1.

0 OBJECTIVE

 To determine the amount of turbidity, DO, conductivity & pH of water from a

variety of sources

2.0 THEORY

COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION

Turbidity, cloudliness in water, can be in interpreted as an absence of clarity. It is caused

by suspended and colloidal matter such as clay, slit, organic and inorganic matter and
microscopic organisms.

Dissolved oxygen, DO is oxygen gas molecules (O2) present in the water. Plants and
animals cannot directly use the oxygen that is part of the water molecule (H2O), instead
depending on dissolved oxygen for respiration. Oxygen enters streams from the
surrounding air and as a product of photosynthesis from aquatic plants. Consistently high
levels of dissolved oxygen are best for a healthy ecosystem.

pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration. It is an indicator of relative acidity or

alkalinity of water. Values of 9.5 and above indicate high alkalinity while of 3 and below
indicate acidity. Low pH values help in effective chlorination but cause problems with
corrosion. Values below 4 generally do not support living organisms in the marine
environment. Drinking water should have a pH between 6.5 and 8.5.

Conductivity is a specific conductance test measures the ability of water pass an

electrical current. Conductivity in water is affected by the presence of inorganic dissolved
solids such as chloride, sulphate, sodium, calcium and others. Conductivity in streams and
rivers is affected through granite bedrock will have lower conductivity, and those that
flow through limestone and clay soils will have higher conductivity values. High
conductance readings can also come from industrial pollution or urban runoff. Extended
dry periods and low flow conditions also contribute to higher specific conductance
readings.

1
3.0 APPARATUS

Figure A : Turbidity Meter Figure B: pH meter/

Temperature

Figure C: YSI pro 2030 Figure D: Conductivity

2
4.0 PROCEDURE

1. Thermometer was used to take a temperature for all sample water.

2. The reading had been taken in a free flowing portion of the stream.
3. For the pH of water is measured using a portable pH meter.

Figure E

4. The meter is on and the measurement is taken in a free flowing portion of the stream.
All three sample are placed to determine the pH for each type sample of water which
I, sample A from Tasik Kulim, sample B from Sg Serindit, sample C tap water and
sample C from kolam Arca café.
5. The result of all sample is taken.
6. Dissolved Oxygen is placed in the sample water, the meter is allowed to equilibrate
and DO is read directly.
7. The result DO of all sample water have been taken.

3
5.0 DATA & RESULT

Sample:

Water sample A B C D

Sources Tasik Kulim Sungai Pipe water at lab Kolam

Serindit PTSB tadahan Arca
Cafe

Result:

Parameter Sample A Sample B Sample C Sample D

Temperature, oC 29.8 35 28.7 32.3

pH 7.76 8.40 8.30 8.37

Turbidity, (NTU) 3.76 3.64 2.19 4.33

Conductivity, x10-6 S/m - - - -

Dissolved oxygen, (mg/L) 6.84 6.5 7.4 7.11

6.0 DISCUSSION
pH indicator is used to measure the acidity and alkalinity of water. Normally, the pH
of natural water is in the range of 6.5 to 8.5. The result obtained from this experiment
shown that Sample A (Tasik Kulim) has pH of 7.76; Sample B (Sungai Serindit) has pH of
8.40; Sample C (pipe water at lab PTSB) has pH of 8.30 and Sample D (kolam tadahan
arca cafe) has pH of 8.37. Typically, natural water has pH 6.5-8.5 because most aquatic
cannot survive in pH below 4. Due to the result obtained, we may see that Sample B has
greatest pH value than Sample A, C and D. From this, we may predict that there is a slight
change in pH water due to the existence of CO2 gas in the surrounding which allows the
alkalinity of the distilled water increased.
Based on our observation, the temperature obtained for Sample B (Sungai Serindit) is
35°C highest than other sample.. From the result obtained, we may conclude all sample of
the water has temperature above 20 ºC which can be described as warm water.
Temperature influences the amount of dissolved oxygen in water which in turn influences
the survival of aquatic organisms.

4
 Based on the result, the value of turbidity of Sample D is 4.33 NTU the highest than all
sample water.. The difference in value of turbidity will determine the type of water. There
is a correlation between turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) because it is due to the
fact that the greater the amount of total suspended solids (TSS) in the water, the murkier it
appears and the higher the measured turbidity. The major source of turbidity in the open
water zone of most lakes is typically phytoplankton, but closer to shore, particulates may
also be clays and silts.

7.0 CONCLUSION

The differences between polluted and unpolluted stream can be determine by using
physical parameters of water. Different place that the water sample has been take present
different results. People keep doing a lot of activity related to water everyday such as
industry, camping, fishing, swimming, bathing and else. Those activities did affect the
water yet adds more content to the water. The water sample which is taken from the place
that is of those activities will be polluted. Result shown the Sample D is more polluted
compared to sample A,C and B.

In this experiment, we have learned on how to test the water quality by using physical
parameters of water. Water quality may be not being determine only by using a
parameter. This is not enough to ensure whether the water is polluted or not, thus variety
of instruments is used to stabilize our results.

8.0 REFERENCE

 https://www.scribd.com/document/333098520/Lab-Report-Water-Quality
 https://www.scribd.com/document/333098520/Lab-Report-Water-Quality