPM stuck to this stand. During the early phase of Telangana Movement,
their constant stand was “the states which were reorganised on linguistic basis should
not be disturbed”. During the other phase of Telangana Movement the CPI (M)
vociferously opposed separate state of Telangana and supported “Samaikya Andhra”.

TELANGANA MOVEMENT: ROLE OF POLOTICAL PARTIES AND JAC’s

III. Very Short Answer Type Questions.

23. Lok Satta.
 Started as Non-Governmental organization in 1996, it emerged as a political party in
2006. This party tried to debate upon the issue of development as part of its stand on
Telangana. However, when the leaders of Telangana in the party persisted, it welcomed
the formation of separate state. Lok Satta States that the real issue is to improve the lives
of people irrespective of the formation of the State. The president of Lok Satta Jaya
Prakash Narayana was non-commital on Telangana issue.
24. CPI (ML)

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  The CPI(ML) New Democracy was part of Telangana Political JAC and participated in
various programs undertaken by it. This party perceived the separates state Movement for
Telngana as a movement against economic exploitation and social oppression. It actively
supported the movement and stated that the new state of Telangana is needed for
equitable distribution of resources, opportunities and Social justice to people.
25. MIM
 The All India Majli’s Ittehadul Muslimeen, as political party was started by Abdul
Wahed Owaisi. Later his son Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi took charge of the party in 1975.
After his death, his elder son Asaduddin Owaisi became president of the party. This party
has a strong base in twin cities of Hyderabad-Secunderabad and some prominent parts of
Telangana. MIM strongly rejected the idea of making Hyderabad a union Territory. It has
also supported the Telangana Bill in Parliament.
26. Kulasanghala JAC.
 The emergence of Kulasanghala (Caste associations) and forming into Joint Action
Committee (JAC) in a novel phenomenon in the Telangana Movement. All the caste
groups and occupational groups such as Dalit bahujans, other backward and classes
(OBCs), minorities and so on come together as a Joint Action Committee to actively
participate in the movement. Masses belonging to all walks of life have come to the
streets with their cultural symbols. The Dalit Bahujans beating drums and dholaks, the
other backward classes(OBC’s) with their ploughs and bullockcarts.

Chapter -10

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN INDIA POLITICS

I. Short Answer Type Questions.

1. Explain Reasons and phases of coalition politics in india
 INTRODUCTION: Coalition politic means a system where political parties join
together with an aim to secure the power of the government or put up a combined
opposition to democratize the political process.
Coalition politics are not new to india political parties.
Coalition politics among political parties happened under two arrangements. They are
prepoll coalitions and postpoll coalitions.
Phases of coalition politics:
The first phase of coalition politics between 1967-1971 marked the emergence of
regional parties in various states to challenge the dominance of the congress
party.eg:lokdal socialist party.
The Second phase of coalition politicspranithpranithpranithprasnithprsnikthp(1977-1980)
leftfront government were formed in kerala, Tripura and westbengal with leftist
ideology.

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 The third phase of coalition politics(1989-1991) both the level of national government
and also state government.In this Phase political party outside support by not joining in
the government and actively involving in coalition politics.
The fourth phase of coalition politics(1996-1999) in this phase political parties distanced
from coalitions and this resulted in fall of central government and many state
government.
The fifth phase of coalition government(2004-2005) are formed on rational basis under
common minimum program among the coalition partners
The reasons for coalition politics in india are as follows:
 The decline of one party dominance
 The emergence of regional political parties
 The political compulsions to form a national level and state level alternative to
congress.
2. Elucidate various types of terrorism in Indian context
Terrorism means systematic use of force are threat of use of force or violence to achieve
political, religious and ideological goals .It is contemporary issue in many countries
which created law and order problem.
TYPES OF TERRORISM: According to reports of administration Reforms commission
Of 2008.The Terrorism can be classified into 5 types.
ETHNO-NATIONALIST TERRORISM: It is sort of violence by Terrorist group for
succession from Indian union. Or The creation of new state .
RELIGIOUS TERRORISM: This terrorism is based on the name of religious
fundamentalism . The terrorist attacks on Mumbai on 26th November,2008 and Other
attacks in different parts of the country by ISI of Pakistan are acts of religious terrorism.
IDEOLOGY ORIENTED TERRORISM{LEFT USING TERRORISM}:
This type of terrorism is against economically exploitative and socially suppressive
nature of the society. It aims at revolutionary change through violence and terror
STATE SPONSERED TERRORISM{CROSS BORDER TERRORISM }:
This type of terrorism is sponsored by the neighbouring countries. The terrorism groups
are allowed to make frontal attacks on nations across the border to create insecurity in
neighbouring countries. Terrorist groups in India are supported by Pakistan, ISI and other
agencies.
NARCO TERRORISM AND SANDAL WOOD TERRORISM:
This form of terrorism focuses on indulging in prohibited trade of narcotics and
sandalwood. This is observed in North West India, Jammu and Kashmir as illegal traders.
Sandalwood smugglers in reserve forest areas of Tamilnadu, AP and Karnataka resort to
terrorism against forest officials and police.

Terrorism can be further classified into Environmental Terrorism, Cyber Terrorism and
Suicide Terrorism.

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 3.What are the counter terrorism measures initiated ?
A.The government of India initiating several measures to meet with the problem of
terrorism.
The following are the counter terrorism measures
 The government has formulated a multipronged strategy to arrest the trends of
terrorism on one hand it took protective measure and sophisticated weapons and
creating counter terrorism forces.
 The government is framing stringent laws to counter the trends of terrorism.These
include the un-lawful activities act 1965, National security act 1980. And
prevention of terrorism act 2002 Terrorist and disruptive activities act 1985.To
protect the lives and properties of the people.
 Balancing Counter Terrorism afforts and human rights of people is a precarious
issue which the government is carefully dealing.
 The government also devising plans for the development of backward regions
and sub plans for community development of dalits and tribals. So, as to prevent
them from geting attracted to extremists .
 Government actively participating in the effors of united nations to formulate
global counter Terrorism strategy from 2006 onwards with alliance of
US,UK,FRANCE,AUSTRALIA,GERMANY.
 Government consider terrorism as grave problem of the society and controlling it.

4. Describe various anticorruption laws in India?

The Indian government has adopted several measures to check and control corruption at different
levels.

The following are the some anti-corruption laws:

1. The prevention of corruption Act,1988:It is formed and implemented to control

corruption in public life in India.
This Act mainly prohibit public servant from accepting or solicitatory illegeal and
extraordinary favouratism in the discharge of their official functions.Moreover,bride
givers and intermediaries may also held liable under this act.

2. The various sections if Indian penal code(IPC) provide criminal punishment for public
servants who involve in corrupt practices.
3. The prevention of money laundering Act 2002 is helpful to provide security to the poor
people from exploitation of money lenders.
4. The right to information Act,2005 help in filling cases of corruption effectively.

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5. The Central Vigilance Commision(CVC) was setup in 1964 to 1984 to the public
servants According to it citizens guide is prepared by the Central Vigilance Commision
on do’s and don’ts in matter of corruption

5.Displacement and Discuss it imapact?

Definition of Displacement:The phenomen of displacement is defined various authors in

different meaning

According to Michel cernea that,displacement is process by which people are “being

forcibly” ousted from ones land and habitat by dam ,reserviour,or highy way is not only for
disruptive and painful,but also escalated with serious long term risks of becoming poorer
than before and disintegrated socially.

The impact of Displacement :

1. The displacement of people from land and livelihood is a problem of enormous proportion
though it is largely hidden problem.

2. According to studies on social impact of development highlighted the indigenous people

along with tribals are disproportionately affected. As the lands for development are
mostly choosen from hill tracks and forest areas, many tribal communities are affected
and are displaced.

3. The process of displacement leads to poverty and distitution and disruption of socio
cultural setting of the tribal people.

4. Another bad impact of displacement is that, most of the tribal lands do not have clear land
titles, so the provision for compensation also offered very low to the tribal communities.

5. This form of land alienation because of displacement results in human disastor as these
communities faced severe health problems in new socio-economic conditions.

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN INDIAN POLITICS

IV. Very Short Answer Type Questions.

27. Coalition politics at National level.
 Coalition politics means a system where, political parties join together with an aim to
secure the power of government or put up a combined opposition to democratize the
political process. The political parties make arrangements with a Common Minimum
Programme (CMP) to carry out an agreed agenda. Coalition Politics are not new to India.

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 In fact, different political parties came together after the Fourth General Elections in
India and put up combined candidates in the elections to various State Legislative
Assembly. At present there are two major political coalitions existing in India.
28. Merits and Demertis of Coalition politics.k
 Coalition politics in India led to politics of accommodation and adjustments. The nature
of Indian federation is transformed to a cooperative federation with minimum instances
of disputes between the Central Government and State Governments. Further, Coalition
politics in India have successfully brought an alternative to congress party at all levels.
Regional necessities and aspirations are articulated and grievances are ventilated, Indian
political system enhanced its capabilities to meet public demands. Demerits with
emergence of coalition politics the government engaged the coalition partners of bargain.
This has also resulted in manipulative politics and instability.
29. Characteristics of Terrorism.
 Terrorism is the systematic use of force or threat of use of force to achieving political
religious or ideological goals. Terrorism posed the greatest danger and threat to many
countries in the world and created law and order problems. The temples, Mosques,
Churches, Markets, Railway Stations, Multi storied buildings and other places where
people densely move are the targets of terrorism. Most of the attacks are directed against
innocent civilians and cause destruction to valuable lives and properties in higher
magnitude. Characteristics of Terrorism are
 Terrorism is an organized, planned and deliberative act of violence carried
out by a handful of people.
 Terrorism is motivated violence to challenge the social and political order of
the society.
30. Forms of Corruption.
 The World Bank defines corruption as using “Public office for private profit”. These are
different forms of corruption which include bribery, embezzlement, favoritism, nepotism,
communalizer, undue influence etc.. The prevention of corruption Act 1988 declares the
act of bibery, misappropriation, obtaining advantages, abasing official position,
possessing assests disproportionate to known sources of income etc.. are corruption
practices and punishable under law. Corruption has become a major threat to India.
31. Explain the Displacement scenario in India.
 According to Michael Cernea, Displacement is a process by which people are “being
forcibly from one’s land and habitat by a dam, reservoir or high way is not only
disruptive and painful, but also escalated with serious long term risks of becoming poorer
than before and disintegrated socially. Displacement can be defined as “The forcing of
Communities and individuals often also from their home lands,for the purposes of
economic Development, Natural resource extraction, urban renewal or development
programmes and infrastructure projects such as high ways, bridges, irrigations, canals and
dams all require land, often in large quantity”.

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 CHAPTER-11

SMART GOVERNANCE

I. Short Answer Type Questions

1. What is E-Governance? Explain its merits.
Introduction E-
Governance means Electronic Governance. It can also be called as paperless governance.
Under this, the government functions on the basis of utilization of Information
Technology. This will enhance efficiency and effectiveness of services. Internet and other
web-based telecommunication technologies are used. Speed and accuracy are the other
additional features. Groups, institutions and citizens enjoy quality and continuous
services.
 Definition According to the
former President of India, Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam, E-Governance in the Indian context
means, “A transparent Smart E-Governance with seamless access, secure and authentic
flow of information crossing the inter-departmental barrier and providing a fair and
unbiased service to the citizen.The above definition and interpretations enlighten us about
the elimination of the age old paperwork. Technology will connect and act as an interface
between Citizen and Government.
 Models of E-Governance:
a) Government to Citizen (G to C)
Through this model an interface between Government and Citizen is created to
provide a wide range of services. This will benefit the general public.
b) Government to Business (G to B)
Government becomes a facilitator to enhance the business. It provides licenses
and takes up revenue collection. Further it facilitates Trade, Tourism and
Investment.
c) Government to Government (G to G)
Informational and communication technologies are used in providing government
services. A free flow of information vertically and horizontally can be seen.
Hence, administration of National, state and Local government will be easier.
d) Government to Employees (G to E)

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 The Government and the employees interact constantly with the help of ICT tools.
It leads to a greater efficiency and satisfaction among employees.
2.Discuss the merits and demerits of E-Governance.
 Merits of E-Governance
 Informing and consulting the citizen
 Reforming the process of Governance
 Access to Information
 To improve quality services for citizens
 Simple rules
 Efficiency
 Accountability
 Transparency
 Quality services for more citizens
 Demerits of E-Governance
 High cost of implementation and maintenance
 Lack of integrated services
 Poor infrastructure
 A weak legal framework and poor laws
 Need to reform legal, administrative, police and judiciary
 Difficulty in understanding the citizen’s needs and linguistic barriers.
 Poor public financial management system
 Denial of role and participation by the civil society in public decision making.

3. What is Right to Information Act?

INTRODUCTION
The study of right to information act is basic to relate the citizen’s role in modern
administration. The Right to information Act 2005 received the presidential assent on 15th
June 2005 so the Act applies to all states and union territories except the state of Jammu
and Kashmir. Every citizen has the right to access information.

4. Explain the provisions of the Right to Information Act

INTRODUCTION The Right to
th
Information Act-2005 received the Presidential assent on 15 June 2005. The Act applies
to all States and Union Territories except the State of Jammu & Kashmir which is dealt

89
 separately. Every citizen has a right to access information. Since all information is held
by Government ultimately belongs to the public, this Act recognizes the sharing of
information by Government with citizens as healthy and beneficial to the functioning of
democracy. Lastly information leads to new awareness and empowerment.
 Provisions:
The Right to Information Act is a fundamental human right. It includes rights as well as
responsibilities. They are explained below:
 Every person’s right to request information from the government and even the private
bodies
 The duty of the government is to provide the requested information unless exempted for
special reasons
 To disclose the information pro-actively by the government
 Information belongs to the people and not the public body that holds it
 Within a period of 30days the government should respond to the query
 Computerization and digitalization of records for the dissemination of information
 Merits of RTI:
 Citizens’ empowerment through Right to Information
 To curtail corruption, inefficiency and misuse of power
 The right to know about government and governance
 The concerned officer can be punished or penalized if the information is not provided
 It leads to transparency and improvement of services
 Role of civil society groups in bringing the issues to the core
 A report or complaint or demand of status of the details of the time delays by the public
 Demerits of RTI:
 Lack of awareness by the citizens
 Delays and slow process
 Failure to implement the act due to negligence of the officials
 Petty issues are raised
5. What is Smart Governance?
INTRODUCTION In recent
times we come across terms like Governance, Good Governance, E-Governance, Smart
Governance and Bad Governance. The word ‘Governance’ was made popular by the
World Bank. The World Bank discussed about Good Governance as a policy condition.
E-Governance originated in the 1970’s in India. Thus, connectivity between Ministries,
Departments, State Governments, Union territories and Government of India was
established.The success of any democratic system is based on the participation of the
people in the Governance. Feedback, transparency and accountability enable the
governance process to be dynamic. It helps in rectifying (correcting) or changing the
policy of the government to help the Citizens.

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 Definition According
to the Oxford dictionary Governance is an “Act or manner of governing the office of a
state”.
 Meaning of Governance Government means
to design, formulate, implement policies and discharge functions. Sometimes institutions
like lobbies, political parties, media, civil society, legislature, executive and the judiciary
influence the decision making. They can be referred to as “Stakeholders”.
 SMART GOVERNANCE: SMART stands
for Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive and Transparent.
 Components of SMART Governance
 To improve the performance of the administration
 Enhance accountability and transparency
 Greater efficiency
 Role of the Community Leadership
 Future role and innovation in Public Services
 Focus on planning and decision making
 E-Governance

SMART GOVERNANCE

V. Very Short Answer Type Questions.

1. What is Accountability?
 Accountability means the officials (Public Servants or Civil Servants) are accountable for
their decisions and actions to the public. Henceforth they are subjected to public scrutiny.
In a wider sense it includes the bodies/Civil Society Organizations/
Stakeholders/Organizations as well. Rule of Law and Transparency can ensure
accountability.

2. Write any two merits of E-Governance.

 E-Governance means Electronic Governance. It can also be called as Paperless
Governance. Under this, the government functions on the utilization of Information
Technology. This will enhance efficiency and effectiveness of services. Internet and other
web based telecommunication technologies are used. Speed & accuracy are the other
additional features. Groups, institutions & citizens enjoy quality and continuous services.
According to the former President of India Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam , E-Governance in the
Indian context means, “A transparent Smart E-Governance with scam less access, secure
and authentic flow of information crossing the inter-independent barrier and providing a
fair and unbiased service to the citizen”.

3. List out the Stakeholders in Governance.

 The following are the Stakeholders (participants or users) in Governance.

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  Executive.
 Legislature.
 Judiciary.
 Media.
 Private Sector.
 Social Organizer.
 Civil Society.
 Political parties.

4. What is Government to citizens (G to C) Model?

 Technology will connect and act as an interface between Citizen and Government.
Presently, in India, National E-Governance Plan has been implemented (NEGP). Models
of E-Governance are the following.
 Government to Citizen (G to C )
 Government to Citizen (G to B )
 Government to Citizen (G to G )
 Government to Citizen (G to C )
 Government to Employees (G to E )
 Government to Citizen (G to C )
Through this model an interface between government and citizen is created to provide a
wide range of services. This will benefit the general public.
5. Explain Transparency in a few words.
 Transparency refers to ‘free’ access by the public to timely and reliable information on
decisions and performance of the government in various sectors. It includes timely
accessible and accurate information. The information given is easy to assimilate even by
a layman. Transparency improves efficiency in administration by the following methods.
 The streamlining of service delivery system.
 Recommended social audit to reduce corruption, deviation and malpractices.
6. In which year the RTI was enacted and enforced?
 The Right to Information Act-2005 received the Presidential assent on 15th June 2005.
The Act applies to all States and Union Territories except the State of Jammu & Kashmir
which is dealt separately. Every citizen has a Right to Access Information. Since all
information held by government ultimately belongs to the public, the Act recognizes the
sharing of information by government with citizens as healthy and beneficial to the
functioning of democracy. Lastly information leads to new awareness and empowerment.
7. What is “SMART CITY”.
 A Smart City is well organized and a planned city. It contains a wide range of facilities
catering to the needs of the citizens, industrialists, tourists, disabled and the old people. A
smart city has centres of communities with all amenities. ‘Smart City’ is a mix of Smart
Infrastructure and Smart Government.

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 8. Mention any two objectives of a “SMART CITY”?
 Objectives of Smart City are
 Extensive use of Information and Communication Technology.
 Social Capital.
 Skill Development
 Smart Government
 Smart Infrastructue.

HAPTER-12

INDIA AND THE WORLD

I. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Explain any two features of Indian Foreign Policy.
INTRODUCTION
India became a Sovereign State in 1947 and began playing an active role in International
politics and relations among Nations. Jawaharlal Nehru our first Prime Minister left a
legacy on India’s foreign policy. The subsequent Prime Ministers followed his path in
external affairs. Even though some of these have changed over the years, the basic aims,
principles and parameters of India’s foreign policy remain unchanged.
India’s foreign policy consists of the following basic features:
 Opposes colonialism and imperialism
 Opposes racial discrimination
 International peace
 Panchasheel
 Non-Alignment
 Special relations with Asian countries
 International Peace
India’s foreign policy aims at promoting peace, friendship and cooperation with all
countries of the world irrespective of their political or economic systems. This element
was reflected in Article 51 of the Chapter IV of the constitution which directs the state to
work for international peace and security. India strongly believed that war between super
powers would destroy the mankind.
 Opposes Racial Discrimination
India since a long time has opposed all kinds of discrimination based on race, culture etc.
It has aptly highlighted the problem of racial discrimination at international level. It has
severely criticized the policy of racial segregation of the governments of South Africa
and Rhodesia (Zimbabwe).
5. Write a note on the role of Non-Aligned Movement.

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 The term “Non-Alignment” was coined by V.K. Krishna Menon in 1953 during the UN
General Assembly sessions at the United Nations. Later on, it was popularized by
Jawaharlal Nehru in 1954.
 NAM can be explained as a policy of not aligning with any power bloc particularly the
western or the communist bloc. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, M.Tito, K. Sukarmo , K.
Nkrumah and G. Abdul Nasser were the funding statesman of this movement.
 Objectives of NAM
 Peace and disarmament.
 Right to Self-determination of all colonial people.
 Racial Equality as a Right for everyone.
 Attaining Economic Equality.
 Opposing cultural domination or cultural imperialism.
 Support to Internationalism.
The NAM group commands the largest membership next to the United Nation
Organization .The first NAM Summit was held in 1961 at Belgrade.
The recent 16th NAM Summit that was concluded at Teheran in 2012 saw a huge
participation by 120 countries.
 Features
 It opposed Cold War & military alliances of the power blocs.
 NAM means to act independently in conducting International relations.
 To present an independent view of the world.
 Decisions based on National interest.
 To secure Peace & Security in the international system.
 Remain aloof from BOP (Balance of Power) or alliance system.
 Economic development as the primary goal.
 Contribution of NAM
The Non aligned movement (NAM) made significant contribution during the course of its
several decades functioning. Firstly, NAM demanded the total and unconditional
abolition of colonialism and supported the people fighting for the right to national self
determination and independence and resulted in decolonization.
NAM should focus on the emerging issues like eradication of poverty, hunger,
malnutrition, illiteracy and even the role of the Third World countries in the World Trade
etc.
 Future Vision
 Reform and strengthen the UNO.
 Promote South- South cooperation.
 Attain an equitable world order.
6. What is SAARC? Explain.
 SAARC Objectives

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  To promote the welfare of South Asian region population by improving their
quality of life.
 Strengthen collective self reliance among the countries of South Asia.
 Accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development.
 Appreciation of each other’s problems and creating mutual trust.
 Collaboration for promoting mutual assistance in the economic, social cultural,
technical and scientific fields.
 SARRC Million Development Goals
The goals of SAARC are Education, Connectivity, Food Security, Terrorism and Global
Climate Change.
 18th SAARC Summit (Nepal-2014)
The Prime Minister of India Mr. Narendra Modi emphasized on cooperation in every
area. It means contacts between our people. India visualized Trade, Investment,
Assistance and Cooperation in every area through the SAARC
The Kathmandu Declaration issued on November 27th, 2014 describes the need to
intensify regional cooperation on connectivity.
The first SAARC Summit was held at Dhaka in 1985.Criticism about the future was
raised due to the political differences of the member states. In future a better regional
integration may be realized.

7. Describe the powers and functions of General Assembly.

 General assembly is the principle Legislative and deliberative organs of United Nations
Organization. It is called “meeting venue of the world towns”. At present it consists of
194 member states. Each member state can send five delegates but enjoys the right of one
vote on resolutions.
 Functions
General Assembly acts as a deliberative body on international affairs. It can discuss,
investigate, review, supervise, recommend and criticize on the overall working of the
United Nations Organization. It performs the following functions.
 To discuss and recommend on all matters relating to the international peace and
security.
 Directing and supervising the matters concerning the international social and
economic cooperation.
 It considers the reports and information on the administration of non-self
governing territories.
 It approves the annual budget and exercises exclusive control over the finances of
the United Nations Organizations.
 It elects 10 non-permanent members of the Security Council, 54 members of the
Economic and Social council, 15 Judges of the International Court of Justice and
the Secretary General of the United Nations Organizations.

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  It adopts all the international conventions.
 General Assembly can make the necessary Amendments if any to the charter of
the UNO.
 It takes steps to admit the states or to suspend or expel the existing member
States.

8. What is the composition of the Security Council? Describe any two powers and
functions.
 Composition
Security Council is the principle executive organ of the UNO. It consists of 15 members
five members are known as big powers and enjoys permanent status or veto power. The
remaining 10 non permanent members are elected for every two years by the General
assembly .Of the 10 non permanent members five belong to Afro-Asian nations one
belong to Europe two belong to Latin America and two belong to other nations.
 Powers and Functions
Security Council enjoys considerable powers in the maintenance of international peace
and security. It powers and functions are mentioned here under
 It strives to settle the international disputes peaceably.
 It takes preventive steps and enforces action to maintain international peace and
security.
 It renders advice to the General Assembly for admitting new member States or
expelling the existing member States.
 It elects the Judges of the International Court of Justice and the Secretary General
along with the General Assembly.
 It makes recommendations to the General Assembly on the amendment of the
Charter as and when necessary.
9. Briefly describe the powers and functions of the Secretary General.
 Secretariat
Secretariat is the Chief Administrative organ of the United Nations Organizations. It is
headed by the Secretary General who is appointed for a term of five years by the General
Assembly on the recommendations of the Security Council.
 Functions of the Secretary General
The Secretary General performs many functions of the United Nations Organizations.
 He brings to the attention of the General Assembly and Security Council all the
matters which threaten the international peace and security.
 He prepares the annual budget and also annual report on the working of the
United Nations Organization.
 He summons the special sessions of the General Assembly on the request of
Security Council or of the majority members of the United Nations Organizations.
 He acts as the registering authority of all treaties and international agreements.

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 INDIA AND THE WORLD

VI. Very Short Answer Type Questions.

9. What is BIMSTEC?
 The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi sectoral Technical and Techical and Economic
cooperation (BIMSTEC ) is an organization set up in 1997 with some of the nations of
South Asia and South East Asia. The members of this organization are India, Bangladesh,
Nepal, Bhutan, Srilanka, Myanmar and Thailand. The Head Quarters of Bimstec are
located at Bangladesh (Dhaka) and the first summit meeting was held in 2004. BIMSTEC
seeks to identify core areas of cooperation among the member countries.

10. Explain the 18th SAARC Summit?

 SAARC stands for South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. The Prime
Minister of India Mr. Narendra Modi emphasized on cooperation in every area. It means
contacts between our people. India visualized Trade, Investment, Assistance, and
Cooperation in every area through the SAARC. The Kathmandu Declaration issued on
November 27th 2014 describes the need to intensify regional cooperation on connectivity.
The first SARRC Summit was held at Dhaka in 1985. Criticism about the future was
raised due to the political differences of the member states.

11. How many countries took membership in the U. N General Assembly?

 At first instance, all the 50 nations which signed the Charter at Sanfransisco Conference
on June 25th 1945, were deemed as the original members of the United Nations
Organization. All peace loving States which have accepted the obligations of the Charter
can join the United Nations as the member. The membership in other words is open. Any
state which strives for peace may join as a member of the United Nations Organizations.
Admission is given by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security
Council.
12. Where was the 16th NAM Summit held?
 The NAM group commands the largest membership next to the United Nation
Organization. India advocated idealism by refusing to join either of two camps during the
Cold War. As on today it has 120 member States. The first NAM was held in 1961 at
Belgrade. The recent 16th NAM Summit will be held in 2015 at Carcas, Venezulea.
13. Who are the members of SARRC?
 At present SARRC club consists of eight member states. They are
 Afghanistan
 Bangladesh
 Bhutan
 India
 Maldives
 Nepal
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  Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
14. List the main organs of UNO.
 The main organs of UNO. They are
 General Assembly
 Security Council
 Economic and Social Council
 Trusteeship Council
 International Court of Justice and
 Secretariat

15. Who is the present Secretary General of UNO?

 The present Secretary General of UNO is Ban ki-moon of South Korea, who took office
on 1st January 2007. His first term expired on 31st December 2011. He was re-elected,
unopposed to a second term on 21st June 2011.
16. Who are the members in BRICS?
 BRICS is the acronysm for an association of five major emerging economics of the
world. The members of BRICS are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. To
purpose common objectives BRICS was formed in 2009 mainly to improve the global
economic situation and reforming the financial institutions. BRCIS opposes all forms of
domination and insists on the principles of Equality and justice in international relations.
9. What is Panchasheel?
 Panchasheel is the most important feature of the India’s foreign policy. India adopted this
feature on 29th May 1954 by an alliance with China. Panchasheel means five principles of
conduct. These principles include.
 Mutual respect for the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the States.
 Non-Aggression.
 Non-interference in the internal affairs of other states.
 Equality and mutual benefits
 Peaceful co-existence.

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